Chapter One
1. Joseph Berger, “Jewish Prayers Are Modernized in New Book,” New York Times, September 16, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/us/17prayer.html.
2. George W. Bush, “Remarks to the Federal Bureau of Investigation Employees,” The American Presidency Project, September 25, 2001, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65083#axzz1zfbNBDKM.
3. Jeffrie G. Murphy, Getting Even: Forgiveness and Its Limits (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 4.
4. “Rewards for Justice Program,” US Department of State, www.state.gov/m/ds/terrorism/c8651.htm.
5. Peter Baker, Helene Cooper, and Mark Mazzetti, “Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says,” New York Times, May 1, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
6. Austin Knoblauch, “Favre Says He Isn’t Out for Revenge against Packers,” Los Angeles Times, October 1, 2009, latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/10/brett-favre-revenge-packers-vikings.html.
7. Sean Leahy, “Not about the Revenge for Brett Favre vs. Packers? Analysts Don’t Buy It,” USA Today, October 5, 2009, content.usatoday.com/communities/thehuddle/post/2009/10/not-about-the-revenge-for-brett-favre-vs-packers-analysts-dont-buy-it/1.
8. Mike Vandermause, “Minnesota Vikings QB Brett Favre’s Motivation vs. Green Bay Packers? Revenge, ESPN’s Old Pros Say,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, October 4, 2009.
9. Leahy, “Not about the Revenge.”
10. Charlotte Bercaw, “Mother Feels Pity as Case Is Closed,” Beacon-News (Aurora, IL), November 20, 1985.
11. Martha Bellisle, “DUI Victim: ‘My Son’s Life Is Worth More Than Three Months,’” RGJ.com, February 3, 2010, www.rgj.com/article/20100214/NEWS/2140351/DUI-victim-My-son-s-life-worth-more-than-three-months-.
12. L. L. Brasier, “Gunman Convicted in Landscaper’s Death,” Detroit Free Press, April 23, 2010, A6.
13. Not to be confused with the “self-help” aisle in a local bookstore, although while one deals with private justice and the other refers to human betterment, they both ultimately mean that a person is capable of taking it on himself to improve on something that simply doesn’t feel right—whether it is low self-esteem or an unvindicated wrong.
14. William Glaberson, “Reliving Horror in a Test for the Death Penalty,” New York Times, January 18, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/nyregion/19cheshire.html?pagewanted=all.
15. “CBS News Transcripts,” CBS Evening News, November 8, 2010; and Laura Italiano, Reuven Fenton, Erin Calabrese and Perry Chiaramonte, “Juror Speaks Out as Conn. Family’s Killer Gets Death Penalty,” New York Post, November 9, 2010, 4.
16. Tony Rizzo, “Reflection and Remorse as Execution Looms for Convicted Killer,” Kansas City Star, October 18, 2010, reprinted at www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/10/17/102168/reflection-and-remorse-as-execution.html.
17. Amazon.com, “An Interview with Tom Clancy regarding His Book ‘Rainbow Six,’” Seeli.com, reprinted at Internet Archive Wayback Machine, July 11, 2004, web.archive.org/web/20070711033207/ www.seeli.com/Daniel/leisure/tcinterview.php.
18. Jeanne Brooks, “Jenny Sanford Says She’s Moving on and Her Book Isn’t Revenge,” GreenvilleOnline.com, February 14, 2010.
19. Karl Vick, “9/11 Jury Duty Poses Wrenching Questions for New Yorkers,” Washington Post, November 30, 2009, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/29/AR2009112902668.html.
20. Dena Potter, “DC Sniper Execution: Victims, Witnesses Will Watch,” Huffington Post, November 5, 2009, accessed July 3, 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/05/dc-sniper-execution-victi_n_346906.html.
21. Jena McGregor, Steve Hamm, David Kiley, “Sweet Revenge: The Power of Retribution, Spite, and Loathing in the World of Business,” BusinessWeek, January 22, 2007, reprinted at www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16638145/ns/business-us_business/t/sweet-revenge/.
22. Derek Scally, “I Can’t Escape My Dreams, Holocaust Survivor Tells Trial,” Irish Times, January 20, 2010, www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0120/1224262713029.html.
23. Catrina Stewart, “Twisted History of John Demjanjuk,” National (United Arab Emirates), November 29, 2009, www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/twisted-history-of-john-demjanjuk.
24. Susan Jacoby, Wild Justice: The Evolution of Revenge (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 2.
25. Diana B. Henriques, “Madoff Is Sentenced to 150 Years for Ponzi Scheme,” New York Times, June 29, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/business/30madoff.html?pagewanted=all; Thane Rosenbaum, “In the Courtroom: Torment and Dante’s Hell,” Jewish Daily Forward, July 1, 2009, forward.com/articles/108797/in-the-courtroom-torment-and-dante-s-hell/.
26. Benjamin Weiser, “Judge Explains 150-Year Sentence for Madoff,” New York Times, June 28, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/nyregion/judge-denny-chin-recounts-his-thoughts-in-bernard-madoff-sentencing.html?pagewanted=all.
27. Thane Rosenbaum, “Penn State’s Tragedy Enabled by Coaches and Others Who Looked Away,” Daily Beast, November 12, 2011, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/11/12/penn-state-s-tragedy-enabled-by-coaches-and-others-who-looked-away.html.
28. Tim Rohan, “Sandusky Gets 30 to 60 Years for Sexual Abuse,” New York Times, October 9, 2012, A1.
29. Lester Munson, “A Just, but Lacking, Sentence,” ESPN.com, October 9, 2012, espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/8482696/jerry-sandusky-sentence-just-harsher-represent-crimes.
