abortion, spontaneous, 92, 177, 179, 194, 196, 203–5
Africa: anthrax outbreaks in, 161; brucellosis endemic in, 206; cystic echinococcosis disease in, 215; hemorrhagic diseases in, 124, 132, 141–42; influenza, from Asia to, 114; leishmaniasis in, 58, 74–79; malaria and plague-like diseases in, 41; plague in, 26; rinderpest outbreak in, 66; sleeping sickness in, 58, 61–62, 65–66, 71, 74, 140–41; tapeworm and epilepsy in, connection between, 221; trypanosomes in, 58, 60–61; tsetse flies in, 59, 62, 67–69; tuberculosis and HIV in, 140–41; West Nile virus in, 89–90; yellow fever in, 92–93. See also specific African countries and cities; specific diseases
African swine fever (ASF) virus, 132–33
agents, 4, 11, 15–16, 19–21, 37, 128, 243
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS and AIDS-related illnesses
ALS. See Lou Gehrig’s disease
American trypanosomiasis, 71, 75
Angola, 142
animal and human interactions, 23
animals, domestic. See specific domestic animals
animals, wild. See specific wild animals
antibiotics, 40–41, 44, 192, 234
arthropods. See fleas; mosquitoes; sand flies; ticks; tsetse flies
Asia (including Central and Southeast): anthrax in, outbreaks in animals, 161; bats in, uses of, 124, 131; brucellosis endemic in, 206; climate and disease in, connection between, 125; close interaction of animal species in, outcome of, 20–21, 186; diseases occur in, asking why, 222; farmland disappearing in, 125–26, 164; influenza out of, 6, 117, 130; leishmaniasis in, 75–76; lyssaviruses discovered in, 157; parasites at home in, 76, 214–15; plague in, 25–26; poultry production in, 111, 113, 116–17; Weil’s disease in, research, 149; West Nile virus in, 90; wild fowls domesticated in, 107. See also specific Asian countries and cities; specific diseases
Australia, 31, 91, 157, 172, 194
avian influenza, 1; finding solutions for, 119, 121, 198, 237; global spread of, 116–17, 134–35, 233; highly pathogenic, 105–6; human cases and deaths, 104, 119, 133; low pathogenic, 105–6; as a problem for people, 130; threat level of, 106, 133
avian influenza virus, H5N1, 104, 106, 113–17, 119, 133, 234
Ayam Pelung (singing roosters), 120
bacteria, 3–4, 9, 19, 37, 46–48, 81. See also specific bacteria; specific diseases caused by bacteria
Bangladesh, 126
Bang’s disease. See brucellosis
Baronet, Dominique, 211, 214, 218–20, 222
Barry, John, 65
bats, 2, 20, 124–26, 134, 157, 163–65. See also fruit bats; megabats; microbats; vampire bats
Bennett, Carolyn, 129
Berrang Ford, Lea, 67
biodiversity, 54, 102, 114, 233
bird flu. See avian influenza
birds, migratory and wild, 82, 92, 114–15, 117, 135, 236. See also waterfowl, wild; specific wild birds and waterfowl
Black Death (bubonic and pneumonic plagues), 24–27, 35–39, 200, 241. See also plagues
blood-bank systems, 74
Bolivia, 79
borreliosis. See Lyme disease
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 116
Boyd, William, 240
Brazil, 26, 78, 79, 111, 117, 150, 183
British Columbia, 181–82
Bruce, David, 203–4
brucellosis (Bang’s disease), 16, 200, 203–6, 232
BSE. See bovine spongiform encephalopathy
bubonic plague. See Black Death
Burgdorfer, Willy, 48–49
Burnet, Macfarlane, 192–93
Burnett, Dr. Andrew, 181
Bush, George W., 117
bush meat trade, 144–46
Campylobacter infection, 99, 188–89
Canada: anthrax in, 160; brucellosis in, 205–6; disease-carrying rodents in, 154; dog bites in, 185; Lyme disease in, 50, 55–56; rabies in, 157, 164–65, 168; severe acute respiratory syndrome in, 128; West Nile virus in, 95–97, 102–3; western equine encephalitis in, 82. See also specific Canadian provinces and cities; specific diseases
