Subject Index

Aberdeen, University of 53, 54
King’s College 27, 43, 45, 53, 55, 67, 236, 239
Marischal College 27, 48, 75, 78, 87, 227, 232, 234
Accademia dei Lincei 103
Accademia del Cimento 180, 232
Acts of Parliament
Act of Settlement 7
Act of Uniformity 47
Act of Union 8
Clarendon Code 49, 187
Licensing Act 8, 24, 196
Test Act 48
Toleration Act 7, 48
aesthetics 9, 10
animals
animal generation and formation 83, 176, 178
animal spirits 13, 166
Cartesian view of 13, 166, 179
relationship to 85 ,122, 190
appearance 180, 202, 221
truth of 105, 107 see also nature, phenomena of
appetite 101, 108, 122, 128, 129, 143, 181
archetype 89, 146, 215
Aristotelianism, Aristotelians 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 42, 43, 58, 59, 61, 68, 72–91, 93, 94, 103, 104, 113, 114 , 116, 119, 121, 123, 149, 163, 167, 177, 201, 202–3, 221, 230, see also Aristotle
anti-Aristotelianism 19, 61–2, 71–2, 87–91, 185, 232
eclectic Aristotelianism 91–7, 121;
logic 11, 34, 35, 36, 38, 99, 103, 106
ethics 12, 39, 40, 46
expatriate Aristotelianism 78–87
metaphysics 32, 42, 46, 75–7, 79, 81, 89, 135, 193, 221
natural philosophy 14, 82, 73, 152, 162–3, 160–3, 164, 167
political philosophy 116, 123, 124
scholastic Aristotelianism 63, 75–8, 113, 141, see also Scholasticism
atheism  62, 71, 91, 109, 199, 132, 143–5, 171, 175, 177, 199, 215
Cartesianism and 43, 45, 67, 68, 157
Epicureanism and 61–2
Hobbes  and 126, 128, 131–2, 135, 144
Spinoza and 70, 144 see also Boyle lectures
atomism 14, 18, 30, 62, 81, 82, 84, 133, 143, 156, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167–8, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179, 180, 182, 186
Democritean atomism 97, 143, 167, 175, 179
Epicurean atomism 14, 62

benevolence 133, 155, 156, 159
body 66, 82, 84, 84, 97, 110, 132, 142, 150, 157, 181
as extension 83, 142, 166
Cartesian 66, 142, 166, 183
Hobbes on 120, 121–3, 129, 132, 133
knowledge of 120, 147
Bourges, University of 53, 246
Boyle Lectures 70, 198, 203, 212, 213, 220, 224
Breslau, University of 53

