Although I did a great deal of original reporting for this book, I also benefited from the efforts of others. In these notes I’ve tried to give credit to the many people whose work helped to inform my research and writing.
1 Thirty-five feet down: Author’s interviews with Angara’s family, coworkers, and investigators on the case. See also Douglas Crouse and Amy L. Kovac, “Confusion follows in death of chemist,” Bergen Record, February 11, 2005.
2 the Hackensack Water Company: “United Water Resources Inc,” Fundingverse.com.
2 rancorous arguments broke out: “Emerson Woods Preserve,” NJUrbanforest blog: http://njurbanforest.com/tag/emerson-nj/. See also Bergen Save the Watershed Action Network: http://www.bergenswan.org/about.aspx.
3 Angara family filed a wrongful-death suit: John Petrick, “Judge sets mediation deadline in wrongful death suit,” Bergen Record, September 14, 2009.
3 a history of accidents: John Cichowski, “State to Study Sabotage Reports—water officials doubt labor link,” Bergen Record, May 14, 1993. See also Douglas Crouse, “Water sabotage preceded killing,” Bergen Record, May 30, 2006.
5 triclocarban: Steve Curwood, “Hormone Disruptors Linked to Genital Changes and Sexual Preferences,” Living on Earth, January 7, 2011.
10 by 2000 some 1.2 billion people: These are the latest figures available: cited in the UN’s The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000.
10 by 2025 as many as 3.4 billion people: Jan Eliasson and Susan Blumenthal, “Dying for a drink,” Washington Post, September 20, 2005.
10 Between 2004 and 2009, the Clean Water Act (CWA): Charles Duhigg, “Clean water laws are neglected, at a cost in suffering,” New York Times, September 12, 2009. This is one part of “Toxic Waters,” Duhigg’s remarkable series of articles about the declining state of American water quality.
11 contaminated by 316 different pollutants: http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/home.
11 bottled water … contained traces of thirty-eight pollutants: http://www.ewg.org/health/report/bottledwater—scorecard.
11 By 2008, the world’s consumption of water: “Running Dry,” Economist, August 21, 2008.
12 thirty-six states will face water shortages by 2013: GAO: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03514.pdf.
12 McKinsey & Co. forecasts: http://www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/Water/home.aspx.
12 some 332.5 million cubic miles of H2O: “The Water Cycle: Water Storage in Oceans,” US Geological Survey: The Water Cycle.
13 The body weight of an adult: Answers.com: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_gallons
_of_water_are_in_the_make-up_of_an_average_
person’s_body#ixzz17YKjjv90.
13 Human bones are about 22 percent: While there are various estimations of these numbers, I have drawn from a list posted by Lenntech, a Dutch water-treatment firm: http://www.lenntech.com/water-trivia-facts.htm.
15 At 12:05 p.m. on October 5, 1950: Riverkeeper, “A Slippery Past,” http://www.riverkeeper.org.
15 rainbow-hued oil slick: Personal observation.
16 at least 17 million: Author’s interviews of Basil Seggos, Riverkeeper, in 2007–08. See also NewtownCreekAlliance.org.
16 the largest in US history: Melissa Grace, “ExxonMobil Taint Suit,” New York Daily News, January 25, 2007.
16 black mayonnaise: Julie Leibach, “Black Mayonnaise,” Scienceline, Jan 24, 2007.
17 more than one hundred homes: “Greenpoint Oil Spill on Newtown Creek,” Riverkeeper.org.
17 Greenpoint has a lower overall cancer rate … Tom Stagg: Daphne Eviatar, “The Ooze,” New York, June 3, 2007.
18 Chicago, for example … 6 percent of the city’s population: Marcelo H. Garcia, “Hydraulics in the Time of Cholera: The Chicago River, Lake Michigan and Public Health,” remarks from Hydrology Days conference, American Geophysical Union, Colorado State University, 2009.
19 Between 1961 and 1970, according to the EPA: “25th Anniversary of Safe Drinking Water Act,” remarks by Carol M. Browner, administrator, Environmental Protection Agency, December 16, 1999.
19 it “oozes rather than flows”: “America’s Sewage System and the Price of Optimism,” Time, August 1, 1969.
19 William Ruckelshaus was named: William Ruckelshaus, “A New Shade of Green,” Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2010.
20 In 1978, President Jimmy Carter: Eckardt C. Beck, “The Love Canal Tragedy,” EPA Journal (January 1979), and Sam Howe Verhovek, “After 10 Years, the Trauma of Love Canal Continues,” New York Times, August 5, 1988.
20 Carol Browner announced that: Browner, “25th Anniversary of Safe Drinking Water Act.”
20 But a year later, the EPA revealed: “Water Quality Conditions in the United States: A Profile from the 2000 National Water Quality Inventory,” EPA, August 2002.
21 By 1860, New York was the nation’s leading manufacturing center: Andrew Hurley, “Creating Ecological Wastelands: Oil Pollution in New York City, 1870–1900,” Journal of Urban History (May 1994).
21 Astral Oil: Jen Phillips, “The Brooklyn Oil Spill: A Timeline,” Mother Jones, September 13, 2007.
21 In 1872, John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company: Hurley, “Creating Ecological Wastelands,” p. 346.
22 three hundred thousand gallons of gas: Ibid., p. 348.
22 “a quivering envelope of nauseous fog”: Andy Newman, “Fouled Creek’s Improvement Inspires a Site for Respite,” New York Times, September 27, 2007.
22 most expedient … Fifteenth Ward Smelling Committee … “fully developed stenches”: Hurley, “Creating Ecological Wastelands,” p. 340.
22 residents had pumped so much … Brooklyn Aquifer: DEP, BQA study http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/bqa.shtml, and Eviatar, “The Ooze.”
23 Sister Francis Gerard Kress: Author’s interview with Sister Francis on September 9, 2006, at the Maria Regina Residence, in Brentwood, New York, and subsequent correspondence.
24 Sebastian Pirozzi: Author’s interview of Sebastian Pirozzi, November 30, 2010, and subsequent correspondence.
24 osteosarcoma, a rare form of cancer: http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/Osteosarcoma/DetailedGuide
/osteosarcoma-key-statistics.
24 in 2006, only twenty-four new cases: Angela Montefinise and Susan Edelman, “Cancer Outrage Near Oil Spill,” New York Post, October 15, 2006.
24 the woman who replaced them contracted bone cancer: Ibid. and Pirozzi interview.
25 ExxonMobil took the position: Eviatar, “The Ooze.”
25 Basil Seggos, who worked: Ibid., and Seggos interview.
26 If the company assumed responsibility for cleaning up the spill: Eviatar, “The Ooze.”
26 Riverkeeper’s FOIA requests: Ibid.
26 oil companies denied the allegations: Ibid.
26 no terminal operations there since 1993: Karen Freifeld, “Exxon to Pay $25 Million to Settle Brooklyn Spill Suit,” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 18, 2010.
26 Peter Sacripanti: Daphne Eviatar, “Out in the oil patch with McDermott Will Partner,” American Lawyer, April 3, 2007.
27 Environmentalists characterized the remediation efforts as “rudimentary”… twenty-eight thousand gallons: Riverkeeper.org.
27 In a related but separate case: DEP, BQA study.
27 In 2003, the city sued twenty-three oil companies: Mireya Navarro, “City Awarded $105 Million in ExxonMobil Lawsuit,” New York Times, October 20, 2009.
28 When a dolphin was spotted: Erin Durkin, “Dolphin spotted in Brooklyn’s polluted Newtown Creek,” New York Daily News, March 4, 2010.
28 an “estuary of national significance”: “EPA Makes Final Decision: Newtown Creek Is Added to Superfund List,” EPA press release, September 27, 2010.
28 removed 11 million gallons of oil: Mireya Navarro, “ExxonMobil Settles State Suit on Newtown Creek Cleanup,” New York Times, November 18, 2010.
28 creek was designated a Superfund site: Mireya Navarro, “US Cleanup Is Set for Creek Long Polluted by Industry,” New York Times, October 28, 2010.
29 pay $25 million in penalties … Paul Gallay … “an historic turning point”: “Cuomo Announces Settlement with ExxonMobil to Provide for Comprehensive Cleanup of Greenpoint Oil Spill,” attorney general press release, November 18, 2010.
30 “the worst environmental disaster in the nation’s history”: From numerous press accounts, including the New York Times hub: http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/
timestopics/subjects/o/oil_spills/gulf_of_mexico_2010/
index.html?inline=nyt-classifier.
31 Oil in the Sea III: James Coleman, et al., Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects (No. 3) (National Academies Press, 2003). See also Alan Levin, “Land-based oil spills add up, too,” USA Today, June 30, 2010.
32 The Housatonic contains some of the highest levels: US Environmental Protection Agency site history: http://www.epa.gov/ne/ge/sitehistory.html. The Housatonic River Initiative (HRI): http://housatonic-river.com/blog/. Save the Housatonic (STH): http://savethehousatonic.org/?page_id=57. John Nicas, “The Housatonic Cleanup,” Boston University College of Communication, May 20, 2009.
32 the General Electric (GE) plant in Pittsfield: Housatonic River Initiative: http://www.housatonic-river.com/links2.php and Nicas, “Housatonic Cleanup.”
32 former senior GE employees, and the watchdog group: Ibid. See also EPA site history.
33 over 1.5 billion pounds of PCBs: US Environmental Protection Agency reports, including http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/about.htm, and http://www.epa.gov/NE/ge/thesite/restofriver/reports/456069.pdf.
33 PCB concentrations of up to 206 ppm: US Environmental Protection Agency reports: http://www.epa.gov/region1/ge/thesite/halfmile/reports/
m1998memorandum emorandum/242242.pdf and http://www.epa.gov/NE/ge/thesite/restofriver/reports/456069.pdf.
34 GE, which had been founded by Thomas Edison: GE company history: http://www.ge.com/company/history/edison.html.
34 GE first used PCBs in Pittsfield: Nicas, “Housatonic Cleanup.”
34 so much PCB-contaminated oil: Author’s interviews with Tim Gray, November 17 and 28, 2009. HRI website. Bryant University report, “PCB’s and the River”: http://web.bryant.edu/~langlois/ecology/pcb.html.
34 The Harvard School of Public Health: Bryant University report, “PCB’s and the River.”
35 free “clean fill”: Gray, HRI. Complaint filed against GE by residents of Lakewood, Massachusetts, and the Residential Environmental Action League, March 20, 2000: http://www.berkshireeagle.net/lakewood.html. For GE’s use of fuller’s earth and PCB contamination of the Hudson River, see David Gargill, “The General Electric Superfraud,” Harper’s Magazine, December 2009.
35 “There have been a lot of studies”: GE ad of September 30, 1997, cited in http://www.housatonic-river.com/rapids_spring99.php.
35 it was discovered that the soil: Gray interview. Gargill, “General Electric Superfraud.”
36 Gray first encountered PCBs in 1976: Gray interview.
37 Standing in his kitchen, Dave Gibbs: Author’s interview with Dave Gibbs, November 28, 2009.
37 For years, a grassy field there: Gibbs and Gray interviews. Anthony DePalma, “GE Moves Ahead on Removal of PCBs from 2 Rivers, but Frustrations Remain,” New York Times, May 1, 2007.
37 1948 memo: Michael Cohen, “GE Knew of Pittsfield ‘Liability’ for Years,” Boston Globe, August 10, 1997.
38 “increases in cancer mortality in workers”: “GE Fights Back with Full Page Ads,” HRI, Spring 1999 newsletter.
38 One major roadblock was Jack Welch: Gray interview and HRI; Gargill, “General Electric Superfraud.”
38 Welch earned $83.6 million a year: Berkshire Eagle, April 9, 1999.
38 “PCBs do not pose health risks”: “God versus G.E.,” Harper’s Magazine, August 1998.
38 The company’s lawyers devised a clever argument: Ibid. See also Gray interview and DePalma, “GE Moves Ahead.”
38 GE used the same argument to deny: Andrew C. Revkin, “Dredging of Pollutants Begins in Hudson,” New York Times, May 15, 2009.
39 Laurence Tribe: Gargill, “General Electric Superfraud.”
39 In May 2009, a dredge: Revkin, “Dredging of Pollutants Begins in Hudson.”
39 the company is wholly or partially responsible: Gargill, “General Electric Superfraud.”
39 Cleanup of the Housatonic has gone more slowly: Gray interview and HRI; DePalma, “GE Moves Ahead.”
40 Instead, activists propose a ten-point plan: Gray interview. HRI: “Ten Principles for a Better River Cleanup,” blog post, February 4, 2009.
41 Anaconda Copper Mining Company: William Langewiesche, “The Profits of Doom,” Atlantic, April 2001.
41 342 snow geese: Duncan Adams, “Did Toxic Stew Cook the Goose?” High Country News, December 11, 1995.
41 Since 1998, BP-ARCO and regulators: Justin Post, “Waterfowl land in pit, die,” Montana Standard, November 30, 2007. See also PITWATCH: http://www.pitwatch.org/2004.htm.
41 Donald Peoples: Langewiesche, “Profits of Doom.” See also Gerard O’Brien, “Don Peoples: the man behind mining city,” Montana Standard, February 3, 2008.
42 Mine Waste Technology Program for the DOE: Mountain States Energy (MSE): http://www.mse-ta.com/index.html.
42 37 billion gallons of toxic seepage: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, “Berkeley Pit Facts,” http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/env/env-berkeley.asp.
42 extremophiles: Christopher Maag, “In the Battle Against Cancer, Researchers Find Hope in a Toxic Wasteland,” New York Times, October 9, 2007.
42 Huntington’s disease: PITWATCH.
43 85 percent of water pollution: Ruckelshaus, “New Shade of Green.”
44 Ninety-six percent of all health violations: EPA: http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm?fuseaction=detail.
viewInd&ch=47&subtop=203&lv=list.listByChapter&r=188226.
44 43 million Americans—15 percent of the population: US Geological Survey: http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/vocs/
national_assessment/report/chapter4.html.
44 Samantha Treml: Author’s interview with Judy Treml, May 20, 2010, and with Melissa Scanlon, of Midwest Environmental Advocates, on May 17, 2010. For background, see http://www.midwestadvocates.org/archive/Treml/index.htm. Judy Treml’s congressional testimony: http://transportation.house.gov/Media/file/Full%20Committee/20091015/Treml%20Testimony.pdf.
47 agricultural runoff is now: EPA, “Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture”: http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/outreach/point6.cfm.
47 E. coli are responsible for 35 percent: “Animal Waste on Factory Farms Comes Under Closer EPA Scrutiny,” Environmental News Service, June 1, 2010.
