NOTES

Introduction

1 Gabrielle Jackson, ‘I’m not a hypochondriac. I have a disease. All these things that are wrong with me are real, they are endometriosis’, The Guardian, 28 September 2015, <www.theguardian.com/society/2015/sep/28/im-not-a-hypochondriac-i-have-a-disease-all-these-things-thatare-wrong-with-me-are-real-they-are-endometriosis>.

2 Sarah Boseley, Jessica Glenza and Helen Davidson, ‘Endometriosis: The hidden suffering of millions of women revealed’, The Guardian, 28 September 2015, <www.theguardian.com/society/2015/sep/28/endometriosis-hidden-suffering-millions-women>.

3 ‘10 leading causes of death in females’, GlobalHealthObservatory, World Health Organization, 2019, <www.who.int/gho/women_and_health/mortality/situation_trends_causes_death/en>.

4 Ehsan Khan, David Brieger, John Amerena et al., ‘Differences in management and outcomes for men and women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction’, Medical Journal of Australia, 2018, 209(3): 118–23, doi: 10.5694/mja17.01109.

5 C. Noel Bairey Merz, Holly Andersen, Emily Sprague et al., ‘Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding cardiovascular disease in women: The Women’s Heart Alliance’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017, 70(2): 123–32, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.024.

6 K.K. Hyun, J. Redfern, A. Patel et al., ‘Gender inequalities in cardiovascular risk factor assessment and management in primary healthcare’, Heart, 2017, 103: 492–8, doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310216.

7 Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy, Autoimmune Diseases: Modern diseases, European Union: Brussels, 2017, <www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/133620/ENVI%202017-09%20WS%20Autoimmune%20diseases%20%20PE%20614.174%20(Publication).pdf>.

8 Caroline Reilly, ‘Influx of illness: Will chronic-illness patients get their #MeToo movement?’, Bitch Media, 6 June 2018, <www.bitchmedia.org/article/chronic-illness-in-literature>.

9 CPPR White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions on Public Health and the Urgent Need for Safe and Effective Treatment: 2015 Analysis and Policy Recommendations, Chronic Pain Research Alliance, May 2015, p. 15, <www.cpralliance.org/public/CPRA_WhitePaper_2015-FINAL-Digital.pdf>.

10 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Relieving Pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research, National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2011, p. 75, doi: 10.17226/13172.

11 The Eve Appeal, ‘It’s vitally important to #KnowYourBody’, <https://eveappeal.org.uk/news-awareness/know-your-body/>.

12 Toni Hurst, ‘The many myths of menopause’, Health Central, 11 July 2008, <www.healthcentral.com/article/the-many-myths-of-menopause>.

13 Office of Research on Women’s Health, Report of the National Institutes of Health: Opportunities for research on Women’s Health: September 4–6, 1991, Hunt Valley, Maryland, National Institutes of Health (US), 1992, p. 16, <https://archive.org/stream/reportofnational00nati_2/reportofnational00nati_2_djvu.txt>.

14 Dr Janine Austin Clayton, cited in Roni Caryn Rabin, ‘Health researchers will get $10.1 million to counter gender bias in studies’, New York Times, 23 September 2014, <www.nytimes.com/2014/09/23/health/23gender.html>.

15 Nanette K. Wenger, ‘You’ve come a long way, baby. Cardiovascular health and disease in women: Problems and prospects’, Circulation, 2004, 109: 558–60, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000117292.19349.D0.

16 Laura Kiesel, ‘Women and pain: Disparities in experience and treatment’, Harvard Health Blog, 9 October 2017, <www.health.harvard.edu/blog/women-and-pain-disparities-in-experience-and-treatment-2017100912562>.

17 Lauren Nicotra, Lisa Loram, Linda Watkins and Mark Hutchinson, ‘Toll-like receptors in chronic pain’, Experimental Neurology, 2012, 234(2): 316–29, doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.038.

18 Esther H. Chen, Frances S. Shofer, Anthony J. Dean et al., ‘Gender disparity in analgesic treatment of emergency department patients with acute abdominal pain’, Academic Emergency Medicine, 2008, 15(5): 414–18, doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00100.x.

19 Diane E. Hoffmann and Anita J. Tarzian, ‘The girl who cried pain: A bias against women in the treatment of pain’, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2001, 29: 13–27, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.383803.

20 E.G. Nabel, ‘Coronary Heart Disease in women: An ounce of protection’, New England Journal of Medicine, 2000, 343: 572–4, doi: 10.1056/NEJM200008243430809.

21 L.C. Turtzo and L.D. McCullough, ‘Sex differences in stroke’, Cerebrovascular Diseases, 2008, 26(5): 462–74, doi:10.1159/000155983.

22 Nafees U. Din, Obioha C. Ukoumunne, Greg Rubin et al., ‘Age and gender variations in cancer diagnostic intervals in 15 cancers: Analysis of data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink’, PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(5): e0127717, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127717.

Chapter 1

1 The survey was conducted by PCP Market Research in August 2016 for the Eve Appeal and questioned 1000 women of different ages from across the UK.

2 Olivia Willis, ‘A gynaecologist’s guide to good vulva and vagina health’, ABC, 12 September 2017, <www.abc.net.au/news/health/2017-09-12/a-gynaecologists-guide-to-good-vulva-and-vagina-health/8892230>.

3 M. Simonis, R. Manocha and J.J. Ong, ‘Female genital cosmetic surgery: A cross-sectional survey exploring knowledge, attitude and practice of general practitioners’, BMJ Open, 2016, 6(9): e013010, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013010.

4 Lynn Enright, ‘Why it matters to call external female genitalia “vulva” not “vagina”’, The Guardian, 13 February 2019, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/12/external-female-genitalia-vulva-vagina-sexual-agency>.

5 Melissa Fyfe, ‘Get cliterate: How a Melbourne doctor is redefining female sexuality’, Good Weekend, Sydney Morning Herald, 8 December 2018, <www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellness/get-cliterate-how-a-melbourne-doctor-is-redefining-female-sexuality-20181203-p50jvv.html>.

6 See <www.allisebastianwolf.com/glitoris!.html>.

7 For more information, see <www.allisebastianwolf.com/glitoris!.html>.

8 John McCann, Sheridan Miyamoto, Cathy Boyle and Kristen Rogers, ‘Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: A descriptive study’, Pediatrics, May 2007, 119(5): e1094-e1106, doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0964.

Chapter 2

1 Vibeke Venema, ‘The Indian sanitary pad revolution’, BBC World Service, 4 March 2014, <www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26260978>.

2 Venema, ‘The Indian sanitary pad revolution’.

3 Calla Wahlquist, ‘Aboriginal woman in WA fined $500 for stealing $6.75 box of tampons’, The Guardian, 15 October 2015, <www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/oct/15/aboriginal-woman-in-wa-fined-500-for-stealing-675-box-of-tampons>.

4 ‘Free sanitary products scheme expands in Scotland’, BBC News, 17 January 2019, <www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-46904775>.

5 Sarah Marsh, ‘MP breaks House of Commons taboo by discussing her period’, The Guardian, 29 June 2018, <www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jun/28/danielle-rowley-breaks-house-of-commons-taboo-discussing-period>.