Cambridge, University 5, 27, 29, 30, 32, 40, 41, 43, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55, 76, 77, 88, 89, 94, 106, 136, 141, 152, 154, 200, 213, 241
Christ’s College 47, 140, 227, 230, 231, 232, 236, 238, 239
Clare Hall 230
Emmanuel College 31, 44, 137, 140, 227, 230, 231, 235, 240, 241
Gonville and Caius 229, 232
Jesus College 47
King’s College 47, 140, 230, 241, 242, 252
Magdalene College 231
Pembroke College 233
Queens’ College 238, 240
St John’s College 94, 227, 239, 240
Sydney Sussex College 228
Trinity College 41, 48, 237, 238, 242
Cambridge Platonism, Cambridge Platonist 3, 5, 23, 44, 59, 91, 112, 131, 135, 136, 179, 92, 97, 213, 214, 220, 231, 241
and Cartesianism 7, 26, 18, 23, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 151, 157, 179, 214, 216, 230, 236
and Cumberland 154–9
and Shaftesbury 140, 141, 150, 153–4, 159, 212
reception 64–8, 71, 79–80, 134, 139, 142, 144, 147, 150–4, 152, 157, 166, 179, 183, 114, 116, 216–17, 220, 222, 225 see also Cudworth; Descartes; More; Smith; Sterry; Whichcote
Cartesianism 7, 12, 13, 16, 18, 23, 113, 146, 147, 166, 167, 185, 222, 230, 236, 240
and Cambridge Platonism 7, 26, 18, 23, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 151, 157, 179, 214, 216, 230, 236
and Newton 182–3
and women philosophers 23, 216–18
in universities 29, 35, 36–8, 43, 44, 45, 55, 65, 240
causality 85–6, 106, 149, 127–8, 155, 156, 157, 163, 168, 175, 176, 179, 182, 193
active causal principle 168, 172
Aristotelian 20, 82, 163, 166
efficient cause 20, 77, 82, 157, 163, 166
final causes 66, 77, 82, 106, 149, 163, 166, 173, 174
immaterial 140, 143, 178, 179
material 181
mechanical 158, 178
spirit as cause 140, 149–50, 177, 179
natural 86, 172
philosophy as knowledge of 11, 122 see also God, divine causality; occasionalism
Cavendish circle/family 53, 119, 120, 171, 234
certainty 169, 170, 174, 176, 184
criterion of truth 110, 146, 221
grounds of 15, 66, 93, 106–8, 166
limited 170, 176
Locke on 191, 192, 201, 202
mathematical 155, 170
moral, provisional or probable 47, 180, 193–4, 199 see also scepticism
Charenton, Academy 55, 232
Chelsea College 27
cognition 113, 123, 144, 146, 201, 221
Coimbra, University of 54, 241
Cologne, University of 54, 238
common good 133, 155
common notions 59, 64, 106–7, 110, 111, 112, 146, 157, 192, 193
of religion 64, 93, 108–9
seminal principles 59, 192
consciousness/ unconsciousness 16, 143, 148, 149–50, 153, 159, 189, 195, 203, 210
consent, universal (consensus gentium)  106, 110, 146, 192, 200
Copernicanism 81, 168
corpuscularianism 82, 83, 167, 180, 203
and Boyle 172–3, 174–7, 178
cosmology 82, 133, 163, 167, 237

deism 71, 86, 87, 109, 112, 112, 130, 144, 199, 201, 204, 208, 209, 213, 223
design argument 162, 177, 213
desire 123–4, 126, 127, 128, 148, 194, 212
desire for happiness 106, 108
determinism 79, 128, 139, 144, 148
Deventer, University 79
dissenting academies 
Barking 88, 238
Bethnal Green Academy 49
Connor, County Antrim 44, 49, 233
Newington Green Academy 49
Douai, English College 54, 231, 235, 242
Dry Club 21
Dublin, Trinity College 27, 28, 35, 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54, 69, 88, 227, 236
Dublin Philosophical Society 42, 169, 188, 197
Durham, proposed college 27

Edinburgh, University of 27, 28, 30, 35, 37, 38, 42, 47, 48, 85, 88, 228, 233, 239, 241
Enlightenment 92, 103, 113, 159, 184, 186, 187, 196, 208, 209, 212, 222–4; see also Scottish Enlightenment
Epicureanism, Epicurean 14, 58, 59–61, 62, 67, 71, 132, 147, 155, 156, 157, 159, 163, 167, 170, 171, 185, 194, 210, 211, 237
epistemology 16, 59, 87, 89, 93, 99–100, 116–17, 110, 112, 113, 122, 132, 137, 139, 144, 147, 152, 153, 161, 162, 164, 171, 173, 180, 185, 186, 208
Bacon 85, 94–5, 98–102
of science 93, 161, 173, 184
Berkeley 218, 232
Cambridge Platonists 145–7, 153
Herbert 105–7, 112, 113
Hobbes 122–3, 132
innatist 93, 106, 145–7, 152, 153
Locke 87, 184, 185, 186, 191, 194–5, 198, 200, 201, 202–3, 205, 206, 221, 222
Malebranche 69, 214, 215
Wilkins 146, 162 see also empiricism; sense knowledge
equality 117, 189, 190
equality of sexes 217, 218
essence 15, 122, 125, 202
Baconian forms 99–100
of soul 137, 149, 84
real and nominal 186, 198, 201, 206
Locke on 193–4, 201, 222
existence 15, 82, 86, 213, 220
of God 25, 43, 46, 66, 73, 76, 139, 141, 145, 161, 170, 171, 179, 213; see also God
of soul 66, 152; see also soul
of incorporeal substance/beings 85, 142, 145, 166, 204, 222
eternal truths 206, 214
ethics, see moral philosophy
experimental philosophy 10, 12, 15, 18, 28, 30, 42–3, 50, 90, 100, 103, 131, 135, 161, 163, 164, 168–70, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182–4, 191, 200
experience, as basis of knowledge 89, 90–1, 97, 98, 100, 102, 112, 174, 176, 193, 194, 195, 200, 221; see also empiricism; experimental philosophy
external world 202, 203, 208, 213, 220, 221–2, 232

