Teaching English Language Learners K-12

Index

Acronyms for English as a second language programs, 5

Active knowledge, 23–24

Adams, Douglas, 6

Alphabet vocabulary lists, 114–115

American Heritage Talking Dictionary, 35

Animals vocabulary lists, 129

Arithmetic vocabulary lists, 118–119

Art classes, 96–97

Asher, James, 26

Audio tapes and CDs, 9, 46–47

Avery, Tex, 33

Azuela, Mario, 99

Bakery products vocabulary list, 137

Baseball vocabulary list, 140

Benedict, Ruth, 95

BICS (basic interpersonal communication skills), 12–13, 30

Bilingual dictionaries, 33–35

Bilingual education (BE), 5

Books for teaching ESL, 8–9

Borges, Jorge, 25

Brain activity during language study, 26–27

Burgess, Anthony, 30, 34

California, 6

CALP (cognitive academic learning proficiencies), 12–13

Capitalization, 67

Cervantes, Miguel de, 25, 96

Challenges of teaching English as a second language, 2–3

Chomsky, Noam, 17

Chrysanthemum and the Sword, The, 95

City geography vocabulary list, 133–134

Classroom vocabulary list, 116

Clockwork Orange, A, 30–31, 34

Clothing vocabulary lists, 138

Colors vocabulary list, 108

Comenius, J. A., 22

Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia, 35

Compulsory education laws, 4–5

Computers

language labs, 53–54

programs for ESL, 47, 66

vocabulary lists, 121–122

Consonants, 59–60

Content classes

incidental learning and, 90–91

mainstreaming ESL students into, 88–89

mastery of English before studying, 84

objectives, 85

out-of-class support for ESL students in regular, 92

prior knowledge and, 89–90

reasonable and unreasonable modifications in, 91

sample science/vocabulary lesson, 86–87

sheltered English, 85–88

Controlled conversation, 52

Cummins, Jim, 12

Dairy products vocabulary list, 137

Days vocabulary list, 112

Decoding skills and background knowledge in reading English, 61–62

Dickens, Charles, 92

Dictation, 48, 67

Dictionaries

bilingual, 33–35

electronic, 35

picture, 32

Direct method for teaching spoken English, 51

Dolch word list, 61–62, 67

Don Quijote, 25, 96

Early literacy, 17

E-books, 147

Electronic dictionaries, 35

Emotions vocabulary list, 139

English as a second language, teaching challenges of, 2–3

joys of, 1–2

and limiting instruction to one year, 14–15

as a mission, 3

pie-in-the-sky goals of, 13–14

placement in, 5–6

various acronyms for, 5

viewed as a remedial class, 3

English Teaching Forum, 148

Erasmus, Desiderius, 22, 25, 41

Error correction, 55–56, 68

ESL Café, 147

ESL Partyland, 147

Essential Teacher and TESOL Quarterly, 148

Family vocabulary list, 124

Food vocabulary lists, 135–137

Foreign language teachers, 11

Fruits and vegetables vocabulary lists, 135

Fuentes, Carlos, 25

Funding for ESL materials, 10

Geography vocabulary lists

city, 133–134

U. S., 131

world, 130

Goals of ESL programs, 13–14

Grading

in mixed ability classrooms, 69–70

multitrack, 71–72

using individual education programs (IEPs), 70

Graham, Carolyn, 42, 43, 52

Grammar

basic outline of English, 39–40

difficulty, 37–38

implicit and explicit instruction in, 41

matching native language, 38–39

pattern practice in, 41–42

pronoun cases and, 40–41

in questions, answers, jokes, and conversation, 42–43

simplicity in English, 38

testing, 74–75

using sheltered English to teach and practice, 87–88

using tag questions to teach, 43

when to start lessons in, 38

Graphic organizers, 63

Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The, 6

Home language surveys, 6

Home vocabulary lists, 125–126

Human body/possessive nouns vocabulary list, 123

Idioms, 33

Incidental learning, 90–91

Inclusion and support of ESL students in regular classrooms, 7, 84–92

Individual education programs (IEPs), 70, 82–83

Inert knowledge, 23–24

Instant Immersion, 47

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 34, 55

Jazz Chants, 42, 43, 52

Joys of teaching English as a second language, 1–2

Knowledge

inert and active, 23–24

prior, 89–90

Krashen, Steven, 23

Language acquisition device (LAD), 17

Language labs, 53–54

Layered vocabulary learning, 36