30. Ibid.
31. Steven Erlanger, “14 Convicted in Jew’s Killing Will Be Retried in France,” New York Times, July 13, 2009, A4.
32. Eleanor Harding, “Paralysed DJ Sami Sharif’s Dad: ‘This Is a Miscarriage of Justice,’” Guardian (London), September 10, 2010, www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/
8376917.DJ_s_dad___This_is_a_miscarriage_of_justice_/.
33. Irwan Firdaus, “Indonesia Anti-Graft Official Convicted in Killing,” Boston Globe, February 11, 2010, www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2010/02/11/
indonesia_anti_graft_official_convicted_in_killing/.34.
34. “PCGG: Justice, Not Vengeance, Should Govern Marcos Settlement,” abs-cbnNews.com, May 12, 2010, www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/05/12/10/pcgg-justice-not-vengeance-should-govern-marcos-settlement.
35. On exile, see Martin H. Pritikin, “Punishment, Prisons, and the Bible: ‘Does Old Testament Justice’ Justify Our Retributive Culture?” Cardozo Law Review 28 (2006): 754; Steven Eisenstat, “Justice and Law: Recognizing the Victim’s Desire for Vengeance as a Justification for Punishment,” Wayne Law Review 50 (2005): 1134–35.
36. Robert C. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” in What Is Justice? Classic and Contemporary Readings, ed. Robert C. Solomon and Mark C. Murphy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 252.
37. Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishment, trans. Henry Paolucci (1764; repr., New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), 58.
38. Ibid.
39. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 255.
40. Thane Rosenbaum, “Evening the Score in Afghanistan,” Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2009, online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052748704500604574481822068-68860.html.
41. Bruno Heller and Ashley Gable, “Flame Red,” The Mentalist, season 1, episode 9, directed by Charles Beeson, aired December 2, 2008 (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers).
Chapter Two
1. Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), 497.
2. The Godfather, directed by Francis Ford Coppola (Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures, 1972).
3. Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1116–18 (see chap. 1, n. 31).
4. Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977), 592.
5. Peter A. French, The Virtues of Vengeance (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 226.
6. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 189, 199–203, 214 (see chap. 1, n. 24).
7. Aaron Sorkin, “A Proportional Response,” The West Wing, season 1, episode 3, directed by Marc Buckland, aired October 6, 1999 (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers).
8. Munich, directed by Steven Spielberg (Universal City, CA: Universal Pictures, 2005).
9. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 2006); Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: Viking, 2002), 325.
10. Thane Rosenbaum, “For Israel, Every Day Is Groundhog Day,” Jerusalem Post, January 14, 2009, www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=129331.
11. Thane Rosenbaum, “Is Israel Immoral to Retaliate against Gaza?” Daily Beast, November 24, 2012, www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/11/24/is-israel-immoral-to-retaliate-against-gaza.html.
12. Pete Townsend, “Behind Blue Eyes,” recorded by The Who, Who’s Next, Decca MCA, 1971.
13. French, The Virtues of Vengeance, 227.
14. William Ian Miller, Eye for an Eye (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 21.
15. The Secret in Their Eyes, directed by Juan Jose Campanella (2009; Buenos Aires, Argentina: Tornasol Films).
16. Laura Miller, “The Fine Art of Revenge: A legal scholar says that ‘eye for an eye’ justice is a lot more humane than you think,” Salon, February 20, 2006, accessed July 6, 2012, www.salon.com/2006/02/20/miller_45/.
17. Pinker, How the Mind Works, 496.
18. Miller, “Fine Art of Revenge.”
19. Miller, Eye for an Eye, 141–42.
20. William Ian Miller, Bloodtaking and Peacemaking: Feud, Law and Society in Saga Iceland (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1990), 5, and “Choosing the Avenger: Some Aspects of the Bloodfeud in Medieval Iceland and England,” Law and History Review 1 (1983): 159–204; Emily Sherwin, “Compensation and Revenge,” San Diego Law Review 40 (2003): 1398.
21. Jack Ewing and Alan Cowell, “Demjanjuk Convicted for Role in Nazi Death Camp,” New York Times, May 12, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/world/europe/13nazi.html?_r=1.
22. Berel Lang, “Holocaust Memory and Revenge: The Presence of the Past,” Jewish Social Studies, n.s., 2 (1996): 17.
23. Miller, Eye for an Eye, 93–99, 101.
24. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 255 (see chap. 1, n. 32).
25. French, Virtues of Vengeance, 110–11.
26. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 254.
27. Charles K. B. Barton, Getting Even: Revenge as a Form of Justice (Chicago: Open Court, 1999), 61.
28. Carey Goldberg, “Families Hope Freeway Killer’s Execution Ends Their Years of Pain,” New York Times, February 22, 1996, www.nytimes.com/1996/02/22/us/families-hope-freeway-killer-s-execution-ends-their-years-of-pain.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm; Susan Bandes, “When Victims Seek Closure: Forgiveness, Vengeance and the Role of Government,” Fordham Urban Law Journal 27 (2000): 1600.
1. Juliet Macur, “Etiquette Debate Follows Lead Change,” The New York Times, July 20, 2010, B11–12.
2. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 253 (see chap. 1, n. 32).
3. French, Virtues of Vengeance, 94–95 (see chap. 2, n. 5).
4. “The Presidential Debate: Transcript of the Second Debate between Bush and Dukakis,” New York Times, October 14, 1988, www.nytimes.com/1988/10/14/us/the-presidential-debate-transcript-of-the-second-debate-between-bush-and-dukakis.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
5. Julie Carpenter, “Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned,” Express (London), June 5, 2009, www.express.co.uk/posts/view/105505/Hell-hath-no-fury-like-a-woman-scorned/.