47 19.5 million Americans are sickened: Charles Duhigg, “Health Ills Abound as Farm Runoff Fouls Wells,” New York Times, September 17, 2009.
47 more than 1 billion tons of manure: Amanda D. Cuéllar and Michael E. Webbe, “Cow power: the energy and emissions benefits of converting manure to biogas,” Environmental Research Letter (July–September 2008).
47 South Florida Water District has spent $2 billion: Spencer Hunt, “States go sot on polluting farms,” The Columbus Dispatch, October 12, 2010.
47 In 2008, US farms held 96 million head of cattle: “An Urgent Call to Action,” Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group, August, 2009.
48 Holstein emits 150 pounds of waste a day: Henry Fountain, “Down on the Farm, an Endless Cycle of Waste,” The New York Times, December 28, 2009.
48 19 CAFOs in 1992: Lee Bergquist, “Taking Care of Cows’ Business,” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, March 1, 2009.
48 Rosendale Dairy: Ibid. See also “Rosendale Dairy wants to expand,” Fox 11 online, December 2, 2009.
48 Threemile Canyon Farms: Shirley Wentworth, “Trouble down on the ‘farm,’ ” Portland Alliance, September 2005.
49 many farmers do not file the requisite paperwork: Duhigg, “Health Ills Abound.”
49 thousands of large CAFOs: http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/sector_table.pdf.
49 Brown County, Wisconsin: Duhigg, “Health Ills Abound.”
50 Holland instituted policies in the 1980s: Manure and the Environment, the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, the Netherlands, December 21, 2001.
50 environmental groups sued the EPA: Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, and Waterkeeper Alliance filed the suit: Natural Resources Defense Council press release http://www.nrdc.org/media/2010/100527.asp. See also Sindya N. Bhanoo, “Tougher E.P.A. Action on Factory Farms,” New York Times Green blog, May 28, 2010: http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/28/tougher-e-p-a-action-on-factory-farms/.
50 Judy Treml pointed out: Treml’s congressional testimony.
52 It was midevening in January 2010: Author’s tour with James P. Pynn, on February 15, 2008, and several phone conversations in 2010.
52 Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant background: DEP, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/
environmental_education/newtown_wwtp.shtml.
53 By the time the sewer pipes reach the Newtown plant: Pynn interview.
54 as little as one-twentieth of an inch … 460 times a year: “Sewage & Combined Sewage Overflow,” Riverkeeper.org: http://www.riverkeeper.org/campaigns/stop-polluters/cso/.
54 490 outfall pipes: “Water and Sewer Infrastructure,” nyc.gov, May 2010.
55 forty-four inches of precipitation: “Sewage & Combined Sewage Overflow,” Riverkeeper.org.
55 more than nine thousand acres of land were paved: “Draft Sustainable Stormwater Management Plan 2008,” plaNYC.
56 1.4 billion gallons of sewage: “North River Wastewater Treatment Plant,” nyc.gov.
56 August 14, 2003: Anthony DePalma, “Sewage Failure in Blackout Puts City Under Court’s Thumb,” New York Times, February 8, 2006.
57 Americans produce 18 million tons of feces: “An Urgent Call to Action,” Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group.
58 Newtown Creek in 1967: “Newtown Creek Water Pollution Control Plant Expansion and Upgrade, New York, NY, USA,” Watertechnology.net.
58 by 2015, at a cost of some $5.2 billion: Pynn.
59 discharge 482 million gallons: William Angelo, “Raise Brooklyn Batteries,” Engineering News-Record, July 3, 2006.
60 CSOs … 40 million people in thirty-two states: John Tibbets, “Combined Sewer Systems,” Environmental Health Perspectives (July 2005).
60 Milwaukee, the journal Pediatrics… Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health: Charles Duhigg, “As Sewers Fill, Waste Poisons Waterways,” New York Times, November 22, 2009.
60 a third of major US sewer systems: Ibid.
61 New York City has invested about $35 billion: Ibid.
61 John Lipscomb: Brian Zumhagen, “Cleaning Up Newtown Creek,” WNYC, December 15, 2009.
62 Philadelphia, for instance, has one: PlanPhilly, “Green City, Clean Waters,” for the city’s long-term plan to control sewer overflows: http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/documents
_and_data/cso_long_term_control_plan/. See also Brad Linder, “Philadelphia Tackles Rainwater Runoff Pollution,” NPR, September 29, 2006.
62 “porous city”: Andy Coghlan, “We Can’t Hold Back the Water Anymore,” The New Scientist, January 10, 2003. See also Chris Baines, “I’ve seen the future and it’s a sponge,” forumforthefuture.org, October 2, 2001.
62 $400 billion by 2020: US Government Accountability Office, “Wastewater Infrastructure Financing,” June 2010.
64 Lake Erie: Ruckelshaus, “New Shade of Green.”
64 emerging contaminants: For background, see US Geological Survey: http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc/.
64 Paul Freedman: Elizabeth de la Vega, “Extreme Water Emergencies,” Nation, August 4, 2008.
64 sixty thousand different types of chemicals: Maurice Zeeman, Jerry Smrchek, Joseph Nabholz, and Donald Rodier, “US EPA/OPT and Sediments: Screening New and Existing Chemicals for Potential Environmental Effects,” National Sediment Bioaccumulator Conference: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/cs/library/zeeman.pdf. Charles Duhigg, “That Tap Water Is Legal but May Be Unhealthy,” New York Times, December 16, 2009.
65 Christine Todd Whitman: Duhigg, “That Tap Water Is Legal.”
65 830 of the pollutants most frequently found: Ibid.
65 Dr. Jeffrey K. Griffiths: Griffiths’s testimony before the Senate hearing on Federal drinking water programs, December 8, 2009.
66 46 million Americans drink water: Patrick Phillips, Herb Buxton, Diane Noserale, “Manufacturing Facilities Release Pharmaceuticals to the Environment,” US Geological Survey news release, June 4, 2010.
66 settlement with five health-care facilities: “Attorney General Cuomo Announces Groundbreaking Settlements,” Office of the Attorney General, January 12, 2010.
67 triclocarban: Erik Stokstad, “The Dirt on Sewage Sludge,” ScienceNOW, January 22, 2009.
67 “Drugs Found in Drinking Water”: Jeff Donn, Martha Mendoza, and Justin Pritchard, “Drugs found in drinking water,” Associated Press, September 12, 2008.
67 250 million pounds of pharmaceuticals: Jeff Donn, Martha Mendoza, and Justin Pritchard, “Health care industry sends tons of drugs into nation’s wastewater system,” Associated Press, September 14, 2008.
68 In Las Vegas, J. C. Davis: Author’s interview with J. C. Davis, Southern Nevada Water Authority, May 16, 2008.
68 Roxanne Smith: Donn, Mendoza, and Pritchard, “Health care industry sends tons of drugs.”
68 Laura Brannen: Ibid.
68 “without sufficient evidence of harm”: Donn, Mendoza, and Pritchard, “Drugs found in drinking water.”
69 Dr. Ettore Zuccato and his colleagues: Author’s interviews with Dr. Ettore Zuccato, Dr. Sara Castiglioni, and Dr. Roberto Fanelli at the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy, July 19, 2006, and subsequent e-mails.
71 “Italian River Flows with Cocaine”: “Italian River Flows with Cocaine,” All Headline News, August 6, 2005, and Discovery Channel News: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/
briefs/20050815/cocaineriver_zoom0.html.
71 “The Thames: Awash with Cocaine”: Nina Goswami and James Orr, “The Thames: Awash with Cocaine,” Sunday Telegraph, November 6, 2005.
71 they detected 49,066 doses of cocaine: Zuccato interview.
74 The World Wide Fund for Nature: “Sin Aqua Non,” Economist, April 8, 2009.
74 In the spring of 2002, huge shoals of dead fish: Potomac Water Watch.org.
74 Dr. Vicki Blazer: Author’s interview with Dr. Vicki Blazer, September 17, 2009, and subsequent e-mails and conversations.
75 Intersex in the South Branch: David Fahrenthold, “Male Bass in Potomac Producing Eggs,” Washington Post, October 15, 2004.
75 most comprehensive study of intersex: US Geological Survey press release, “Widespread occurrence of intersex bass found in US Rivers,” September 14, 2009: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009–09/usgs-woo091409.php.
76 Karen Kidd: Blazer interview. See also Kidd’s web page: http://www.unbsj.ca/sase/biology/kiddlab/. John Roach, “Sex-changing Chemicals Can Wipe Out Fish, Study Shows,” National Geographic News, May 21, 2007. See also Martin Mittelstaedt, “Estrogen Threatens Minnow Manhood Released into an Ontario Lake,” Northern California River Watch: http://www.ncriverwatch.org/wordpress/2009/05/18/estrogen-threatens-minnow-manhood/.
77 Dr. Philip Landrigan: Nicholas D. Kristof, “Do Toxins Cause Autism?” New York Times, February 24, 2010.
77 Endocrine disruptors are found: National Institutes of Health: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm. US Environmental Protection Agency: “What are endocrine disruptors?”: http://www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/edspoverview/whatare.htm.
77 Anne Fausto-Sterling: Ariel Levy, “Either/Or,” New Yorker, November 30, 2009.
78 Bob Hirsch: Author’s interviews with Dr. Robert M. Hirsch, May 7, 2008; July 9–11, 2008; and follow-up conversations.
79 failed Virginia’s fecal coliform: US Environmental Protection Agency report: http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/nps/pdf/success/va/shenandoah.pdf.
80 “slightly impaired”: Ibid., and Hirsch interviews.
80 The Shenandoah Valley has nine hundred poultry farms: What’s Growing on in Virginia? (Virginia Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom, spring 2002).
80 Charles W. Wampler Sr.: Ibid.
81 Carole Morison: Author’s interview with Carole Morison, June 10, 2009. See also Food Inc., directed by Robert Kenner, 2008, and “Poisoned Waters,” Hedrick Smith, Frontline, WGBH, April 21, 2009.
82 nitrate concentrations: US Geological Survey.org.
82 1.5 billion pounds of manure: “Poisoned Waters,” Frontline.
82 Bill Satterfield: Bill Satterfield, “Every Day Is Earth Day for Delmarva’s Chicken Industry,” Delmarva Poultry Industry press release, April 21, 2009: http://www.dpichicken.org/media/nr_view.cfm?id=336.
82 “I’m not sure what these studies indicate”: Smith, “Poisoned Waters,” Frontline.
82 Jim Perdue: Ibid.
83 “Nobody educates farmers”: Morison interview.
83 Agribusiness has powerful, well-funded lobbyists: Smith “Poisoned Waters,” Frontline; Duhigg, “Health Ills Abound.”
83 Leon Billings: Smith, “Poisoned Waters,” Frontline.
84 call “the next global warming”: Hirsch interviews.
84 applying nitrogen-based fertilizers: Ibid.
85 “Every spring since 2004”: Author’s interview with Jeff Kelble, July 10, 2008.
85 Shenandoah has the highest incidence of intersex bass: Blazer interview.
85 “fifth most endangered river”: Lara Lutz, “Poorly planned development lands Shenandoah on endangered rivers list,” Chesapeake Bay Journal, June 2006.
85 80 percent of smallmouth bass: Kelble interview.
86 arsenic in the Chesapeake region: Jennifer Hlad, “Poultry Farmers Resist Bill to Ban Arsenic in Chicken Feed,” Capital News Service, March 16, 2010.
86 “That’s a lie”: Kelble interview.
86 Keeve Nachman: Statement of Dr. Keeve Nachman, Science Director, Food Production, Health and the Environment, Center for a Livable Future: www.livablefutureblog.com.
86 Poultry & Egg Institute: “Arsenical Feed Additives in Poultry Feed,” www.poultryegginstitute.org.
86 Hobey Bauhan: “Something Fishy about the Shenandoah River,” Blue Ridge Outdoors Magazine, March 1, 2008.
86 Richard Morris: Ibid.
86 5.24 million people live in the Potomac watershed: “Learn About the Potomac Watershed,” Potomac conservancy: http://www.potomac.org/site/potomac-watershed/.
87 2002 National Water Quality Inventory: Ibid.; “State of the Nation’s River,” 2007.
87 Blue Plains: Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority: http://www.dcwasa.com/about/facilities.cfm.
88 hypoxic: “Hypoxia—Definitions,” US Geological Survey: http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/hypoxia.html.
89 Chesapeake’s rockfish: Elizabeth Williamson, “Chesapeake’s Rockfish Overrun by Disease,” Washington Post, March 11, 2006.
89 oyster can exude ten thousand to 60 million eggs: “Gem of the ocean”: Economist, December 18, 2008.
90 Bill Goldsboro: Ibid.
90 Great Wicomico River: Henry Fountain, “Oysters Are on the Rebound in the Chesapeake Bay,” New York Times, August 3, 2009.
90 blue crab: “Maryland crabbers fear blue crab is gone,” Associated Press, July 16, 2008.
90 eighty-three thousand tons of fish: David Biello, “Oceanic Dead Zones Continue to Spread,” Scientific American, August 15, 2008.
91 Paul Kellam: “Maryland crabbers fear blue crab is gone,” Associated Press.
91 $5 billion had been spent on pollution controls: David A. Fahrenthold, “EPA threatens states over Chesapeake Bay cleanup,” The Washington Post, September 24, 2010.
92 Dick Brame: Angus Phillips, “The Chesapeake Bay Is Ailing, and This Time It’s Serious,” Washington Post, June 26, 2005.
93 146 dead zones worldwide: John Heilprin, “U.N. reports growing number of ocean ‘dead zones,’ ” Associated Press, October 20, 2006.
93 dead zone off the coast of Oregon: “Dead Zone,” Wikipedia.org.
93 “missing greenhouse gas”: “The missing greenhouse gas,” Nature Reports Climate Change, July 10, 2008.
94 biggest dead zone lurks in the Gulf of Mexico: Allison Winter, “This Year’s Gulf ‘Dead Zone’ Among Largest Ever,” New York Times, August 3, 2010.
94 7 million metric tons of nitrogen: Donald Goolsby and William Battaglin, “Nitrogen in the Mississippi Basin—Estimating Sources and Predicting Flux to the Gulf of Mexico,” US Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, December 2000: http://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fact-sheets/fs.135-00.html.
95 a dead zone of 8,500 square miles: Joel Achenbach, “A ‘Dead Zone’ in the Gulf of Mexico,” Washington Post, July 31, 2008.
95 Robert Diaz: Biello, “Oceanic Dead Zones Continue to Spread.”
96 Nancy Rabalais: Seth Borenstein, “Floods to widen ‘dead zone’ in gulf,” Associated Press, June 22, 2008.
96 shrink the Gulf’s dead zone: Bruce Eggler, “Despite promises to fix it, the Gulf’s dead zone is growing,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, June 9, 2007.
