Note: bold page numbers indicate tables and italics indicate illustrations.
aboriginals, Australian 3, 7, 8, 14–19, 18, 19, 20, 23–4, 25–6, 27, 28–9, 58, 217, 249
abundance 2, 7, 9, 10, 20, 23, 24–5, 26, 30, 31, 46, 143, 194, 252; see also affluence; possessions; prosperity; wealth
accretion, segmentary 275
acquisition 121, 169, 218, 272–4, 281, 290; as deprivation 4
affluence 1–2, 4, 11, 27, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 186, 193, 195, 255, 261
agriculture 26, 33–4, 36, 38–47, 53–4, 59, 60, 61, 77, 82, 151
ambition 13, 116, 121, 122, 123, 231, 233
Andamans 203, 217, 230, 247–8, 281–2
anthropology 3, 5, 6, 8, 14, 65, 67–8, 84; economic 5, 11, 14, 62, 74, 76–7, 108, 135, 164–5, 167, 172, 209, 259– 60, 280; evolutionary 5, 73; naive 113; see also reciprocity
anthropomorphism 165
apologies, methodological 67–71
areal integration 275
Arnhem Land 14–19, 18, 19, 20, 22–3, 25, 37
artifacts 9
authority 80, 118, 124, 125, 149–50, 156, 163, 190, 245; need for 117
autoexploitation 122, 123–4, 125
autonomy 70, 83, 87, 116, 123, 124
backwaters 206
balance, concept of 53, 113–14, 120;
see also reciprocity, balanced;
banker, tribal 171
bargaining 179, 182, 220, 221, 260, 277, 280, 283, 288; see also haggling
barter 174–5, 177, 216, 222, 223, 224, 251–2
behavior, general pattern 169
Bemba 49, 50, 52, 54, 57, 57, 58, 112, 229, 245, 257–8
bidding, competitive 218
big-man, Melanesian 105, 106, 108, 121–3, 190, 191, 212, 231, 232, 233–4, 235, 255
Botukebo village 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 107, 108, 109
boundary, trade system 275
bourgeois ownership 84
burdens, logistic 78
burden, white man’s 131
bureaucracy 131
Busama culture 121, 219–21, 232–3, 268–9, 269, 270, 271–2, 273–4, 288
Bushmen 6, 8, 36–7, 49, 72, 124, 167, 194–5, 214, 216, 220, 230, 248; Dobe 19–22, 21, 46; food resources 9, 20–1, 26, 46, 194–5, 247; leisure time 22, 53–4; material wealth 9–10, 11–12, 45–6; traps, complexity of 72; work and 14, 20–2, 21, 49, 52, 53–4
business 279; classic forces 272
calculus, of exchange value 285
capital 144; general formula 75–6
capitalist process 75–6, 233–4, 239; opposite principle 202; see also imperialism
celebration 233
cement, mystic 139
ceremony 37, 54, 58, 91, 136, 141–3, 147, 158, 171, 174, 207, 223, 224; logic of 142
chaos 169
Chayanov’s rule 79–83, 92, 93, 96, 98; slope 92, 98–108, 121
chieftainship 68, 84, 90, 92, 111, 114, 115–16, 118–33, 153, 170, 171–2, 176, 187, 188, 190–2, 196, 208, 210, 211–12, 222, 225, 229, 230–46; see also big-man, Melanesian
clans 157, 158, 160, 165, 180, 198, 210, 219, 221, 223, 234, 235, 250, 281
cohabitation 70
collectivity 171
comfort vs. burden 32
commensality 70, 86, 170, 198, 207, 227
commerce, indigenous 262, 264, 267
commodities, circulation of 75, 80
compassion 174, 180, 190, 195, 196, 197
compensation 120, 174, 204, 228, 243
competition 278–9, 280, 281, 284–5, 287, 291, 292; rate 292
compulsions, European 58
conditions, marginal 261
conflict of interests 112
conquest, career of 131
consumers 4, 10, 81, 83, 92–101, 94–5, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105–6
consumption, conspicuous 131
continuum of reciprocity 173, 174, 175, 180, 188, 224
contract, social 134, 153–4, 155, 159, 164, 169, 186, 202–3, 204, 208