6. Ibid.
7. French, Virtues of Vengeance, 95.
8. Murphy, “Forgiveness and Resentment,” 18 (see chap. 2, n. 8).
9. Richard A. Posner, Law and Literature: A Misunderstood Relation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 33.
10. Thane Rosenbaum, “The Writer’s Story, and the Lawyer’s,” New York Times, August 20, 2000, www.nytimes.com/books/00/08/20/bookend/bookend.html.
11. Thane Rosenbaum, “The Case of the Loopy Lawyers: Frat-Party Antics and Self-Doubt Are the Stuff of Today’s Legal Dramas; Where’s Atticus Finch?” Wall Street Journal, June 18, 2011, C3, and “Where Lawyers with a Conscience Get to Win Cases,” New York Times, May 12, 2002, C23.
12. Thane Rosenbaum, The Myth of Moral Justice: Why the Legal System Fails to Do What’s Right (New York: Harper Collins, 2004), 48.
13. Thane Rosenbaum, ed., Law Lit, from Atticus Finch to The Practice: A Collection of Great Writing About the Law (New York: New Press, 2008).
14. Patricia Cohen, “Next Big Thing in English: Knowing They Know That You Know,” New York Times, April 1, 2000, C1.
15. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 178 (see chap. 1, n. 24).
16. Manohla Dargis, “Wearing Braids, Seeking Revenge,” New York Times, December 22, 2010, C1.
17. Braveheart, directed by Mel Gibson (Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures, 1995).
18. The Patriot, directed by Roland Emmerich (Culver City, CA: Columbia Pictures, 2000).
19. Mad Max, directed by George Miller (Melbourne: Village Roadshow Pictures, 1975).
20. Paul Gerwitz, “Aeschylus’ Law,” Harvard Law Review 101 (1988): 1047.
21. Ibid.
22. Murphy, Getting Even, 20 (see chap. 1, n. 3).
23. Gerwitz, “Aeschylus’ Law,” 1048.
24. Jeffrie G. Murphy, “Getting Even: The Role of the Victim,” Social Philosophy and Policy 7, no. 2 (1990): 215n11.
25. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 260.
26. Legally Blonde, directed by Robert Luketic (Beverly Hills, CA: MGM Pictures, 2001).
27. Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1139–40 (see chap. 1, n. 31).
Chapter Four
1. Benedict Carey, “Payback Time: Why Revenge Tastes So Sweet,” New York Times, July 27, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/07/27/science/payback-time-why-revenge-tastes-so-sweet.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
2. Benedict Carey, “Wired for Justice,” New York Times, October 7, 2008, D1.
3. Lawrence Van Gelder, “Margaret Truman Daniel, President’s Daughter and Popular Author, Dies at 83,” New York Times, January 30, 2008, B6.
4. Patricia Cohen, “Calculating Economics of an Eye For an Eye,” New York Times, July 29, 2008, E3.
5. Natalie Angier, “Thirst for Fairness May Have Helped Us Survive,” New York Times, July 5, 2011, D2.
6. Anne McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off: Why Revenge Is So Sweet,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), February 4, 2006, F1.
7. Tania Singer et al., “Empathic Neural Responses Are Modulated by the Perceived Fairness of Others,” Nature 439, no. 26 (2006): 466–69.
8. Cohen, “Calculating Economics.”
9. John Cassidy, “Mind Games: What Neuroeconomics Tells Us about Money and the Brain,” New Yorker, September 18, 2006, 30, www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/18/060918fa_fact?currentPage=1.
10. John Roach, “Brain Study Shows Why Revenge Is Sweet,” National Geographic News, August 27, 2004, news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/08/0827_040827_punishment.html; Dominique J.-F. de Quervain et al., “The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment,” Science, August 27, 2004, 1254.
11. Cassidy, “Mind Games.”
12. Cohen, “Calculating Economics.”
13. de Quervain et al., “Neural Basis,” 1254.
14. McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off.”
15. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), 537.
16. Cassidy, “Mind Games.”
17. Carey, “Payback Time.”
18. Cassidy, “Mind Games.”
19. Ibid.
20. de Quervain et al., “Neural Basis,” 1254–55.
21. Alexander Strobel et al., “Beyond Revenge: Natural and Genetic Bases of Altruistic Punishment,” NeuroImage (2010), doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.051.
22. Ibid.
23. John Cassidy, Patricia Cohen, and Christopher Shea, “Drunken Ultimatums,” New York Times Magazine, December 13, 2009, 34.
24. McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off.”
25. Angier, “Thirst for Fairness.”
26. Carey, “Wired for Justice.”
27. Cassidy, “Mind Games.”
28. Brian Knutson, “Sweet Revenge?” Science, August 27, 2004, 1246.
29. Roach, “Brain Study.”
30. Michael S. Moore, “The Moral Worth of Retribution,” in Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology, ed. Ferdinand Schoeman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 190.
31. Cassidy, “Mind Games.”
32. Pinker, How the Mind Works, 496 (see chap. 2, n. 1).
33. Lyall Watson, Dark Nature: A Natural History of Evil (New York: Harper Collins, 1995), 201.
34. Rose McDermott et al., “Monoamine Oxidase A Gene (MAOA) Predicts Behavioral Aggression Following Provocation,” PNAS 106, no. 7 (2009): 2118.