faculties of the mind 31, 34, 98, 105–6, 108, 112, 124, 127, 137, 146, 164, 170, 172, 204, 212, 221
faculty of reason 34, 98, 106, 128, 148
faculty of will 127, 148, 148, 204
faculty psychology 127, 148
Franeker University 33, 55, 88, 227
Frankfurt University 53, 54
freethinking, see deism; libertinism
free will 25, 78–9, 127–8, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147–8, 195, 203, 228
freedom, see liberty

geometric/mathematical mode of argument 121, 122, 166, 167; see also mechanical philosophy
Glasgow, University of 14, 17, 28, 30, 42, 46, 47, 55, 68, 77, 87, 210, 228, 231, 241
Professorship of moral philosophy 228
God 16, 32, 33, 37, 43, 46, 57, 69, 70, 79, 86, 105, 121, 125, 129, 130, 131, 141–5, 146, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162, 168, 172, 182–3, 194, 196, 197, 199, 206, 214–20, 222
attributes of 32, 46, 106, 143, 148, 153, 170, 177
as res extensa 66, 70, 148, 181
goodness of 46, 126, 129, 130, 134, 137, 141, 143, 144, 152, 153, 156, 177, 205
perfection of 68, 129, 153, 220
divine providence 156, 157, 174, 177, 179
divine causality 69, 137, 153, 155–6, 158, 163, 182–3, 214, 215, 217
God as first cause 137, 155–6, 158 see also occasionalism
existence of 25, 43, 46, 66, 73, 139, 141, 145, 161, 170, 171, 177, 179, 213
idea of 32, 145, 146, 186
knowledge of 32, 106, 122, 170, 194, 199, 215
law of 194; see also natural law
mind of 89, 146, 206
right of 134, 132
will of 130, 141, 143, 156, 161, 163, 194, 214, 215; see also voluntarism see also deism
goodness 101, 141, 147, 154, 156, 157, 168, 204
natural 132, 158, 212 see also God; moral principles; virtue
Green Ribbon Club 130, 228
Gresham College 27, 88, 231, 233

Hanoverian Succession 7, 8
happiness 37, 39, 63, 106, 108, 133, 148, 155, 156, 171, 194, 217, 219
Hartlib Circle 16, 102, 111, 142, 169; see also Hartlib, Samuel
Harderwyck 239
Harvard College 47, 49, 88, 89, 227
Helmstedt, University of 53, 54, 78
Heidelberg, University of 53, 54, 55, 232
human nature 83, 100, 101, 129, 155
benevolent 140, 143
image of God 105
Hobbes’ view 121–3, 124, 126, 129, 132, 133, 134
Locke’s view 190
moral 101, 140
passionate 123, 126
rational 63, 106, 108, 111, 144–5, 148, 195, 212, 219, 223
sociable 64, 117, 124, 133, 140, 190, 219
relationship to animals 85, 122, 190 see also soul; reason
hylozoism 150, 154, 178, 181
hypothesis 143, 148, 149–50, 152, 163, 173, 175, 176–7, 178, 181, 213, 221, 224

idealism, see Malebranche; Norris
ideas 37, 38, 67, 69, 86, 106, 186, 192–4, 201, 202–3, 204, 214–15
ideas of sensation and reflection 193, 204
innate ideas or principles 12, 47, 89, 93, 110, 111, 112, 139, 144, 145–6, 152, 156–, 157, 186, 192–3, 199–200, 202, 203, 205–6, 210, 211–12, 220
Lockean 193–4 see also God
ideism 67, 202
immaterial, see incorporeal
immateriality 143, 210
immaterialism 213–14, 221–2
incorporeal 
beings 15, 142, 145, 175, 180
extension 66, 132, 148, 149
force 168
substance 16, 85, 66, 132, 148 see also soul
induction 36, 98, 100, 103, 130, 165, 174
infinity 167
divine infinity 153
knowledge of 89
infinite divisibility 166, 167
infinite space 148, 168, 192, 220
infinite extension of God 148
infinite universe 66, 148, 166, 168
instinct, natural 105–6, 110, 112
intellect 89, 96, 105, 122, 127, 193
intellectual powers 148 see also mind

