1. Frank Moore Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies (3rd ed.; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995, originally published by Doubleday in 1958), 38.
2. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran. Compare the title of the English translation of Hartmut Stegemann’s book, Die Essener, Qumran, Johannes der Täufer und Jesus (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1993): The Library of Qumran. On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998).
3. Stegemann, The Library of Qumran, 84.
4. Emanuel Tov, Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert (STDJ 54; Leiden: Brill, 2004), 261–88.
5. K.-H. Rengstorff, Hirbet Qumran and the Problem of the Dead Sea Cave Scrolls (Leiden: Brill, 1963).
6. K. G. Kuhn, “Les rouleaux de cuivre de Qumrân,” Revue Biblique 61(1954): 193–205.
7. J. T. Milik, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea (Studies in Biblical Theology 26; London: SCM, 1959), 42–43. For de Vaux’s alleged remark, see Norman Golb, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? The Search for the Secret of Qumran (New York: Scribner, 1995), 121.
1. Weston W. Fields, The Dead Sea Scrolls. A Full History (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 58.
2. Fields, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 87.
3. Neil Asher Silberman, “Sukenik, Eleazar L.,” in Lawrence H. Schiffman and James C. VanderKam, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Oxford, 2000), 903.
4. Robert Taylor, The Diegesis, Being a Discovery of the Origin, Evidences, and Early History of Christianity (Boston: Kneeland, 1834), 38.
5. Isaak M. Jost, Geschichte des Judenthums und seiner Secten, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1857), 207–15, quoted as translated by Christian D. Ginsburg, The Essenes. Their History and Doctrines (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1955), 78.
6. Emil Schuerer, Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (3rd ed.; Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1898), 2.577.
7. I. Lévy, La Légende de Pythagore de Grèce en Palestine (Paris: Champion, 1927), 289.
8. J. B. Lightfoot, Saint Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon (11th ed.; London and New York, 1892), 80–96, 347–417.
9. M. Friedländer, “Les Esséniens,” Revue des Études Juives 14 (1887): 184–216.
10. Louis Ginzberg, An Unknown Jewish Sect (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, 1970; originally published privately by the author as Eine unbekannte jüdische Sekte (New York, 1922).
11. Roland de Vaux, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1973), 133.
12. Chaim Rabin, Qumran Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), 69.
13. G. R. Driver, The Judaean Scrolls. The Problem and a Solution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1965); Cecil Roth, The Historical Background of the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Philosophical Library, 1959).
14. Barbara Thiering, Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Unlocking the Secrets of His Life Story (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1992).
15. Robert Eisenman in R. H. Eisenman and M. O. Wise, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents Withheld for Over 35 Years (Rockport, MA: Element, 1992), 10. See also Eisenman, Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and Qumran: A New Hypothesis of Qumran Origins (Leiden: Brill, 1983); Eisenman, James The Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Viking, 1997).
16. Saul Lieberman, “Discipline in the So-Called Dead Sea Manual of Discipline,” Journal of Biblical Literature 73 (1952): 199–206.
17. Frank Moore Cross, “The Early History of the Qumran Community,” in David Noel Freedman and Jonas C. Greenfield, New Directions in Biblical Archaeology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969), 68–69.
1. Roland de Vaux, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (London: Oxford University Press, 1973).
2. Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Alain Chambon, Fouilles de Khirbet Qumrân et de 
Ain Feshkha: Album de photographies, Répertoire du fonds photographique, Synthèse des notes de chantier du Père Roland de Vaux OP (Fribourg: Éditions Universitaires, 1994); Stephen J. Pfann, The Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha: Synthesis of Roland de Vaux’s Field Notes (Fribourg: University Press, 2003).
3. Magen Broshi and Hanan Eshel, “How and Where Did the Qumranites Live?” in Donald W. Parry and Eugene Ulrich, eds., The Provo International Conference on the Dead Sea Scrolls (STDJ 30; Leiden: Brill, 1999), 266–73.
4. Jodi Magness, The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002), 65.
5. De Vaux, Archaeology, 111–12.
6. Magness, The Archaeology of Qumran, 175.
7. Cross, The Ancient Library, 70 (1961 edition).
8. Adolfo Roitman, ed., A Day at Qumran. The Dead Sea Sect and its Scrolls (Jerusalem: The Israel Museum, 1997).
9. Pauline Donceel-Voûte, “Les ruines de Qumrân reinterprétées,” Archaeologia 298 (1994): 28–35; Robert Donceel and Pauline Donceel-Voûte, “The Archaeology of Khirbet Qumran,” in Michael O. Wise, Norman Golb, John J. Collins, and Dennis G. Pardee, eds., Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1994), 1–38.