35. On the warrior gene’s response to resentment and spite, see ibid., 2122.
36. Jon Elster, “Norms of Revenge,” Ethics 100 (1990): 862.
37. Posner, Law and Literature, 29 (see chap. 3, n. 9).
38. Kenworthey Bilz, “The Puzzle of Delegated Revenge,” Boston University Law Review 87 (2007): 1083–85.
39. Ibid., 1078–82.
40. On tit for tat, see Watson, Dark Nature, 77–83.
41. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 256 (see chap. 1, n. 32); Azar Gat, “The Human Motivational Complex: Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of the Hunter-Gatherer Fighting,” Anthropological Quarterly 73, no. 2 (2000): 77–78.
42. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 256.
43. Kevin M. Carlsmith, Timothy D. Wilson, and Daniel T. Gilbert, “The Paradoxical Consequences of Revenge,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 no. 6 (2008): 1316–17, 1323.
44. Ibid., 1323.
45. Munich, directed by Steven Spielberg.
46. Robert Nozick, Philosophical Explanations (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1981), 367–68.
47. Miller, Eye for an Eye, 150 (see chap. 2, n. 13).
48. Mario Gollwitzer and Markus Denzler, “What Makes Revenge Sweet: Seeing the Offender Suffer or Delivering a Message?” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (2009): 840, 843–44.
49. The Princess Bride, directed by Rob Reiner (Century City, CA: Twentieth Century Fox Pictures, 1987).
50. Law Abiding Citizen, directed by F. Gary Gray (Beverly Hills, CA: Overture Films, 2009).
51. Miller, Eye for an Eye, 143–44.
52. Ibid.
53. Bilz, “Puzzle of Delegated Revenge,” 1076–78.
54. French, Virtues of Vengeance, 69 (see chap. 2, n. 5).
55. Ibid., 161, Jeffrie G. Murphy, “A Paradox in Locke’s Theory of Natural Rights,” Dialogue 8 (September 1967): 256–71.
1. Sonia Kruks, “Why Do We Humans Seek Revenge, and Should We?” Durham University Insights, 2, no. 9 (2009).
2. Simone de Beauvoir, “An Eye for an Eye,” in Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophical Writings, ed. Margaret A. Simmons (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 245.
3. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, chap. 2, sec. 7 (1690); French, Virtues of Vengeance, 164 (see chap. 2, n. 5).
4. Paul H. Robinson and John M. Darley, “The Utility of Desert,” Northwestern University Law Review 91 (1997): 454–55.
5. Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. J. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (London: Athlone P., 1970), 11–12; Ronald J. Rychlak, “Society’s Moral Right to Punish: A Further Exploration of the Denunciation Theory of Punishment,” Tulane Law Review 65 (1990): 322–24; Mary Sigler, “Just Deserts, Prison Rape, and the Pleasing Fiction of Guideline Sentencing,” Arizona State Law Journal 38 (2006): 563–64.
6. Jeremy Bentham, “Principles of Penal Law,” in vol. 1 of The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. John Bowring (New York: Russell & Russell, 1962), Robinson and Darley, “The Utility of Desert,” 454.
7. Beccaria, Essay on Crimes and Punishments (see chap. 1, n. 33).
8. Sigler, “Just Deserts,” 563.
9. Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals, trans. Mary Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 105.
10. French, Virtues of Vengeance, 208.
11. Moore, “Moral Worth” (see chap. 4, n. 31).
12. Walter Berns, For Capital Punishment: Crime and the Morality of the Death Penalty (New York: Basic Books, 1979), 154.
13. Pinker, Blank Slate, 181 (see chap. 2, n. 9).
14. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Understanding American’s Support for the Death Penalty,” June 3, 2003, www.gallup.com/poll/8557/understand-Support-Death-Penalty-Remains-High-74.aspx.
15. Solomon, “Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,” 257 (see chap. 1, n. 32).
16. Nozick, Philosophical Explanations, 366–68 (see chap. 4, n. 47).
17. Francis Bacon, “Of Revenge,” Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral (London, 1625).
18. Nozick, Philosophical Explanations, 374–80.
19. Jean Hampton, “The Retributive Idea,” in Forgiveness and Mercy, by Murphy and Hampton, 122–47 (see chap. 3, n. 8).
20. Ibid., 125.
21. Murphy, “Forgiveness and Resentment,” 18, 25 (see chap. 3, n. 8).
22. Moore, “Moral Worth,”181–82.
23. Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysical Elements of Justice, trans. John Ladd (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 102.
24. Matthew H. Kramer, The Ethics of Capital Punishment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 184–85.
25. Unforgiven, directed by Clint Eastwood (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 1992); Miller, Eye for an Eye, 147–49, 158 (see chap. 2, n. 13).
26. Alexander Volokh, “n Guilty Men,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 146 (1997): 173.
27. French, Virtues of Vengeance, 163.
28. Snyder v. Phelps, 562 U.S. __ (2011).
29. The examples of cases on Neo-Nazis, racists burning crosses, and protestors burning the American flag are, respectively, Collin v. Smith, 578 F.2d 1197 (7th Cir. 1978); RAV v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992); and Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).
30. Adam Liptak, “Supreme Court Term Offers Hot Issues and Future Hints,” New York Times, October 2, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/us/03scotus.html?pagewanted=all.
31. “Mother Gets 10 Years for Slaying Molester Suspect,” New York Times, January 8, 1994, www.nytimes.com/1994/01/08/us/mother-gets-10-years-for-slaying-molester-suspect.html.
32. Ibid.
33. Associated Press, “Accused Molester Is Killed in Court,” New York Times, April 4, 1993, A30.
34. Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1144–46 (chap. 1, n. 31).