96 TMDLs: “Impaired Waters and Total Maximum Daily Loads,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/lawsguidance/cwa/tmdl/index.cfm.
97 grown by more than a factor of ten: Hirsch interview.
97 Black Sea: “Dead water,” Economist, May 15, 2008.
99 Tom Porta: Congressional testimony, October 15, 2009: http://www.neiwpcc.org/email-newsletter/oct09/ASIWPCA-Porta%20Testimony.pdf.
99 James Oberstar: Charles Duhigg, “Clean Water Laws Are Neglected, at a Cost in Suffering,” New York Times, September 13, 2009.
99 Underfunded, overly politicized: Ibid.
100 fifteen hundred major pollution cases: Charles Duhigg, “Rulings Restrict Clean Water Act, Foiling E.P.A.,” New York Times, February 28, 2010.
100 John Rapanos filled fifty-four acres of wetland: “Rapanos Will Pay for Clean Water Act Violations,” Environmental News Service, December 30, 2008.
101 Douglas Mundrick: Duhigg, “Rulings Restrict Clean Water Act.”
101 Peter Silva: Congressional testimony, December 8, 2009: http://www.epa.gov/ocir/hearings/testimony
/111_2009_2010/2009_1208_pss.pdf.
101 Jay Shimshack: Congressional testimony, October 15, 2009.
101 William Ruckelshaus: Ruckelshaus, “New Shade of Green.”
102 Kingston Ash plant: Shaila Dewan, “Tennessee Ash Flood Larger Than Initial Estimate,” New York Times, December 26, 2008.
102 Jackson, forty-six: Tim Dickinson, “The Eco-Warrior,” Rolling Stone, January 20, 2010.
103 Jeff Ruch: Ibid., and author’s e-mails with Ruch, 2010.
103 Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: Dickinson, “Eco-Warrior.”
104 Spruce No. 1 Mine: “Spruce No. 1 Mine,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/spruce1.html.
104 fallen “short of this administration’s expectations”: Lisa Jackson congressional testimony, October 15, 2009.
104 104 chemicals for regulation: “Contaminant Candidate List 3—CCL,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/dws/ccl/ccl3.cfm.
104 Don Parrish: Duhigg, “Rulings Restrict Clean Water Act.”
104 Gene Whatley: Senate testimony, December 8, 2009.
105 Earl Pomeroy of North Dakota: Dickinson, “Eco-Warrior.”
105 But Jeff Ruch: Ruch e-mail to author, January 29, 2010.
107 Golden Square: Steven Johnson, The Ghost Map (New York: Riverhead Books, 2006).
109 Arcata: Gregory Dicum, “The Dirty Water Underground,” New York Times, May 31, 2007.
109 Michael Markus: Author’s interview with Michael Markus, December 15, 2009, and subsequent e-mails with Gina DePinto, December 28, 2010.
110 El Paso, Texas, recycled water supplies: Eilene Zimmerman, “It’s Time to Drink Toilet Water,” Slate, January 25, 2008.
111 $481 million Groundwater Replenishment System: http://www.gwrsystem.com/.
111 “Your golden retriever may drink out of the toilet”: “Yuck!,” San Diego Union-Tribune, July 24, 2006.
111 Daniel Okun: Elizabeth Royte, “A Tall, Cool Drink of … Sewage?” New York Times Magazine, August 8, 2008.
112 Bruce Henderson: Sam Hodgson, “Sanders Wants to Flush Water Reclamation Plans,” Voice of San Diego, July 19, 2006.
112 David Spath: Bettina Boxall, “Doubts Still Swirl to Surface,” Los Angeles Times, May 7, 2006.
107 Tunnel No. 3: New York City Department of Environmental Protection: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/factsheet.pdf and http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/
dep_projects/cp_city_water_tunnel3.shtml.
107 Ted Dowey: Author’s tour of Tunnel No. 3 with Ted Dowey, March 5, 2007.
119 The American Society of Civil Engineers: “Report Card for America’s Infrastructure,” American Society of Civil Engineers: http://apps.asce.org/reportcard/2009/grades.cfm.
120 In 2007, 159 leaks: Anthony DePalma, “Mysterious Leak Provides Hint of Lost Manhattan,” New York Times, February 5, 2008.
120 The EPA estimates that 1 trillion gallons: US Environmental Protection Agency, Water Sense, “The Facts on Leaks,” http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/pubs/fixleak.html.
120 the water pressure inside: From David Grann’s indispensable article on Tunnel No. 3, “City of Water,” New Yorker, September 1, 2003.
122 Standard pay is $35 to $38 an hour: Ibid.
122 Hogs have their own language: Ibid., and Dowey interview. Sandhog website: http://www.sandhogs147.org/about.aspx. See also the History Channel, “Sandhogs”: http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/shows/tunnellers/episode-guide.html.
123 tunnel-boring machines: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/tbmfactsheet.pdf. See also Sewell Chan, “Tunnelers Hit Something Big: A Milestone,” New York Times, August 10, 2006.
123 corruption plagued the Board of Water Supply: Grann, “City of Water.” This was confirmed to me by a source who asked not to be identified.
123 $4 billion to the new tunnel: Chan, “Tunnelers Hit Something Big.”
124 the world had 18 “megacities”: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity.
124 In 2007, 336 cities worldwide: Ibid., and Thomas Brinkhof, “The Principal Agglomerations of the World,” www.citypopulation.de.
124 in 2008, for the first time in history: UN Population Fund (UNFPA): State of World Population 2007: http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/introduction.html.
124 As of 2010, China alone had 43 cities: Christina Larson, “Chicago on the Yangtze,” Foreign Policy, September/October 2010.
125 Bruce Rolen: “As supplies dry up, growers pass on farming and sell water,” US Water News Online, February 2008.
125 Perth, Australia: Patrick Barta, “Amid Water Shortage, Australia Looks to the Sea,” Wall Street Journal, March 11, 2008.
125 America’s total water use: Susan S. Hutson, Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000,” US Geological Survey Circular 1268, February 2005, and Joan F. Kenny, et al., “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005,” US Geological Survey Circular 1344, October 2009.
127 global population will increase to nearly 8 billion: “Total midyear world population 1950–2050,” npg.org/facts.
127 more babies were born in the United States: Erik Eckholm, “ ’07 US Births Break Baby Boom Record,” New York Times, March 18, 2009.
127 as much as 60 percent more water: “How to feed 2 billion more mouths in 2030? Here are some answers,” UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2002: http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/8280-en.html.
127 vegetarian diets of Africa and Asia: “Sin aqua non,” Economist.
128 a severe drought and heat wave: “Drought: the Creeping Disaster,” NASA Earth Observatory: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/DroughtFacts/.
129 “creeping disaster”: Ibid.
129 Dan Nees: Mark Clayton, “How the World Is Realizing That Water Is ‘Blue Gold,’ ” Christian Science Monitor, May 29, 2008.
130 a fifty-year survey of forests: “Tree Deaths Have Doubled Across the Western US—Regional Warming May Be the Cause,” US Geological Survey news release, January 22, 2009.
130 USGS’s Bob Hirsch: Hirsch interview.
130 Nile, Niger, Volta, and Zambezi: “Rivers and conflict: Streams of blood, or streams of peace,” Economist, May 1, 2008.
131 Pablo Valencia: “Desert Thirst as Disease,” Arizona State University’s Water Resources Research Center: http://ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER/awr/mayjune01/readings.html. See also Kevin Franklin, “Here’s a real sizzler of a story for desert dwellers,” Tucson Weekly, June 27, 1996; Nathaniel Philbrick, In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), p. 126.
132 temperatures in Phoenix surpass one hundred degrees: Arizona State University, “Climate of Phoenix: Part 2,” http://www.public.asu.edu/~aunjs/ClimateofPhoenix/wxpart2.htm.
132 average temperature of Phoenix: Timothy Egan, “The First Domed City,” New York Times, June 16, 2007.
133 “we are at ground zero for climate change”: B. William Poole, “Experts: Climate change disasters to hit Arizona hard,” Tucson Citizen, January 24, 2009.
133 paleoclimatologists from the University of Arizona: University of Arizona: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research: http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/.
133 Hohokam Indians: Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking Penguin, 2005), pp. 140–41.
133 the Rodeo-Chediski wildfires: US Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet: “Healthy Forests Initiative Update for Arizona,” August 2003: http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/docs/fact-sheet-arizona.pdf. See also Felicia Fonseca, “Tribal Attorney: Fire starter will get fair civil-case trial,” Associated Press, May 17, 2009.
134 a steady decline in precipitation: Nikhil Swaminathan, “Dust Bowl 2.0: Is the Southwest Drying Up?” Scientific American, April 5, 2007. See also “Hot with Decades of Drought: Expectations for Southwestern United States,” ScienceDaily, December 14, 2010.
134 Dr. Richard Seagar: Author’s interview with Dr. Richard Seagar, May 6, 2008.
135 Goulburn, New South Wales: Nick Bryant, “Living with Australia’s Drought,” BBC News, November 6, 2006. See also Nick Bryant, “Australia drought sparks suicides,” BBC News, October 19, 2006.
135 Goulburn saw only fourteen inches of rain: Tim Johnston, “Parched in Australia: Drought changes views on warming,” Daily Star, December 29, 2006.
135 Australia’s three main crops: Tim Johnston, “A drought alters Australian ideas on global warming,” International Herald Tribune, November 7, 2006.
136 Big Dry: “The big dry,” Economist, April 26, 2007. See also Daniel Williams, “The Big Dry,” Time, May 22, 2008.
136 Dr. Paul Dalby: David Beasley, “Lessons from Australia: Drought Can Help Georgia Economy,” GlobalAtlanta, February 2, 2009.
137 “virtual water”: Stockholm International Water Institute, 2008: http://www.siwi.org/sa/node.asp?node=282.
138 Senator Bill Heffernan: Tim Johnston, “A drought alters Australian ideas on global warming,” International Herald Tribune, November 7, 2006.
138 Lisa Jackson: John M. Broder, “E.P.A. Clears Way for Greenhouse Gas Rules,” New York Times, April 17, 2009.
139 In its water laws: For an overview, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law_in_the_United_States.
141 NAWAPA: Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. 487–94. Michael Campana, “Canadian Water Exports: Will NAWAPA Return?” WaterWired, January 25, 2008: http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/01/kennedy-to-cana.html?cid=119725788.
141 approximately 1 million miles of pipeline: “Water Trivia Facts,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/water_trivia_facts.cfm.
142 Roberts Tunnel: Chris Woodka, “Plumbing the Rockies,” Pueblo Chieftain, December 21, 2009.
142 national water fees average about $458: “Water on Tap: What You Need to Know,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/wot/pdfs/book_waterontap_full.pdf.
142 Denver’s expanding suburbs charge $10,000: David Olinger and Chuck Plunkett, “Suburban aggression,” Denver Post, November 22, 2005.
142 Dave Miller: “Gunnison River Basin: Union Park Reservoir,” Coyote Gulch blog, August 20, 2010: http://coyotegulch.wordpress.com/2010/08/20/gunnison-river-basin-union-park-reservoir/.
143 Bob Moran: Author’s interviews with Robert Moran, 2006–10.
143 Maurice Strong (pronounced “Morris”): Moran interviews. See also Miro Cernetig, “Water wars disrupt New Age valley,” Toronto Globe and Mail, 1990.
143 “fire sale price”: Dyan Machan, “Saving the Planet with Maurice Strong,” Forbes, January 12, 1998.
144 2 billion acre-feet of water: “Ground Water Resource Potential, Baca Grant, San Luis Valley, South Central Colorado,” AWDI, Bishop-Brogden Associates, Inc., April 1989.
144 pay up to $7,000 per acre-foot: Cernetig, “Water wars disrupt New Age valley.”
145 Maurice Strong grew up: Daniel Wood, “The Wizard of Baca Grande,” West, May 1990.
145 Kofi Annan until 2005: “UN gives Maurice Strong his walking papers,” Associated Press, July 18, 2005.
145 Glenn Anderson: Wood, “Wizard of Baca Grande.”
145 Manitou Foundation: http://www.manitou.org/MF/mf_index.php.
146 Great Sand Dunes: National Park Service: Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado: http://www.nps.gov/grsa/index.htm.
146 planned to pump: Cernetig, “Water wars disrupt New Age valley.”
146 Greg Gosar: Ibid.
146 “international conspiracy”: Ibid.
146 Hanne, who herself had become an obstruction: Miro Cernetig, “Mystical Hanne Strong likes prophets, not profits,” Toronto Globe and Mail, July 9, 1990.
147 a sacred lake lined with crystals: Ibid.
147 Colorado Supreme Court denied: Denver Rocky Mountain News, November 29, 1994.
147 Strong was paid a $1.2 million settlement by the water company: Henry Lamb, “Maurice Strong: The new guy in your future!” sovereignty.net.
147 Gary Boyce: Ed Quillen, “A water baron takes on the establishment,” High Country News, October 26, 1998.
147 Farallon Capital Management: Mark H. Hunter, “Yale helped fund plan to sell San Luis water. School’s secret investment sparks outrage in valley,” Denver Post, January 24, 2002. Erin Smith, “Yale University silent partner in Baca dealings,” Pueblo Chieftain, January 20, 2002. See also unfarrallon.info/bacaranch.asp.
148 “Water is gold”: David Nicholas, “Boyce law suit to be heard in January; Status Conference to be held Nov. 8,” Crestone Eagle, November 2005.
148 Stockman’s Water Company proposed: Ibid.
148 Lewis Entz: Marty Jones, “High and Dry,” Westword, November 12, 1998.
148 agreed to sell their Baca holdings: “Baca National Wildlife Refuge/Lexam Explorations,” San Luis Valley Ecosystem Council, 2009.
149 Yale University: Brendan Smith, “Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve/Baca Ranch Purchase,” redlodgeclearinghouse.org, September 2005.
149 the Nature Conservancy led the federal: Ibid.
149 Lexam and its partner, ConocoPhillips: “Colorado Oil & Gas Update,” press release, lexamexplorations.com, April 3, 2008. See also Erin Emery, “Baca refuge open for drilling?” Denver Post, December 19, 2007.
150 The San Luis Valley Ecosystem Council: “Baca National Wildlife Refuge/Lexam Explorations,” San Luis Valley Ecosystem Council.
151 Frederick Eaton: For background, see William Kahrl, Water and Power: The Conflict Over Los Angeles Water Supply in the Owens Valley (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). See also Reisner, Cadillac Desert.
153 citizens dynamited the Lone Pine spillway: “Whoever Brings the Water Brings the People,” Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, ladwp.com.