contradictions 11, 30, 78–9, 127, 129, 130; external 80; hierarchy of 91–2; internal 80; and kinship 111, 116, 120, 129, 201; social 111–14, 185
cooperation 69, 70, 110, 116, 117, 123, 171, 172, 194, 196, 208; see also mutual aid; reciprocity; sharing; solidarity
corporate alliances 203, 208, 211
costs, labor 272
crisis 256; revelatory 111, 114, 115–16, 127, 129–30
crowd, demand 278
cultivation 33, 43–4, 53, 62, 63, 65, 66, 89, 94–5, 96–8, 100, 101, 103, 104, 127, 128, 225–6, 268; slash-and-burn 39–40, 45
culture: design 31; evolution of 34
cycle 34, 37, 39, 60, 66, 121, 126, 130, 131, 132, 143–4, 143, 149, 201
deceit 179
decentralization 132, 169, 191
decisions, main domestic 69
deduction 175; functionalist 88
deflation 291
delay 175
democracy 10
demography 32, 33, 40–5, 41–2, 44, 46–7
dependency 227, 237, 239, 241, 242, 254; ratio 81
descent, matrilineal and patrilineal 50
destruction, by Europeans 24
development, economic 74, 290–1
dialectic 153
diet 6, 9, 11, 14, 17–18, 24, 37, 93, 105, 106, 268–9
difficulties, symptomatic 274
diminishing returns 30, 31, 32, 33
dislocation 20
distance: segmentary 179; social 173, 178, 184, 201, 206, 226, 262
distribution 227, 234, 236–8, 239, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 253, 255, 258, 266, 273; analysis of 170; global 274; real 276
DMP (domestic mode of production) 70, 71, 75, 78, 79, 80–1, 82–3, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 98, 110–11, 114, 116, 117, 121; as anti-surplus system 74, 78
Dobuan culture 182, 198–9, 224
Dogomba 42
ecology 8, 24, 31, 32, 33, 40, 45, 117, 127, 128, 184, 212, 262, 265–6, 270, 272, 275
Economic Man 13
economics: anthropological 4, 8, 47–8, 62, 65, 74, 77–8, 84, 108, 135, 164, 165, 167, 172, 209, 259–60, 280–1; and economizing 213; infighting and confrontation 278; kinds 222; orthodox theory of 264, 293; politics of 118, 120–1, 125
economy 58, 62, 68–9, 206, 261; afflicted 8, 226; business 4; finite objectives 78, 81; household 68–9, 71, 74–5, 78, 81, 85, 86, 91, 92, 110, 113, 115, 116, 129, 133, 169, 201–2, 207; hunting-gathering 2, 4, 6, 13, 17, 31–5, 185, 210, 257–8; market 2, 27, 206; organization of 4, 12, 36, 65, 67, 168; political 117–33, 204, 243; subsistence 2–3, 17, 25, 38, 45– 7; systematic 261; underdeveloped 77; western 77–8; see also DMP
enemies 111, 160, 161, 178–9, 198, 202, 282
entitlement vs. title 83
entrepreneurship 4, 75, 122, 234
equilibrium 79, 240, 259, 278, 281, 286, 290, 292
error, conceptual 139
Eskimo 8, 36, 74, 110, 120, 200, 204, 218, 231, 248, 250, 279
esteem 120, 190, 218, 230, 231, 236, 238, 248, 250, 279
ethic: economic 187, 188, 241; spiritual 208
ethnocentricity 165
ethnography 5, 24, 40–2, 76, 77, 88, 108, 111–12, 116, 168, 233; consumers 103–5, 104; exchange 168, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 183–4, 191, 192, 197, 204, 210, 223, 225, 261, 286; hunting-gathering 6, 8, 11, 14, 37; labor forces 47, 50, 54, 105, 118; Maori 139, 140, 150; underproduction 45, 67, 69, 74
ethnology 139, 157–8, 160, 165, 181–2, 183
etiquette 69, 168, 256, 270, 285, 286, 287
Europe, medieval 77
evils 145
exaggeration 270