35. William Glaberson, “Mob Killer and Defector Receives Time Served, and Will Live in Hiding,” New York Times, October 30, 2010, A17.
36. Miller, “Fine Art of Revenge” (see chap. 2, n. 15).
37. French, Virtues of Vengeance, 163.
38. Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1146–47.
39. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 291 (see chap. 1, n. 24).
40. Ibid., 128.
41. Sandy Rovner, “The Ultimate Conflict: Killing the Abuser; a Woman Convicted in Husband’s Murder Tells Her Side of the Story,” Washington Post, August 11, 1987, Z13.
42. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 214.
43. The Brave One, directed by Neil Jordan (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 2007).
44. A Time to Kill, directed by Joel Schumacher (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 1996).
45. In the Bedroom, directed by Todd Field (New York, NY: Greenestreet Films, 2001).
46. Sleepers, directed by Barry Levinson (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 1996).
47. Barton, Getting Even, 69 (see chap. 2, n. 26).
Chapter Six
1. Associated Press, “Hospitals Are Asked to Maim Man as Punishment,” New York Times, August 20, 2010, A9.
2. Rod Nordland, “Portrait of Pain Ignites a Debate over the Afghan War,” New York Times, August 5, 2010, A6.
3. Rod Nordland, “In Bold Display, Taliban Order Stoning Deaths,” New York Times, August 16, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/world/asia/17stoning.html.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Associated Press, “60 Lashes Ordered for Saudi Woman,” New York Times, October 25, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/world/middleeast/25saudi.html.
7. “Editorial: Lashing Justice,” New York Times, December 3, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/12/03/opinion/03mon2.html.
8. Associated Press, “Saudi Arabia: Lashes for 75-Year-Old Widow,” New York Times, March 10, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/world/middleeast/10briefs-LASHESFORWID_BRF.html.
9. Salman Masood, “Pakistan Moves toward Altering Rape Law,” New York Times, November 16, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/world/asia/16pakistan.html.
10. Salman Masood, “Pakistan Top Court Upholds Acquittals in Notorious Rape Case,” New York Times, April 21, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2011/04/22/world/asia/22pakistan.html?scp=1&sq=salman+masood+mukhtar+upholds+acquittals&st=nyt.
11. Salman Masood, “Vendetta Rapes Continue as Pakistan Resists Change,” New York Times, October 14, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/10/14/world/asia/14pakistan.html.
12. Alissa J. Rubin, “For Afghan Woman, Justice Runs into Unforgiving Wall of Custom,” New York Times, December 1, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/12/02/world/asia/for-afghan-woman-justice-runs-into-the-static-wall-of-custom.html?pagewanted=all.
13. John Leland and Namo Abdulla, “A Killing Set Honor above Love,” New York Times, November 21, 2010, A8.
14. Boehm, Blood Revenge, 88, 183 (see chap. 6, n. 14).
15. Max Gluckman, “The Peace in the Feud,” Past and Present 8 (1955): 1–14.
16. Pinker, Blank Slate, 327 (see chap. 2, n. 9).
17. Miller, “Fine Art of Revenge” (see chap. 2, n. 15).
18. McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off” (see chap. 4, n. 6).
19. Boehm, Blood Revenge, 89.
20. Ibid., 54, Miller, Eye for an Eye, 145 (see chap. 2, n. 13).
21. Milovan Djilas, Land without Justice (London: Methuen, 1958), 105–7.
22. Elster, “Norms of Revenge,” 871 (see chap. 4, n. 37).
23. Ibid.
24. McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off.”
25. True Grit, directed by Joel and Ethan Coen (Los Angeles, CA: Paramount Pictures, 2010); Thane Rosenbaum, “True Grit and the Truth about Revenge,” Huffington Post, January 27, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/thane-rosenbaum/true-grit-and-the-truth-a_b_815167.html.
26. Majlinda Mortimer and Anca Toader, “Blood Feuds Blight Albanian Lives,” BBC News, September 23, 2005, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4273020.stm.
27. Epaminontas E. Triantafilou, “In Aid of Transitional Justice: Eroding Norms of Revenge in Countries with Weak State Authority,” UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 541 (2005): 566.
28. McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off.”
29. Laura Blumenfeld, Revenge: A Story of Hope (London: Picador, 2003), 66–69.
30. Abby Goodnough and Katie Zezima, “Rhode Island Town Fights the Release of a Child Killer,” New York Times, March 9, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/us/10release.html; Thane Rosenbaum, “Justice? Vengeance? You Need Both,” New York Times, July 27, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/opinion/28rosenbaum.html?_r=1.
31. Miller, “Fine Art of Revenge.”
32. Roger V. Gould, “Revenge as Sanction and Solidarity Display: An Analysis of Vendettas in Nineteenth-Century Corsica,” American Sociological Review 65, no. 5 (2000): 684.
33. Chrisena Coleman, “Yemeni Man Charged in Family Revenge Slay,” New York Daily News, April 4, 2002, www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/yemeni-man-charged-family-revenge-slay-article-1.488462.
34. Lee H. Hamilton, “Outside the Green Zone, the Human Dimension,” New York Times, September 12, 2008, E34.
35. Ibid.
36. Miller, Bloodtaking and Peacemaking, 5 (see chap. 2, n. 19), and “Choosing the Avenger,” 159–204 (see chap. 2, n. 19).
37. Blumenfeld, Revenge, 75.
38. Ibid., 86–87.
39. “Acid Attacked Woman Rejects Revenge,” News 24, July 31, 2011, www.news24.com/World/News/Acid-attacked-woman-rejects-revenge-20110731.