6 Jane Less, ‘Federal election 2016: Labor back-flips on removing GST from tampons’, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 June 2016, <www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/federal-election-2016-labor-backflips-on-removing-gst-from-tampons-20160608-gpeslb.html>.

7 Nicole Puglise, ‘New York lifts “tampon tax”’, The Guardian, 22 July 2016, <www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/21/new-york-lifts-tampon-tax>.

8 Kate Young, Jane Fisher and Maggie Kirkman, ‘“Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?”: Clinicians’ discursive constructions of Medicine and women with endometriosis’, Feminism & Psychology, 2018, doi:10.1177/0959353518815704.

9 Deirdre Hynds, ‘Menstruation is having a moment and it’s about bloody time’, Irish Times, 17 August 2017, <www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/menstruation-is-having-a-moment-and-it-s-about-bloody-time-1.3183679>.

10 Emily Martin, ‘The egg and the sperm: How science has constructed a romance based on stereotypical male-female roles’, Signs, 1991, 16(3): 485–501, <www.jstor.org/stable/3174586?seq=17#page_scan_tab_contents>.

11 Allen J. Wilcox, Clarice R. Weinberg, and Donna D. Baird, ‘Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation’, New England Journal of Medicine, 1995, 333: 1517–21, <www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199512073332301>.

12 Kathy K. Niakan, Jinnuo Han, Roger A. Pedersen et al., ‘Human preimplantation embryo development’, Development, 2012, 139(5): 829–41, doi: 10.1242/dev.060426.

13 Dr Sarah McKay, The Women’s Brain Book: The neuroscience of health, hormones and happiness, Hachette Australia: Sydney, 2018, p. 92.

14 Nina Brochmann and Ellen Støkken Dahl, The Wonder Down Under: A user’s guide to the vagina, Yellow Kite: UK, 2018, p. 59.

15 S.E. Romans, D. Kreindler, E. Asllani et al., ‘Mood and the menstrual cycle’, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 2013, 82: 53–60, doi: 10.1159/000339370.

16 Sarah Romans, Rose Clarkson, Gillian Einstein et al., ‘Mood and the menstrual cycle: A review of prospective data studies’, Gender Medicine, 2012, 9(5): 361–84, doi: 10.1016/j.genm.2012.07.003.

17 Jane M. Ussher, Managing the Monstrous Feminine, Routledge: UK, 2006, p. 74.

18 David Reuben, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask), David McKay and Company: New York, 1969 (1st edn), p. 366.

19 Reuben, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*, p. 287.

20 L. Dennerstein, ‘Well-being, symptoms and the menopausal transition’, Maturitas, 1996, 23: 147–57, doi: 10.1016/0378-5122(95)00970-1.

21 R.A. Wilson and T.A. Wilson, ‘The fate of the nontreated postmenopausal woman: A plea for the maintenance of adequate estrogen from puberty to the grave’, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1963, 11: 347–62, doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1963.tb00068.x.

22 Richard A. Morton, Jonathan R. Stone and Rama S. Singh, ‘Mate choice and the origin of menopause’, PLoS Computational Biology, 2013, 9(6): e1003092, doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003092.

23 Morton, Stone and Singh, ‘Mate choice and the origin of menopause’.

24 Angela Saini, Inferior: The true power of women and science that shows it, Fourth Estate: Great Britain, 2017, p. 228.

25 K.A. Matthews, ‘Myths and Realities of the Menopause’, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1992, 54(1): 1–9, <https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Citation/1992/01000/Myths_and_realities_of_the_menopause_.1.aspx>.

26 B.N. Ayers, M.J. Forshaw and M.S. Hunter, ‘The menopause’, Psychologist, 2011, 24(5): 348–52.

27 Suzanne Moore, ‘Let’s see menopausal women on screen—in all their glory’, The Guardian, 16 March 2018, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/15/menopausal-women-screen-glory-representation-menopause-popular-culture>.

28 Marina Benjamin, ‘Don’t hide the menopause—celebrate its creative power’, The Guardian, 29 August 2018, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/29/menopause-cafes-women-creative-surge>.

29 Rosemary Leonard, in Menopause: The answers, Hachette: UK, 2017, p. 28.

30 Leonard, Menopause, p. 97.

31 G. Andrews, W. Hall and M. Teeson, The Mental Health of Australia, Commonwealth Department of Aged Care: Canberra, 1999.

32 N. Avis, D. Brambilla, S.M. McKinlay and K. Vass, ‘A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression: Results from the Massachusetts women’s health study’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1994, 4: 15-21, doi: 10.1016/1047-2797(94)90099-X.

33 Australasian Menopause Society, ‘Will menopause affect my sex life?’, <www.menopause.org.au/health-info/fact-sheets/will-menopause-affect-my-sex-life>.

34 Ussher, Managing the Monstrous Feminine, p. 126.

35 Ussher, Managing the Monstrous Feminine, p. 131.

36 American Sociological Association, ‘Women more likely than men to initiate divorces, but not non-marital breakups’, ScienceDaily, 22 August 2015, <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150822154900.htm>.

37 Grace Johnston, Menopause Essentials: Every woman’s guide, Wilkinson Publishing: Melbourne, 2013, p. 45.

38 Margalit Fox, ‘Estelle R. Ramey, 89, who used medical training to rebut sexism, is dead’, New York Times, 12 September 2006, <www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/obituaries/12ramey.html>.

39 Carolyn Dean, ‘Broken promises: The history of HRT’, Hotze, 29 July 2011, <www.hotzehwc.com/2011/07/broken-promises-the-history-of-hrt/>.

40 Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators, ‘Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial’, JAMA, 2002, 288(3): 321–33, doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321.

41 Million Women Study Collaborators, ‘Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study’, The Lancet, 2003, 362(9382): 419–27, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14065-2.

42 T.J. de Villiers, M.L. Gass, D.J. Haines et al., ‘Global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy’, Climacteric, 2013, 16(2): 203–4, doi: 10.3109/13697137.2013.771520.

43 US Food and Drug Administration, ‘Menopause’, <www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause>.

44 Australian Menopause Society, ‘Bioidentical custom compounded hormone therapy’, <www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/212-bioidentical-hormones-for-menopausal-symptoms>.

45 T.J. de Villiers, J.E. Hall, J.V. Pinkerton et al., ‘Revised global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy’, Maturitas, 2016, 91: 153–5, doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.001.

46 Katherine Ellen Foley, ‘Five animals experience menopause. Four of them live underwater’, Quartz, 30 August 2018, <https://qz.com/1372767/twice-as-many-animals-go-through-menopause-as-scientists-previously-thought/>.

47 Pat Lee Shipman, ‘Why is human childbirth so painful?’, American Scientist, 2013, 101(6): 426, <www.americanscientist.org/article/why-is-human-childbirth-so-painful>, doi: 10.1511/2013.105.426.

48 Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, Vintage Books: London, trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier, 2009 [1949], p. 66.

49 Grace Johnston, Menopause Essentials: every woman’s guide, Wilkinson Publishing: Melbourne, 2013, p. 10.

50 Rose George, ‘“It feels impossible to beat”: How I was floored by menopause’, The Guardian, 16 August 2018, <www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/16/it-feels-impossible-to-beat-how-i-was-floored-by-menopause>.

51 R. Bauld and R.F. Brown, ‘Stress, psychological distress, psychosocial factors, menopause symptoms and physical health in women’, Maturitas. 2009, 62(2): 160–5, doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.12.004.