154 Mono Lake: For background, see the Mono Lake Committee site: http://www.monolake.org/.
154 Mulholland’s agents had scouted: Kahrl, Water and Power, p. 330.
155 backbreaking work by eighteen hundred men: H. A. Van Norman, “The Mono Basin Project,” Civil Engineering, May 1936.
155 in the spring of 1953: Moran interview.
157 Drain: Author’s observations in Bishop on May 5, 2007. For background on the mural, see the website of the artist, John Pugh, http://www.illusion-art.com/bishop_drain.asp. See also Leslie Carlson, “Water Colors,” Los Angeles Times, November 22, 2005.
157 dust storms are said to remove: Molly Peterson, “Owens Lake dust kicks up questions about DWP’s eastern Sierra efforts,” Southern California Public Radio, December 12, 2010.
157 LADWP has built a $500 million sprinkler system: “DWP Chief seeks delay in Owens Valley dust clean-up,” Sierra Wave, March 16, 2010.
157 mayor Antonio Villaraigosa: Deborah Amos, “LA Returns Water to the Owens Valley,” National Public Radio, December 7, 2006.
158 Michael Prather: Author’s tour with Michael Prather, May 5, 2007.
158 sixty thousand acre-feet of water a year: Louis Sahagun, “Bird Census at Owens Lake shows nature returning,” Los Angeles Times, April 19, 2009.
158 Los Angeles’s population: “List of most highly populated countries,” Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_
highly_populated_countries.
159 In 1990, citizens in the Sierra foothills: John Walton, “Another Owens Valley,” Owens Valley Committee, vol. 5, no. 1 (Summer 2009).
159 Honey Lake Valley fought against: Ibid.
159 Fish Springs Ranch, Dr. Harry Brown and Franklin Raines: Author’s tour of the pipeline with Dr. Harry Brown, May 8, 2007.
160 starting in 1999, the Southwest: US Global Change Research Program: http://downloads.climatescience.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/southwest.pdf.
160 Lake Mead was formed in 1935: Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region: http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/lakefaqs.html. See also National Park Service: Lake Mead National Recreation Area: http://www.nps.gov/lake/index.htm.
161 The water level had dropped: “Lake Mead,” Wikipedia.org.
161 dead pool: James Lawrence Powell, Dead Pool (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).
161 Pat Mulroy, general manager: Author’s interviews with Pat Mulroy, May 16, 2008, and subsequent phone calls.
161 Dean Baker: Author’s interview with Dean Baker, May 18, 2008.
162 study by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Tim P. Barnett and David W. Pierce, “When will Lake Mead go dry?” Water Resources Research, March 29, 2008. See also “Lake Mead Could Be Dry by 2021,” Scripps press release, February 12, 2008.
163 Using the same data, the federal Bureau of Reclamation: “Reclamation and Scripps Institution of Oceanography Look to Collaborate,” US Bureau of Reclamation press release, June 9, 2010.
163 population of Clark County: Mulroy interview.
163 a $13,000-a-year administrative assistant: Ibid.
163 65 percent of the water flowing: “Conserve Water,” Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee: www.lvwash.org/html/help_waterconservation.html.
164 76 percent of the water used: “Turf Wars,” Peter Gleick Circle of Blue blog, February 21, 2010: www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/peter-gleick-turf-wars/.
164 Steve Wynn: Mulroy interview.
165 Each year, the SNWA spends: George Knapp, “Why Doesn’t the SNWA Focus on Water Conservation?” 8NewsNow.com, August 20, 2009: http://www.8newsnow.com/story/10966745
/why-doesnt-the-snwa-focus-on-water
-conservation?redirected=true.
165 Vegas grew by four hundred thousand people: Stephanie Tavares, “Q&A: Pat Mulroy,” Las Vegas Sun, May 1, 2009.
165 Las Vegas continues to use more water: Heather Cooley, et al., “Hidden Oasis: Water Conservation and Efficiency in Las Vegas,” Pacific Institute, November 2007, p. 18.
165 A survey shows the top one hundred: Henry Brean, “Not a Drop in the Bucket,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, March 22, 2009.
165 Mulroy herself uses: Confirmed by J. C. Davis, SNWA, and Aguanomics, March 26, 2009: http://www.aguanomics.com/2009/03/mulroy-channeling-mulhollands-sprawl.html.
165 Pacific Institute: Cooley, et al., “Hidden Oasis.”
165 Las Vegan household typically uses seventeen thousand gallons: Adam Tanner, “Las Vegas Growth Depends on Dwindling Water Supply,” Reuters, August 22, 2007: http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/22117.
166 David Zetland: http://www.aguanomics.com/.
166 Mulroy takes exception to that: Mulroy interview.
166 In October 1998, the water level: “Lake Mead Elevation at Hoover Dam Continues to Fall,” University of Nebraska-Lincoln, January 31, 2009: http://www.nebraskaweatherphotos.org/Lake-Mead-2009.html.
167 Terry Katzer: Emily Green, “Owens Valley is the model of what to expect,” Las Vegas Sun, June 29, 2008.
168 In October 1989, the Las Vegas Water District: Ibid., and minutes of the Integrated Water Planning Advisory Committee meeting, November 22, 2004.
168 Virgil Getto: Emily Green, “The Chosen One,” Las Vegas Sun, June 8, 2008.
168 SNWA spent $78 million: Emily Green, “Not this water,” Las Vegas Sun, June 22, 2008.
168 “Watching the city try to run four thousand sheep?”: Baker interview.
169 285 miles and cost between $2 billion and $3.5 billion: Mulroy interview, and news reports.
169 Robison Ranch in Spring Valley: Henry Brean, “Spring Valley: water rights, riches,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, August 14, 2006.
169 16 billion gallons of groundwater: Henry Brean, “Groundwater Project: Pipeline hearing postponed,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 25, 2009.
170 a dozen wild horses died: Baker interview.
170 Great Basin National Park: National Park Service: Great Basin National Park: http://www.nps.gov/grba/index.htm.
170 But in 2000, Harry Reid: Baker interview. See also Green, “Not this water.”
171 Utah would like to build a 158-mile pipe: Mulroy interview. See also “Priming Growth: Questionable Pipeline Should Be on Ballot,” Salt Lake Tribune, June 16, 2008.
171 In 2006, Pat Mulroy declared: Green, “Not this water.”
171 spell the word conservation: “Nevada water director criticizes Utah,” transcript of Mulroy interview on KVBC, April 14, 2010: http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=10387603&pid=1.
172 Durbin told the Las Vegas Sun: Green, “Owens Valley is the model of what to expect.”
172 Pat Mulroy shrugs off Durbin and Katzer: Mulroy interview.
173 “You’re going to live like Amman, Jordan”: Henry Brean, “Nevada Water Authority vote sought on pipeline project,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, August 7, 2009.
173 Norman C. Robison: Mulroy interview. See also Henry Brean, “Pipeline Plans: Judge kills water ruling,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, October 28, 2009.
174 the court ruled for the protesters: Emily Green and Tom Gorman, “The small oversight that threatens the valley’s big pipeline proposal,” Las Vegas Sun, January 31, 2010.
174 Lake Mead was at 46 percent of capacity: “Lake Mead Elevation at Hoover Dam Continues to Fall,” University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
175 Oscar Goodman: Tanner, “Las Vegas Growth Depends on Dwindling Water Supply.”
175 desal remains a viable option: Mulroy interview.
175 In a 2007 agreement: US Bureau of Reclamation: “Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead,” December 2007: http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/
programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf.
175 a “third straw”: Henry Brean, “Third Straw,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, December 13, 2009.
176 Nevada has paid Arizona $100 million: Mulroy interview, and “Arizona Water Bank,” Southern Nevada Water Authority press release.
176 On July 24, 1983, Lake Mead: Bureau of Reclamation, “Lake Mead High and Low Elevations (1935-2010)”: www.usbr.gov.
176 At 11:30 a.m. on October 17, 2010: Felicity Barringer, “Lake Mead Hits Record Low Level,” New York Times green blog, October 18, 2010.
176 pump 134,000 acre-feet of water: Henry Brean, “Lake level trigger for pipeline project,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, June 1, 2009.
176 Joe Hogan: Knapp, “Why Doesn’t the SNWA Focus on Water Conservation?”
177 pipeline is designed not to expand Las Vegas: Mulroy interview.
177 forty-five thousand large-scale dams in 2010: Deborah Moore, John Dore, and Dipak Gyawali, “The World Commission on Dams +10: Revisiting the Large Dam Controversy,” Water Alternatives, vol. 3, no. 2 (2010).
178 On a Wednesday afternoon in May 2007: Author’s observations. For background, see www.acwa.com.
179 the Pacific Institute: http://www.pacinst.org/.
179 the nation’s 85,000 dams: ASCE Report Card for American Infrastructure: Dams http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/fact-sheet/dams.
180 132 dam failures across the United States: the Association of State Dam Safety Officials: http://www.damsafety.org.
180 South Fork Dam: National Park Service: Johnstown Flood National Memorial: http://www.nps.gov/jofl/index.htm.
180 St. Francis Dam: University of Southern California: http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/scandals/st_francis_dam.html. For background on dam failures, see J. David Rogers, Missouri University of Science and Technology: http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/dams/.
181 a $40 billion plan to safeguard infrastructure: William B. Dickinson IV, “Estimating the cost of Dam Repair,” HydroWorld.com, January 14, 2011.
181 Hetch Hetchy Reservoir: Quotes about the controversy: http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/departments/espm/env-hist/espm160/assignments/hetch_hetchy/hetch_qts.htm.
181 John Muir: Pinchot’s testimony, from “History Matters,” the American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5721/.
181 Gifford Pinchot: Ibid.
181 reservoir has remained a lightning rod: Daniel Weintraub, “Taking New Tack in Hetch Hetchy Battle,” New York Times, April 10, 2010.
181 Restore Hetch Hetchy: www.hetchhetchy.org.
181 tearing down Hetch Hetchy would be expensive and polluting: Susan Leal, former head of San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. See also “Bay Area Council Releases 10-Point Letter Detailing Opposition to Removal of the Bay Area’s Hetch Hetchy Water System,” Free Library; “Statement of Senator Dianne Feinstein on Proposals to Tear Down O’Shaughnessy Dam,” press release, May 18, 2005.
182 US Bureau of Reclamation: www.usbr.gov.
182 Hoover Dam: US Bureau of Reclamation: http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/. See also Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam. For a gripping history, see Michael Hiltzik, Colossus: Hoover Dam and the Making of the American Century (New York: Free Press, 2010).
183 Floyd Dominy: John McPhee, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971).
184 the Bureau of Rec was confronted: “A Very Brief History,” US Bureau of Reclamation: http://www.usbr.gov/history/borhist.html.
184 Teton Dam: Much has been written on this disaster; see Rogers, http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/dams/.
185 In 1993, Reclamation had almost eight thousand employees: Vernon Dale Jones, Downsizing the Federal Government (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 1998) pp. 103–104.
185 the largest wholesaler of water in the country: “About Us,” US Bureau of Reclamation: http://www.usbr.gov/main/about/.
185 “The arid West has essentially been reclaimed”: “Very Brief History,” US Bureau of Reclamation.
185 World Bank: http://www.unep.org/dams/WCD/. World Commission on Dams report: http://www.unep.org/dams/WCD/report.asp.
185 “we haven’t built any dams in thirty years”: “Governor Schwarzenegger Tours Long Beach Aquifer,” Office of the Governor, July 23, 2007.
185 “Wrong, wrong, wrong!”: Gleick interview.
186 study that looked at fifty years’ worth of statistics: Gleick interview. See also Susan S. Hutson, et al., “Estimated Use of Water in the United States,” US Geological Survey Circular 1268, March 2004.
187 At 2:05, inside the cavernous auditorium: I have re-created this scene based on my presence at the 2007 ACWA debate in Sacramento, and checked it with Gleick and Snow, though it is not verbatim.
189 Gin Flat has been called: Deborah Schoch, “California’s water fortune is told at Gin Flat,” Los Angeles Times, March 3, 2008.
190 Frank Gehrke: Ibid., and author’s interview with Frank Gehrke, December 1, 2009, and subsequent conversations.
190 The average SWE at Gin Flat: Gehrke.
191 Steven Chu: Jon Gertner, “The Future Is Drying Up,” New York Times Magazine, October 21, 2007.
191 the Sierra’s 497 glaciers: William Raub, C Suzanne Brown, and Austin Post, “Inventory of Glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California,” US Geological Survey report.
191 Hassan Basagic and Andrew Fountain: http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/Thesis/Basagic/mtnclimPOSTER4.pdf.
192 Sierra Nevada as a “canary in the coal mine”: Greyson Howard, “Climate change: Forests, wildlife, fire danger all expected to be affected by warming Sierra,” Sierra Sun, May 31, 2008.
192 By 2008, ponderosa pine trees were growing: Ibid.
192 “This March, April, and May have been the driest ever”: “Governor Schwarzenegger Proclaims Drought and Orders Immediate Action to Address Situation,” press release, June 4, 2008.
193 “Water is like our gold”: Jennifer Steinhauer, “Governor Declares Drought in California,” New York Times, June 5, 2008.
193 Michael Wade: Mike Wade, “Water and Crops,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 25, 2007.
193 “There is enough water for everyone”: “Water, a shared responsibility,” UN World Water Development Report 2, 2006.
195 Benjamin Moeur dispatched National Guardsmen: Marq De Villiers, Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource (New York: Mariner Books, 2001), p. 16. See also “The Cowboy Who Went to Tempe as a Doctor and Ended Up Being a Governor,” Tempe (AZ) Historical Society.
195 the Delaware River Compact: Delaware River Basin Commission: http://www.state.nj.us/drbc/over.htm.
196 Nova Group: “The Nova Group and Annex 2001,” Great Lakes Water Wars, 2007: http://www.greatlakeswaterwars.com/chapter11.htm.
196 Great Lakes Compact: “House approves Great Lakes compact,” Associated Press, September 23, 2008.
196 UN has warned that strife over shared rivers: John Vidal, “How water raises the political temperature between countries,” Guardian, June 25, 2010.
197 Water has been considered: Choe Sang-Hun, “North Korea Opens Dam Flow, Sweeping Away 6 in the South,” New York Times, September 6, 2009.
197 “asymmetrical cooperation”: “Rivers and conflict: Streams of blood, or streams of peace,” Economist, May 1, 2008.
198 Elizabeth Economy: Elizabeth C. Economy, “The Great Leap Backward?” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2007.
198 Ismail Serageldin: http://www.serageldin.com/Water.htm.
198 International Alert: Ban Ki-Moon, “Quenching Global Thirst,” New York Times, March 21, 2008.
198 tree cutting in Darfur: “Darfur deaths ‘could be 300,000,’ ” BBC News, April 23, 2008.