40. Shirzad Bozorgmehr, “Victim: Revenge in Iran Acid Attack Is ‘Not Worth It,’” CNN, July 31, 2011, articles.cnn.com/2011–07–31/world/iran.acid.pardon_1_majid-movahedi-ameneh-bahrami-acid-attack?_s=PM:WORLD.
41. McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off”; Blumenfeld, Revenge, 62.
42. McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off”; Blumenfeld, Revenge, 36.
43. Blumenfeld, Revenge, 36; McIlroy, “Payback Pays Off.”.
44. Pinker, Blank Slate, 325.
45. Trevor Dean, “Marriage and Mutilation: Vendetta in Late Medieval Italy,” Past and Present 157 (1997): 34.
46. Elster, “Norms of Revenge,” 870.
47. James Cowan, The Hauhau Wars, 1864-72, vol. 2 of The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period (Wellington: R. E. Owen, Govt. printer, 1955), 180.
48. Dean, “Marriage and Multilation,” 33.
49. Alexander Laban Hinton, “A Head for an Eye: Revenge in the Cambodian Genocide,” American Ethnologist 25, no. 3 (1998): 353, 355, 357.
50. Pinker, Blank Slate, 328–29; Eduardo A. Vasquez, Brian Lickel, and Karen Hennigan, “Gangs, Displaced, and Group-Based Aggression,” Aggression and Violent Behavior (2009), doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.001.
51. Daniel Lord Smail, “Factions and Vengeance in Renaissance Italy,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 4 (1996): 782.
52. Gould, “Revenge as Sanction,” 700.
53. Pinker, The Blank Slate, 328.
54. Pinker, How the Mind Works, 497 (see chap. 2, n. 1); Jacoby, Wild Justice, 125 (see chap. 1, n. 24).
55. Gould, “Revenge as Sanction,” 684–85.
56. Barton, Getting Even, 67 (see chap. 2, n. 26)).
57. Boehm, Blood Revenge.
58. Napoleon A. Chagnon, “Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,” Science, February 26, 1988, 985.
59. Gould, “Revenge as Sanction,” 684.
60. Ibid.
61. Barton, Getting Even, 67.
62. Michael Dalby, “Revenge and the Law in Traditional China,” American Journal of Legal History 25, no. 4 (1981): 268, 286.
63. Ibid., 292, 295, 300.
64. Jared Diamond, “Vengeance Is Ours: What Can Tribal Societies Tell Us about Our Need to Get Even?” New Yorker, April 21, 2008, www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/04/21/080421fa_fact_diamond.
65. Ibid.
66. Michael Butler, “‘Vengeance’ Bites Back at Jared Diamond,” Science, May 15, 2009, 872–74; Dirk Smillie, “New Guinea Tribesmen Sue the New Yorker for $10 Million,” Forbes, April 21, 2009, www.forbes.com/2009/04/21/new-yorker-jared-diamond-business-media-new-yorker.html.
Chapter Seven
1. “Reported Confidence in the Criminal Justice System” and “Respondents’ Ratings of the Honesty and Ethical Standards of Lawyers,” both in Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, Year 2011, www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t2112011.pdf and www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t2192011.pdf, respectively.
2. Leo J. Shapiro and Associates, Public Perceptions of Lawyers Consumer Research Findings ([Chicago]: Litigation Section, American Bar Association, April 2002).
3. Tamar Frankel, “Lessons from the Past: Revenge Yesterday and Today,” Boston University Law Review 89 (1996): 91–92.
4. Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1147 (see chap. 1, n. 31).
5. Eye for an Eye, directed by John Schlesinger (Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures, 1996).
6. Rosenbaum, Myth of Moral Justice (see chap. 3, n. 12).
7. Samuel H. Pillsbury, “Emotional Justice: Moralizing the Passions of Criminal Justice,” Cornell Law Review 74 (1989): 673.
8. Stephanos Bibas, The Machinery of Criminal Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), xviii.
9. Gerwitz, “Aeschylus’ Law,” 1043–48 (see chap. 3, n. 20); Murphy, Getting Even, 20 (see chap. 1, n. 3), and “Getting Even,” 215n11 (see chap. 3, n. 24).
10. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976).
11. Lupe S. Salinas, “Is It Time to Kill the Death Penalty? A View from the Bench and the Bar,” American Journal of Criminal Law 34 (2006): 47.
12. Jeffrey Toobin, “The Mitigator,” New Yorker, May 9, 2011, 33.
13. Frank Newport, “In U.S., 64: Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder: Half Say Death Penalty Not Imposed Often Enough,” Gallup Politics, November 8, 2012, www.gallup.com/poll/144284/Support-Death-Penalty-Cases-Murder.aspx.14.
14. Frank Newport, “In U.S., Two-Thirds Continue to Support Death Penalty: Little Change in Recent Years Despite International Opposition,” Gallup, October 13, 2009, www.gallup.com/poll/123638/In-U.S.-Two-Thirds-Continue-Support-Death-Penalty.aspx; Lydia Saad, “Americans Hold Firm Support for Death Penalty: Only 21% Say It Is Applied Too Often,” Gallup Crime Survey, November 17, 2008, www.gallup.com/poll/111931/Americans-Hold-Firm-Support-Death-Penalty.aspx.15.
15. Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1976), 305.
16. Ibid., 343.
17. Salinas, “Is It Time to Kill the Death Penalty?” 57–58.
18. James Q. Wilson, “Hard Times, Fewer Crimes,” Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2011, C1.
19. Murphy, “Getting Even,” 219n19.
20. Hampton, “The Retributive Idea,” 125.
21. Goodnough and Zezima, “Rhode Island Town Fights” (see chap. 6, n. 30); Rosenbaum, “Justice? Vengeance?” (see chap. 6, n. 30).
