‘Abbas I, 168–169, 170, 172–173
‘Abbasids, 15, 52, 74, 75–76, 77, 78, 80–85, 86, 89, 93–94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 113, 115, 121, 122, 133, 136, 139, 142, 192
‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, 65, 67–68, 69
‘Abd al-Rahman III, 95–97
‘Abd al-Raziq, ‘Ali, 194
‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, 126
‘Abduh, Muhammad, 102, 192, 195
Abu ‘Abd Allah al-Shi‘i, 98–99
Abu al-‘Abbas al-Saffah, 76
Abu al-Fadl, 173
Abu Bakr, 29, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 66
Abu Bakr ibn ‘Umar, 148
Abu Hashim, 76
al-‘Adawiyyah, Rabi‘ah, 108
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 102, 192, 195
agrarian-based societies, rise of, 21–22
Ahmad, Muhammad, 190
Ahmad Baba, 180–181
Ahmad Grañ, 180
‘A’ishah (Muhammad’s wife), 48, 59, 63
Akbar, 172–174, 177, 190 ‘Alawites, 179
Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 200–201
‘Ali, 14, 59, 61–65, 75, 76, 77, 80, 99, 110, 165–166, 179
‘Ali, Muhammad, 188
Almohads, 151–152
Alp-Arslan, 121, 122, 124, 125
Amazigh tribes, 66, 72, 97, 99, 146–147, 149, 152, 179, 194
Andalusia, Islamic dynasties in, 72–73, 89, 95–97, 147, 149, 151–152, 158
Arabian Peninsula, 25–28, 43, 58, 191
and trade routes, 12, 26, 30, 34
Arabic language, use of, 53, 67–68, 69, 70, 94, 114, 140, 146, 163, 195, 196, 212
Arabs, migration of, 133, 146–147
al-Ash‘ari, Abu al-Hasan, 104–107
al-Ash‘ari, Abu Musa, 64
Ash‘arites, 150–151
Askia, Muhammad I, 180
al-Assad, Hafiz, 199
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 114
Awliya’, Nizam al-Din, 139
al-Azhar University, 100, 101–102
Babak, 89
Badr, Battle of, 43
Baghdad, 15, 80, 82, 85, 89, 93, 94, 100, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112–113, 116, 117, 121, 125, 126, 128, 136, 137, 149
Baha’i, 191
Barakat, Sidi, 178
al-Basri, al-Hasan, 74–75, 107–108
Baybars I, 136
Bayezid (son of Süleyman), 162
Bayezid I, 143
Bayhaqi, Abu al-Fadl, 116–117
Bedouins, 26, 30, 33, 37, 45, 46, 49, 103, 146
ben Badis, ‘Abd al-Hamid, 196
bin Laden, Osama, 211
al-Biruni, 116
Bistami, Abu Yazid, 108
Black Death, 156
British colonialism, 190–191
al-Bukhari, 92
Buyids/Buwayhids, 108–110, 114, 115, 117, 121, 123, 154
Byzantines, 16, 21, 28, 32, 53–54, 58, 65, 67, 68, 69, 82, 97, 98, 100, 103, 111, 121, 122, 127, 128, 142, 159, 160
Cairo, 15, 100, 101, 123, 136, 139, 140, 149, 152, 154
caliphs/caliphate, 14, 29, 48, 49, 51, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 75, 76, 89, 90, 94, 95, 100, 104, 108, 109, 110, 112, 116, 117–118, 122, 160, 166, 194
Çelebi, Evliya, 163
Çelebi, Kâtip, 163
Christianity, 12, 14, 15, 20, 24, 25, 27, 32, 34, 38, 44, 45, 48–50, 54, 60, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 81, 87, 88, 96, 97, 112, 127–133, 137, 142, 149, 151, 152, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 168, 178, 180, 187
Christian Reconquista, 127–128, 151, 178
Companions of the Prophet, 43, 49
Constantinople/Istanbul, 16, 27, 82, 142, 159, 163
Crusaders/Crusades, 15, 68, 120, 127–133
dan Fodio, Usman, 190
Dara Shikoh, 174
al-Din, Hasan, 183
Druze, 102