52 Ussher, Managing the Monstrous Feminine, p. 145.

53 Marina Benjamin, ‘Don’t hide the menopause—celebrate its creative power’, The Guardian, 29 August 2018, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/29/menopause-cafes-women-creative-surge>.

54 Betty Friedan, The Fountain of Age, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks: New York, 2006 [1993], p. 158.

Chapter 3

1 Trina Jones, cited in Ritu Prasad, ‘Serena Williams and the trope of the “angry black woman”’, BBC News, 11 September 2018, <www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45476500>.

2 ‘“One must respect the game”: French Open says “non” to Serena’s catsuit’, The Guardian, 25 August 2018, <www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/aug/24/serena-catsuit-french-open-dress-code>.

3 Q&A, ABC TV, 12 July 2016; Van Badham, ‘I’m still reeling from Q&A—but not because I was called “hysterical”’, 12 July 2016, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jul/12/im-still-reeling-from-qa-but-not-because-i-was-called-hysterical>.

4 Mike McRae, Unwell: What makes a disease a disease?, UQP: Brisbane, 2018, p. 20.

5 George Rousseau, ‘A “strange pathology”: Hysteria in the early modern world, 1500–1800’, in Sander L. Gilman, Helen King, Roy Porter, G.S. Rousseau and Elaine Showalter, Hysteria Beyond Freud, University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1993, p. 92.

6 Helen King, Hippocrates’ Woman: Reading the female body in Ancient Greece, Taylor & Francis: US, 1998.

7 Andrew Scull, Hysteria: The disturbing history, Oxford University Press: UK, 2009, p. 12.

8 McRae, Unwell, p. 20.

9 Helen King, ‘Once upon a text: Hysteria from Hippocrates’, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 15.

10 Robert R. Turner and Charles Edgley, ‘From witchcraft to drugcraft: Biochemistry as mythology’, Social Science Journal, 1983, 20:1.

11 Scull, Hysteria, p. 20.

12 Scull, Hysteria, p. 21.

13 Rousseau, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 93.

14 Rousseau, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 137.

15 Rousseau, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 94.

16 Rousseau, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 157.

17 Rousseau, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 158.

18 King, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 13.

19 Scull, Hysteria, p. 58.

20 Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Complaints and Disorders: The sexual politics of sickness, The Feminist Press: New York, 2011 [1973], p. 36.

21 Scull, Hysteria, p. 64.

22 Elaine Showalter, ‘Hysteria, feminism and gender’, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 301.

23 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, pp. 302–3.

24 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Man-Made World: Our androcentric culture, The Floating Press: Auckland, 2011 [1911], p. 32.

25 Cited in Scull, Hysteria, pp. 65–6.

26 Robert Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria, J. Churchill: London, 1853, p. 55.

27 Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria, p. 69.

28 Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria, p. 112.

29 Carroll Smith-Rosenberg and Charles Rosenberg, ‘The female animal: Medical and biological views of woman and her role in nineteenth century America’, Journal of American History, 1973, 60(2): 332–56, doi: 10.2307/2936779.

30 Scull, Hysteria, p. 72.

31 Ehrenreich and English, Complaints and Disorders, p. 59.

32 Scull, Hysteria, p. 77.

33 McRae, Unwell, p. 144.

34 Isaac Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females, Robert Hardwicke: London, 1866.

35 Francis Seymour Haden, cited in ‘The Debate at the Obstetrical Society’, British Medical Journal, 6 April 1867, p. 396.

36 Scull, Hysteria, p. 88.

37 A.M. Hamilton, ‘The abuse of oophorectomy in diseases of the nervous system’, New York Medical Journal, 1893, 57: 181.

38 R.T. Edes, ‘Points in the diagnosis and treatment of some obscure neuroses’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1896, 27: 1080.

39 Howard A. Kelly, ‘Conservatism in ovariotomy’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1896, 26: 251.

40 George Beard, American Nervousness, Putman: New York, 1881, p. 17.

41 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 297.

42 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 297.

43 Ussher, The Madness of Women, p. 9.

44 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 297.

45 Scull, Hysteria, p. 107.

46 Rousseau, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 185.

47 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, pp. 307–8.

48 Cited in Scull, Hysteria, pp. 120–1.

49 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 123.

50 Mark S. Micale, ‘Hysteria and its historiography: A review of past and present writings, II,’ History of Science, 1989, 27(4): 319–51, doi: 10.1177/007327538902700401.

51 Scull, Hysteria, p. 134.

52 Scull, Hysteria, pp. 135–6.

53 Scull, Hysteria, p. 135.

54 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 316.

55 Scull, Hysteria, p. 145.

56 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 317.

57 Showalter, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 317.

58 Quoted in Scull, Hysteria, p. 150.

59 Scull, Hysteria, p. 159.

60 King, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, pp. 9–10.

61 Rousseau, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 186.

62 Sally Rooney, Conversations with Friends, Faber & Faber: London, 2017, p. 124.

Chapter 4

1 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’

2 Ehrenreich and English, Complaints and Disorders, pp. 31–8

3 Kate Manne, Down Girl: The logic of misogyny, Penguin Random House: UK, 2019, p. xiii.

4 Rebecca Solnit, ‘The fall of Harvey Weinstein should be a moment to challenge extreme masculinity’, The Guardian, 12 October 2017, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/12/challenge-extreme-masculinity-harvey-weinstein-degrading-women>.

5 Afua Hirsch, Brit(ish): On race, identity and belonging, Jonathan Cape: London, 2018, p. 114.

6 Patricia Park, ‘The Madame Butterfly Effect: Tracing the History of a Fetish’, Bitch Media, 30 July 2014, <www.bitchmedia.org/article/the-madame-butterfly-effect-asian-fetish-history-pop-culture>.

7 Statistic on Violence Against API Women, Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence, <www.api-gbv.org/about-gbv/statistics-violence-against-api-women/>.

8 Manne, Down Girl, p. 300.

9 Manne, Down Girl, p. 301.

10 Ussher, The Madness of Women, p. 31.

11 Ussher, The Madness of Women, p. 32.

12 Emily Nagoski, Come as You Are: The surprising new science that will transform your sex life, Simon & Schuster: New York, 2015, p. 2.

13 Lili Loof bourow, ‘The female price of male pleasure’, The Week, 25 January 2018, <https://theweek.com/articles/749978/female-price-male-pleasure>.

14 Loof bourow, ‘The female price of male pleasure’.

15 Loof bourow, ‘The female price of male pleasure’.

16 OMGYes, <www.omgyes.com/>.

17 Nagoski, Come as You Are, p. 43.

18 Nagoski, Come as You Are, p. 69.

19 Aziz Ansari with Eric Klinenberg, Modern Romance: An investigation, Penguin: New York, 2015.

20 Steven Pinker, ‘Boys will be boys: An evolutionary explanation for Presidents behaving badly’, New Yorker, 9 February 1998, pp. 30–1.

21 Jethro Mullen and Masoud Popalzai, ‘Woman stoned to death in Afghanistan over accusation of adultery’, CNN, 4 November 2015, <https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/04/asia/afghanistan-taliban-woman-stoning/index.html>.

22 ‘Female genital mutilation: Prevalence of FGM’, World Health Organization, <www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/>.