cats, 107; attacking people, 186; and fleas, 29–31; and H5N1, 106, 114–15; and Q fever, 194; roundworms in, 186; sandboxes contaminated by, 180–81; and schizophrenia, 176
cattle, 59–61, 66–67, 132, 161; brucellosis in, 204–6; disease prevention methods for, 202, 205–6, 232; exposure to Q fever agent in, 196; rabies carrier, 163–64; and tuberculosis, eradication programs, 201–2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States, 10, 39, 72, 85, 94, 103, 123, 144, 152
Central America, 73, 78, 149, 244
Central Asia. See Asia (including Central and Southeast)
Chagas, Carlos, 71
Chagas disease (American sleeping sickness), 71, 74–75, 79, 233. See also sleeping sickness
Chamorro people, Guam, 124
chickens: domestication of, 99, 119–20; genetically modified, 111; and global pandemics, 14, 83, 112; and influenza, 2, 105–6, 113–14, 133; kampung, 108; mass killings of diseased, 105–6, 235, 237; mosquitoes and, 83; production of, intensive, 14, 110–12, 117, 119; sentinel, 83, 86
China: bats in, uses of, 131; Echinococcus multilocularis in, 213; hemorrhagic fever in, 152; influenza viruses in, 113–14, 117, 119, 133; pet keeping practices in, 173; plague in, 25–26; poultry production in, 111, 117; Q fever in, 194; rabies in, epidemic waves, of 156, 162; rats in and out of, 33; SARS-coronavirus and SARS-coronavirus-2 picked up in, 129–32; wild fowl domesticated in, 107. See also specific Chinese provinces and cities; specific diseases
chlamydial infection, 97
chronic fatigue syndrome, 51
civets, masked palm (Paguma larvata), 130
climate change, 23, 25, 54–56, 87, 89, 95, 125, 151, 233, 237. See also El Niño
Coleman, Paul, 70
companion animals. See pets
complex systems theory, 238
consumption. See tuberculosis
coronavirus, 130, 134. See also SARS-coronavirus; SARS-coronavirus-2
Costa Rica, 149
COVID-19, 1–3, 143; and illegal animal trade, 135; response to, 232, 237, 238–39, 241, 245; speed of pandemic, 53, 237; unexpected appearance, 5, 8, 17, 131, 234. See also SARS-coronavirus-2
cows. See cattle
Coxiella burnetii (bacteria), 193–95, 197–98. See also Q fever
coxiellosis. See Q fever
crows and ravens, 94, 96, 100, 103, 131
cultural and ecological change. See socio-ecological systems
cycad (Cycas micronesica), 124
cyclozoonoses, 22
cystic echinococcosis (parasite), 214–15. See also hydatid disease
Davis, Gordon, 193
Davis Marsden, Philip, 71
DDT, 76
de Bairacli Levy, Juliette, 30
death and dying, 13
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 38, 141, 142
Derrick, Edward H., 192–93
Desowitz, Robert, 221
Dewey, Cate, 220
diarrhea: animal, 130, 134, 166, 176, 189; human, 26, 81, 137, 139, 142, 149, 192, 204
disease vs. infection, 17
diseases, chronic, debilitating, 17, 63, 203, 206
diseases, controlling of: effective solutions to, 129; an uneasy balance of, 14, 232
diseases, emerging infectious, 2, 8, 16, 122, 240; permanent or transitory, 16; responding to, 234, 251; transmission and prevention of, 11, 120, 143, 183, 237; the why of, 236, 241. See also specific emerging infectious diseases
diseases, infectious: the big killers, 15, 210; eradicating, 80, 170; and global politics, 73, 238; human cases and deaths, 95; importance of, measuring, 7, 8; management strategies, 11, 18, 56, 166, 199, 250–51; non-immune species and spread of, 82; outbreaks and predictors of, 150–51; preventions and solutions of, complexities of and co-operation for, 43, 120, 143, 183–84; and quarantine, effectiveness of, 40, 127, 245; transmission of, and environmental contamination, 186, 188, 231; vaccinations for, 12, 86, 144, 160, 232 (See also vaccines and vaccinations). See also zoonoses; specific infectious diseases