22. “Dad: I’ll Kill My Son’s Murderer If He’s Released,” MSNBC.com, March 8, 2011, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41963513/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/dad-ill-kill-my-sons-murderer-if-hes-released/.
23. Goodnough and Zezima, “Rhode Island Town Fights.”
24. Ibid.
25. Chris Herring, “Death Penalty in Triple Killing,” Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2010, A21.
26. William Glaberson, “At Sentencing, Connecticut Killer Says He Is Tormented,” New York Times, December 3, 2010, A27.
27. Christopher Keating, “Rell Vetoes Bill to Abolish Capital Punishment; Death Penalty,” Hartford Courant, June 6, 2009, A3.
28. Glaberson, “Reliving Horror,”, A1 (see chap. 1, n. 14).
29. Donna Fielder, “Family Sought Death Penalty,” Dallas Morning News, November 20, 2010, www.dallasnews.com/incoming/20101120-family-sought-death-penalty.ece.
30. Ibid.
31. Shmuley Boteach, “Suffering Has No Redemptive Value,” Record (Woodland Park, NJ), November 18, 2010, www.northjersey.com/news/opinions/
108870359_Suffering_has_no_redemptive_value.html.
32. Dena Potter, “DC Sniper Execution: Victims, Witnesses Will Watch,” Huffington Post, November 5, 2009, www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/05/dc-sniper-execution-victi_n_346906.html.
33. Shannon Brownlee et al., “The Place for Vengeance: Many Grieving Families Seek Comfort and Closure in the Execution of the Murderer. Do They Find It?” U.S. News and World Report, June 16, 1997, 24, www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/970616/archive_007198.htm.
34. Carey Goldberg, “Families Hope Freeway Killer’s Execution Ends Years of Pain,” New York Times, February 22, 1996, A14; Susan Bandes, “When Victims Seek Closure: Forgiveness, Vengeance and the Role of Government,” Fordham Urban Law Journal 27 (2000): 1599.
35. Stephen P. Garvey, “Punishment as Atonement,” UCLA Law Review 46 (1999): 1844.
36. Brownlee et al., “The Place for Vengeance.”
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Walter Rodgers, “America’s New Drug of Choice: Revenge,” Christian Science Monitor, November 29, 2010, www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Walter-Rodgers/2010/1129/America-s-new-drug-of-choice-revenge.
41. Ernest van den Haag, “The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense,” Harvard Law Review 99, no. 7 (1986): 1668.
42. Brownlee et al., “The Place for Vengeance.”
43. John Paul Stevens, “On the Death Sentence,” review of Peculiar Institution: America’s Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition, by David Garland, New York Review of Books, December 23, 2010, www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/dec/23/death-sentence/?pagination=false.
44. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), 183.
45. Berns, For Capital Punishment, 174 (see chap. 5, n. 12).
46. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), 183.
47. Ibid., 184n30.
48. Thane Rosenbaum, “Casey Anthony Verdict: A Jury of Idiots or Hapless Peers?” Huffington Post, July 7, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/thane-rosenbaum/casey-anthony-verdict-a-j_b_892428.html.
49. Ibid.
50. Berns, For Capital Punishment, 189.
51. Adam Liptak, “Lifelong Death Sentences,” New York Times, October 31, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/us/death-row-inmates-wait-years-before-execution.html;John; John Schwartz, “Death Penalty Down in U.S., Figures Show,” New York Times, December 21, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/12/21/us/21penalty.html.
52. “Women and the Death Penalty,” Death Penalty Information Center, April 1, 2012, www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/women-and-death-penalty.
53. Stevens, “On the Death Sentence.”
54. van den Haag, “The Ultimate Punishment,” 1664.
55. For a list of crimes that might constitute the worst of the worst, where the death penalty is perhaps most deserved, see Salinas, “Is It Time to Kill the Death Penalty?” 58.
56. Ibid., 102–3.
57. “Revenge Begins to Seem Less Sweet,” Economist, September 1, 2007, 21.
58. Amy Taxin, “Prosecutor: Revenge Was Motive in Salon Massacre,” Boston Globe, October 15, 2011, www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2011/10/15/
prosecutor_revenge_was_motive_in_salon_massacre/.
59. Salinas, “Is It Time to Kill the Death Penalty?” 47.
60. Murphy, “Getting Even,” 212 (see chap. 3, n. 24).
61. Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1976), 273.
62. Berns, For Capital Punishment, 163 (see chap. 5, n. 12).
63. Watson, Dark Nature, 202 (see chap. 4, n. 34).
64. Wendy Kaminer, It’s All the Rage: Crime and Culture (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 75.
65. Brownlee et al., “The Place for Vengeance.”
66. “Doris Tate,” Tate Foundation, tatefoundation.com/?q=doris_tate.
67. Brownlee et al., “The Place for Vengeance.”
68. Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991), 825–27.
69. Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496 (1987), 520.
70. Mary Lay Schuster and Amy Propen, “Degrees of Emotion: Judicial Responses to Victim Impact Statements,” Law, Culture and the Humanities 6, no. 1 (2010): 77.
71. Payne v. Tennessee, 825.
72. Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97 (1934), 122.
73. Murphy, “Getting Even,” 213.
74. “Simpson Reported Drawing $25,000 a Month from Trust Pension Fund Is Exempt from Civil Judgment,” Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1997, articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-06-13/news/1997164053_1_simpson-pension-fund-civil-judgment.