Egypt, Islam in, 89, 100–102, 128, 146, 157, 158, 160, 195, 197–198, 204, 205
Egyptian Islamic Jihad, 205
Europeans, worldwide expansion and domination of, 156–157, 184, 185–186
al-Farabi, 103
al-Fasi, Muhammad ‘Allal, 196
Fatah, 206
Fatimids, 15, 96, 99, 100–102, 103, 108, 109, 121, 123, 128, 130, 131, 133, 146
Ferdowsi, 114
fitnahs, 61–66, 67, 73–76, 87–92
Five Pillars of Islam, 12, 68–69
Fivers, 78
Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Mahatma), 174
Genghis Khan, 16, 133, 134–135, 136, 137, 144, 170
Ghazan, Mahmud, 139
Ghaznavids, 109, 114–117, 118, 121, 124, 137
Golden Horde, 136
Hadith, 12, 70, 85, 86, 88–89, 91, 92, 104, 105, 106, 110, 117, 150, 188, 190, 198
al-Hakim, 100–102
al-Hamadhani, 113
Hamas, 207
Harun al-Rashid, 80, 81, 82–83, 87, 124
Hezbollah, 207
Hilalian invasion, 146
History of Prophets and Kings, 106–107
Holy League, 165
Hülegü, 136
Husayn I, 170
Ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn Hasan II, Idris, 79
Ibn al-‘Arabi, 151, 153, 174, 182
Ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 84
Ibn al-Nafis, 140
Ibn Battutah, 153
Ibn Fadlan, 94
Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 88, 89, 110, 141
Ibn Hazm, 97
Ibn Hisham, 88
Ibn Khallikan, 140
Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 151
Ibn Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 194
Ibn Sa‘ud, Muhammad, 189
Ibn Tashufin, Yusuf, 148–149
Ibn Taymiyyah, 140–141, 189, 190
Ibn Tufayl, 151
Ibn Tughluq, Muhammad, 139
Ibn Tumart, 149–151
Ibn Yasin, ‘Abd Allah, 148, 149, 150
Imazighen, 96, 98, 133, 146–155
India, Islamic dynasties in, 115, 116, 117, 139, 143, 146, 157, 159, 172
Indian Ocean Islam, 158, 159, 181–183, 190
Indo-Timurids, 157, 169, 170–178
Iqbal, Sir Muhammad, 192
Iran
Islam in, 73, 89, 113–117, 121, 143, 157, 158–159, 166–169, 186–187, 200–201, 202–204, 206
as Islamic republic, 169, 170, 203–204
Iranian Revolution, 17, 200–201, 202–204, 206
Iraq
cultural flowering in, 104–108
Islamic dynasties in, 73, 80, 89, 108–113, 121, 157, 158–159, 162
Iraq War (2003), 211
al-‘Isfahani, Abu ‘Isa, 65
Iskandar Muda, 181
Islam
activism and, 55, 56, 188, 189–190, 191
conflicts within, 60–66, 73–79, 80, 87–89, 93
contributions to world culture, 11–12, 14–15, 81–84, 97, 100, 103, 104–107, 114, 116–117, 140, 141–142, 169–170
founding/rise of, 11, 13, 36, 37, 38–48, 49
and globalization, 209–212
“modern” period of, 184–213
and a national culture, 193–196
and political centralization, 157
politicizing of, 193–194, 196, 198–199, 200–209
precursors of, 19–28
Renaissance of, 94
spread of, 11, 13, 14–16, 19, 52–54, 55–58, 60–61, 65–66, 69–72, 90, 94–95, 152–155, 157–159
and structure of premodern society, 110–113
and technology, 208
Islamist movements
dimensions of revivalism, 207–209
mainstreaming of, 205–207
since the 1960s, 200–205
Isma‘ilis/Isma‘iliyyah, 78, 98, 100, 101, 102, 114, 123, 125, 128, 133, 136, 173
Jacobites, 173
Ja‘far al-Sadiq, 77–78
Jains, 173
Jama‘i-Sunnis, 77, 89, 99, 100, 107, 109, 110, 123, 141, 149, 167
Jerusalem, 15, 40, 44, 58, 67, 128, 129, 131–132, 133, 149
Jesuits, 173
jihad, 55, 130, 148, 178, 180, 188, 189, 190, 191–192