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 61, 81
dogs, 20, 172–75; bites, 184–86, 211; distemper, 66, 129; fleas and, 29–31; in hospitals and schools, 174–75; as intermediate hosts, 76, 78, 150; parasites of, 22, 76, 188, 223; rabies related to, 156, 158–59, 161–62; and rats and fleas, controlling, 32–33, 40; and reproductive drugs, 232; roundworms in, 188; social role of, and diseases, 21, 42, 75, 159, 172–73, 189, 216, 219; tapeworms in, 211–15, 218–20
Dubos, René, 70
ducks, 109–10, 112–14, 117–18, 162, 209, 225
duikers, 144
Dum-Dum fever. See leishmaniasis
Dyer, Dr. Rolla, 193
eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), 84–85, 100
Ebola virus disease, 2, 16, 124, 142–47, 233; vaccination for, 144, 232
E. coli O157:H7 (bacteria), 9, 21, 96, 140
ecological and cultural change, 23, 25, 44, 51, 73, 85, 154, 232. See also socio-ecological systems
economies of scale, 14, 44, 51, 65, 112, 233, 236
ecosystem health, 39, 54, 79, 113, 226–27, 244, 251
ecosystems, 19, 62–63, 65, 95, 102, 116, 118, 146, 233
Ecuador, 26
Ekari people, Western New Guinea, 221
El Niño, 26, 44, 125;–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 125, 150, 154. See also climate change
Ellis, Andrea, 167
emerging infectious diseases. See diseases, emerging infectious
Emerging Pandemic Threats program, of USAID, 17
encephalitis. See eastern equine encephalitis; Hendra virus encephalitis; Japanese encephalitis; Murray Valley encephalitis; Nipah virus encephalitis; St. Louis encephalitis; western equine encephalitis
environmental contamination, 20, 180, 183, 186, 188, 197, 213, 222, 231
epidemics, 5, 9–10, 18, 63, 65, 112, 114, 199, 206, 237
epilepsy, 221
espundia, 78
Euglenozoa, 58
eukaryotes, 58
Europe: cattle, disease-carrying, 163; dogs and parasites in, 187; hemorrhagic fever in, 133; history of, relative to disease, 25, 163; influenza, spread of into, 114–17; leishmaniasis in, 75–76; pet keeping in, 173, 184; plague in, 25, 36–37; poultry production in, 117; rabies virus in, 157, 163–64; rats arriving in, 33; responses to diseases in, 8, 12, 117–18, 160–61, 167; West Nile virus in, 90. See also specific diseases; specific European countries
extinctions, 3, 16, 23, 58, 163, 243
farms and farming, and biodiversity, 51, 64, 67, 114
farms and farming, and disease; eradication, a conundrum, 43, 112, 116, 123, 126; outbreaks and economies of scale, 51, 65, 112, 164, 236; production and poverty, 13, 99, 118–20, 210
feces, 135, 171, 220, 232, 240; aerosolized, 97, 151; avian, 113; bat, 126; and biodigesters, 232; canine, 187, 211–12, 214, 218–19, 222, 223, 226; feline, 177, 180; insect, 28, 73. See also diarrhea
Fèvre, Eric, 67
First Nations groups, Canada, 205
fleas, 26–32, 35, 37, 40, 44, 186
flies, 58–60
flying foxes (pteropid bats), 124–25
fomites, 125
food production, 9, 14, 51, 119, 233, 236
forests and deforestation, 51, 73, 75, 102, 125, 145, 210
Four Corners area, southwestern United States, 151, 154, 192
Fracastoro, Girolamo, 158
free trade. See trade, global
Friedmann, Erika, 173
fruit bats, 125–26, 141, 146, 172
Funtowicz, Silvio, 239
Gabon, 142
Garrett, Laurie, 24
gender relations, 41–42, 44, 120, 237
gene sequencing, 129
Ghana, 146
Gill, Raj, 181–82
global warming, 26, 44, 62–63, 74, 151. See also climate change
goats, 133, 161, 166, 194–96, 199, 203–6, 219
gophers, 35
Guanarito virus, 138
Guatemala, 162
gypsy moths, 50
Halifax, 191
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 34, 152–55