198 Dr. Aaron Wolf: Aaron Wolf, “Hydropolitics,” Water Encyclopedia.
199 Jan Eliasson: Author’s interview with Ambassador Eliasson, May 29, 2007.
204 increase storm-water runoff: “Questions and answers about floods,” US Geological Survey, 1998: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/qafloods.html.
204 seven of the nation’s ten costliest disasters: Christine Gibson, “Our Ten Greatest Natural Disasters,” American Heritage Magazine, vol. 57, no. 4 (August/September 2006).
204 “a twenty-first century-catastrophe”: Michael McCarthy, “A 21st century catastrophe,” Independent, July 24, 2007.
205 Australian flood of 2010: Aubrey Belford, “Too Little, Then Too Much in Australia,” New York Times, January 16, 2011.
205 Lake Sidney Lanier, dropped: “Lake Lanier,” Wikipedia.org.
206 Sonny Perdue: Eleanor Randolph, “Letter from Savanna: Praying for Rain,” New York Times board blog, November 14, 2007.
206 former governor Roy Barnes: “Drought gives Ga. water planning new urgency,” Associated Press, October 28, 2007.
207 As Atlanta expanded: Thomas Wheatley and Ken Edelstein, “Growth, growth everywhere but not a drop to drink,” Creative Loafing Atlanta, October 17, 2007.
208 Robert Holmes: “Atlanta Floods Extremely Rare,” US Geological Survey news release, November 9, 2009.
209 An estimated 60 percent of the world’s wetlands: “Massive Greenhouse Gases May Be Released as Destruction, Drying of World Wetlands Worsen,” ScienceDaily, July 21, 2008.
209 The single deadliest natural disaster: “List of Deadliest Floods,” Wikipedia.org.
209 floods in the United States killed 850 people: “1999 Sierra Club Sprawl Report”: http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/report99/openspace.asp.
209 flooding of Galveston: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration report: “Hurricane Katrina,” December 29, 2005: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/special-reports/katrina.html.
209 Okeechobee hurricane: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_Hurricane#cite_note-Gibson-0.
210 at least $150 billion worth of damage: Rick Jervis, “2 years after Katrina, pace of rebuilding depends on who pays,” USA Today, August 29, 2007.
210 3 billion people—live in coastal regions: Liz Creel, “Ripple Effects: Population and Coastal Regions,” Population Reference Bureau.
210 World Bank estimates: “The Cost to Developing Countries of Adapting to Climate Change,” World Bank, 2009.
210 By 2025: “People Head for the Coast,” Blue Communities.org.
210 National Academy of Sciences: James G. Titus, et al., “Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Beach at Ocean City, Maryland,” US Environmental Protection Agency.
210 flood insurance: Cathy Chu, “Should beach towns be rebuilt again and again?” USA Today, August 22, 2007.
211 20 percent of American homes: “Why We Don’t Prepare for Disaster,” Time, August 20, 2006.
211 New York City: “New York’s Worst Hurricane Fears Confirmed in New Study,” Environment News Service, October 26, 2006.
211 storm surge of up to twenty-five feet high at Kennedy Airport: “NASA Looks at Sea Level Rise, Hurricane Risks to New York City,” NASA mission pages, October 24, 2006.
212 Max Mayfield: Jennifer Peltz, “Hurricane barriers floated to keep sea out of NYC,” Associated Press, May 31, 2009.
212 New York City as “the second worst place for a hurricane to hit”: “Why We Don’t Prepare for Disaster,” Time.
212 extreme flooding could hit: Cynthia Rosenzweig and Wiliam Solecki, “Climate change Information Resourcs for the New York Metroplitan Region.” http://ccir.ciesin.columbia.edu/nyc/pdf/q2a.pdf
212 Its flood maps: Mireya Navarro, “With Flyovers, a Solar Map of New York,” New York Times, May 9, 2010.
212 “We’ve been talking about this lack of preparation”: Author’s conversations with Dr. Malcolm Bowman, March 13, 2008.
213 Halcrow Group Ltd.: “New York Storm Surge Barrier,” Halcrow Group.
213 Parsons Brinckerhoff: Peltz, “Hurricane barriers floated to keep sea out of NYC.”
213 Dr. Douglas Hill: Author’s interview with Dr. Hill, May 25, 2008.
215 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Mark Schlefstein, “Levee statistics point up their importance to nation’s economy,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 2, 2010.
215 85 percent of US levees were privately built: “The Report Card on America’s Infrastructure,” American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.
215 177 of them—about 9 percent of federally inspected levees: Ibid.
216 the residents of Fernley, Nevada: Steve Friess, “Rush of Water Leaves a Nevada Town in Anguish,” New York Times, January 7, 2008.
216 Report Card on American Infrastructure: American Society of Civil Engineers: http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/.
216 Congress had committed only $1.13 billion: Ibid.
216 In the 2006 Rapanos case: John M. Broder, “After Lobbying, Wetlands Rules Are Narrowed,” New York Times, July 6, 2007. See also Charles Duhigg and Janet Roberts, “Rulings Restrict Clean Water Act, Foiling E.P.A.,” New York Times, February 28, 2010.
217 The Corps got its start on June 16, 1775: “The US Army Corps of Engineers: A Brief History,” US Army Corps of Engineers: http://www.usace.army.mil/History/Documents/Brief/index.html.
218 The Mississippi has the third-largest drainage basin: “The Mississippi River and Tributaries Project,” US Army Corps of Engineers: http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/pao/bro/misstrib.htm.
219 the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927: “Fatal Flood,” American Experience, PBS. See also “Great Flood,” National Geographic, expedition journal, Stephen Ambrose and Douglas Brinkley, May 1, 2001.
219 The 1928 Flood Control Act: “After the flood: A history of the 1928 Flood Control Act,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (Summer 2002).
220 mostly staffed by civilians: Author’s interviews with Dr. Robert G. Bea, professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 2007–10. See also John McQuaid, “Broken: The Army Corps of Engineers,” Mother Jones, August 25, 2007.
220 the Corps was heavily criticized: Bea interview. See also “The Report Card on America’s Infrastructure,” American Society of Civil Engineers; and Jim McKay, “Critics Balk at US Army Corps of Engineers Levee Cleanup,” Emergency Management, August 20, 2009.
221 In Missouri, the owner of a house: Bea. For background, see http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~bea/.
222 the Great Flood of 1993: Gerald E. Galloway, et al., “Sharing the Challenge: Floodplain Management into the 21st Century,” Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee report, 1994: http://www.floods.org/PDF/Sharing_the_Challenge.pdf.
222 the message was adjusted to “Levee failures”: Bea interview.
224 “Corps officials, under pressure, repeatedly justify unworthy projects”: Jennifer Kefer, et al., “America’s Flood Risk Is Heating Up,” Environmental Defense Fund report: www.edf.org.
224 The result was an encyclopedic report: “Independent Levee Investigation Team Final Report,” July 31, 2006: http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/projects/neworleans/.
224 underfunding of the Corps: John Schwartz, “Panelist on Levees Faults Army Corps Budget Cuts,” New York Times, October 19, 2005.
225 class-action lawsuit against the Army Corps of Engineers: John Schwartz, “Judge Allows Katrina Lawsuit Against Corps of Engineers,” New York Times, March 20, 2009.
226 Bob Bea, three senior Corps officers, and local politicians: I was granted permission to attend this meeting on the condition that I not reveal details about who was present or what was said.
226 judge Stanwood Duval: Susan Finch, “Federal judge rules flood victims can’t sue Corps,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 30, 2008.
226 Judge Duval blamed the Corps: Mark Schleifstein, “Corps’ operation of MR-GO doomed homes in St. Bernard, Lower 9th Ward, judge rules,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, November 19, 2009.
226 $7.1 billion repairing New Orleans’s flood defenses: Bea interview, and “New Orleans at risk from Category 2 hurricane,” Associated Press, June 16, 2008.
227 Texas City, Texas: Bea interview. See also Dan Feldstein, “Texas City’s levees contain faults cited in New Orleans,” Houston Chronicle, July 23, 2006.
227 the most vulnerable: Bea interview.
227 built by Chinese laborers during the Gold Rush: “Levee Repair—Construction,” California Department of Water Resources: http://www.water.ca.gov/levees/history/construction.cfm.
227 Jones Tract: Author’s observations, news reports, and “Jones Tract Flooding Update,” County of San Joaquin news release, June 7, 2004.
228 Sacramento … the most flood-prone city in the nation: Jennifer Kefer, et al., “America’s Flood Risk Is Heating Up.” See also “Sacramento Flood Threat,” Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.
228 levees there, which protect about 60 percent: Kimberly Taylor, “Delta Subsidence in California,” US Geological Survey: http://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive
/reports/fs00500/fs00500.pdf.
228 1-in-3 chance of a “catastrophic” earthquake: “Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities,” US Geological Survey, April 2008: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/ucerf/.
228 Deepwater Horizon Study Group: http://ccrm.berkeley.edu/deepwaterhorizonstudygroup/dhsg_members.shtml.
230 “God created the earth, but the Dutch created the Netherlands”: “Netherlands,” WorldAtlas.com.
230 the storm of February 1953: “The Catastrophic 1953 North Sea Flood of the Netherlands,” Suburban Emergency Management Project, January 11, 2006.
231 the Delta Committee: David Wolman, “Before the Levees Break: A Plan to Save the Netherlands,” Wired, December 22, 2008.
231 Piet Dircke: Stephan Faris, “What If the Water Wins?” Time, November 12, 2009.
232 The Mississippi River and Tributaries Project: http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/pao/bro/misstrib.htm.
233 Jeff Hart: Author’s Delta tour with Jeff Hart, October 20, 2007. For background, see http://www.hartlandnursery.com/.
239 irrigated agriculture, which accounts for about 70 percent: “Crops and Drops,” UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
239 In California, the number is probably closer to 80 percent: Peter Gleick, “The Denominator Problem; Misleading Use of Water Numbers,” Circle of Blue Water News, August 28, 2009.
240 water meter “rebellion”: Ellan Hanak, “Paying for Infrastructure: California’s Choices,” Public Policy Institute of California, January 2009. See also Sasha Khoka, “California’s Water Meter Rebellion Withers,” KQED News, May 17, 2009.
240 In the Imperial Irrigation District: Robert Glennon, Unquenchable: America’s Water Crisis and What to Do About It (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009), p. 259.
240 Three-quarters of California’s water: “Of farms, folks and fish,” Economist, October 22, 2009.
241 In the mid-1800s, farmers began to drain the Delta’s marshlands: “Delta Subsidence in California,” US Geological Survey, April 2000: http://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive/reports/fs00500/fs00500.pdf.
241 In a catch-22, cities and counties: “Why the Delta Matters to every Californian,” Aquafornia, September 3, 2007: http://aquafornia.com/archives/588.
242 Diversion of about 48 percent of the Delta’s freshwater: Tom Philp, “Delta Watershed Supplies: How Much We All Divert,” September 28, 2010: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/tphilp/detail?entry_id=73354. See also Delta Blue Ribbon Task Force, “Our Vision for the California Delta,” January 29, 2008: http://deltavision.ca.gov/BlueRibbonTaskForce
/FinalVision/Delta_Vision_Final.pdf.
242 American Rivers: American Rivers report: “America’s Most Endangered Rivers of 2009.”
242 Peter Gleick: Author’s tour of the Delta with Peter Gleick, July 15–16, 2008, and subsequent conversations.
242 farming losses were estimated: Heather Cooley, Juliet Christian-Smith, and Peter H. Gleick, “More with Less: Agricultural Water Conservation and Efficiency in California,” Pacific Institute, September 2008.
243 Timothy Quinn: Jennifer Steinhauer, “Water-Starved California Slows Development,” New York Times, June 7, 2008.
245 “we can move 6.7 billion gallons of water per day”: Doug Thompson, July 15, 2008.
245 “The system is effective but not flawless”: “Skinner Fish Facility,” California Department of Water Resources, September, 1997.
246 Canneries processed 5 million pounds of salmon a year: “Delta Heritage,” restorethedelta.org.
246 judge Oliver Wanger: Peter Fimrite, “Ruling to protect delta smelt may force water rationing in Bay Area,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 1, 2007.
246 only twenty-five smelt: Patrick Hoge, “Delta smelt numbers plunge,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 22, 2007.
246 Bill Jennings: Glen Martin, “Smelt decline turns off delta water pumps,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 1, 2007.
246 Judge Wanger ordered water exports: “California Judge Helps Declining Fish,” Associated Press, September 2, 2007.
246 “This federal biological opinion puts fish above the needs of millions of Californians”: “Gov. Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on New Salmon Biological Opinion,” governor’s press release, June 4, 2009.
247 Some of them were allegedly paid by wealthy farm-owners to march: From news accounts, such as Malia Wollan, “Hundreds Protest Cuts in Water in California,” New York Times, April 16, 2009.
247 Paul Johnson: Paul Johnson, “The water wars: California’s salmon vs. agribiz interests,” Grist, March 15, 2010.
247 Representative Tom McClintock: Michael Hiltzik, “Deceptive arguments are being made in California’s water wars,” Los Angeles Times, March 14, 2010.
247 Sean Hannity: Matt Jenkins, “Breakdown,” High Country News, January 11, 2010.
247 Devin Nunes: Ibid.
247 Jon Stewart: “Jon Stewart takes on Sean Hannity over Ca water,” Fresno Bee, September 30, 2009.
248 2009 as a “dire year”: Fresno County Farm Bureau, June 5, 2009.
248 Rodney R. McInnis: Hiltzik, “Deceptive arguments are being made in California’s water wars.”
248 about twenty-six hundred jobs and $270 million were lost: Mike Hudson, “Protect Endangered Fish, Save the Fishermen,” OnEarth.org, August 19, 2009.
248 Dave Bitts: Eric Bailey, “US Halts Commercial Salmon Season,” Los Angeles Times, April 11, 2008.
248 Friant Dam: http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Facility.jsp?fac_Name=Friant%20Dam.
249 San Joaquin River: http://www.nrdc.org/water/conservation/sanjoaquin.asp.
249 Hal Candee: Natural Resources Defense Council press release, September 13, 2006: http://www.nrdc.org/media/pressreleases/060913a.asp.
250 Temperance Flat Dam: US Bureau of Reclamation, “Temperance Flat River Mile 274 Dam and Reservoir Site,” June 2009. See also John Lindt, “Temperance Flat Cost Pegged at $3.3 Billion,” Valley Voice, August 6, 2009.
251 fill Hetch Hetchy reservoir sixteen times: Peter Gleick, “Saving California Agriculture,” San Francisco Chronicle City Brights blog, July 22, 2009.