23 McRae, Unwell, p. 142.

24 ‘Esther Perel Interview on Sex, Power and Control’, Speaking of Sex with the Pleasure Mechanics, 15 December 2017, <https://podtail.com/en/podcast/speaking-of-sex-with-the-pleasure-mechanics/esther-perel-interview-on-sex-power-and-desire/>.

25 ‘Facts and figures: Ending violence against women’, UN Women, <www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-and-figures>.

26 ‘Facts and figures: Ending violence against women’, UN Women.

27 ‘World Report on Violence and Health’, World Health Organization 2002, p. 89, <www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/>.

28 ‘Facts and figures: Ending violence against women’, UN Women.

29 ‘Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics’, Rainn, <www.rainn.org/statistics/victims-sexual-violence>.

30 ‘Social, economic and legal empowerment of Egyptian women’, United Nations, 26 November 2013, p. 5, <www.undp.org/content/dam/egypt/docs/Women%20Empowerment/Women_Empowerment_Swedish_Proposal_26Nov2013%20(2).pdf>.

31 ‘Sexual assault and the LGBTQ Community’, Human Rights Campaign, <www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-assault-and-the-lgbt-community>.

32 ‘Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia, 2018’, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 28 February 2018, <www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domestic-violence/family-domestic-sexual-violence-in-australia-2018/contents/summary>.

33 Hannana Siddiqui, ‘Counting the cost: BME women and gender-based violence in the UK’, IPPR Progressive Review, 2018, 24(4): 361–8, <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/newe.12076>.

34 Ussher, The Madness of Women, p. 112.

35 Esther Perel Interview on Sex, Power and Control’, Speaking of Sex with the Pleasure Mechanics.

36 Anne Summers, Damned Whores and God’s Police, Penguin: Ringwood, 1975.

37 ‘Trends in the prevalence of sexual behaviors and HIV testing’, National Youth Risk Behavior Survey: 1991–2015, US Center for Disease Control, <www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/2015_us_sexual_trend_yrbs.pdf>.

38 Cicely Marston, ‘All too often, anal sex isn’t about young women’s desires’, The Conversation, 14 August 2014.

39 World Health Organization (WHO), Defining Sexual Health, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO: Geneva, 2006, p. 5, <www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/sexual_health/defining_sexual_health.pdf?ua=1>.

40 United Nations Population Fund, Unfinished Business: The pursuit of rights and choices for all, State of World Population 2019, UNFPA: New York, 2019 <www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA_PUB_2019_EN_State_of_World_Population.pdf>.

41 ‘Esther Perel Interview on Sex, Power and Control’, Speaking of Sex with the Pleasure Mechanics.

42 Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Complaints and Disorders: The sexual politics of sickness, 2011 (2nd edn), The Feminist Press: New York, pp. 50–1.

43 Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Complaints and Disorders, p. 57.

44 K. Young, J. Fisher and M. Kirkman, ‘Endometriosis and fertility: Women’s accounts of healthcare’, Human Reproduction, 2016, 31(3): 554–62, doi: 10.1093/humrep/dev337.

45 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Endometriosis and fertility’.

46 Karin Hammarberg, Veronica Collins, Carol Holden et al., ‘Men’s knowledge, attitudes and behaviours relating to fertility’, Human Reproduction Update, 2017 23(4): 458–80, doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmx005.

47 Ian Sample, ‘Men are affected by the biological clock as well, researchers find’, The Guardian, 3 July 2017, <www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/02/men-are-affected-by-the-biological-clock-as-well-researchers-find>.

48 Ian Sample, ‘Scientists warn that biological clock affects male fertility’, The Guardian, 7 July 2008, <www.theguardian.com/society/2008/jul/07/health.children>.

49 B.M. D’Onofrio, M.E. Rickert, E. Frans et al., ‘Paternal age at childbearing and offspring psychiatric and academic morbidity’, JAMA Psychiatry, 2014, 71(4): 432–8, doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4525.

50 Geeta Nargund, ‘Men, we need to talk about sperm’, The Guardian, 23 June 2017, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/23/men-we-need-to-talk-about-sperm-biological-clocks>.

51 Melissa Davey, ‘Johnson & Johnson withdraws pelvic mesh device from Australian market’, The Guardian, 23 January 2018, <www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jan/23/johnson-johnson-withdraws-pelvic-vaginal-mesh-device-from-australian-market>.

52 Hannah Devlin, ‘“Scandal” of vaginal mesh removal rates revealed by NHS records’, The Guardian, 16 August 2017, <www.theguardian.com/society/2017/aug/15/scandal-of-vaginal-mesh-removal-rates-revealed-by-nhs-records>.

53 D. Herbenick, V. Schick, S.A. Sanders et al., ‘Pain experienced during vaginal and anal intercourse with other-sex partners: Findings from a nationally representative probability study in the United States’, Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(4): 1040–51, doi: 10.1111/jsm.12841.

54 Susan Berger, ‘Vaginal mesh has caused health problems in many women, even as some surgeons vouch for its safety and efficacy’, The Washington Post, 20 January 2019, <www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/vaginal-mesh-has-caused-health-problems-in-many-women-even-as-some-surgeons-vouch-for-its-safety-and-efficacy/2019/01/18/1c4a23-32-ff0f-11e8-ad40-cdfd0e0dd65a_story.html?utm_term=.9ca46341708e>.

55 Christopher Knaus, ‘Pelvic mesh victims disgusted at suggestion of anal sex as solution’, The Guardian, 28 August 2017, <www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/aug/28/pelvic-mesh-victims-disgusted-at-suggestionof-sodomy-as-solution>.

Chapter 5

1 Ussher, The Madness of Women, p. 124.

2 ‘Our stories: The women mutilated by Emil Gayed’, The Guardian, 7 February 2019, <www.theguardian.com/australia-news/ng-interactive/2019/feb/07/our-stories-the-women-mutilated-by-emil-gayed>.

3 Saini, Inferior, p. 42.

4 A. Tsang, M. Von Korff, S. Lee et al., ‘Common chronic pain conditions in developed and developing countries: gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorder’, Journal of Pain: Official journal of the American Pain Society, 2008, 9(10): 883–91, doi: 10.1016/j.jpain. 2008.05.005.

5 Maya Dusenbery, Doing Harm: The truth about how bad medicine and lazy science leave women dismissed, misdiagnosed, and sick, HarperCollins: New York, 2018, p. 20.

6 Melissa Davey, ‘Birth control pills should be available over the counter, advocates say’, 23 October 2018, <www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/22/birth-control-pills-should-be-available-over-the-counter-advocates-say>.

7 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’.

8 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’, pp. 1, 7.

9 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’.

10 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’.

11 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Endometriosis and fertility’.

12 K. Young, M. Kirkman, S. Holton et al., ‘Fertility experiences in women reporting endometriosis: Findings from the Understanding Fertility Management in Contemporary Australia survey’, The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Healthcare, 2018, 23(6): 434–40, doi: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1539163.

13 Sylvia Freedman, ‘With endometriosis, shouldn’t “let’s get you well” come before “let’s get you pregnant”?’, The Guardian, 19 February 2016, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/19/with-endometriosis-shouldnt-lets-get-you-well-come-before-lets-get-you-pregnant>.