hantaviruses, 33, 149, 151–55, 192, 233
hawk-eagles, 115
hawks, 97
heart attacks, 14
hemolytic uremic syndrome, 9
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, 152
hemorrhagic fevers. See Ebola virus disease; hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; Lassa fever virus; Marburg hemorrhagic fever
Hendra virus encephalitis, 99, 123–24, 131
hierarchies, nested, 238
HIV/AIDS and AIDS-related illnesses, 6, 10, 21, 76, 140–41, 146, 180, 202–3
H1N1 virus. See swine flu, H1N1
H5N1 avian influenza virus. See avian influenza virus, H5N1
Holling, C.S. (“Buzz”), 54, 250
Hong Kong, 6, 104, 106, 113, 128, 130
horses, 49, 82, 84, 85–87, 90, 100, 105, 122
hosts, 15–16, 20, 22, 31, 76, 82, 102, 113, 176–77, 212–14. See also reservoirs
Huanan Seafood Market, 133
human affective disorders, 176
human and animal interactions, 23
hunters, 50, 117, 132, 140, 157, 205
hydatid disease: cases and deaths, 213; control programs for, 217, 223, 209; cyst stage, in people, 212–13; infection, in dogs, 217, 219, 222; postscript, 227–30; research and testing for, 221; solutions, culture and environment, 222–23; spread of, 213–15; treatments for, 213
hydrophobia, 158, 162, 165. See also rabies
hypertension, chronic, 153
India: dogs in, 184; hydatid disease in, 219; influenza carried into, 115; jungle fowl domesticated in, 107; leishmaniasis in, 75; leptospirosis in, 148; Nipah virus in, 126; plague in, and pandemic fear, 25, 38; rabies in, 156, 161–62; rodent encounters in, 35–36, 37–38; vultures in, 235
Indonesia, 99, 106, 111, 114, 116, 117, 125, 221
industrialized world, 16, 36, 44, 175, 202
inequality, social and economic, 8, 13, 64, 79, 86, 93, 119, 155, 191–92, 233–34
infection vs. disease, 17
infectious bursal disease, 130
infectious diseases. See diseases, infectious
influenza, 1, 10–14, 41, 105–6, 113–14, 232. See also avian influenza
insecticides, 123
International Monetary Fund, 44
Isaac-Renton, Judy, 182
Iversen, John, 83
Japanese encephalitis, 92–93, 123
Java, 106–8, 109, 120, 130, 185, 221
Johnson, Karl, 139
Jordan, 26
Joshi, Dr. D.D., 209–11, 214, 215–16, 218, 222, 224, 229
Junin virus, 138
Justinian plague, 25
kala-azar. See leishmaniasis
Kathmandu, 21, 210–11, 214–19, 222, 226–30, 235, 237. See also Nepal
Kenyatta, Catherine, 62
“keystone” species, 163–64
kidney disease/failure, 149–50, 152, 153, 235
kissing bugs. See triatomine bugs
Kobinger, Gary, 144
Koestler, Arthur, 238
Korean hemorrhagic fever. See hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Krabbé, Harald, 223
Lake Springfield, Illinois, 148–50
land use and development, 42, 44, 57, 84, 100–2, 126, 234, 236
Lang, Gerhard, 196
Langley, Joanne, 192
Lassa fever virus, 137–39
Latin America, 72–74, 148, 157, 163, 206, 251
LeDuc, James, 153
Lee, Ho-Wang, 152
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 17, 81
Lefebvre, Sandi, 175
Leishman, William, 75
leishmaniasis (Dum-Dum fever, kala-azar), 58, 74–79
leptospirosis (disease), 33, 48–49, 148–51
Liberia, 138, 139, 143, 144, 145
lifestyle, modern, 19
Lindsay, Robbin, 55–56
livestock, domestic, 14, 150, 200, 216, 219–20. See also specific domestic livestock
Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS), 124
Lyme disease, 9, 16, 46–57, 102, 148, 237
lymph glands/nodes, 26, 178–79, 181, 186, 204
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 138
lyssaviruses (rhabdoviruses), 157–58. See also rabies
Maarouf, Abdel, 84
Machupo virus, 138
mad cow disease. See bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Malaysia, 107, 114, 123–26, 172
Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 124, 141–43, 233
Maritime provinces, Canada, 194, 197
markets, agricultural, 14, 35, 43, 57, 233, 236
McCormick, Joseph, 139
McNamara, Tracey, 94
McNeill, William, 206
measles, 15, 63, 66, 80, 99, 129
Médecins sans Frontières, 66
Mediterranean, 76, 90, 203, 206
megabats (megachiroptera), 124–25
megacities, 116
megacolon, 72
metazoonoses, 22
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 174
Mexico, 12, 13, 44, 71, 98, 143
mice, 50, 54–55, 68, 146, 154, 176, 181, 184
microbats (microchiroptera), 124
microbes and microbial infections, 4, 14, 16–17, 65, 80–81, 119, 236. See also bacteria; viruses
Middle East, 6, 25, 90, 113, 159
migrans, ocular larva and visceral larva, 187
Migratory Birds Convention Act, 98
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 118
monkeypox, 146
monkeys, African green, 139–40
mosquitoes: and encephalitis, 81–87, 92, 123; keeping in check, 3, 94, 100, 231; and West Nile virus, 55, 90–93, 95, 100–1, 123; and yellow fever, 92–93; as a zoonosis life cycle requirement, 18, 22
Moss, Gerald, 158
Mozambique, 26
“multisystem” failure, 139
Murray Valley encephalitis, 91
Muslim tribesmen, 173
Myanmar, 107
mycobacteria, 200, 202. See also tuberculosis
National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Nepal, 216
Navajo people, North America, 151, 172, 192
Naylor, Dr. David, 128–129, 144
Nepal, 21, 35, 186, 208, 210, 221, 224–25, 229. See also Kathmandu
New York, City and State, 90–91, 93–95, 166, 198
New Zealand, 149–50, 202, 223, 225
Newcastle disease virus, 99, 112, 116
Nicaragua, 150
Nigeria, 137–38
Nipah virus encephalitis, 99, 122–26, 131
North America, 8, 21, 41, 49–51, 95, 101, 118, 154, 175, 184, 188
Ogden, Nicholas, 55
Ontario, 55, 84, 96, 99, 110, 112, 157, 165–68, 194–96
Ontario Veterinary College, 195
Oriental sore, 77
Outbreak (film), 137
owls, 96–97
pandemics, 1, 9–12, 18, 65, 112, 235
panzootic and epizootic, 18
Paraguay, 79
Paramyxoviridae (family of viruses), 99, 130
parasites and parasitic diseases, 4, 19, 22, 58–61, 74–79, 176–81, 212–14, 216, 232. See also specific parasites and parasitic infections
parrot fever (psittacosis), 97, 175
Parsi people, India, 235
Pasteur, Louis, and pasteurization, 158, 160–62, 168–69, 200, 202, 205
Pavlovsky, Evgeny, 22
pesticides, 41, 66, 76, 234, 242
pets: bites from, major problem of, 184–85, 211; disease transmission from, preventing, 183–84; diseases we get from, 22, 97, 175; exotic, 93, 146, 199; illegally exported, 93, 131, 146; proliferation of, worldwide, 172–73; stories of, and rabies, 184–85, 186; therapeutic effects of keeping, 21, 173–74. See also specific animal pets
pharyngeal plague, 26
Philippines, 142
pigs, 2, 11, 13–14, 32, 92, 123–26, 132–33, 181, 220–21
plagues, 9, 14, 15, 20–21, 22–23, 27–41. See also Black Death; fleas
pneumonic plague. See Black Death
poker players’ pneumonia. See Q fever
policies, economic, 51, 57, 66, 73, 135, 236
policies, national and international, 44, 119, 184, 206, 218, 234, 238, 251
polio, 80
population growth, human, 23, 246
post-normal science, 239, 242, 251
poultry production and world trade, 13, 99, 110–13, 115–19, 236
poverty. See inequality, social and economic
pregnant women, 179–82
prophylaxis, post-exposure (PEP), 162, 166
Public Health Agency of Canada, 55, 100, 129, 144
public health programs, 6, 17, 79, 86, 100, 165, 179, 232
Pulcher, P. Claudius, 108, 112, 235, 243
Q fever (poker players’ pneumonia), 17, 49, 191–99
quarantine, 1, 40, 127, 166, 245
r/K selection theory, 191