251 in 2009, cotton production in California dropped 27 percent: Gleick interview.
251 Mike Wade: Mike Wade, “Reality Absent from Report,” California Farm Water Coalition, July 20, 2009.
252 Delta Vision Blue Ribbon Task Force: http://deltavision.ca.gov/index.shtml.
253 It’s the ultimate “Gordian knot”: Sarah Yang, “Can California fix the Delta before disaster strikes?” UC Berkeley press release, April 20, 2010.
255 T. Boone Pickens: Author’s interview with T. Boone Pickens, October 19, 2007. See also Boone Pickens, The Luckiest Guy in the World (Beard Books, 2001), p. 100; and Mesa Water: http://www.mesawater.com/.
256 Pickens as a “greenmailer”: “Pickens Tells Who Financed Koito Stake,” Reuters, December 6, 1990.
256 Mesa was hobbled: “Pickens Minding His Own Business,” Associated Press, November 10, 1994.
256 Canadian River Municipal Water Authority: Forrest Wilder, “Cash Flow,” Texas Observer, September 9, 2010.
256 Salem Abraham: Ibid., and Pickens interview.
256 Texas population will leap as much as 43.5 percent: James P. Gaines, “Looming Boom: Texas Through 2030,” Tierra Grande, January 2008.
257 Texas water law: “Groundwater Conservation Districts,” Texas Agricultural Extension Service, February 1999: http://www.hpwd.com/downloads/GCD.pdf.
257 Pickens’s ranching neighbors were alarmed: Pickens interview, and Wilder, “Cash Flow.”
257 A hundred times more water is stored underground: “Earth’s Water: Groundwater,” US Geological Survey: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgw.html.
258 Americans pumped 83.3 billion gallons: Susan S. Hutson, et al., “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000,” US Geological Survey, March 2004.
258 half the US population: “Groundwater depletion,” US Geological Survey: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.html.
258 a quadrillion gallons of H2O: Andrew Romanek, “Impact of Senate Bill 1 on the Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer,” December 4, 1997.
258 30 percent of all groundwater used for irrigation: “High Plains Regional Groundwater Study,” US Geological Survey.
258 supplies 40 percent of the nation’s grain-fed beef: Jane Braxton Little, “Saving the Ogallala Aquifer,” Scientific American, March 30, 2009.
258 estimated to be from ten thousand to several million years old: “USGS: Ogallala aquifer water quality currently acceptable,” Lincoln Journal Star, July 19, 2009. See also Wikipedia.com and Waterencyclopedia.com.
259 drained the Ogallala’s water ten times faster: Sierra Club, in Michael Milstein, “Beyond Wind Plan, Pickens Eyes Pipelines in Drought-Ridden U.S.,” Popular Mechanics, October 1, 2009.
259 roughly 1 billion acres of grasslands covered the Great Plains: Ned Sullivan, “Protecting Farms Saves More Than Local Food,” Daily Green, March 15, 2010.
259 25 million acres of cropland have been planted since 1982: Little, “Saving the Ogallala Aquifer.”
259 Dr. Jason Gurdak: “High Plains Aquifer Water Quality Currently Acceptable but Human Activities Could Limit Future Use,” US Geological Survey press release, July 16, 2009.
260 A US Department of Agriculture project: Little, “Saving the Ogallala Aquifer.”
260 an additional 120 billion gallons of aquifer water: Martha G. Roberts, Timothy D. Male, and Theodore P. Toombs, “Potential Impacts of Biofuels Expansion on Natural Resources,” EDF.org, 2007.
260 found that yearly groundwater withdrawals: Little, “Saving the Ogallala Aquifer.”
260 David Pope: Ibid.
260 equivalent to eighteen Colorado Rivers: Ibid.
261 the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex: July 1, 2009, Census Bureau estimate, cited by Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas—Fort_Worth_metroplex#cite_note-2009CensusEst-0.
261 “Population is just eating us up”: Roy Appleton, “N. Texas thirsting for answers,” Dallas Morning News, September 23, 2006.
261 The worst drought ever recorded: http://web2.airmail.net/danb1/records.htm.
262 $3.6 billion worth of crop and livestock losses: “Not a cloud,” Economist, August 13, 2009.
262 Todd Staples: Tom Benning, “Texas Scorched by Worst Drought in 50 Years,” Wall Street Journal, July 28, 2009.
263 $150 million by 2008: Susan Berfield, “There Will Be Water,” BusinessWeek, June 12, 2008.
263 Pickens’s $1.5 billion pipeline: Milstein, “Beyond Wind Plan.”
263 “the largest windmill farm in the world”: Ariel Schwartz, “T. Boone Pickens Scrapped the World’s Biggest Wind Farm. Now What Happens to U.S. Wind Power?” Fast Company, July 8, 2009.
263 “Pickens Plan”: Vaclav Smil, “A Reality Check on the Pickens Energy Plan,” Yale Environment 360, August 25, 2008.
263 Panhandle residents reacted with “a mix of anger and awe”: Elliott Blackburn, “Pickens’ energy plans clouded by federal decision,” LubbockOnline, August 23, 2008.
263 Department of Justice (DOJ) blocked the new law: Ibid.
264 Ken Kramer: Milstein, “Beyond Wind Plan.”
264 C. E. Williams: Berfield, “There Will Be Water.”
264 [Others claim that Texas’s portion]: Pete A. Y. Gunter and Max Oelschlaeger, Texas Land Ethics (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997), p. 46.
266 supplied drinking water to 85 percent of Americans: Charles C. Mann, “The Rise of Big Water,” Vanity Fair, May 2007.
266 Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook: Ibid.
268 “No one has the right to appropriate water”: Alexandra Alter, “How to Quench the World’s Thirst,” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2008.
268 Dick Hierstein: Erika Hobbs, “Low Rates, Needed Repairs Lure ‘Big Water’ to Uncle Sam’s Plumbing,” Water Barons, Center for Public Integrity, February 12, 2003.
268 Bucharest, Romania: Mann, “Rise of Big Water.”
269 Akron, Ohio: “Akron Voters Reject Stinky Privatization Measure,” Food & Water Watch, November 2008.
270 Jean-Marie Messier: John Carreyrou and Martin Peers, “How Messier Kept Cash Crisis at Vivendi Hidden for Months,” Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2002.
270 mayor of Grenoble was sentenced to a four-year prison term: Julio Godoy, “Water and Power: The French Connection,” Water Barons, Center for Public Integrity, February 4, 2003.
271 International Consortium of Investigative Journalists: Alan Snitow and Deborah Kaufman, with Michael Fox, Thirst (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007), p.77.
271 United Water: “Water Privatization Becomes a Signature Issue in Atlanta,” Water Barons, Center for Public Integrity, February 12, 2003.
271 Mayor Campbell was indicted on seven counts: Richard Whitt and Bill Rankin, “Former mayor Campbell indicted—Feds allege bribery, fraud at City Hall,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 30, 2004.
272 to Paris with his mistress: Snitow and Kaufman, with Fox, Thirst, p. 83.
272 RWE: Saeed Shah, “Is it really possible to sell Britain’s most hated company? You bet it is,” Independent, August 16, 2006.
272 claimed that 90 percent of its US customers were satisfied: Mike Esterl, “U.S. water privatizations fail to pan out,” Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2006.
272 Felton, California: Snitow and Kaufman, with Fox, Thirst, p. 49.
273 Catherine Bowie: Esterl, “U.S. water privatizations fail to pan out.”
274 in 2005 the Europeans abandoned the project: Mann, “Rise of Big Water.”
274 Cochabamba, Bolivia: Ibid. See also William Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain,” New Yorker, April 8, 2002; and “Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt,” Frontline, PBS, June 2002.
275 “If people didn’t pay their water bills”: Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain.”
275 After a Bolivian army captain was televised: Ibid. See also “Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt,” Frontline.
275 Bechtel responded by filing a $25 million lawsuit: Evo Morales, “From Coca to Congress,” Znet, November 11, 2002. See also Mafruza Kahn, “Profits, Profits Everywhere—and Soon Not a Drop to Drink,” Corporate Research Project, May 2002.
276 Luis Camargo: Juan Forero, “Bolivia regrets IMF experiment,” New York Times, December 14, 2007.
276 André Abreu: Mann, “Rise of Big Water.”
276 “creating social and political discontent”: Esterl, “US water privatizations fail to pan out.”
276 Bertrand Delanoë: Julio Godoy, “Water flowing back into public hands,” Inter Press Service, June 2008.
276 Fredrik Segerfeldt: Fredrik Segerfeldt, “Private Water Saves Lives,” Financial Times, August 25, 2005.
277 Peter Gleick and Dr. Michael Campana: Dr. Michael Campana, “The Human Right to Water: The Time Has Come,” WaterWired, December 28, 2008: http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/12/index.html.
277 James M. Olson: Berfield, “There Will Be Water.”
278 190,000 million gallons of water: “Energy-Water Nexus Overview,” Sandia National Laboratories: http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/nexus_overview.htm.
279 the nation’s sixty thousand water systems: “Energy Demands on Water Resources,” Sandia National Laboratories: http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf.
279 California found that “water-related energy use”: Paula Luu, “Pacific Institute Develops Water-Energy-Climate Calculator,” C-Win.org, October 2, 2010: http://www.c-win.org/blog/pacific-institute-develops-water-energy-climate-calculator.html.
279 half of the freshwater drawn from sources: “Water Use in the United States,” National Atlas.gov.
279 2 to 3 percent is lost to evaporation: “20% Wind Energy by 2030,” Executive Summary, Department of Energy, December 2008.
280 Texas used approximately 157,000 million gallons: Ashlynn Stillwell, et al., “Energy Water Nexus in Texas,” University of Texas at Austin, Environmental Defense Fund, April 2009.
280 US population is expected to reach 440 million: “In Era of Climate Change and Water Scarcity, Meeting National Energy Demand Confronts Major Impediments,” Circle of Blue Water News, September 22, 2010.
280 sued the EPA for permitting once-through cooling: “Riverkeeper will argue clean water act case before US Supreme Court,” Riverkeeper.org press release, November 24, 2008.
280 refused to renew the permit for the Indian Point: David Halbfinger, “New York Denies Indian Point a Water Permit,” New York Times, April 3, 2010.
281 promoted the Pickens Plan: http://www.pickensplan.com/theplan/. See also Milken Institute Global Conference 2010: http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/gcprogram.taf?function=detail&EvID=2085&eventid=GC10.
282 over 90 percent of natural gas wells today: “Natural Gas Extraction,” ConserveLand.org.
282 each fracked gas well uses 3 to 8 million gallons: Christopher Bateman, “A Colossal Fracking Mess,” Vanity Fair, June 21, 2010: http://www.vanityfair.com/business/features/2010/06/fracking-in-pennsylvania-201006.
282 Marcellus Shale deposit: Daniel Soeder and William Kappel, “Water Resources and Natural Gas Production from the Marcellus Shale,” US Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3032: http://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/fs-2009–3032/.
283 $25 an acre plus royalties of 12.5 percent in 2007: Mireya Navarro, “At Odds Over Land, Money and Gas,” New York Times, November 27, 2009.
283 high school auditorium: Author’s observations at Stuyvesant High School, November 10, 2009.
283 filtration plant, which could cost $10 billion: Representative James Genarro, “Gas Drilling in Marcellus Shale Is Shortsighted and Unacceptable,” City Hall News, January 27, 2010.
284 A single hydrofracked well requires: Bateman, “Colossal Fracking Mess.”
284 radium 226, a naturally occurring uranium derivative: Abrahm Lustgarten, “Natural Gas Drilling Produces Radioactive Wastewater,” Scientific American, November 9, 2009.
284 “wastes do not constitute a health risk”: “An Investigation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Oil and Gas Wells in New York State,” NY State Department of Environmental Conservation: http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/23473.html; see also US Environmental Protection Agency: “Oil and Gas Production Wastes”: http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/tenorm/oilandgas.html#whatbeingdone.
284 Delaware “the most endangered river in the country”: “America’s Most Endangered Rivers Report: 2010 Edition.”
284 $6 billion in government revenue and 280,000 jobs: Eric Wohlschlegel, “New Study Finds Natural Gas in Marcellus Shale Region Worth 280,000 Jobs, $6 Billion in Government Revenue,” American Petroleum Institute, July 21, 2010.
284 Dimock, Pennsylvania: Bateman, “Colossal Fracking Mess,” and news reports.
284 fined Cabot Oil and Gas: Abrahm Lustgarten, “Cabot Oil & Gas’s Marcellus Drilling to Slow After PA Environment Officials Order Wells Closed,” ProPublica, April 16, 2010.
284 Laura Amos: Bateman, “Colossal Fracking Mess.” Amos tells her story: http://www.earthworksaction.org/cvLauraAmos.cfm. See also Nancy Lotholm, “Breached well fuels feud with gas firm,” Denver Post, February 18, 2005.
285 gas-field workers believe: Dennis Webb, “Worker believes cancer caused by fracking fluids,” Daily Sentinel, May 11, 2010.
285 Amos to sign nondisclosure agreements: Bateman, “Colossal Fracking Mess.”
285 Jim Smith: Mary Esch, “Advocates: Upper Delaware most endangered U.S. river; upper Colorado on list,” Associated Press, June 2, 2010.
285 BP, the largest producer of natural gas in the United States: Yahoo!Finance: http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/58/58872.html.
285 “a revolution in the gas fields”: Mostafa Mabrouk, “US natural gas shale amazes the world,” Egypt Oil & Gas: http://www.egyptoil-gas.com/read_article_issues.php?AID=410.
285 sprayed gas and wastewater for sixteen hours: Tim Purko, “Marcellus blowout sprays gas in Clearfield County,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, June 5, 2010.
285 Cabot Oil and Gas failed to properly cement: Abrahm Lustgarten, “Officials in Three States Pin Water Woes on Gas Drilling,” ProPublica, April 26, 2009.
286 Some analysts predict that by 2020: Mabrouk, “US natural gas shale amazes the world.”
286 Reliance Industries: Steve Toon, “Atlas Energy Seals $1.7B Marcellus Shale JV with Reliance Industries,” April 22, 2010.
286 Sweden, Poland, and Germany: Mabrouk, “US natural gas shale amazes the world.”
286 fracking was granted an explicit exemption: “The Halliburton Loophole,” New York Times, November 2, 2009.
286 Professor Robert Howarth: Bateman, “Colossal Fracking Mess.”
287 Dr. Theo Colborn: http://www.endocrinedisruption.com/chemicals.introduction.php.
287 James Northrup: Statement by James L. Northrup to Otsego County Board, July 21, 2010: Croton Watershed Clean Water Coalition, Inc.: http://www.newyorkwater.
org/pdf/9_24_10CWCWCcommentstEPA.pdf.