10. Y. Hirschfeld, Qumran in Context (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004), 142.
11. J. B. Humbert, “Reconsideration of the Archaeological Interpretation,” in Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Jan Gunneweg, eds., Khirbet Qumrân et Aün Feshkha II: Études d’anthropologie, de physique et de chimie. Studies of Anthropology, Physics and Chemistry (Fribourg: Academic Press, 2003), 422.
12. Magness, The Archaeology of Qumran, 90–100; “A Villa at Khirbet Qumran?” in Magness, Debating Qumran: Collected Essays on Archaeology (Leuven: Peeters, 2004), 17–39.
13. Alan D. Crown and Lena Cansdale, “Qumran—Was it an Essene Settlement?” Biblical Archaeological Review 20 (1994): 24–37, 73–78.
14. Yizhak Magen and Yuval Peleg, “Back to Qumran: Ten Years of Excavation and Research, 1993 to 2004,” in Katharina Galor, Jean-Baptiste Humbert, and Jürgen Zangenberg, eds., Qumran: The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates. Proceedings of a Conference Held at Brown University, November 17–19, 2002 (STDJ 57; Leiden: Brill, 2006), 55–113.
15. De Vaux, Archaeology, 42.
16. This point was argued especially by Norman Golb, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? 39–40.
17. Robert Cargill, Qumran Through Real Time. A Virtual Reconstruction of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2009).
18. Golb, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls, 34.
19. Yitzhar Hirschfeld, “A Settlement of Hermits above En Gedi,” Tel Aviv 27 (2000): 1–35; David Amit and Jodi Magness, “Not a Settlement of Hermits. A Response to Y. Hirschfeld, “A Settlement of Hermits above En Gedi,” Tel Aviv 27 (2000): 273–85.
1. See Robert Eisenman in R. H. Eisenman and M. O. Wise, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents Withheld for Over 35 Years (Rockport, MA: Element, 1992), 10.
2. A. Dupont-Sommer, Observations sur le Commentaire d’Habacuc découvert près de la Mer Morte (Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1950), 29, trans. Geza Vermes, The Story of the Scrolls. The Miraculous Discovery and True Significance of the Dead Sea Scrolls (London: Penguin, 2010), 59. The lecture was reported in Le Monde, May 28–29, 1950, p. 4.
3. A. Dupont-Sommer, The Dead Sea Scrolls: a Preliminary Survey (Oxford: Blackwell, 1952), 99–100, translated from his Aperçus preliminaries sur les manuscripts de la mer Morte (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1950).
4. Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran (trans. G. Vermes; Gloucester, MA: Smith, 1973), 361.
5. Wilson, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 1947–1969 (New York: Oxford, 1969), 4–748.
6. Wilson, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 98.
7. Wilson, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 99.
8. Allegro’s radio broadcast, as cited by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception (London: Jonathan Cape, 1991), 46.
9. Allegro’s radio broadcast, cited from Judith Anne Brown, John Marco Allegro, The Maverick of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005), 77.
10. The Times, March 26, 1956, p. 11.
11. Quoted from Fields, The Dead Sea Scrolls. A Full History, 310.
12. Brown, John Marco Allegro, 185.
13. Baigent and Leigh, The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception, 56.
14. D. Barthélemy, O.P. and J. T. Milik, Qumran Cave 1 (DJD 1; Oxford: Clarendon, 1955), 108–17.
15. Joseph A. Fitzmyer, “The Contribution of Qumran Aramaic to the Study of the New Testament,” NTS 20 (1973–74): 382–407.
16. É. Puech, “Fragment d’une apocalypse en Aramée (4Q246=ps Dand) et le ‘Royaume de Dieu’,” Revue Biblique 99 (1992): 98–131.
17. Joseph A. Fitzmyer, The One Who Is To Come (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2007), 106–7.
18. Joseph A. Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke I–IX (AB 28; New York: Doubleday, 1981), 207.
19. Israel Knohl, The Messiah before Jesus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 42.
20. J. A. Fitzmyer, Responses to 101 Questions on the Dead Sea Scrolls (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist, 1992), 106.
21. J. H. Charlesworth, “John the Baptizer and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” in idem, ed., The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Waco: Baylor, 2006), 1–35 (quotation from p. 34).
22. Millar Burrows, The Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Viking, 1955), 329.
23. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran (3rd ed.; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995), 144.
24. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran, 145.
25. R. E. Brown, “The Qumran Scrolls and the Johannine Gospel and Epistles,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 17(1955): 403–19; 559–74.
26. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran, 155.
27. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran, 156.