John (János Zápolya), 161
Judaism, 12, 14, 15, 20, 24, 27, 32, 34, 38, 39, 44, 45, 48–50, 54, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73, 81, 86–87, 137, 152, 159, 173
al-Junayd, Abu al-Qasim, 108
Kamil, Mustafa, 193
Karim Khan Zand, 187
Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 197
Khadijah (Muhammad’s wife), 13, 35, 36, 39
Khalid, ‘Amr, 208
Kharijites, 64, 65, 73, 79, 89, 99
Khayr al-Din, 162
al-Khayzuran, 82
Khomeini, Ruhollah, 166, 201, 202–204, 208
al-Khwarizmi, 81–83
Kishk, Sheikh, 208
Köprülüs, 165
Kublai Khan, 136
al-Kurani, Ibrahim, 182
Liu Zhi, 182
madrasahs (medreses), 122–125, 163, 169
al-Maghili, 180
Maghrib, Islam in, 72, 89, 96–99, 146, 147, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160, 194–196
Mahmud of Qandahar, 170
Majid, Nurcholis, 212
Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir, 170
Malik ibn Anas, 85
Mamluks, 101, 102, 133, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 152, 154, 158, 160
Manmati, 176
Marwan, ‘Abd al-Malik ibn, 65, 67–68, 69
Marwanids, 67–69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 84, 95, 122
al-Mawardi, 117–118
al-Mawdudi, Abu al-A‘la, 204
Mecca, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 55, 63, 79, 93, 100, 107, 174, 200
as birthplace of Muhammad, 12, 13
and hajj, 30, 44, 47, 90, 99, 125, 148, 149, 153
and the Quaraysh, 30–32, 33–34, 44, 46–47, 59, 63
Medina (Yathrib), 13, 20, 28, 29, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 58, 59, 93, 100, 125, 148
Muhammad’s emigration to, 39–44, 56, 75, 107
Mehmed I, 158
Mehmed II, 159
migration, periods of, 119–120, 154–155
militancy, 199
Mir Damad, 169–170
Mirza, ‘Umar Shaykh, 170
Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, 202, 203
Möngke, 136
Mongols, 15, 120, 133–145, 160, 166, 171
Mu‘awiyah I, 14, 61, 63, 64–65
Mughals (Indo-Timurids), 16, 146, 157, 169, 170–178
Muhammad, 50, 51, 53, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 101, 105, 106, 107, 110, 147, 150, 174, 178, 179, 190, 193, 194, 195, 212
death of, 47–48
receives revelations, 11, 12, 13–14, 35–36, 37, 44, 57
and rise of Islam, 36–47, 49, 56, 59
Mullah Sadra, 169–170
Mumtaz Mahal, 176
Murad I, 142–143
Murad IV, 165
Musaylimah, 49
Muslim Brotherhood, 194, 197–199, 204, 205
Muslim Ibn al-Hajjaj, 92
Muslim World League, 200
Mustafa, 162
al-Mutanabbi, 103
al-Mutawakkil, 89
Mu‘tazilah, 87–88, 89, 104–105, 109
Nadir Shah, 187
Naima, Mustafa, 163
al-Nasir, 133
Nasr al-Din, tales of, 177–178
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 198, 199, 204
nationalism, and Islam, 191, 193, 196, 197–198, 206, 208
New Persian, use of, 94, 113, 114, 115, 116, 140, 158
Nile-to-Oxus region, 23–25, 53, 70, 72, 73, 154, 173
Nizam al-Mulk, 122–123, 124–125
al-Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi, 198
Nur al-Din (Nureddin), 130–133
Nur Jahan, 176
Ögödei, 135
Osman I, 142
Ottoman language, 163
Ottomans, 16, 102, 142–143, 156, 157, 158, 159–165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174–175, 178, 187–188, 193
and Westernization, 187–188, 191