287 shale oil: Clifford Krauss, “New Way to Tap Gas May Expand Global Supplies,” New York Times, October 9, 2009.
288 shale formation under Colorado: Mike Soraghan, “BLM’s OK of oil-shale leases digs up concerns,” Denver Post, November 15, 2006.
288 retort 1.55 million barrels of shale oil per day: David O. Williams, “Oil giants have ‘cornered the market’ on Western Slope water rights, study says,” Colorado Independent, March 20, 2009.
288 In 2007 and 2008, Shell went on a buying spree: Ibid.
289 acquired 7.5 million acre-feet of water rights: Mark Jaffe, “Oil companies ‘corner’ Western Slope water rights,” Denver Post, March 18, 2009.
289 Karin Sheldon: David O. Williams, “Shell official confirms thirsty nature of oil shale, denies push to ‘corner water market,’ ” Colorado Independent, March 23, 2009.
289 deposits of tar sands: Elizabeth Kolbert, “Unconventional Crude,” New Yorker, November 12, 2007.
289 tar sands is the world’s largest energy project: John Loring, “Q&A: Energy Independence, Obama and Canada’s Oil Sands,” New York Times green blog, February 9, 2009.
290 Tree-ring studies show: Laura Nichol, “Tree Rings Tell Story of Ancient Droughts,” Natural Resources Canada, February 2009.
290 three to four barrels of freshwater: “Canada’s oil sands: Water”: http://www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-were-doing/water.aspx.
290 76 percent of the water taken from the Athabasca: “Water Depletion,” TarSandsWatch, Polaris Institute.org.
290 4.2 billion barrels a year: “Liquid Asset,” Polaris Institute.
290 Athabasca Chipewyan and Mikisew Cree Indians: “Pollution Flows Downstream,” ForestEthics: http://www.forestethics.org/downstream-from-the-tar-sands. See also Gina Solomon, “The Other Oil Disaster: Cancer and Canada’s Tar Sands,” Natural Resources Defense Council switchboard, May 3, 2010: http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/gsolomon/the_
other_oil_disaster_cancer.html.
290 report by Doug Radke: Andrew Nikiforuk, “Liquid Asset,” Toronto Globe and Mail, March 28, 2008.
291 curtail the output of up to a quarter: “Drought could force nuke-plant shutdowns,” Associated Press, January 23, 2008.
291 Yucca Mountain: Peter Behr, “The Administration Puts Its Own Stamp on a Possible Nuclear Revival,” New York Times ClimateWire, February 2, 2010.
292 drank over 5 million gallons: John G. Rodwan Jr., “Bottled Water 2009,” International Bottled Water Association.
292 In 2007, we consumed over 8.7 million gallons: From Beverage Marketing Corporation, cited in ibid.
292 Drinking eight glasses of water a day: “Bottled Water,” New York Times topics: http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/
timestopics/subjects/w/water/bottled_water/index.
html?scp=1-spot&sq=bottled%20water&st=cse.
292 about 29 gallons of bottled water: Deborah Ball, “Bottled Water Pits Nestle vs. Greens,” Wall Street Journal, May 25, 2010.
293 the fastest-growing beverage category in the world: “Bottled Water Pricey in More Ways Than One,” Worldwatch Institute, May 9, 2007.
293 MaHaLo Deep Sea water: http://www.hawaiideepseawater.com/.
293 Bling H2O: Dinero, “$90 a bottle ‘Bling’ water,” BX Daily Bugle, March 4, 2007.
293 Pepsi’s Aquafina leads the market, with 13 percent: Beverage Digest, quoted in “PepsiCo Launches Industry’s Lightest Water Bottle,” GreenBiz.com, March 25, 2009.
294 controlled 38 percent of the US market: Ball, “Bottled Water Pits Nestle vs. Greens.”
294 Beverage Marketing Corporation reported: “Bottled Water and Energy: A Fact Sheet,” Pacific Institute: http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/
bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html.
294 3.4 megajoules of energy: Ibid.
294 “In Praise of Tap Water”: “In Praise of Tap Water,” New York Times, August 1, 2007.
294 about 17 million barrels of oil: “Bottled Water and Energy: A Fact Sheet,” Pacific Institute.
295 great majority of water bottles—about 38 billion: http://www.evergreen.edu/sustainability/banthebottle.htm.
295 bottled-water sales in the United States declined: Rodwan, “Bottled Water 2009.”
296 24 trillion gallons of rain: “Water Resources in Maine,” Maine Geologic Survey.
296 Hiram Ricker: “Poland Spring: History,” Poland Spring Preservation Society: http://www.polandspringps.org/pshistory.html.
296 700 million gallons of water: “Shapleigh, Maine, Project Overview,” Poland Spring: http://www.polandspringme.com/shapleigh/PDF/ProjectOverview.pdf.
296 Mall in Washington, DC: David A. Fahrenthold, “Bottlers, States and the Public Slug It Out in Water War,” Washington Post, June 12, 2006.
296 largest water-bottling plant in North America: Sarah Theodore, “Poland Spring bottling is a Maine event: Nestle’s flagship water bottling facility produces 65 million cases of product a year,” Food & Drug Packaging, October 2004.
297 James Wilfong: Author’s tour with James Wilfong, July 11, 2006. See also H2O for ME: http://www.waterdividendtrust.com/.
297 Wilfong’s allies complained bitterly: Author’s conversations with Fryeburg residents.
297 Kim Jeffery: Author’s interview with Kim Jeffery, February 1, 2008. Wilfong and Jerry Harkavy, “Poland Spring Becomes a Target for Spring-Water Tax,” Buffalo News, November 16, 2005.
297 Jeffery hired Maine’s leading law firm: Wilfong.
298 The commissioner of the state Department of Conservation: Fahrenthold, “Bottlers, States and the Public Slug It Out in Water War.”
298 Baldacci equated Poland Spring to L.L. Bean: Virginia Wright, “Troubled Waters,” Down East, May 2006.
299 Poland Spring operations in Fryeburg: http://www.polandspringme.com/fryeburg/index.php?p=project_overview.
299 Maine supreme court ruled in favor of Poland Spring: Lisa Williams Ackley, “Nestle gets fill station green light,” Bridgton News, March 26, 2009; available at: http://fryeburgmatters.org/pdf/Bridgton-News-3-26-09.pdf.
300 cost between 240 and 10,000 times as much as tap water: “Summary Findings of NRDC’s 1999 Bottled Water Report,” Natural Resources Defense Council.
300 “It struck me that all you had to do”: Gustave Leven, chairman of the board, Perrier Corporation of France, quoted in P. Betts, “Bubbling Over in a Healthy Market,” Financial Times, January 13, 1988.
300 that a $2.50 bottle of water: “The real cost of bottled water,” World Wildlife Fund. See also Catherine Ferrier, “Bottled Water: Understanding a Social Phenomenon,” WWF-commissioned discussion paper, April 2001.
300 The FDA allows bottlers: Author’s observations. See also Peter Gleick, “Bottled water labels: no salt, no fat, no cholesterol, and no useful information,” San Francisco Chronicle City Brights blog, July 8, 2009.
301 crickets: Peter H. Gleick, Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water (Island Press, 2010), p. 47.
301 Aquafina water as “P.W.S.”: Christina Boyle Daily, “It’s tap: Aquafina agrees to spring for truthful label,” New York Daily News, July 28, 2007.
301 class-action suit alleging its water: “Nestle Sued for Falsely Advertising Poland Spring Water,” Water & Wastes Digest, June 19, 2003.
301 Alice Waters: “Think Outside the Bottle,” Corporate Accountability International.
301 “a blight on the globe”: Author’s interview with Alice Waters, September 18, 2007.
302 Kim Jeffery: Jeffery interview.
302 Drew Nieporent: Author’s interview with Drew Nieporent, June 2, 2008.
302 Clark Wolf: Author’s interview with Clark Wolf, December 6, 2007.
303 Tappening, an activist marketing group: http://www.tappening.com/ and “Anti-Bottled Water Campaign Tells Lies,” Brandweek, July 23, 2009.
303 Sister Mary Ann Coyle: Rebecca U. Cho, “US: Some faith groups say bottled water immoral,” Chicago Tribune, 2006.
303 Nestlé’s water business: Ball, “Bottled Water Pits Nestle vs. Greens.”
303 bristled at the criticism and complained: Jeffery interview.
304 Robert Glennon: Quoted in Fahrenthold, “Bottlers, States and the Public Slug It Out in Water War.”
305 Tim La Porte: Author’s interview with Tim La Porte, September 28, 2008.
305 Phil St. George: Ibid. See also Patricia Liles, “Pebble facts,” Alaska Business Monthly, October 1, 2007.
307 80.6 billion pounds of copper: “Prospecting the Future,” Pebble Limited Partnership: http://www.pebblepartnership.com/project.
307 at least 8 billion tons of rock: Dr. Carol Ann Woody, “Bristol Bay & Pebble Mine: Identified Risks,” http://www.wildsalmonprotection.com/content/AFS08annotated.pdf. See also Zak Smith, “Anglo American Makes Promises About Pebble Mine It Cannot Keep,” Natural Resources Defense Council Switchboard blog, April 9, 2010.
308 Lisa Reimers: Author’s interview with Lisa Reimers, PLP headquarters in Anchorage, Alaska, June 25, 2008.
309 South Africa, where ten thousand local people were allegedly moved: Philip Mattera, “Anglo American’s Track Record: Rhetoric or Reality?” Renewable Resources Coalition, Nunamta Aulukstai, July 2008.
309 Tiffany & Co, Fortunoff, and prominent independent jewelers: Margot Roosevelt, “Retailers to hold mine to higher gold standards,” Los Angeles Times, February 12, 2008. See also Nikhil Kumar, “Protest at Anglo’s Alaskan quest,” Independent, November 3, 2010.
309 Forty inches of rain and snow falls there annually: Dr. Robert Moran, “Pebble Mine: Technical Background,” Pebblescience.org.
309 60 to 70 million salmon flow into Bristol Bay: Erick Rickstad, “Alaska’s Bristol Bay world-famous salmon rivers threatened by Pebble Mine. Help Save Them!” Orvis News: http://www.orvis.com/intro.aspx?subject=4571.
309 Aside from oil and gas: “Alaska: Economy,” Alaska Public Record Search: http://alaskapublicrecordsearch.org/557/alaska-12/.
309 fifty-four thousand people earned all or part of their annual income: Geoffrey Parker, et al., “Pebble Mine: Fish, Minerals, and Testing the Limits of Alaska’s ‘Large Mine Permitting Process,’ ” Alaska Law Review, vol. 25:1 (2008).
309 mining … employing some fifty-five hundred Alaskans: “The Economic Impacts of Alaska’s Mining Industry,” Alaska Miners Association Inc., Jan 2008.
310 use some 35 billion gallons of water a year: Dr. Robert Moran, “Pebble Mine: Water-Related Impacts,” Pebble Science: http://www.pebblescience.org/pebble_mine/water.html.
310 The geology around the Pebble Deposit: Moran interview.
310 Alaska’s water quality standard: Dr. Carol Ann Woody, “Copper: Effects on Freshwater Food Chains and Salmon,” Trout Unlimited, September 2007.
310 Carol Ann Woody: Ibid. See also author’s interview with Carol Ann Woody, June 25, 2008.
310 Bob Moran: Moran interview.
311 Sean Magee: Tim Sohn, “Gold Fish,” Outside, June 2009.
311 Teck Cominco, spent $8 million to drill: Paula Dobbyn, “Golden Glitter: Company weighs mining massive amounts of gold, copper,” Anchorage Daily News, October 17, 2004.
311 Teck Cominco blamed “environmental reasons”: Dr. Bruce Switzer, “Ballot Initiative #4,” Alaskans for Clean Water presentation, July 21, 2008.
311 Bruce Jenkins: Lisa Drew, “Prospect of a Mine Near a Salmon Fishery Stirs Worry in Alaska,” New York Times, April 26, 2005.
312 John Shively: Author’s interviews with John Shively, June 24–25, 2008.
313 Red Dog, the largest zinc mine: “Red Dog UAA,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/
waterquality/standards/uses/uaa/ak_reddog.cfm.
313 Red Dog as the worst toxic polluter: “Red Dog top toxic polluter,” SIKU News, March 31, 2007.
314 Pebble East and Pebble West: Ibid. See also “Pebble Project,” Alaska Department of Natural Resources: http://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/mining/largemine/pebble/.
315 gone “beyond the state’s environmental guidelines”: Shively interview.
315 spent “in excess of $100 million” on assessing: Ibid.
316 The chemicals used to process minerals: Moran, “Pebble Mine: Water-Related Impacts.”
316 hard-rock mining has contaminated: “Liquid Assets 2000: Americans Pay for Dirty Water,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/lawsguidance/cwa/
economics/liquidassets/dirtywater.cfm.
316 the US Supreme Court ruled, 6 to 3, to allow the Kensington: Erika Bolstad, “Supreme Court decides in favor of Kensington mine owner,” Anchorage Daily News, June 22, 2009.
317 Pebble could conceivably fill in: Elizabeth Bluemink, “Pebble says no dumping in Iliamna Lake,” Anchorage Daily News Pebble blog, July 30, 2009.
317 “We will not fill in Lake Iliamna”: Shively interview.
317 Bingham Canyon has contaminated sixty square miles: Moran, “Pebble Mine: Water-Related Impacts.”
318 In 2005, 26 million salmon, worth $93 million: Troy Letherman, “They Don’t Want Here a Mine City,” Fish Alaska, July 2008.
318 $325,000 to buy a new gill-netter: “Frequently Asked Questions,” Alaska Department of Fish and Game: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/about/faq/TMPktm4nju6q.php.
318 By the end of the 2008 season: Laine Welch, “Pacific salmon fisheries see ‘reduced supply,’ ” Capital City Weekly, December 3, 2008.
319 Idaho sockeye were “functionally extinct”: “Don’t equate strong sockeye return with recovery,” Idaho Statesman, August 10, 2008.
319 Far more farm-raised salmon: “Paul Greenberg: The Future of ‘Wild Fish,’ ” National Public Radio: Fresh Air, WHYY, July 19, 2010.
319 national salmon czar: Scott Learn, “Groups want salmon czar in the White House,” Oregonian, Mar 9, 2009.
319 430 outdated dams have been removed: “10 Years, 430 Dams,” New York Times, July 3, 2009.