14 Judith H. Lichtman, Erica C. Leif heit-Limson, Emi Watanabe et al., ‘Symptom recognition and healthcare experiences of young women with acute myocardial infarction’, Circulation, 2015, 8: S31–S38, doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001612.

15 Manne, Down Girl, p. xix.

16 J. Strong, T. Mathews, R. Sussex et al., ‘Pain language and gender differences when describing a past pain event’, Pain, 2009, 145(1–2): 86–95, doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.05.018.

17 Gabrielle R. Chiaramonte and Ronald Friend, ‘Medical students’ and residents’ gender bias in the diagnosis, treatment, and interpretation of coronary heart disease symptoms’, Health Psychology, 2006, 25(3): 255–66, doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.255.

18 ‘Medical sexism: Women’s heart disease symptoms often dismissed’, ABC7 Los Angeles, <https://abc7.com/archive/8416664/>.

19 N. Fnais, C. Soobiah, M.H. Chen et al., ‘Harassment and discrimination in medical training: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Academic Medicine, 2014, 89(5): 817–27, doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000200.

20 Pauline Anderson, ‘Doctors’ suicide rate highest of any profession’, WebMD, 8 May 2018, <www.webmd.com/mental-health/news/20180508/doctors-suicide-rate-highest-of-any-profession#1>.

21 B.B. Arnetz, L.G. Hörte, A. Hedberg et al., ‘Suicide patterns among physicians related to other academics as well as to the general population”, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1987, 75(2): 139–43, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02765.x.

22 Allison J. Milner, Humaira Maheen, Marie M. Bismark and Matthew J. Spittal, ‘Suicide by health professionals: A retrospective mortality study in Australia, 2001–2012’, Medical Journal of Australia, 2016, 205(6): 260–5, doi: 10.5694/mja15.01044.

23 ‘Sexual harassment rife in medical profession, warns surgeon’, AM, ABC Radio, 7 March 2015, <www.abc.net.au/am/content/2015/s4193059.htm>.

24 Louise Stone, Kirsty Douglas and Christine Phillips, ‘Beyond zero tolerance: Sexual abuse in medicine’, MJA InSight, 18 June 2018, <https://insightplus.mja.com.au/2018/23/beyond-zero-tolerance-sexual-abuse-in-medicine/>.

25 Stone, Douglas and Phillips, ‘Beyond zero tolerance: Sexual abuse in medicine’.

26 Ranjana Srivastava, ‘How doctors treat doctors may be medicine’s secret shame’, The Guardian, 6 February 2015, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/06/how-doctors-treat-doctors-may-be-medicines-secret-shame>.

27 Georgina Dent, ‘Medical training is a tragedy waiting to happen’, The Guardian, 16 May 2017, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/16/medical-training-is-a-tragedy-waiting-to-happen-we-shouldnt-be-silent-about-it>.

28 ‘Urgent action needed to improve the mental health and save the lives of Australian doctors and medical students’, Beyond Blue, 7 October 2013, <www.beyondblue.org.au/media/media-releases/media-releases/action-to-improve-the-mental-health-of-australian-doctors-and-medical-students>.

29 ‘2016 medical students statistics’, 2016, Medical Deans Australia and New Zealand, <www.medicaldeans.org.au/>.

30 M.M. Walton, ‘Sexual equality, discrimination and harassment in medicine: It’s time to act’, Medical Journal of Australia, 2015, 203(4): 167–9, doi: 10.5694/mja15.00379.

31 T.C. Cheng, A. Scott, S.H. Jeon et al., ‘What factors influence the earnings of general practitioners and medical specialists? Evidence from the medicine in Australia: Balancing employment and life survey’, Health Economics, 2012, 21(11): 1300–17, doi: 10.1002/hec.1791.

32 Abi Rimmer, ‘Male GPs earn 33% more than female GPs, finds pay review’, BMJ, 2019, 364, doi: 10.1136/bmj.l1510.

33 Parija Kavilanz, ‘The gender pay gap for women doctors is big—and getting worse’, CNN Business, 14 March 2018, <https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/14/news/economy/gender-pay-gap-doctors/index.html>.

34 Nicole Seebacher, ‘Gender equity in medical specialities’, Level Medicine, <http://levelmedicine.org.au/resources/completed-fellowship-papers/gender-equity-in-medical-specialties/>.

35 Brad N. Greenwood, Seth Carnahan and Laura Huang, ‘Patient–physician gender concordance and increased mortality among female heart attack patients’, PNAS, 2018, 115(34): 8569–74, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1800097115.

36 J. Howick, L. Steinkopf, A. Ulyte et al., ‘How empathetic is your healthcare practitioner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient surveys’, BMC Medical Education, 2017, 17: 136, doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-0967-3.

37 Yusuke Tsugawa, Anupam B. Jena, Jose F. Figueroa et al., ‘Physician gender and outcomes of hospitalized medicare beneficiaries in the U.S.’, JAMA InternalMedicine, 19 December 2016, doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7875.

38 Helen Dickinson and Marie Bismark, ‘Female doctors in Australia are hitting glass ceilings—why?’, The Conversation, 6 January 2016, <https://theconversation.com/female-doctors-in-australia-are-hitting-glass-ceilings-why-51325>.

39 Anonymous GP, ‘Female GPs wouldn’t have to charge more if Medicare paid properly’, The Guardian, 24 May 2018, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/24/female-gps-wouldnt-have-to-charge-more-if-medicare-paid-properly>.

40 Casey Johnston, ‘If men had to get IUDs, they’d get epidurals and a hospital stay’, The Outline, 2 October 2018, <https://theoutline.com/post/6323/if-men-had-to-get-iuds-theyd-get-epidurals-and-a-hospital-stay?zd=1&zi=z5weupuh>.

41 Korin Miller, ‘IUD insertions are up 10 percent since the election’, Self, 26 January 2017, <www.self.com/story/iud-insertions-election-spike>.

42 Cinnamon Janzer, ‘Are doctors underestimating the pain of IUD insertion?’, Self, 6 October 2017, <www.self.com/story/are-doctors-underestimating-the-pain-of-iud-insertion>.

43 Rebecca O’Hara, Heather Rowe, Louise Roufeil and Jane Fisher, ‘Should endometriosis be managed within a chronic disease framework? An analysis of national policy documents’, Australian Health Review, 2018, 42, 627–34, doi: 10.1071/AH17185.

44 Jason Abbott, ‘Multiple surgeries aren’t the best care for endometriosis. Ask Lena Dunham,’ The Guardian, 19 February 2018, <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/19/multiple-surgeries-arent-the-best-care-for-endometriosis-ask-lena-dunham>.

45 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, 2011, p. 50, <http://fpm.anzca.edu.au/documents/pelvic_pain_report_rfs.pdf>.

46 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’, p. 10.

47 M.C. Howell, ‘What medical schools teach about women’, New England Journal of Medicine, 1974, 291(13): 304–7.

48 Dusenbery, Doing Harm, p. 12.

49 Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors, Picador: New York, 1990 [Illness: 1978, AIDS: 1989], p. 55.

50 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’, p. 6.

51 Susan F. Evans, Tiffany A. Brooks, Adrian J. Esterman et al.,, ‘The comorbidities of dysmenorrhea: A clinical survey comparing symptom profile in women with and without endometriosis’, Journal of Pain Research, 2018, 11: 3181–94, doi: 10.2147/JPR.S179409.