rabies, 15, 156; animal reservoirs of, 163–64, 184, 233; control programs, 165, 168–70, 211, 222; epidemics, 156–57; historical context, 156–62; human cases of and deaths from, 156, 161–62, 164–66, 170; prevention of, 165, 167; transmission, means of, 162, 168, 184, 186; treatments and cures, 160–61; vaccination for, 160, 169, 217, 232
raccoons, 20, 157, 164, 165, 168, 173, 188, 233
Raina, Parminder, 174
rats: and dogs and fleas, control methods for, 40–41; eradicating, methods of, 41–42, 44; peeing, and disease spread, 32, 149; and plague, 33, 37, 42; as reservoir, 149–50, 151, 233; with suicidal tendencies, 176–77
rats, Norway or brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), 33, 153
Reed, Walter, 92
Regier, Henry, 238
reindeer, 212
reservoirs, 19–20, 22, 98, 124, 131, 140–41, 153, 202–5. See also hosts
Resilience Alliance, 54, 64, 238, 250
respiratory infections, 41, 81, 97, 130, 210
rhesus macaques, 21
ringworm, 175
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 81, 105
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 49, 193
rodents: diseases of, and human relationships to them, 35–36, 138, 151, 153–55; and habitat change, 26, 37–38, 78, 154–55; as hosts, 20, 25, 27, 32–33, 82; imported, 146; population explosions, 39. See also specific rodents
roundworms (Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati), 186–88
Russia, 76, 90, 95, 98, 117, 164, 194
Salmon, Daniel Elmer, 201
Salmonella, 9, 16, 21, 47, 99, 175, 201, 232
salmonellosis, 17, 33, 97, 112, 233
SARS. See severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS-coronavirus (SARS-COV), 10, 104, 126–31, 143–44; bats as reservoir, 2, 124, 131; and diversity of landscapes/habitats, 23, 65, 233; unexpected appearance, 16
SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2), 8, 11, 131–36; bats as reservoir, 2, 124, 134; and diversity of landscapes/habitats, 23, 65, 233; testing for, 53; unexpected appearance, 2–3, 16. See also COVID-19
Saudi Arabia, 76
Savigny, Don de, 211
Scandinavia, 152
Scheidel, Walter, 3
schistosomes, 112
schizophrenia, 176
Schwabe, Calvin, 21–23
science and scientists, 7, 19, 20, 49, 90, 94, 125, 135, 194
self-isolation. See quarantine
Sellers, Robert, 84
septicemic plague, 26
Serpell, James, 172
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 1, 6, 10, 15, 104, 126–31, 144, 234
sheep, 160, 181, 184, 194–96, 199, 213
shifting steady-state mosaic, 64
Shortt, Stan, 182
shrews, 153
skin infections, fungal, 175
sleeping sickness: human cases and deaths, 61–62, 66; links between, and natural resources, 65–66; management strategies, 66, 78–79, 140, 232; medical research into, 74, 141; social breakdown and outbreaks, 66–67, 89; symptoms and carriers, 22, 58, 61–62. See also Chagas disease
sleeping sickness, American. See Chagas disease
slums, growth of, and disease, 26, 38, 47, 73, 150–51, 155, 233
social distancing, 135, 232. See also quarantine
socio-ecological systems: approach to disease prevention, 54, 119, 189, 238; complex changes in, 5, 23, 136, 152, 189, 232; growth phases of, 64; health of the whole, 65, 79, 224, 226–27; plague, a disease of, 26, 37, 44
South Africa, 141
South America. See Latin America
spirochetes (bacteria), 47–50, 52, 148, 150
St. Louis encephalitis, 85, 90–91, 100
Steere, Allen, 48
Stewart, William, 80
strokes, 81
sub-Saharan Africa, 138
“super-shedders,” 128
swine flu, H1N1, 1, 6, 10, 11–14, 134
syndrome, definition of, 9, 128
tapeworm (of dogs, Echinococcus granulosus), 211–13, 218–19. See also hydatid disease
tapeworm (of pork, Taenia solium), 220–21
TB. See tuberculosis