319 Bobby Andrew: Author’s interview with Bobby Andrew, Dillingham, Alaska, June 2008.
320 Bob Gillam: Gillam refused to communicate with me, but there have been many articles written about him. See Elizabeth Bluemink, “Businessman’s millions bankrolled anti-Pebble drive,” Anchorage Daily News, November 7, 2010. Gillam expresses his views here at http://www.bobgillam.com/, and here http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/030310/loc_570179730.shtml.
320 “You don’t have to be particularly smart”: Jeff Opdyke, “Converted, Pebble foe bankrolls opposition,” Wall Street Journal, March 27, 2007.
321 the Renewable Resources Coalition: http://www.renewableresourcescoalition.org/.
321 he spends about $3 million a year: Opdyke, “Converted, Pebble foe bankrolls opposition.”
321 McKinley Capital, holds more than $1 billion: Dorothy Kosich, “Pebble copper/gold project opponent invests in Anglo American,” Mineweb, May 12, 2008.
321 Gillam might be a double agent: Author’s conversations with people who agreed to talk anonymously.
321 “Let me take my governor’s hat”: Alex MacGillis, “Palin’s Stand on Mining Initiative Leaves Many Feeling Burned,” Washington Post, September 28, 2008.
323 Drilling in Bristol Bay would generate an estimated $7.7 billion: “Federal Government Announces Plan to Hold Bristol Bay Oil & Gas Lease Sale,” Alaska Marine Conservation Council press release, April 30, 2007.
323 makes “no sense” to drill in Bristol Bay: “Campaign to Stop Oil and Gas Development in Bristol Bay Gained Ground,” World Wildlife Fund.
323 sixty-seven state and federal permits: “Prospecting the Future,” Pebble Partnership.
323 Tom Crafford: Margaret Bauman, “State confident fish are protected,” Alaska Journal of Commerce, November 7, 2010.
323 The Alaska Department of Natural Resources: http://dnr.alaska.gov/.
325 Herb Guenther: Author’s interview with Herb Guenther, May 15, 2008. See also Arizona Department of Water Resources: http://www.azwater.gov/azdwr/default.aspx.
326 In 1993, fighting a flash flood on the Gila River: Guenther interview.
326 some 2.7 million acre-feet: Arizona Department of Water Resources.
326 the Central Arizona Project: http://www.cap-az.com/.
326 Salt River Project: https://www.srpnet.com/Default.aspx.
326 groundwater beneath Phoenix: Shaun McKinnon, “Unabated use of groundwater threatens Arizona’s future,” Arizona Republic, August 2, 2009.
327 In 2008, Arizona used about 8 million acre-feet: http://www.cap-az.com/operations/recharge/recharge-in-arizona/water-sources/.
327 outdoor misting systems: As explained to the author by Jack Lavelle, Arizona Department of Water Resources public information officer.
327 The state doesn’t know how much groundwater it has: McKinnon, “Unabated use of groundwater threatens Arizona’s future.”
327 it could face a water crisis by 2025: “Our Water, Our Future: Policy Options to Safeguard Water Resources in Arizona,” Arizona Public Interest Research Group: http://www.arizonapirg.org/home/reports/report-archives/
our-water-our-future/our-water-our-future/our-water
-our-future-policy-options-to-safeguard
-water-resources-in-arizona.
328 James Pollard Espy: Richard P. Horwitz, “Americans’ Problem with Global Warming,” American Studies, vol. 45:1 (Spring 2004).
328 Vincent Schaefer and Irving Langmuir: William Langewiesche, “Stealing Weather,” Vanity Fair, May 2008.
328 Bernard Vonnegut: Ibid.
329 silver iodide into a cloud can increase: Joshua Zaffos, “Snow Job,” Colorado Springs Independent, February 16, 2006.
329 Xinjiang region of China: Langewiesche, “Stealing Weather.”
329 clouds were seeded over China: “China overdoes cloud seeding to end drought … and blankets Beijing in snow,” Daily Mail, November 2, 2009; and Quentin Sommerville, “Scientists ‘cause’ Beijing snow,” BBC News, November 2, 2009.
329 In the 1970s, the federal government: Kavan Peterson, “Cloud seedings silver lining hard to prove,” Stateline, January 5, 2005.
329 “There is still no convincing scientific proof”: Dr. Michael Garstang, et al., Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003), p. 3.
329 By 2006, sixty-six weather-mod research programs: Zaffos, “Snow Job.”
329 experiment in Wyoming: Ibid.
330 The oceans hold 321 million cubic miles of water: “The Water Cycle: Water Storage in Oceans,” US Geological Survey.
330 “multi-effect” distillation plants: M. Al-Shammiri and M. Safar, “Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art,” Water Desalination Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 1999.
331 Santa Barbara: Daniel Simmons, “Drought-prone regions look to drink seawater, wastewater,” Angie’s List, April 1, 2009.
331 homeless have taken up residence: Author’s observations.
331 $2,000 an acre-foot in 1990 to about $800: “Desalination,” Beachapeida: http://www.beachapedia.org/Desalination.
331 more than two thousand desalination plants: American Waterworks Association.
331 plant on the Hudson River: “United Water Prepares Plan for Hudson River Plant,” Water & Wastes Digest, August 29, 2007.
331 Yuma Desalting Plant: Author’s tour of Yuma with the Water Education Foundation, March 30, 2007.
332 the Saudis have become the world’s largest users: “Thirsty for Innovation: Arab Countries Tap Alternative Energy Sources to Quench Water Demands,” Arabic Knowledge@Wharton, June 15, 2010.
332 the world’s largest solar-powered desal plant: Prachi Patel, “Solar-Powered Desalination,” Technology Review, April 8, 2010.
332 Walter Winrow: Author’s interview with Walter Winrow, April 7, 2008.
333 after Winrow’s partners went bankrupt: Ibid., and Cynthia Barnett, “Salty Solution?” Florida Trend, May 1, 2007.
333 five years behind schedule and $48 million over budget: Craig Pittman, “More problems for Tampa Bay Water desalination plant,” St. Petersburg Times, March 17, 2009.
333 Ken Herd: Kathryn Kranhold, “Water, Water, Everywhere …” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2008.
334 Department of Water Resources underwrote $25 million: “DWR Recommends $25 Million in Prop 50 Water Desalination Grants,” Water Quality Products, April 8, 2005.
334 Peter MacLaggan: Author’s interview with Peter MacLaggan, March 21, 2008.
334 $320 million to build the full-scale plant: Ibid.
335 Poseidon might need to sell its water: “Proposed Carlsbad Desalination Project to Cost Up to Three Times More Than Claimed,” Food & Water Watch, November 5, 2009.
335 “the SUV of water”: Mindy McIntyre, “All that water, every drop to drink,” Los Angeles Times, April 10, 2008.
335 In a counter-editorial, MacLaggan: Peter MacLaggan, “Conservation Alone Won’t Cut It,” Los Angeles Times, April 16, 2008.
335 the Metropolitan Water District: http://www.mwdh2o.com. See also Peter Gleick, “Giving Desalination another black eye: Poseidon’s financial shell game,” San Francisco Chronicle City Brights blog, November 11, 2009.
336 “will kill about two pounds of fish a day”: Kranhold, “Water, Water, Everywhere …”
336 (Poseidon had underestimated the number): Eric Wolff, “Poseidon’s long trident,” San Diego City Beat, April 21, 2009.
336 Every hundred gallons of desalinated seawater: Heather Buschman, “Is desalination the answer to SD’s water dilemma?” Nature Network–San Diego, August 9, 2008.
337 Marco Gonzalez: www.surfrider.org/. See also Noaki Schwartz, “Green light huge desalination plant,” Associated Press, May 13, 2009.
337 Surfrider’s Joe Geever: Author’s interview with Joe Geever, April 2008.
337 the state’s coastal commissioners overrode: Wolff, “Poseidon’s long trident.”
337 “We need it. It’s not a choice”: “We need it,” San Diego Union-Tribune, July 27, 2006.
338 they will likely build a nuclear-powered facility: Guenther and Mulroy interviews.
338 “At the end of the day we will use desalters”: Mulroy interview.
338 13,080 desalination plants around the world: Kranhold, “Water, Water, Everywhere …”
338 Barry Nelson: Gary Pitzer, “Tapping the World’s Largest Reservoir: Desalination,” Western Water Magazine, January/February 2003.
338 Intel is responsible for three Superfund sites in California: Author’s interview with Tom Cooper, March 11, 2008, and subsequent conversations. See also “Overview of Intel Superfund Sites in Silicon Valley, CA,” intelsuperfundcleanup.com.
338 messy public opposition in New Mexico: Daniel Sorid, “Intel Brings N. Mexico Pollution Concerns,” Reuters (no date). See also “History of Intel’s Toxic Chemical Release in Corrales”: http://www.faceintel.com/toxicchemicalhistory.htm and http://www.faceintel.com/nmpollutionconcerns.htm.
338 Fab 32: Author’s tour of Fab 32, March 11, 2008. See also www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/manufacturing/Fab32/index.htm.
339 twenty-two-nanometer transistors: Cooper interview.
339 “one of the most boring cities in America”: Joshua Zumbrun, “America’s 10 Most Boring Cities,” Forbes, December 10, 2008.
339 Silicon Valley: intelsuperfundcleanup.com. See also “Semiconductor Production Pollution,” http://www1.american.edu/TED/semicon.htm.
339 Of the twenty-nine Superfund sites in Silicon Valley: “Gardening Superfund Sites,” futurefarmers.com.
340 “ultrapure water”: Cooper interview.
340 7 million gallons of water per day: Ibid.
340 Len Drago: Author’s interview with Len Drago, March 11, 2008.
340 Paul Ottolini: Intel Corporate Responsibility Report, 2009.
340 Between 1998 and 2006, Intel invested: Tom Cooper and Len Drago, “Intel and Water Conservation,” August 1, 2007: http://dcdc.asu.edu/K-12Education/INTEL.pdf.
341 LEED: http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1988.
341 the company’s environmental record: Power, “Peak Water.”
341 “tool kit” on water use: Cooper interview.
341 an evaporation pond—built by Intel: Ibid. See also Edythe Jensen, “Intel water recycling stinking up Chandler subdivision,” AZCentral.com, July 9, 2008.
342 “135,000 gallons of water to produce one ton of alfalfa”: Robert Glennon, Unquenchable (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009), p. 201.
342 “water neutral”: Ling Woo Liu, “Water Pressure,” Time, June 12, 2008.
343 Adam Smith wrote of the diamond-water paradox: “Adam Smith,” Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_value; Adam Smith: “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” (1776), Library of Economics and Liberty: http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html.
343 Alan Moores: Alan Moores, “ ‘Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization’: Water as the new oil,” Seattle Times, January 2, 2010.
343 the Dust Bowl drove 2.5 million people: “Dust Bowl,” History.com: http://www.history.com/topics/dust-bowl.
344 by providing irrigators with federal subsidies: Environmental Working Group: http://reports.ewg.org/content/research/10.
344 “a blood sport”: Peter Rogers and Susan Leal, Running Out of Water (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 20.
345 Pat Mulroy: Mulroy interview. See also Henry Breen, “Mulroy advice for Obama: Tap Mississippi floodwaters,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, January 12, 2009.
347 Fred Pearce: Fred Pearce, When the Rivers Run Dry (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), pp. 261–71.
347 800 million acre-feet of water falls from the clouds: Ibid., p. 307.
347 Los Angeles, a desert city: Ibid., p. 309.
348 New York a “permeable city”: Mireya Navarro, “$1.5 Billion Plan Would Cut Sewage Flow into City Waters,” New York Times, September 28, 2010.
348 Hirsch refers to as “the fish”: Hirsch interview.
348 The Soft Path: Gleick interview. See also Amory Lovins, “Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken?” Foreign Affairs, October 1976.
351 a study by Johns Hopkins University: Jasmin Malik Chua, “Detox Your Home: Wash Up with Ordinary Soap,” Planet Green.com, January 23, 2008.
351 Vicki Blazer: Blazer interview.
352 $8 billion of new infrastructure: Teresa Cerojano, “Misuse will drain Asia’s water supply, experts say,” Associated Press, October 12, 2010.
352 water use is predicted to rise by two-thirds: “Water: critical shortages ahead?” World Resources Institute.
352 70 percent of global water use is devoted to irrigated agriculture: “Water resources in agriculture: outlook and policy issues,” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: http://www.oecd.org.
352 “no water crisis”: “No global water crisis—but many developing countries will face water scarcity,” UN Food and Agriculture Organization, March 12, 2003.
353 634 gallons of water: Rogers and Leal, Running Out of Water, p. 3.
353 cut global food production by 385 million tons a year: Pearce, When the Rivers Run Dry, p. 306.
353 needs will exceed supply by 40 percent: Cerojano, “Misuse will drain Asia’s water supply.”
353 Steven Solomon: Steven Solomon, Water (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), p. 417.
353 Singapore: Rogers and Leal, Running Out of Water, pp. 32–37. See also “Every drop counts,” Economist, May 20, 2010.
354 which, by one count, includes six cabinet departments: de la Vega, “Extreme Water Emergencies.”
355 David Zetland: http://www.aguanomics.com.
355 experts recommend a minimum of thirteen gallons per person, per day: Gleick interview. See also Campana, “The Human Right to Water.”
357 240,000 water pipes burst every year: “Aging Water Infrastructure,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs
/600f07015/600f07015.pdf.
357 650 water mains break every day: “ITT’s Value of Water Survey Reveals That Americans Are Ready to Fix Our Nation’s Crumbling Water Infrastructure,” October 27, 2010.
357 made of wood: Michael Cooper, “Aging of Water Mains Is Becoming Hard to Ignore,” New York Times, April 17, 2009.
357 “dawn of the replacement era”: “Water infrastructure at a turning point,” American Water Works Association, 2010.
357 America’s water systems cost $1 trillion a year: “FAQ,” American Water.com.
357 will require a $334 billion investment: Mae Wu, “More money to improve drinking water,” Natural Resources Defense Council, May 12, 2010.
357 the US Conference of Mayors: Bob Herbert, “The Corrosion of America,” New York Times, October 26, 2010.
358 Garrett Hardin: Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, December 13, 1968.
358 Bob Hirsch: http://water.usgs.gov/dispatch/2008/podcast/wolman-lecture-transcript.html.
358 Stephen Ambrose’s writings: Stephen Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
359 “The Nation’s Rivers”: M. Gordon Wolman, “The Nation’s Rivers,” Science, November 26, 1971.
360 census of US water resources: http://water.usgs.gov/wsi/.
360 Ken Salazar: Department of Interior press release: http://www.doi.gov/DOI404.cfm; and Amy Joi O’Donoghue, “Salazar announces Colorado River inventory,” Deseret News, October 21, 2010.
361 One summer in the early 1960s: This account is based on my grandfather’s book: Charles Child, Roots in the Rock (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964), pp. 307–10.