patronage, importance of in premodern Islamic society, 111–112
Persian language, use of, 140, 158, 163, 169
Qadiriyah, 126
al-Qaedam 210–211
al-Qalqashandi, 140
Qaramitah, 98
Qur’an, 12, 43, 49, 59, 64, 67, 70, 71, 85, 86, 87, 88, 102, 104, 105–106, 107, 112, 117, 150, 151, 182, 189, 190, 198, 201, 208
Qur’an Commentary, 106
Quaraysh tribe, 30–32, 33, 38, 39, 40, 44, 46–47, 59, 60–61, 63
Rashid al-Din, 139
Rashid Rida, Muhammad, 193–194, 195–196
al-Razi, Abu Bakr, 114
Richard I, 132
Roman Empire, 27, 28, 53, 58, 97
Rumfa, Muhammad, 180
Rumi, Jalal al-Din, 11, 141, 174
Safavids, 16, 157, 162, 165–170, 171, 173, 174–175, 187
Safi al-Din, Shaykh, 165–166
Saladin, 15, 101, 129, 131–132, 133
Salafiyyah movement, 192–193
Sanhajah confederation, 147–148
Sasanians, 20, 21, 25, 26–27, 53–54, 58, 67, 68, 69, 80, 106
Saudi regime, 189, 191, 197, 200, 206–207
Sayf al-Dawlah, 103
Sebüktigin, 114
Selim (son of Süleyman), 162
Selim I (father of Süleyman), 161, 162, 167
Selim III, 188
Seljuqs, 95, 109, 117, 118, 120–123, 124–127, 128, 130, 136, 137, 141, 160
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 11, 210–211
Seveners, 78
al-Shafi‘i, Abu ‘Abd Allah, 85–86, 140
Shari‘ah, 85–87, 90, 107, 108, 111, 112, 126, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 149, 159, 160, 170, 174, 179, 180, 190, 197, 206, 207
Shari‘ati, ‘Ali, 201
Shi‘ites, 14, 16, 76, 77–79, 80, 85, 89, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 125, 131, 137, 141, 150, 157, 165–166, 167–168, 169–170, 173, 178, 179, 187, 191, 192, 202–203
Sinan, 163
Sirhindi, Shaykh Ahmad, 174
Six-Day War, 200
society, structure of premodern Islamic, 110–113
sub-Saharan Africa, Islam in, 98, 152–153
Sufis, 74, 90, 92, 107–108, 121, 125, 126, 127, 139, 140, 141, 142, 165, 166, 168, 173, 174, 178, 183, 188–189, 190
Sunnah, 36, 38, 55, 67, 70, 77, 86, 88, 89, 90–91, 105, 189, 190, 208
Sunnis, 14, 77–79, 85–86, 89, 92, 99, 100, 101, 105, 107, 113, 115, 121, 123, 125, 131, 136, 137, 141, 149, 157, 165, 167, 187, 199
al-Suyuti, 180
Syria
Islam in, 63, 73, 103, 121, 143, 157, 158, 160, 195
Taha Husayn, 196
Tahmasp, 168
al-Tanukhi, 113
Tanzimat, 191
tariqah fellowships, 126–127, 141, 165, 166, 173, 188, 192
Tariq ibn Ziyad, 72
Third Worldism, 200
Thousand and One Nights, The, 11, 82, 177
Timur (Tamerlane), 119, 143–146, 156, 158, 159, 167, 170, 171, 172
Toghrïl Beg, 121
trans-Saharan Islam, 157, 178–181
Tukulor, 189
Turks, migration/power of, 120–127, 133–143, 158–159, 171
Twelvers, 78
‘Ubayd Allah, 99
Ulugh Beg, 145–146
‘Umar I, 51, 55, 56–57, 58, 59–60, 148
‘Umar II, 74
Umayyads, 15, 43, 52, 63–65, 69, 72, 73, 75, 80, 89, 95–97, 106
Usamah ibn Munqidh, 129
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, 57, 58–59, 60, 61, 63, 64
Vijayanagar, 159
Wadud, Amina, 212
al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd, 189
Wali Allah, Shah, 190
waqf, 111–112
women, and Islam, 85, 102, 150, 174, 177, 202, 203, 209, 212
World Wars, 191, 193, 196, 198, 209
Yahya ibn Ibrahim, 147–148
Yahya the Barmakid, 82
Young Ottomans, 191
Young Turk Revolution, 193
Zangi, 129–130
Zápolya, János (John), 161
Ziri, 146