exchange 75, 145, 164, 187, 193, 194–5, 209, 210, 218–19, 223–5, 241, 261; axe-spear 263–4, 277, 284–5, 285; balanced 200, 207, 210, 211, 212, 219, 221, 223–4, 228, 247, 248, 255, 262, 267; ceremonial 147, 223; cycle of 37, 143–4, 143, 144; delayed 212; external 206–7, 223–4, 225; food and 197–9, 201, 253; forced 225; forms 146; of gifts 140–5, 143, 144, 147, 149, 152–4, 157–62, 164, 176, 183, 216–17, 262–7, 263, 265; marital 165, 204–5; money and 208, 210, 241, 269; networks 262–93; peace and 159, 166–7, 176, 203–4; pig 223, 232, 235, 247, 267, 279, 288–91; production for 74, 75, 76; rates 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 270–1, 274, 275, 276–7, 279, 281, 282, 284, 285–93, 285; social relations of 168– 258; spheres of 259; structuralist comprehension of 139–40; theory of 257, 259, 280–7; value and trade 261, 262–93; value, quest for 75–7; see also barter; reciprocity; trade; transaction
expediency 287
exploitation 120, 127, 229, 270
exports 63, 77, 206, 207, 267, 268, 273
expropriation 85
extreme, solidary 175
factor, unifying 246
famine 7, 29, 35, 65, 114, 129, 194, 256–7
farm, family 80
feedback, negative 79
flattery 251
flow, one-way 176, 177, 285, 286
fluctuations of supply, seasonal 276
food, sharing of 156–8, 193–8, 199, 200, 207–8, 214–15, 216, 217, 219, 226–8, 228, 229, 230, 243, 247, 248–50, 251, 252–3, 254–5
forces, countervailing 185
freedom 36, 146, 292; of movement 12–13, 27–8
free vs. poor 14
fufu bowl 63
game 143, 144, 183; political 85
gap, wealth 193
generosity 154, 158–9, 175, 186, 228, 230, 236, 255, 286; Bushmen 214, 215, 224, 230; Eskimos 120, 231, 248; and exchange 115, 120, 220, 230, 232, 236–7, 247, 281, 282–3, 284, 285, 286–7, 288, 292; food and 125, 194–5, 199, 214, 215, 217, 237, 247, 248, 251–2; and leadership 118–19, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 132, 171, 187, 188–9, 190, 191, 230, 231, 232–4, 236, 242, 246; Maori 125, 239; Melanesian 121, 123–4, 231, 232, 233–4, 242, 283–4; Native Americans 237–8, 251–2, 254; scarcity and 192, 193
gifts 120, 140, 219, 221, 222, 229, 232, 249, 255, 260, 281; Bushmen 214, 215; coercive 225; cycle of 143, 143, 144, 149; debt and 120, 135, 138, 140, 189–90, 244–5; of food 197, 214, 215, 224; free 144, 175, 220, 224, 283; leaders and people 125–6, 133, 188, 192, 236, 237–9, 242, 244, 252; Leviathan and 154, 155–67; Maori 135–8, 140, 141–2, 143–6, 143, 144, 148–9, 152–3, 238–9; peace and 153, 159, 161, 162, 164, 167; political philosophy 152–5; pure 173, 175, 224; reason and 159; spirit of 134–67; vs. State 153; trade and 174–5, 176, 183, 188, 214, 215, 216–17, 263, 267, 282–5, 284; unrequited 16, 142, 146, 148, 149, 216
goal, indefinite 76
Golden Age 88
gratitude 162
haggling 174, 175, 177, 183, 196, 216, 218–19, 221, 223–4, 229, 260, 279, 280
Hanunoo 33
Hawaiians 52, 110–11, 127, 128–9, 130, 131–2, 240
heterogeneity, morphological 69
hierarchy 91–2, 117, 180, 188, 259
hospitality 158–9, 172, 174, 175, 183, 189, 198, 199, 200, 202, 219, 221, 223, 228, 229, 245, 257; Maori 112, 125, 238, 239; Melanesia 114, 256
humility 233
hunting-gathering peoples 1–37, 45, 49, 50–1, 53, 60, 72, 124, 188, 190, 194, 207, 211, 214, 230–1, 247–50, 252
Huon Gulf trade network 262, 267–72, 268, 269, 274, 275, 283, 286, 292
ideology 51, 78, 111, 120, 121
idleness, absence of 37
incentives 37
incest 182
incommensurables 204
indebtedness, shadow of 190, 205
index of population capacity 40
individual, rugged 88
industrial revolution 6
influence, European 103
inhumanity 165