La Rochelle, Academy 55, 232
language
of philosophy 10, 13, 32, 49, 56–8, 159, 216, 223
philosophy of 77, 121
law of nature, see natural law
Leiden, University of 33, 53, 54, 55, 78, 79, 80, 152, 158, 228, 233, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241
libertines, libertinism 20, 94, 144, 208, 209, 211, 212, 217; see also deism
liberty 117, 118, 121, 123–5, 129, 131, 132, 134, 148, 190–1, 210
religious liberty, see toleration
and necessity 25, 127–8, 129, 132, 135, 148, 231, 234
liberty of philosophizing (libertas philosophandi)  20, 209
libraries 22–3, 36, 44, 48, 51, 70, 92–3, 102, 104
Liège, Jesuit College 54, 238
Lisbon, University 54, 241
English College 239, 242
logic 5, 8, 11–12, 19, 62, 84, 85, 99, 102, 103, 106, 111, 129, 241
in universities 28, 30, 31, 33–8, 43, 46, 49, 50, 53, 54, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 92
Port Royal logic 12, 34, 35, 37–8, 217 see also Arnauld, Antoine; Nicole, Pierre; Ramism
Louvain, Irish College 54, 238

Madrid, University of 54, 230
materialism 61, 71, 113, 118, 122, 126, 131, 132, 135, 156, 159, 166, 171, 181, 196, 199, 205, 206, 209, 220, 221, 222; see also Epicureanism
matter theory
active principles 167, 178, 180–1, 183, 211
mechanical Philosophy 13, 14, 19, 68, 82, 113, 114, 118, 120, 122, 132, 135, 142, 148, 149, 157, 161, 163, 164, 165–7, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174–7, 178–9, 181, 182, 193
Mersenne circle 52, 55, 65, 81, 104, 113, 120, 167, 171, 231, 234
metaphysics 15–17, 19, 59, 61, 84, 99, 105, 106, 162, 162, 178, 206, 208, 213, 223
Aristotelian 42, 79, 81, 89, 135, 163, 193, 221
Cambridge Platonists 139, 142, 143, 148–50, 151
Cartesian 19, 46, 120
Hobbes 121, 122
Platonist 16, 59, 105, 112, 137, 143, 217
Ramism 28, 89
Sergeant 85, 86, 89
Suarez 15, 39, 42, 46, 49, 75–6, 84–6, 79
in universities 31, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 54, 75, 76, 78, 81, 240
method 12, 34, 44, 61, 77, 82, 83, 85, 90 105, 108, 114, 118, 120, 121, 122, 129, 133, 145, 160, 165, 168, 178, 186
Baconian 18, 99–100, 103, 112–13, 164, 174
Cartesian 19, 37, 65, 170
experimental, empirical 14, 90, 103, 126, 169, 172, 178, 181, 182, 184, 186
Euclidian 122, 129
inductive 163, 164
logical 50, 77
mathematical 13, 114, 118, 120, 157, 166
Newtonian 181–2, 184, 223
Ramist 11, 36, 38, 94
Middleburg, University of 237
mind 37, 51, 86, 89, 93, 98, 99, 101, 105–6, 111, 139, 156
Mind-body interaction/union 13, 68, 159, 214–15
mind as active 146–7, 193–4, 204
powers of mind, intellect or soul 89, 105, 109, 112, 123, 146, 148, 157, 192, 201
tabula rasa 110, 146, 193
Berkeley 209, 222
Cambridge Platonist 139, 146–7, 159
Cartesian 68, 166 (egalitarian) 218
Collier 220–1
Cumberland 156–8
Epicurean 171
mimima naturalia  82, 84, 167, 181
monad 153
monism 68, 70, 135, 152–3
moral philosophy 8, 9, 10, 12, 13–14, 25, 55, 79, 81, 90, 146, 155, 160, 213, 217, 218
in universities 28, 30, 31, 33, 38–40, 43, 46, 50, 53, 54, 55, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 136, 228, 232, 234, 235, 236
Aristotelian 19, 22, 39, 40, 62, 76, 81, 88, 90
Baconian 90, 93, 96, 98, 100–1
Cambridge Platonist 139, 141, 143, 145, 147–8, 153, 156, 158, 159
Charleton 171–2
Clarke, Samuel 213, 220
Cudworth 133, 141, 147–8, 156
Cumberland 133, 153, 155–6, 157–8, 159
Epicurean 61, 62, 67, 171–2, 210, 211
Grotius 63–4, 116
Hobbes 121–2, 125–6, 129, 132, 135, 139, 141, 147–8
Locke 187, 190, 191, 194, 195–6, 197, 198, 199, 204
Malebranche 68–9
Masham 216, 219
scholastic 78, 79
Shaftesburian 153, 211–22, 220
Stoic 59, 60, 67
Trotter Cockburn 203, 211, 220
White professorship of, Oxford 30, 79, 234
as demonstrable science of 13, 147, 155–7, 194 see also natural law
moral obligation 13, 39, 156, 159, 220
moral principles 63–4, 139, 147, 153, 157, 191
absolute 12, 139, 147–8, 154, 156, 158
immutable/fixed 155, 213, 215, 220
innate 12, 111, 139, 145, 146, 212
morality, rationally demonstrable 73–4, 133, 147, 155–6, 157, 194