75. “O. J. Simpson Book Rights Go to Goldman Family,” New York Times, August 1, 2007, query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEFDA133EF932A3575BC0A9619C8B63.
76. Jan-Willem Van Prooijen, “Retributive versus Compensatory Justice: Observers’ Preference for Punishing in Response to Criminal Offenses,” European Journal of Social Psychology 40 (2010): 81–82.
77. Anthony J. Sebok, “Punitive Damages: From Myth to Theory,” Iowa Law Review 92 (2007): 1031.
78. Benjamin C. Zipursky, “Rights, Wrongs, and Recourse in the Law of Torts,” Vanderbilt Law Review 51, no. 1 (1998): 100.
79. Ibid., 5.
80. Schuster and Propen, “Degrees of Emotion,” 92–93.
81. Ibid., 103.
82. Wayne R. LaFave and Austin W. Scott Jr., Criminal Law, 2d ed., Hornbook Series (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1986).
83. Dan M. Kahan and Martha C. Nussbaum, “Two Conceptions of Emotion in Criminal Law,” Columbia Law Review 96 (1996): 315.
84. Ibid., 316.
85. Ibid., 316–17.
86. Bullock v. United States, 122 F.2d 213 (DC Circuit 1941), 214.
87. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 183–232 (see chap. 1, n. 24).
88. Ibid., 22–23.
89. Ibid., 222.
90. Beard v. United States, 158 U.S. 550 (1895), 561.
91. Wayne R. LaFave and Austin W. Scott, Jr., 5.7(f).
92. Elisabeth Ayyildiz, “When Battered Women’s Syndrome Does Not Go Far Enough: The Battered Woman as Vigilante,” American University Journal of Gender and Law 4 (1995): 156–58.
93. Lillian B. Rubin, Quiet Rage: Bernie Goetz in a Time of Madness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 79; Joe Starita, “‘Vigilante’ Sparks Wave of Hero Worship,’” Miami Herald, January 6, 1985, A1.
94. Margot Hornblower, “Intended to Gouge Eye of Teen, Goetz Tape Says; ‘My Problem Was I Ran Out of Bullets,’” Washington Post, May 14, 1987; Ayyildiz, “Battered Women’s Syndrome,” 157n130.
95. George P. Fletcher, A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
96. Ayyildiz, “Battered Women’s Syndrome,” 155–56.
97. Bilz, “Puzzle of Delegated Revenge,” 1100–1103 (see chap. 4, n. 39).
98. Hazel v. State, 157 A.2d 922 (Md. 1960), 925.
99. Bilz, “Puzzle of Delegated Revenge,” 1102.
100. Norval Morris, Madness and the Criminal Law (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982).
101. Pinker, Blank Slate, 184 (see chap. 2, n. 9).
102. Ibid., 185.
103. Morris, Madness, 61–63.
104. Ibid., 63.
105. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 211–16 (see chap. 1, n. 24).
106. Moore, “Moral Worth,” 190 (see chap. 4, n. 31).
107. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 50–52.
108. Dan Bilefsky, “Wife Who Fired 11 Shots Is Acquitted of Murder,” New York Times, October 7, 2011, A1.
109. “Russian Vigilante: I Had to Avenge My Family,” RT.com, July 2, 2008, www.rt.com/news/prime-time/russian-vigilante-i-had-to-avenge-my-family/.
110. A Time to Kill, directed by Joel Schumacher.
111. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 214–15.
Chapter Eight
1. Seth Mydans, “In Khmer Rouge Trial, Victims Will Not Stand Idly By,” New York Times, June 17, 2008, A6, www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/world/asia/17cambodia.html?pagewanted=all.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Hinton, “A Head for an Eye,” 353, 355, 357 (see chap. 6, n. 49).
5. Jacoby, Wild Justice, 181–82 (see chap. 1, n. 24).
6. Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1976).
7. Murphy, “Getting Even,” 219 (see chap. 3, n. 24).
8. Barton, Getting Even, 85–86 (see chap. 2, n. 26); Bilz, “Puzzle of Delegated Revenge,” 1144–45, 1154–55, 1165–70 (see chap. 4, n. 39), Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1103; George Fletcher, “The Place of Victims in the Theory of Retribution,” Buffalo Criminal Law Review 3 (1999): 63; Karen Kennard, “The Victim’s Veto: A Way to Increase Victim Impact on Criminal Case Dispositions,” California Law Review 77 (1989): 437–52.
9. Berns, For Capital Punishment, 173 (see chap. 5, n. 12).
10. Bibas, Machinery of Criminal Justice, 129–65 (see chap. 7, n. 8); George P. Fletcher, With Justice for Some: Victims’ Rights in Criminal Trials (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1995), 241–58.
11. Bibas, Machinery of Criminal Justice, xix.
12. Ricky Reilly, “A Father’s Justice,” ESPN.com, October 10, 2012, espn.go.com/espn/story/_/id/8486252/a-father-justice.
13. Ibid., 151.
14. The Accused, directed by Jonathan Kaplan (Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures, 1988).
15. Bibas, Machinery of Criminal Justice, 160.
16. Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1143–47.
17. Ibid., 1119.
18. Fletcher, With Justice for Some, 193; Kennard, “Victim’s Veto,” 437–38.
19. Miller, “The Fine Art of Revenge” (see chap. 2, n. 15).
20. Reilly, “A Father’s Justice.”
21. Fletcher, With Justice for Some, 191, 194–96.
22. Ibid., 258.
23. Barton, Getting Even, 85–86.
24. Eisenstat, “Revenge, Justice and Law,” 1147.
25. Berns, For Capital Punishment, 175.