injunctions against sale of food 200
instrument-user relation 72
integration 280
interdependence 89, 183, 197, 199, 212
interests, conflict of 113
intervention 138
invention 71
irrigation networks 128
Kapauku 52–3, 103–8, 104, 105, 107, 108, 173, 222–3, 233–4, 276–7, 279
kings 118, 131–2, 133, 240; see also chieftainship
kinship relations 110, 111, 166, 170, 173, 176, 193, 201, 203, 206, 249, 256, 257, 260, 266, 267, 278, 281, 283, 292; corporate 80; distance 113–14, 174, 176–86, 181, 195, 214–29, 228, 261; as economic force 39, 68, 92, 110–13; extended 208; Hawaiian 110, 111, 132, 133; Maori 113, 239; rank 186–92, 195, 206, 230–46, 261; trade 262, 266, 281, 283, 292
Kuikuru 40, 41, 43, 52, 60, 117, 254
labor 4, 73, 74, 286; cost 12, 272, 274, 275; division of 4, 10, 36, 50, 69, 70, 71, 79, 87, 169; exchange 206, 207, 210; force 93, 101, 106, 107, 109, 121; hunting-gathering 20–2, 21, 25, 26–7, 34, 53–4; intensity 74, 76, 80, 81, 92–3, 97, 96–9, 99, 100, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 105, 107, 107, 108, 109; and leisure 52, 53, 57; power 38, 75, 80, 81, 90; productivity of 31, 38, 78, 82; saving 6, 34; subsistence 25, 26, 34; surplus 100–1, 103, 106, 107, 109, 110; theory of value 266; tribute 246; underuse 38, 47–62, 55–6, 57, 58, 59, 61, 90, 111
Lakalai 122
Lala tribe 42
Lamet culture 41, 45, 117, 206
land 133, 150–1, 152, 185, 210, 236, 257
laws, iron 276
leadership, tribal 118, 124, 126–7, 188, 189, 190, 191, 212, 231, 233, 237, 246
leisure 2, 3, 5, 14, 18, 22, 23, 26, 34, 52, 53, 57
life, enjoyment of 14
limits, structural 130
linguistic categories 58, 116, 151, 181–2
livelihood orientation 62, 74, 75–6, 78
living, standard of 2, 10, 35, 79
loot 251
Lozi 62
lumpen-proletariat 8
lying 181
magic 22, 122, 139, 141, 148, 149, 159
Manus 116–17, 223, 235, 264, 266
Maori 62, 112–13, 125–6, 134–9, 140–8,
143, 150–2, 185, 225–6, 238–40, 255;
sorcerer’s apprentice 146
market 206, 207, 223, 229, 259, 260, 261, 271–2, 277, 278–80, 287, 292; competitive 262, 287, 290; industrial system 4; open 279, 290; price 289–90; principle 280; self-regulating 278
marriage 48, 49, 71, 117, 165, 166, 176, 198, 204–13, 233
Marx, Karl 2, 69, 72, 75–6, 164–5
Masai 50
massacre 160
materialism 13
Mazulu village 65, 66, 93–103, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109
mechanism: competitive 277; price 277, 290; starting 188–9, 190, 231, 243, 246
medium, spirit 129
Micmac 28
microeconomics 278
middlemen 264, 265, 266–7, 271
miracle 128
missionaries 6, 8, 119, 127, 241, 242, 255, 288
mobility 11, 30, 32, 33; upward 243
models 145, 179–80, 183, 273, 274, 285, 291; business 278, 279
moderation 53
money 200, 201, 221, 222, 229, 232, 234, 241, 262, 269, 270, 276, 277, 288; blood 236; primitive 209–13; servant of custom 289
morality 113, 118, 133, 159, 180–2, 186, 188, 193, 278
movements, vice-versa 170, 174, 175, 177
mutual aid 120, 162, 223, 235, 260; see also cooperation
myths 129
nature 114, 138, 161; vs. culture 5, 113; inverted by culture 127; state of 68, 87, 88, 89, 154, 155, 156–7
needs 64, 86, 88, 223, 234, 235, 257, 261, 271; dependency 227; infinite 37; limited 77
neolithic era 3, 4, 5–6, 26, 33, 34, 36, 39, 73–4, 206, 210, 214
noblesse oblige 176, 187, 192, 225, 232
nomads 3, 9, 11, 27, 28, 47, 125, 184–5, 219
nonrelative, as stranger 111