Nantes
College of Oratorians 236
Edict of Nantes 188
natural law 12–13, 14, 30, 39, 40, 46, 59, 63–4, 76, 77, 78, 108, 115, 116, 123–5, 129, 132–5, 147, 154–6, 156–9, 182, 186, 189, 190, 205, 224
natural philosophy 9, 10, 12, 13, 14–15, 16, 25, 28, 36, 40–2, 44, 45, 46, 47, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63, 66, 73, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100–1, 103, 113, 131, 135, 136, 150, 160–84, 185, 197, 200, 213, 229, 231, 232, 233, 238, 239, 242
in universities 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 40–3, 46, 50
Aristotelian 152, 162–3, 164, 167
Bacon 94–5, 97 102, 112, 120, 165, 169
Boyle 173–8
Cartesian 14, 35, 44, 133, 142, 166, 178
Hobbes 114, 118, 120, 121, 122, 126, 132, 133, 134, 166
Locke 191, 202
nature 103, 149, 156. 160–1, 163, 166, 167, 173–4, 175–6
living 178–9, 180–1
phenomena of 14, 15, 45, 67, 83, 91, 96, 98, 100, 119, 163–6, 167, 169, 172, 174–5, 176, 178, 182, 192
plastic nature 148–50, 152, 179, 224
spirit of nature (Hylarchic Spirit) 149–50, 177, 179
state of nature 116, 121, 123, 124–5, 134, 190 see also natural philosophy; natural law; God
Navarre, Collège de 236
necessity 25, 128, 167, 179, 234
Neoplatonism, see Platonism
New York, King’s College 89
Newtonianism 7, 14, 30, 41, 42, 45, 48, 178, 183, 184, 187, 213, 223, 224, 208, 229, 232, 235; see also Newton, Isaac
Nîmes, Academy 53
Northumberland Circle 21, 167, 234

occasionalism 69, 149, 214–15, 217, 218–19
Oxford, University of 8, 14, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 38, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 62, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 106, 119, 137, 152, 172, 187, 188, 189, 197, 220, 228, 234, 238
All Souls College 228
Balliol College 232
Christ Church College 32, 229, 232, 235, 238
Exeter College 229, 237, 240
Gloucester Hall 231
Jesus College 93
Laudian Statutes 31
Lincoln College 239, 240
Magdalen College 48, 231, 237
Magdalen Hall 229, 233, 234, 232, 242
Merton College 39, 231
Pembroke College 230
Queen’s College 241
St Edmund Hall 229
St John’s College 232
Trinity College 233
University College 104, 234
Wadham College 237, 242
Oxford Philosophical Society 41
Oxford Club of Experimenters 51, 169, 174, 187, 192