tests, diagnostic, 44, 51–54, 78, 106, 180
Thailand, 107, 113, 115, 117, 119
ticks: adventitious, 55–56; -borne diseases, 18, 46, 48–50, 132, 186, 193, 237; and exotic pets, 198; infections, diagnosing, 51; and metazoonoses, 22; lotions for repelling, 30; spirochetes and, 50
temperature and microhabitat, effects of, 55–56
Toxoplasma (parasite), 176–78, 180, 182–83, 232
toxoplasmosis (disease, in humans), 22, 179, 181, 183
trade, global, 13, 44, 115, 116, 135, 164, 233, 236
trade-offs, debate about, 44, 52, 111, 235
triatomine bugs (kissing bugs), 22, 72–73
Tropical Disease Research Programme, 75
trypanosomes (parasite), 58, 60–61, 71–72, 75. See also Chagas disease; sleeping sickness
tsetse flies, 59–60, 62, 66–69
tubercle bacillus, 200
tuberculosis (white plague, consumption): as an ancient killer, 200; common in Nepal, 210; forms of, and transmission, 201, 202, 206; human cases of and deaths from, 15, 201, 203; persistence of, 200, 202, 205; plague and, 24; poverty and, 202; prevention of, 202, 205
Uganda, 38, 61, 62, 78, 89, 139–40, 142
undulipodia, 47
“United Against Rabies” program, of WHO, 165
United States: anthrax in, 160–61; bites by pets in, major problem of, 164–65; brucellosis in, 206; encephalitis in, 81–82, 91; monkeypox in, 146; poultry production in, 117; rabies in, 164–65; rodents and plague in, 26, 35, 154; West Nile virus in, 91, 95–96. See also specific American cities; specific diseases
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 16–17
Urbani, Carlo, 128
vaccines and vaccinations, 18, 20, 78, 85–86, 150–51, 162, 232; for brucellosis, 204, 232; cross-protection, 151; distribution and administration of, 12, 85–86, 160, 169, 199; for Ebola, 144; rabies, 157, 160–62, 166–70, 217–18; and research monkeys, 140; of sheep and cattle, 160, 199; for tapeworm infections, 183; for tuberculosis, 202, 204; wildlife, programs, 157, 167–68
vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), 157, 163–64
Venezuela, 74
Veterinarians without Borders/Vétérinaires sans Frontières–Canada, 169, 251
Victoria, British Columbia, 181–83
viruses, 2–4, 10, 19, 41, 81–83, 105–6, 113–14, 231. See also specific viral diseases
viruses, influenza, 96–97, 104–6. See also avian influenza virus, H5N1
visceral leishmaniasis, 74, 78
Waldecker, Burkhart, 89
Wales, 197
Walkerton, Ontario, 69
Waltner-Toews, Matthew, 56, 189
waterfowl, domestic. See specific waterfowl
waterfowl, wild, 99, 112–13. See also birds, migratory and wild
Weil’s disease. See leptospirosis
West Nile virus: birds as reservoir hosts and victims of, 90, 97–98, 100, 102–3; gulls and, 98–99; human cases of and deaths from, 91, 93–94, 103; identification and tracking of, 9, 89–91, 93, 96; subsiding of, 103
western equine encephalitis (WEE), 81–86
White, David, 192
white plague. See tuberculosis
WHO. See World Health Organization
World Health Organization (WHO), 9–12, 19, 61, 75, 93, 128, 133, 143–44, 165, 169, 203, 234
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 251
World Trade Organization, 116
Yersinia pestis (bacteria), 24, 25, 26, 31–21, 37–38, 40, 66
Zaire. See Democratic Republic of the Congo
Zammit, Themistocles, 203–4
zemblanity, 240
Zimbabwe, 141
zoonoses: ancient, common diseases, 17, 200; basic causes of, understanding, 15, 18–19, 175–76, 186; definitions and classifications of, 15, 19–23; diagnosing, problem of, 51–54, 134; emerging (See diseases, emerging infectious); global patterns of, changing, 232–33, 236–37; outbreaks and epidemics of, explanations for, 23, 195, 240–41; pandemics of, possibility of, 49, 242
zoonotic diseases. See zoonoses