nonviolence 182
Northwest Coast Indians 8, 123, 135, 191, 195, 243
Nuer culture 123, 168, 193, 195, 228, 254
obligations 179, 186, 208, 223, 224, 226, 241, 248–9, 252, 257; of generosity 171, 214, 217, 236–7, 242, 286–7, 288, 292; leaders' 171, 176, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 225, 232, 235, 236–7, 243, 247, 255; to receive 135, 288–9, 290; of reciprocity 135, 138, 140, 144, 148, 158, 176, 189–90, 206, 214, 215, 221, 236, 245, 279, 282, 286–7, 288–9, 290
Ona tribe 6
output: economic 211; real 58–9, 78, 98
overpayment 287, 290; reciprocal 291
overreciprocation 282, 288, 291
overrights 83
overture, strategic 274
ownership 83–5; see also property
paleolithic era 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 22, 34, 36, 37, 73–4, 210
Papuan people 59
partnership see trade: partner
passions, natural 163
patrilineal context 205
patronage 278
peace 153, 154, 156, 159, 161, 162–3, 164, 166–7, 169, 174, 176, 180, 182; price of 287
penalties 271; see also punishment
Peoria, prairies of 190
persons: commercialization of 165; displaced 186
pokala 188
political structure 36, 48–9, 116–25, 152–4, 204
pooling 85–6, 87, 115, 170–1, 172, 179, 190, 196, 222, 256, 257; defined 170; see also sharing
popularity 237
population 3, 20–1, 33, 40–7, 41–2, 44, 89, 98, 117, 131, 184–5, 226, 264, 268–9; critical density 40
portability, as decisive value 12, 30, 32
positivism 139
possessions 11–12, 13, 14, 113, 192, 194, 208, 236, 239–40, 250; vs. poverty 36, 230; sense of 13; sloppiness 12
potential and reality 41–2, 43
poverty 2, 4, 8, 9, 31, 117, 161, 194, 195, 230, 238, 255; cultural vow of 13; defined 36; due to lack of authority 117; wages of 33
power 36, 120, 123, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 138, 141, 154, 155–6, 157, 162, 163, 169, 188, 245; community 179; fund of 124; of increase 142, 143; magical 148, 149; spiritual 138
prehistory, as record of instruments 73
pressures 273
prestation 153, 158, 165, 166, 202, 204, 205, 208, 281
prestige 141, 151, 173, 206, 208, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 238, 239, 242, 245, 246; see also esteem; power; status
prices 4, 77, 78; asking 287; bride 243; competition 281; equilibrium and 259, 276, 278, 290; fixing 280, 292; manipulated 279; market 221, 260, 276–7, 278, 279, 280, 286–7, 289–90; mechanism 290; of peace 287; regulated 279
priests 140, 142, 143, 147–8, 150, 236
primary group 86
principle: of equivalence demanded 145; unified and integral 139
privacy 292
privileges of use and disposition 83
prodigality 2, 28, 29, 34, 119
production 14–17, 15, 16, 30, 37, 126, 290; constraints 60; domestic mode 67–133; imbalances in 196–7; of livelihood 79, 121; means 35, 40, 83–4, 92, 111; mode of 33, 35, 38–90, 185–6; as objective of man 76; problems of 12, 75, 91–2; relations of 74, 79; spheres of 32; statistical study of 92–110, 94–5, 96, 97, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109; subsistence 20, 34, 63, 73–4
production-institution, dominant 69
productivity 2, 15, 31, 32, 36, 77, 78, 116, 118, 127, 151, 275; see also labor; output, real
products, specialized 273
property 10, 11, 12, 13, 35, 36, 69, 83–7, 113, 114, 118, 218, 234, 238, 247, 293; common 248, 250; and hau 136, 138, 146
protection 236
proverbs 111–13, 140, 185, 225–6
prudence 31