pantheism 70, 211
Paracelsianism 74, 165, 232
Paris, Académie Royale 183, 237
Collège de France 87
University of 53, 54, 87, 236 see also Mersenne Circle
passions 13, 59, 65, 67, 106, 121, 123–4, 126, 147, 157, 171–2, 218
perception 13, 36, 69, 105–6, 122, 174, 181, 194, 208, 212, 215, 221
moral perception 212
sense perception 180, 193, 197, 203, 206
person 153, 181, 189, 195–6, 201, 203, 210
pleasure 14, 62, 124, 127, 171, 194, 211, 212, 215, 217, 219
Platonic tradition 59, 142, 152, 179, 213, 223
Platonism 10, 12, 13, 16, 22, 49, 58–9, 105, 112, 129, 130, 136–8, 141–3, 146, 151, 153, 168, 177, 199, 200, 203, 213, 215, 236, 237 see also Cambridge Platonism; Plato; Plotinus
pneumatology 15, 16, 42, 148
Poitiers law school 87
power 82, 83, 109, 148
active powers 167, 168, 180, 182, 183
material powers 180, 182 , 183, 216
divine power 130, 143, 177
sovereign power 125, 189
Locke’s conception of 153, 189, 192, 193 see also mind, powers of
predestination 16, 74, 78, 79, 140
progress in the sciences 17, 18, 96, 169
psychology 9, 16, 101, 121, 123, 147
faculty psychology 127, 148
Pyrrhonism 60, 61, 72, 105

qualities 132, 163, 210, 222
Aristotelian/scholastic 89, 174, 183
Digby 83–4
forms and qualities 142, 164, 174, 193
primary and secondary 172, 178, 193
sensible 82

Ramism 19, 28, 33, 36, 38, 42, 46, 72, 74, 78, 87–9, 94, 227
reason 11, 13, 51, 86, 100, 106, 122, 123, 152, 176 182, 197, 216, 220, 221, 217
Age of 102, 222, 223
and faith 143, 144–5, 148
and freewill 148
and knowledge of God/natural theology 32, 170, 215
deism 209, 209–10, 211, 212, 223
and natural law 13, 33, 39, 124, 154–6, 158, 190
and religion 25, 63, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 129, 139, 142, 144, 145–6, 185, 199, 200, 212, 219, 223
and soul 137, 143 171
art of 13, 35, 38, 43, 73
Cartesian  65, 216
deductive 13, 100, 121–2, 133, 167
faculty of 34, 98, 106, 128, 148
in ethics 12–13, 39, 116, 145, 147, 153, 155–6, 158, 159, 194, 196, 204, 212, 213, 223, 219, 220
limitation/weakness of 97, 145; see also scepticism
logical 29, 34, 43, 85
material basis of 132, 180
natural 13, 33, 52, 76, 97, 122, 139, 143, 144–5, 155, 158, 204
right reason 12, 112, 130, 137, 144, 147, 157
seminal reasons, see common notions
sufficient reason, principle of 213 see also logic, Port Royal logicreligion, philosophy of 145
religion, natural 109
Republic of Letters 134, 188, 202, 205, 211
republicanism 116, 118, 129
resistance theory 115, 117, 189–90, 236
right, rights 115, 116, 121, 130, 133, 134, 189, 190, 210, 218
divine authority of law-making/ruler 117, 125, 132, 134
divine right of kings 115–16
right of nature 123, 124, 125
rule of right 109, 194
Rome, Irish College (St Isidore’s) 238, 241
Rostock, University of 53
Rota Club 21, 233
Rotterdam, University of 227
Royal Society 7, 18, 31, 41, 53, 56, 57, 76, 90, 93, 103, 126, 129, 131, 135, 137, 142, 152, 160, 161, 164, 169, 170, 171, 178, 179, 180, 182, 187, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 242