28. Eisenman, in The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered (Rockport, MA: Element, 1992), 10.
29. Eisenman, in The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered.
30. Barbara E. Thiering, Jesus the Man: New Interpretation from the Dead Sea Scrolls, reissued in paperback with foreword by Barbara Thiering (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006).
1. The name comes from Citium in Cyprus, and referred to anyone who came from the west. In 1 Maccabees, Alexander the Great is called king of the Kittim.
2. Dupont-Sommer, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 94.
3. Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris 47, trans. J. Gwyn Griffiths, Plutarch’s De Iside et Osiride (Cardiff: University of Wales, 1970), 46–47.
4. K. G. Kuhn, “Die Sektenschrift (1QS) und die iranische Religion,” Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 49 (1952): 296–316. On Kuhn’s career, see Gerhard Lindemann, “Theological Research about Judaism in Different Political Contexts: The Example of Karl Georg Kuhn,” Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 17 (2004): 339–51, and, most recently, Gert Jeremias, “Karl Georg Kuhn (1906–1976),” in Cilliers Breytenbach and Rudolf Hoppe, eds., Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft nach 1945. Hauptvertreter der deutschsprachigen Exegese in der Darstellung ihrer Schüler (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 2008), 297–312. Also Gerd Theissen, Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft vor und nach 1945: Karl Georg Kuhn und Günther Bornkamm (Schriften der Philosophisch-historischen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften 47; Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2009), 15–149. See also Jörg Frey, “Qumran Research and Biblical Scholarship in Germany,” in Dimant, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls in Scholarly Perspective, 529–64, especially 541–6.
5. K. G. Kuhn, “Die in Palästina gefundenen hebräischen Texte,” Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 47 (1950): 197.
6. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran, 144.
7. S. Leiberman, “The Discipline in the So-Called Dead Sea Manual of Discipline,” Journal of Biblical Literature 72 (1952): 199–206.
8. Lieberman, “Light on the Cave Scrolls from Rabbinic Sources,” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 20 (1951): 395–404.
9. C. Rabin, Qumran Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), 69.
10. In W. H. Propp, B. Halpern, and D. N. Freedman, eds., The Hebrew Bible and Its Interpreters (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990), 167–87.
11. Philadelphia and Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society, 1994.
1. W. F. Albright, “New Light on Early Recensions of the Hebrew Bible,” BASOR 140(1955): 27–33.
2. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran, 138–42.
3. Emanuel Tov, “Groups of Biblical Texts Found at Qumran,” in D. Dimant and L. H. Schiffman, eds., Time to Prepare the Way in the Wilderness: Papers on the Qumran Scrolls (STDJ 16; Leiden: Brill, 1995), 85–102.
4. Emanuel Tov, ed., The Texts from the Judaean Desert. Indices and an Introduction to the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Series (DJD 39: Oxford: Clarendon, 2002).
5. B. Webster, “Chronological Index to the Texts from the Judaean Desert,” in Tov, ed., The Texts from the Judaean Desert, 371–75.
6. Emanuel Tov and Sidnie White, “Reworked Pentateuch,” DJD 13: 187–351.
7. 4QMMT, composite text C 10. The text is reconstructed and sometimes disputed, but is almost certainly correct.
8. J. A. Sanders, The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11 (DJD 4; Oxford: Clarendon, 1965).
1. Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective (London: Collins, 1977), 23–24.
2. So Hershel Shanks, Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Adventures of an Archaeology Outsider (New York: Continuum, 2010), 158.
3. The author of this volume was marginally involved. Preparations were well under way when I moved to the University of Chicago in 1991. I was credited as a co-editor of the proceedings, but the work was done by Michael Wise.
4. Schiffman’s remarks, and the ensuing discussion, are printed in M. O. Wise, N. Golb, J. J. Collins, and D. G. Pardee, eds., Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site. Present Realities and Future Prospects (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1994), 463–68.
5. Wise et al., Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 473.
6. Wise et al., Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 496.
7. Notably his book, The First Messiah. Investigating the Savior before Christ (San Francisco: Harper-SanFrancisco, 1999) and his article “The Origins and History of the Teacher’s Movement,” in Lim and Collins, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 92–122. He also co-authored a translation of the Scrolls with Martin Abegg and Edward Cook: The Dead Sea Scrolls. A New Translation (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996).
8. Shanks, Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls, 165.
9. Hector L. MacQueen, “The Scrolls and the Legal Definition of Authorship,” in Lim and Collins, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 723–48; Timothy Lim, Hector L. MacQueen, and Calum M. Carmichael, eds., On Scrolls, Artefacts and Intellectual Property (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).