pulsation, predictable 115
quality and quantity 76
question, evolutionist 190
rates: exchange 260, 262, 263–4, 266–7, 270–1, 272, 274, 275, 276–7, 279, 282, 284, 285–6; going 261, 262, 277, 290; standardized 277
rationalization 29, 120, 139, 140, 157–8, 222, 271
rationing 252
real intensity curve 98
reciprocity 86, 111, 113, 120, 121, 122, 126, 135, 140, 154, 159, 164–5, 170–1, 172, 174–8, 260, 261–2; balanced 114, 172–3, 176–7, 180, 202–13, 217, 218, 277, 282; continuum of 173, 174, 175, 180, 188, 224; failure to reciprocate 114, 140, 177, 202, 214, 248; and food 197–202, 215, 258; good measure 283–4, 284, 286, 291; and kinship distance 178–86, 214–29; and kinship rank 186–92, 193, 230–46; leadership and 118, 120, 123–4, 132, 191; Maori 141, 144, 146, 149; Mauss on 135, 139, 164, 238–9; negative 173, 177, 178, 183, 196, 221, 222, 256; peace and 158–9, 161–3, 166, 202, 281; Polynesia 135, 219, 238, 243, 255–6; and wealth 192–7, 246–58
reciprocity, generalized 175, 176, 177, 178, 187, 189, 190, 193, 197, 199, 202, 207, 212, 261; ethnographic data 214, 217, 219, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 244, 245, 247, 252, 254, 255, 257
reconciliation 162, 166–7, 232
redistribution 133, 169, 170, 171, 172, 190–1, 192, 195, 204–5, 219, 230, 273, 280; chiefly 126, 190–1, 229, 230–46; internal 275
relaxation 54, 60; as compensation 53; standards of 48
repayment 113, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 160, 174, 239, 288; absence of 148, 223, 224, 233
responsibility 48, 49, 122, 179, 185, 187, 237, 246, 251, 257–8, 287
rights 169–70, 171, 185, 198; and duties 135, 205; of Man 161; of property 67, 83, 113
ritual 37, 51, 58, 59, 60, 64, 67, 78, 86, 92, 141, 142, 147, 172, 198; see also ceremony
Rousseau, Jean J. 68, 88, 134, 154, 155
“rubbish man” 235
sacred kitchen 245
safety, margin of 282
sanction 140–1, 291; threat of 131
savage people in America 157
scarcity 2, 4–5, 12, 13, 23, 24, 51, 192, 193, 196, 226, 229, 250–1, 252–3, 254, 256, 257, 263, 266, 287; institutionalization 27; see also drought; famine; poverty; starvation
science, dismal 1
self-interest 112, 113, 116, 164, 173, 177, 178, 185, 196, 203, 208
Semang 217
sensitivity 261, 276, 277, 280
sequence 273
sharing 10, 29, 113, 115, 170, 174, 175, 178, 179, 184, 185, 186, 192–3, 194, 196, 197, 216, 219, 222, 223, 236–7, 254; avoiding 112, 113, 241, 253; see also food, sharing of
Shoshoni Indians 8, 37, 219, 250
Siriono 186
Siuai 58–9, 60, 173, 174, 179, 180, 191, 221, 222, 232
sleep and rest 14, 18–19, 19, 20, 25, 34, 54, 59, 150
slope of normal intensity 98
sociability 58, 86, 111, 112, 115, 173, 184, 185, 189, 193, 197, 198, 199, 208, 278; coefficient of 167, 282; spectrum 178
social climber 60
social contract 134, 153–4, 155, 159, 164, 169, 186, 202–3, 204, 208
social distance 111, 114, 173, 178, 184, 201, 205–6, 226, 262
social inflection, investigating 93
social order 105
social organization 71, 108, 170, 216, 261, 278–80, 291
social relations 79, 80, 166, 168–73, 177, 178, 180, 183, 192, 200–1, 262, 279
social sector 196, 200, 210, 212, 215, 261
social structure 92, 196, 206, 211, 292
social uses of goods 287
society, segmentary 123, 153, 154, 158, 159–60, 166, 179
solidarity 80, 85, 86, 110, 114, 116, 153, 180, 189–90, 196, 203, 211, 257, 261, 278