52 APPG, Informed Choice? Giving women control of their healthcare, All-Party Parliamentary Group on Women’s Health, p. 21, <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5757c9a92eeb8124fc5b9077/t/58d8c98b1b10e366b431ba06/1490602405791/APPG+Womens+Health+March+2017+web+title.pdf>.

53 Informed Choice? Giving women control of their healthcare, All-Party Parliamentary Group on Women’s Health, pp. 21–2.

54 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’

55 Roter, cited in Jerome Groopman, How Doctors Think, Scribe: Melbourne, 2007, p. 18.

56 Michael Bliss, ‘William Osler: A life in medicine’, BMJ, 2000, 321: 1087, doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7268.1087/a.

57 Jagdeep Singh Gandhi, ‘Re: William Osler: A life in medicine’, BMJ, 15 July 2014, <www.bmj.com/content/321/7268/1087.2/rr/760724>.

58 Dusenbery, Doing Harm, p. 105.

59 Martin A. Makary and Michael Daniel, ‘Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US’, BMJ, 2016, 353: i2139, doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2139.

60 Groopman, How Doctors Think, pp. 69–72.

61 Melissa Davey, ‘Death of Indigenous woman turned away from NSW hospital “preventable”’, 14 July 2016, <www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jul/14/death-of-pregnant-indigenous-woman-preventable-says-mother>.

62 AIHW, ‘Deaths in Australia’, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 18 July 2018, <www.aihw.gov.au/reports/life-expectancy-death/deaths/contents/life-expectancy>.

63 In 2012–2014 the MMR for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women was 2.4 times that of other Australian women: 13.3 per 100,000 women giving birth versus 5.6 per 100,000 women giving birth: AIHW, ‘Maternal deaths in Australia 2012–2014’, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 8 December 2017, <www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mothers-babies/maternal-deaths-in-australia-2012-2014/contents/risk-factors-for-maternal-death>.

64 Melissa Davey, ‘Death of Indigenous woman turned away from NSW hospital “preventable”’.

65 Author’s notes from the inquest.

66 A. Singhal, Y.-Y. Tien and R.Y. Hsia, ‘Racial-ethnic disparities in opioid prescriptions at emergency department visits for conditions commonly associated with prescription drug abuse, PLoS ONE, 2016, 11(8): e0159224, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159224.

67 Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axt and M. Norman Oliver, ‘Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites’, PNAS, 2016, 113(16): 4296–301, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1516047113.

68 Keisha Ray, cited in Amanda Holpuch, ‘Black patients half as likely to receive pain medication as white patients’, study finds’, The Guardian, 11 August 2016, <www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/10/black-patients-bias-prescriptions-pain-management-medicine-opioids>.

Chapter 6

1 IASP, ‘IASP terminology’, International Association for the Study of Pain, <www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698#Pain>.

2 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Relieving Pain in America, pp. 31–2.

3 Michael J. Cousin and Rollin M. Gallagher, Fast Facts: Chronic and cancer pain, 2017 (4th edn), Health Press: UK, p. 5.

4 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Relieving Pain in America, p. 32.

5 Kristina Fiore, ‘Is pain a public health crisis?’ Medpage Today, 4 April 2015, <www.medpagetoday.com/painmanagement/painmanagement/50826>.

6 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Relieving Pain in America, p. 1.

7 J.D. Greenspan, R.M. Craft, L. LeResche et al., ‘Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: A consensus report’, Pain, 2007, 132 (Suppl. 1): S26–S45, doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.014.

8 Christel Perquin, Alice Hazebroek-Kampschreur, Joke Hunfeld et al., ‘Pain in children and adolescents: A common experience’, Pain, 2000, 87(1): pp. 51–8, doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00269-4.

9 John Steege and Matthew Siedhoff, ‘Chronic pelvic pain’, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2014, 124(3): 616–29, doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000417.

10 C.P. Lobo, A.R. Pfalzgraf, V. Giannetti and G. Kanyongo, ‘Impact of invalidation and trust in physicians on health outcomes in fibromyalgia patients’, The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 2014, 16(5), doi: 10.4088/PCC.14m01664.

11 Lydia Coxon, Andrew W. Horne and Katy Vincent, ‘Pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated pain: A review of pelvic and central nervous system mechanisms’, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2018, 51: 53–67, doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.014.

12 Kiesel, ‘Women and pain’.

13 Dusenbery, Doing Harm, p. 180.

14 IASP, ‘Pain in Women’, International Association for the Study of Pain, <www.iasp-pain.org/GlobalYear/PaininWomen>.

15 Hoffmann and Tarzian, ‘The girl who cried pain’.

16 P.A. Johnson, L. Goldman, E.J. Orav et al., ‘Gender differences in the management of acute chest pain: Support for the “Yentl syndrome”’, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1996, 11(4): 209–17.

17 Hoffmann and Tarzian, ‘The girl who cried pain’.

18 Hoffmann and Tarzian, ‘The girl who cried pain’.

19 Bendelow, cited in Hoffmann and Tarzian, ‘The girl who cried pain’.

20 Hoffmann and Tarzian, ‘The girl who cried pain’.

21 IASP, ‘Pain in Women’.

22 Victoria M. Grace, ‘Problems of communication, diagnosis, and treatment experienced by women using the New Zealand health services for chronic pelvic pain: A quantitative analysis’, Health Care for Women International, 1995, 16(6): 521–35, doi: 10.1080/07399339509516207.

23 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 8.

24 IASP, ‘Chronic pelvic pain’, Fact Sheet, Global Year Against Pain in Women, International Association for the Study of Pain, 2007, <www.iasp-pain.org/Advocacy/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1107>.

25 Caroline Reilly, ‘The senseless ubiquity of pain in women’, Rewire News, 23 November 2018, <https://rewire.news/article/2018/11/23/the-senseless-ubiquity-of-women-in-pain/>.

26 Ellie Harrison, ‘Women are born with pain built in—Kristin Scott Thomas’s epic speech on Fleabag’, Radio Times, 19 March 2019, <www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2019-03-19/women-are-born-with-pain-built-in-kristin-scott-thomass-epic-speech-on-fleabag/>.

27 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 8.

28 Steege and Siedhoff, ‘Chronic pelvic pain’.

29 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 18.

30 Steege and Siedhoff, ‘Chronic pelvic pain’.

31 Alison Hey-Cunningham, from her presentation to the EndoActive conference, Sydney, 2015.

32 IASP, ‘Endometriosis and its association with other painful conditions’, Fact Sheet, Global Year Against Pain in Women, International Association for the Study of Pain, 2007, <www.iasp-pain.org/Advocacy/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1107>.

33 ‘Falling’, Sharp Objects, HBO, 2018. Produced by David Auge, directed by Jean-Marc Vallée. Based on the book Sharp Objects by Gillian Flynn.

34 Paul Ingraham, ‘Sensitization in Chronic Pain’, Pain Science, 29 March 2019, <www.painscience.com/articles/central-sensitization.php>.

35 Coxon, Horne and Vincent, ‘Pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated pain’.

36 Coxon, Horne and Vincent, ‘Pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated pain’.

37 Evans, Brooks, Esterman et al., ‘The comorbidities of dysmenorrhea’.

38 Evans, Brooks, Esterman et al., ‘The comorbidities of dysmenorrhea’.

39 Steege and Siedhoff, ‘Chronic pelvic pain’.

40 K.N. Khan, A. Fujishita, K. Hiraki et al., ‘Bacterial contamination hypothesis: A new concept in endometriosis’, Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 2018, 17(2): 125–33, doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12083.