Learning disabilities, 79–81

Linguistic Funland, 147

Listening skills

computer software for improving, 47

dictation and, 48

importance of, 45–46

minimal pair practice for, 49–50

as stand-alone skills, 48–49

testing, 74

using English movies to improve, 47–48

using tape recorders and CD players to improve, 46–47

Llosa, Mario Vargas, 25

Mainstreaming ESL students, 88–89

Márquez, Gabriel García, 25

Materials and equipment for teaching ESL, 8–10, 46–47, 88

Meat and seafood vocabulary list, 136

Menard, Pierre, 25

Men’s clothing vocabulary list, 138

Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 35

Metric system, 24

Mexico, 4–5, 20

Microsoft Encarta, 35

Minimal pair practice, 49–50

Months vocabulary list, 113

Motivation of ESL students, 1–2, 16

Multiculturalism, 94–97

Multitrack grading, 71–72

Native language skills and ESL, 12–13, 32–33

grammar matches in, 38–39

Natural approach to learning English, 23–26

Numbers

1-10 vocabulary list, 103

1-100 vocabulary list, 109–110

11-20 vocabulary list, 105

hundreds and thousands vocabulary list, 117

ordinal vocabulary list, 132

by tens to 100 vocabulary list, 107

Ordinal numbers vocabulary list, 132

Orozco, Jose Clemente, 97

Oxford Picture Dictionary, 32

Palm devices, 9–10

Park and playground vocabulary list, 127

Pattern practice, 41–42

Paz, Octavio, 99

Pedro Paramo, 25

People and things vocabulary list, 106

Periodicals, recommended, 99, 148

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), 9–10

Pets vocabulary list, 128

Phonics, 58–59

Picture and word cards for improving writing skills, 66–67

Picture dictionaries, 32

Pie-in-the-sky goals of ESL programs, 13–14

Placement in ESL programs, 5–6

for special needs students, 79

Pocket PCs, 9–10

Possessive pronouns vocabulary list, 141–142

Prepositions and their objects vocabulary list, 143–144

Prior knowledge, 89–90

Pronoun cases, 40–41

Pronunciation, teaching, 54–55

Props for teaching ESL, 9

Punctuation, 67

Racism, 93–97

Reading, recommended, 99, 145–146

Reading English

consonants in, 59–60

graphic organizers in, 63

myths surrounding, 57–58

phonics and, 58–59

schema in, 62

sight words in, 61–62

by students who are struggling readers in their native language, 58

vowels in, 60–61

Realia, 9

Recitals, 53

Regular classrooms, inclusion of ESL students in, 7, 15, 88–89

Rivera, Diego, 96–97

Role playing, 52–53

Rosetta Stone, The, 47

Rulfo, Juan, 96

Schema in reading English, 62

School supplies vocabulary list, 120

Self assessments by ESL students, 75–76

SEP students (Someone else’s problem), 6–7

Shapes vocabulary list, 104

Sheltered English content classes, 85–88

Sight words, 61–62

Siquieros, David Alfaro, 97

Smirnoff, Yakov, 94

Speaking skills

controlled conversation and, 52

direct method for teaching, 51

error correction and, 55–56

practice outside of class, 56

pronunciation and, 54–55

recitals for demonstrating, 53

role playing and, 52–53

student-to-student teaching of, 53

testing, 74

using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for teaching, 55

Special needs English learners

determining appropriate programs for, 82–83

identifying, 79

individual education programs (IEPs) for, 82–83

learning disabilities in, 79–81

locking out of, 81–82

numbers of, 78–79

special education departments and, 81

Speech therapists, 11

Spelling, 65–66

testing, 73–74

Standardized testing, 76–77

Students, ESL

heterogeneity of, 4–5

inclusion and support in regular classrooms, 7, 15, 84–92

motivation of, 1–2, 16

racism towards, 93–97

self assessments by, 75–76

SEP (Someone else’s problem), 6–7

special needs, 78–83

teaching other students, 53

using native languages in the classroom, 18–21

younger, 17, 21, 27, 36, 44, 50, 56, 63, 68, 77, 83

Subtitled movies, 31–32

Tag questions, 43

Tale of Two Cities, A, 92

Teachers, ESL

advice and help from school personnel for, 11

communicating with families of students, 100

funding for, 10

keeping up with advances in the field, 98–99

materials and equipment for, 8–10

periodicals for, 99, 148