CHAPTER 32

CONCERNING DEPONENT VERBS, AND QUADRILITERAL VERBS, AND INCIDENTALLY CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION OF VERBS, MODES, AND TENSES

Only two or three simple deponent verbs exist, namely: to swear, to fight, and perhaps also to be supported. I have clearly said simple verbs because there are no intensives, causatives, or reciprocals which are passive in form and active in meaning. And therefore to swear, has the causative (hiph‘il) to cause to swear, which is active both in meaning and form.

Further, there are, in existence, many verbs consisting of more than three root letters, which I now venture to examine. They are, for example, for to spread (see Job chapter 26, verse 9) and for he ravaged it (see Psalms chap. 80, vs. 14) and for clothed (see 1 Chron. 15:27). But this last form from the Chaldaic noun , which means a garment, cloak, coverlet, red cap, or the comb of a rooster. But the worst fault of examples is that they persuade me easily. For not only do these occur only once, but also we know nothing of the source from which they are derived, and they seem to refer to a verb which has acquired its meaning in common with others.

But, without conjecturing about this, let us state this in general that there has been no verb observed which, because of the characteristics of the verb form, the tense, or the person, consists of more than three root letters, except the intensives which are formed from some substantive or an adjective (we have said above in Chapter 16, that this verb form is composed either from a simple verb or from a noun). For example: from a trumpet there is to blow a trumpet; and from , the diminutive of , there is he became reddened. So from , diminutive from to be beautiful, it is you have become more beautiful. Those which are formed from monosyllables follow either the intensives of the double letter verbs or the sixth conjugation; like to demolish a wall, which is formed from a wall, and to eradicate is from a root. See Chapter 16. But enough of this.

It is now time that I conclude those matters that refer to conjugation of the verbs, and that I add something about the composite verbs. Grammarians call composite verbs those which are composed from two different conjugations, or from two forms of the same root, or from a noun, a participle, and a verb. Concerning them it is usually added that there are some which express two modes or two tenses at the same time. For example, there are two composites of the fifth and sixth conjugations; namely: which is composed of to sit and to return, otherwise it would have been either from , or from ; the other is which is composed from and to be good, which would otherwise have been either from , or from . In the first place it seems the prophet expresses both meanings simultaneously and he seemed to indicate both; in the second place whichever mode is assumed he expresses the same thing. Therefore I do not doubt but that in this manner one may compose other verbs of the fifth and sixth conjugations.

Further some grammarians have noted, partly out of ignorance and partly having been deceived by a correction of the copy, as in the case of (Jeremiah chap. 22, vs. 24) which they thought to be composed of to tear out, and to mend but the often prefixed before the future. But (Jeremiah 15:10) for seems really to be a fault of a hasty pen (scribal error). And in this way, but mostly out of ignorance, they noted many composites from two verb forms of the same root; for example, he has been forgiven, they disciplined themselves, and he was made equal, they believed to be composed from the simple passive (niph‘al) and the reflexive (hithpael); because they simply didn’t know of the reflexive passive (nithpael), as I have already shown in Chapter 21. So they considered , and composites from the participle and the past without any real foundation. For who ever taught them that a participle cannot end like a past, and for it could not be said ; but for (Ezekiel 8:16) seems really a fault of hasty pen (scribal error). In addition, they considered as a compound verb instead of composed from the past and the future, but they did not see that in this future the paragogic , because of the addition of a syllable, changed into a , as we have already admonished in Chapter 27. But I do not wish to weary the students, but on the contrary only to admonish them that they be not agitated very much by this.