41 K. Vincent, C. Warnaby, C.J. Stagg et al., ‘Dysmenorrhoea is associated with central changes in otherwise healthy women’, Pain, 2011, 152(9): 1966–75, doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.03.029.

42 Vincent, Warnaby, Stagg et al., ‘Dysmenorrhoea is associated with central changes in otherwise healthy women’.

43 Gemma Hardi, Susan Evans and Meredith Craigie, ‘A possible link between dysmenorrhoea and the development of chronic pelvic pain’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2014, 54: 593–6, doi: 10.1111/ajo.12274.

44 Hoffman and Tarzian, ‘The Girl Who Cried Pain’, p. 23.

45 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 26.

46 M. Parker, A. Sneddon and P. Arbon, ‘The menstrual disorder of teenagers (MDOT) study: Determining typical menstrual patterns and menstrual disturbance in a large population-based study of Australian teenagers’, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2010, 117: 185–92, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02407.x.

47 John Guillebaud, cited in Olivia Goldhill, ‘Period pain can be “almost as bad as a heart attack”’, Quartz, 16 February 2016, <https://qz.com/611774/period-pain-can-be-as-bad-as-a-heart-attack-so-why-arent-we-researching-how-to-treat-it/>.

48 A.M. Aloisi, V. Bachiocco, A. Constantino et al., ‘Cross-sex hormone administration changes pain in transsexual women and men’, Pain, 2007, 132 (Suppl. 1): S60–S67, doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.02.006.

49 H.D. White, L.A.J. Brown, R.J. Gyurik et al., ‘Treatment of pain in fibromyalgia patients with testosterone gel: Pharmacokinetics and clinical response’, International Immunopharmacology, 2015, 27(2): 249–56, doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.016.

50 IASP, ‘Sex differences in pain: Basic science findings’, Fact Sheet, Global Year Against Pain in Women, International Association for the Study of Pain, 2007, <www.iasp-pain.org/Advocacy/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1107>

51 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 12.

Chapter 7

1 WHO, ‘Maternal and reproductive health: Global health observatory data’, World Health Organization, <www.who.int/gho/maternal_health/en/>.

2 Linda Villarosa, ‘Why America’s black mothers and babies are in a life-or-death crisis’, New York Times Magazine, 11 April 2018, <www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/magazine/black-mothers-babies-death-maternal-mortality.html>.

3 Villarosa, ‘Why America’s black mothers and babies are in a life or death crisis’.

4 AIHW, ‘Maternal deaths in Australia 2012–2014’, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 8 December 2017, <www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mothers-babies/maternal-deaths-in-australia-2012-2014/contents/risk-factors-for-maternal-death>.

5 S. Kildea, S. Hickey, C. Nelson et al., ‘Birthing on Country (in our community): A case study of engaging stakeholders and developing a best practice Indigenous maternity service in an urban setting’, Australian Health Review, 2018, 42(2): 230–88, doi: 10.1071/AH16218.

6 Atul Gawande, ‘The score: How childbirth went industrial’, New Yorker, 1 October 2006, <www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/09/the-score>.

7 Wenger, ‘You’ve come a long way, baby’.

8 G.E. Ratcliffe, M.W. Enns, S.L. Belik and J. Sareen, ‘Chronic pain conditions and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: An epidemiologic perspective’, The Clinical Journal of Pain, 2008, 24(3): 204–10, doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31815ca2a3.

9 Lena Dunham, Instagram, 7 October 2018, <www.instagram.com/p/BomwRFNlqsh/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=embed_loading_state_control>.

10 Gaga: Five Foot Two. Directed by Chris Moukarbel, Live Nations Productions, Mermaid Films, Permanent Wave, 2017.

11 Jonathan Van Meter, ‘Lady Gaga opens up about A Star Is Born, MeToo, and a decade in pop’, Vogue, 10 September 2018, <www.vogue.com/article/lady-gaga-vogue-cover-october-2018-issue>.

12 Selena Gomez, Instagram, 14 September 2017, <www.instagram.com/p/BZBHr4Pg5Wd/?utm_source=ig_embed>.

13 Evelyn Wang, ‘Selena Gomez said her lupus was “life-or-death” before her kidney transplant’, TeenVogue, 21 November 2017, <www.teenvogue.com/story/selena-gomez-speech-lupus-research-alliance-breaking-through-gala>.

14 Melody Chiu, ‘Selena Gomez taking time off after dealing with “anxiety, pain attacks and depression” due to her lupus diagnosis’, People, 30 August 2016.

15 Karen Crouse, ‘Williams says she struggled with fatigue for years’, New York Times, 1 September 2011, <www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/sports/tennis/2011-us-open-venus-williams-describes-fights-with-fatigue.html>.

16 Manne, Down Girl, pp. 249–56.

17 Manne, Down Girl, p. 266.

18 Manne, Down Girl, p. 236.

19 S. Simoens, G. Dunselman, C. Dirksen et al., ‘The burden of endometriosis: Costs and quality of life of women with endometriosis and treated in referral centres’, Human Reproduction, 2012, 27(5): 1292–9, doi: 10.1093/humrep/des073.

20 T. D’Hooge, C.D. Dirksen, G.A.J, Dunselman et al., ‘The costs of endometriosis: It’s the economy, stupid’, Fertility & Sterility, 2012, 98(3): S218–S219, doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.791.

21 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 21.

22 IASP, ‘Endometriosis and its association with other painful conditions’.

23 N. Sinai, S.D. Cleary, M.L. Ballweg et al., ‘High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: survey analysis’, Human Reproduction, 2002, 17(10): 2715–24, <www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351553>.

24 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 11.

25 IASP, ‘Vulvodynia’, Fact Sheet, Global Year Against Pain in Women, International Association for the Study of Pain, 2007, <www.iasp-pain.org/Advocacy/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1107>.

26 ‘Vulval pain’, Pelvic Pain Support Network, <www.pelvicpain.org.uk/conditions/vulval-pain/>.

27 IASP, ‘Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)’, Fact Sheet, Global Year Against Pain in Women, International Association for the Study of Pain, 2007, <www.iasp-pain.org/Advocacy/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1107>.

28 IASP, ‘Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)’.

29 IASP, ‘Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)’.

30 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 21.

31 IASP, ‘Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)’.

32 CDC, ‘Myalgic encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome: Information for health providers’, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, <www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/index.html>.

33 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 11.

34 ‘Beyond Myalgic encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome: Redefining an illness’, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 10 February 2015, <www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2015/ME-CFS.aspx>.

35 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 13.

36 Shuu-Jiun Wang, Ping-Kun Chen and Jong-Ling Fuh, ‘Comorbidities of migraine’, Frontiers in Neurology, 2010, 1: 16, doi: 10.3389/fneur.2010.00016.

37 R.A. Deyo, Samuel F. Dworkin, Dagmar Amtmann et al., Report of the Task Force on Research Standards for Chronic Low-Back Pain, 2013, <http://painconsortium.nih.gov/NIH_Pain_Programs/Task_Force/cLBP_RTF_FullReport.pdf>.