sorcerer’s apprentice, Maori 146
stability, short-term 287
starvation 1, 6, 22, 27, 28, 35, 185, 189, 195, 246, 255
statistics 79, 81, 93–110, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109
status 10, 36, 69, 168, 178, 179, 183, 188, 189, 191, 208, 213, 217, 232, 236, 245, 249; competition for 103, 121; differentiation 235; see also kinship relations, rank; social distance
strangers 9, 11, 125, 173, 178–9, 198, 199, 200, 220, 228, 229, 238, 244, 260, 278, 281, 282–3
study: interdisciplinary 47; phylogenetic 172
subsistence 1–3, 14–31, 33–4, 45–6, 50, 117, 185; consumption 63, 65, 94–5, 98, 268; cultivation 65, 66, 98; exports 63, 206–7, 268; labor and 50, 52, 60, 94–5
superiority 237
supply and demand 260, 262, 264, 267, 276, 277, 278, 279, 286; equilibrium 278
supply-cost differences 286
surplus 1, 2, 3, 9, 22, 29, 60, 63, 77, 81, 91, 98, 100, 110, 119, 124, 126–7, 207, 244, 254; see also labor, surplus
survival 3, 14, 34, 91, 185, 196; traditional privilege of chief 130
Swaka tribe 42
systems: open 121; social 92–3, 100
technology 10, 69, 71, 72, 73, 79
theft 140, 177, 181, 196, 216, 224, 228, 256; level 115
threat 197
Tikopian culture 52, 58, 114–15, 129, 130, 172, 192, 225, 242–3, 256–7
Tonga 241
trade 199, 200, 202, 215, 216–17, 218–19, 224–5, 228; chain of 262–4, 263, 272, 274, 275; friendships 183, 223, 262, 281, 288, 292; game 218; partner 183, 199, 200, 206, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 262, 277, 278–9, 280–1, 282, 285, 287, 289–90, 291, 293; relocation of 291; reluctance to 289, 291; systems 262–76, 263, 265, 268, 269; see also exchange; gifts; transaction
trading, fair 276
tragedy, double 4
transaction 142, 147–8, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 174–7, 179, 182, 183, 187, 190, 192, 193, 197, 200–1, 203, 211, 217, 221, 222–3, 225, 228, 229, 232, 234, 238, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 273, 277, 279–83, 285, 290; balanced 224, 228; differential 205; marital 204; parallel 278; series 138; three-way 141–2, 143, 143, 145, 272–3, 274; see also exchange, balanced; reciprocity, balanced
trends, long-term 277
Trobrianders 174–5, 182, 188, 211–12, 224–5, 236–7, 280, 289
Tsembaga 41
turnover 144
type, ideal 68
unbalance, transitory 283
underproduction 38–90; village 102
uneconomic man 13
unification, purpose 154
use-value vs. exchange-value 75–6, 200, 210, 274, 286
usufruct 84
usury 208
utility, relative 286
value 148, 149, 176, 209–10, 220, 234, 239, 241; currency 277; exchange 259–93, 265, 269, 284, 285; labor 270, 286; theory of 259, 262, 266, 277, 280–7; use 270, 286; see also use-value vs. exchange-value
village indolent 54
violence 155, 156, 161, 177, 182, 228
visiting, reciprocal 286
Vitiaz Straits 262, 264–7, 265, 270
voyaging: one-way 286; reciprocal 267
war 152–3, 155, 156, 158, 159, 162, 163, 166, 172, 197, 253
wealth 33, 36, 76, 78, 190, 200, 201, 234, 265, 270; bride 228, 235, 264; as burden 11, 30; leadership and 122–3, 125–6, 193, 208, 210, 213, 233, 234–5, 236–7, 238–40, 243; limitations of 13; principle of 4; reciprocity 192–7, 247–58; see also poverty
welfare 32, 80, 92, 110, 113, 122, 126, 131
whanau, self-interest of 113–15
witchcraft 112, 140, 142, 145, 147, 151, 182
women, liberated 165
work see labor
work of the Gods 58
Yagaw Hanaoo 41
zone, marginal 275