St Andrews, University of 27, 30, 42, 43, 227, 228, 236, 239
Regius professorship 30
St Leonard’s College 26, 45, 236
St Salvator’s College 27
St Omer, Jesuit College 54, 55, 238, 242
Salamanca, University of 54, 239, 241
Saumur, Academy 54, 55, 78, 232, 239, 240
scholasticism 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22, 30, 33–4, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43–6, 47, 58, 59, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75–6, 77, 78, 79, 80–1, 82, 84, 86, 90, 99, 102, 103, 116, 117, 122, 123, 125, 127–8, 136, 141, 142, 143, 148, 162–3, 164, 169, 172, 174, 176, 183, 232, 240
science, see natural philosophy
Scotism 59–60, 80–1, 231
Scottish Enlightenment 2, 48, 50, 212, 223, 224–5
Sedan, Academy 54, 55, 78, 232, 240
self 151, 195, 203
self-activity (soul) 149, (matter) 180, 181
self-determination 127, 139, 148, 159
self-direction 196 see also person
self-interest 116, 122, 155, 211
self-love 129, 152, 212, 126
self-motion 82, 172, 175, 181
self-power 148
self-preservation 63, 106, 108, 116, 124, 133, 177, 190
senses 14, 37, 106, 107, 122–3, 143, 157, 166
internal 106, 195
consense (synaisthesis) 150
sense-knowledge 14, 37, 82, 85, 86, 99, 102, 122–3, 139, 144, 147, 152, 157, 169, 172, 180, 193, 194–5, 199, 200, 206, 219, 221; see also Empiricism
sense-perception 180, 206, 215
soul 85, 143, 173, 199
existence of 66, 84, 142, 203, 222
immateriality of 82, 85, 171, 196, 198, 199, 201, 205, 206, 210
immortality of 25, 62, 83, 139, 171, 152, 201, 206, 215, 230
More’s argument for 132, 146, 217
pre-existence of 142, 152
relationship to body 13, 68, 149, 159, 171, 214–15, 217 see also mind
space 148, 167, 168, 177, 182–3, 213, 220
Spinozism 71, 196, 199
spirit 132, 142, 145, 148, 153, 204, 220
animal spirits 13, 166
causal spirits 139, 149–50, 152, 177, 179
spirit of nature (Hylarchic Spirit) 148–50, 177, 179
extended 66, 132, 149
material 180
More’s definition of 132
spirits, spiritual beings 15–16, 122
vital spirit 16, 152
substance 68, 180–1, 220
Aristotelian 201, 203
Cartesian 66
thinking substance (res cogitans) 120, 166, 204, 219
extended substance (res extensa) 166
corporeal, see body
idea of 201, 220
immaterial/incorporeal 16, 122, 132, 135, 179, 195, 199, 217
substance monism 70, 152, 153
substantial forms 15, 79, 82, 86, 122, 173, 164, 169, 175, 176, 193
unknowable 198, 201, 204, 205 see also matter theory; spirit

time 168, 182, 193
toleration, religious 7, 47, 48, 56, 107–8, 113, 117, 140, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 204, 206–7, 209, 210, 231, 242
truth 
criterion of 110, 146, 221
eternal 206, 214
immutable 142, 155
object of philosophy 15, 31, 45, 53, 89–90, 99, 142
philosophical 49, 77, 105–7, 104, 110–12
universal 142, 200
Tübingen, University 88

universities, colleges, and academies, see under individual name

Valladolid, College of St Alban 230
virtue
and benevolence 155
and pleasure 14, 147, 212
as habit 39, 194, 196
as mean 63
as power of soul 147
life and practice of 13, 16, 38, 107, 147
philanthropy and 101
virtues 125, 155, 177 see also goodness; moral principles
vitalism 16, 150, 152; see also hylozoism
void, vacuum 42, 66, 118, 167, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178
voluntarism 142, 143, 144, 154, 155, 156, 159, 213
anti-voluntarism 142, 143

Welbeck Circle 21, 120, 130, 168, 169, 234, 238
will 83, 91, 106, 127–8, 141, 143, 148, 194, 204
divine will 143, 156, 163, 214, 215
faculty of 127, 148, 148, 204 see also free will; voluntarism

Yale College 89