38 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 12.

39 Jonathan Lomas, Taylan Gurgenci, Christopher Jackson and Duncan Campbell, ‘Temporomandibular dysfunction’, Australia Journal of General Practice, 2018, 47(4), <www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/april/temporomandibular-dysfunction>.

40 S. Sharma, D.S. Gupta, U.S. Pal and S.K. Jurel, ‘Etiological factors of temporomandibular joint disorders’, National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery, 2011, 2(2): 116–19, doi: 10.4103/0975-5950.94463.

41 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 11.

42 H. Dahan, Y. Shir, A. Velly and P. Allison, ‘Specific and number of comorbidities are associated with increased levels of temporomandibular pain intensity and duration’, Journal of Headache and Pain, 2015, 16: 528, doi: 10.1186/s10194-015-0528-2.

43 DeLisa Fairweather and Noel R. Rose, ‘Women and autoimmune diseases’, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2004, 10(11): 2005–11, doi: 10.3201/eid1011.040367.

44 Sandberg, cited in Saini, Inferior, p. 49.

45 P. Panopalis, J. Yazdany, J.Z. Gillis et al., ‘Health care costs and costs associated with changes in work productivity among persons with systemic lupus erythematosus’, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2008, 59(12): 1788–95, doi: 10.1002/art.24063.

46 LFA, ‘Lupus facts and statistics’, National Resource Center on Lupus, Lupus FoundationofAmerica,<www.lupus.org/resources/lupus-facts-and-statistics>.

47 ACR, ‘Rheumatoid arthritis’, American College of Rheumatology, <www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Patient-Caregiver/Diseases-Conditions/Rheumatoid-Arthritis>.

48 AIHW, ‘Rheumatoid arthritis’, Australia Institute of Health and Welfare, <www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-musculoskeletal-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/contents/who-gets-rheumatoid-arthritis>.

49 NRAS, ‘What is RA?’, National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society, <www.nras.org.uk/what-is-ra-article>.

50 Steven E. Carsons and Bhupendra C. Patel, ‘Sjögren syndrome’, StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, 2019, <www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431049/>.

51 ‘Sjögren’s syndrome’, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, <www.garvan.org.au/research/diseases/sjogrens-syndrome>.

Chapter 8

1 King, in Hysteria Beyond Freud, p. 17.

2 Roni Caryn Rabin, ‘Health researchers will get $10.1 million to counter gender bias in studies’, New York Times, 23 September 2014, <www.nytimes.com/2014/09/23/health/23gender.html>.

3 Young, Fisher and Kirkman, ‘Do mad people get endo or does endo make you mad?’, p. 5.

4 ‘Women’s health: Report of the Public Health Service Task Force on Women’s Health Issues’, Public Health Reports, 1985, 100(1): 73–106.

5 Dusenbery, Doing Harm, p. 25.

6 Dusenbery, Doing Harm, p. 25.

7 S.K. Lee, ‘Sex as an important biological variable in biomedical research’, BMB Reports, 2018, 51(4), 167–73, doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2018.51.4.034.

8 Leslie Laurence and Beth Weinhouse, Outrageous Practices: How gender bias threatens women’s health, Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, NJ, 1997 [1994], p. 71.

9 A.K. Beery and I. Zucker, ‘Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research’, Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2010, 35(3): 565–72, doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002.

10 Isaac Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females, Robert Hardwicke: London, 1866.

11 McRae, Unwell, pp. 275–6.

12 McRae, Unwell, p. 276.

13 McRae, Unwell, p. 276.

14 CWLU Her Story Project, ‘Sterilization abuse: A task for the women’s movement’, <http://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC46_scans/46.SterilizationAbuseWomenTheFacts.pdf>.

15 Phoebe Friesen, ‘Educational pelvic exams on anesthetized women: Why consent matters’, Bioethics, 2018, 32(5): 298–307, doi: 10.1111/bioe.12441.

16 Yvette Coldicott, Britt-Ingjerd Nesheim, Jane MacDougall et al., ‘The ethics of intimate examinations: Teaching tomorrow’s doctors’, BMJ, 2003, 326: 97, doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7380.97.

17 Coldicott, Nesheim, MacDougall et al., ‘The ethics of intimate examinations’.

18 C.E. Rees and L.V. Monrouxe, ‘Medical students learning intimate examinations without valid consent: A multicentre study’, Medical Education, 2011, 45(3): 261–72, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03911.x.

19 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 15.

20 ‘National Pain Strategy: Pain management for all Australians’, Pain Australia, 2011, <www.painaustralia.org.au/static/uploads/files/national-pain-strategy-2011-wfvjawttsanq.pdf>.

21 CPPC, ‘A report of the Pain Summit 2011’, Chronic Pain Policy Coalition, pp. 8–9, <www.britishpainsociety.org/static/uploads/resources/files/members_articles_pain_summit_report.pdf>.

22 Greenspan, Craft, LeResche et al., ‘Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia’.

23 Greenspan, Craft, LeResche et al., ‘Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia’.

24 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 19.

25 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 8.

26 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 8.

27 AIHW, Australia’s Young People 2003: Their health and wellbeing, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2003, 1–422, <www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=6442467534>.

28 Pelvic Pain Steering Committee, The $6 Billion Woman and the $600 Million Girl: The pelvic pain report, p. 25.

29 National Health and Medicine Research Council figures, email to the author, 2 January 2019.

30 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 19.

31 CPRA White Paper, Impact of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, p. 10.

32 Often a complication of shingles, postherpetic neuralgia affects skin and nerve fibres, creating a burning sensation that lasts after the shingles rash and blisters have cleared up. Capsaicin is the active ingredient in chilli peppers that makes your mouth feel hot. There is growing evidence that it can ease neuropathic pain when formulated into a cream or patch that can be applied to skin. It’s also been used to treat patients with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, migraines, headaches and muscle strain.

33 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Relieving Pain in America, p. 224.

34 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Relieving Pain in America, p. 225.

35 NHMRC, email response of 2 January 2019 to my question.

36 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Relieving Pain in America, p. 252.

37 Apoorva Mandavilli, ‘H.I.V. is reported cured in a second patient, a milestone in the global AIDS epidemic’, New York Times, 4 March 2019, <www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/health/aids-cure-london-patient.html>.

38 Dusenbery, Doing Harm, p. 266.

39 Dusenbery, Doing Harm, p. 264.

40 P. Vercellini, L. Buggio, E. Somigliana et al., ‘Attractiveness of women with rectovaginal endometriosis: A case-control study’, Fertility and Sterility, 2013, 99(1): 212–18, doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.039.

41 Jacqueline Howard, ‘10 top questions you had for Dr Google in 2018’, CNN, 27 December 2018, <https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/21/health/health-questions-2018-google-explainer/index.html>.

42 Greg Hunt, ‘$10 million funding boost for endometriosis research and awareness’, Minister for Health, 9 April 2019, <www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2019-hunt124.htm>.

43 Orrin Hatch, ‘Orrin Hatch: This is nothing short of a public health emergency’, CNN, 28 March 2018, <https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/27/opinions/endometriosis-start-a-conversation-hatch-opinion/index.html>.

Epilogue

1 John A. Astin, ‘Why patients use alternative medicine: Results of a national survey’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1998, 279(19): 1548–53.