Academics and type, 44–46, 158. See also Type(s), incidences of among
Auxiliary process
balance of, 11–12, 19–21, 174, 193
inadequate, 176–177
for introverts vs. extraverts, 19–21
Briggs’ interpretation of, 22
described, 11–12
Jung’s
minimally treated, 17–18
theoretical extension of, 18
extraverted sensing, 101
extraverted thinking, 86–87
introverted intuition, 110
introverted thinking, 89
underdevelopment of, 84
See also Dominant process; Processes
AVL Study of Values, 159
Balance. See Auxiliary process, balance provided by
Bogart, D. R., on type and counseling training, 152
Briggs, Katharine C.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Manual, 31, 41
views on
extravertedvs. introverted processes, 77
personality types, 22
Seealso Myers, I. B.
Bruner, J. S., on early learning, 133
Careers. See Occupation(s)
Children
excellence in, Jung on, 188
intelligence of, 133
learning in, 133–138
communication, 139–145
defenses against, 187–188
failure and, 187
interest in, 145–147
reading, 140–142
responsibilityand, 187
satisfaction earned and, 185–187, 188–189
sensing, 60–61, 135–136, 139–140, 145, 146
styles of, 61, 108, 139, 143–147, 167
type development in, 168–169, 170–171, 173, 181, 182–183, 185
inadequate, 187–188
introversion, 182–183
intuition, 61, 108, 135–136, 139, 145
maturity and, 170–171, 175, 185
motivation for, 185–189
sensing, scholastic interest of, 58–59, 60
Type Indicator for, 169
unconscious of, 131–132, 133, 134, 135
See also Education and teaching
Cognition, 1, 191. See also Children, learning in; Education and teaching; Intelligence; Judging process; Perceiving process
Communication. See under Interpersonal relations
Conflict. See under Interpersonal relations
Consciousness. See Unconscious
Darwin, Charles Robert, extraversion of, 56
Dominant process
described, 9–11
determining, 14
Jung on, 11
medical school drop-outs related to, 159
opposition and, 11
sovereignty of, 11
of types, 15
EP (SN preference), 61–63
extraverted feeling, 93
extraverted intuition, 106
extraverted thinking, 86
introverted feeling, 96
introverted sensing, 102
introverted thinking, 89
introverts vs. extraverts, 12–14, 15, 22, 175
types as product of, 83
See also Auxiliary process; Processes
DOR. See Dropout Ratio
Drop-out rate and type, among law and medical students, 158–160. See also Type(s), incidences among
Dropout Ratio (DOR)
among law students, 49
described, 48–49
Education and teaching
application vs. interest, 146–147
appropriate to type, 61, 145–146, 167, 171, 188
principles for, 136–138
reading, 142
testing, 143–145
time and type, 144–145
See also Children, learning in; Occupation(s), kind of, teaching
Educational Testing Service, 142
EFJ types, described, 195
EF types, occupation for, 158
Einstein, Albert, introversion of, 56, 89
EI preference
auxiliary process in, 20–21, 84
described, 7
effect of, 53–55
marital partners, 125
work reactions of, 154
traits of, 56
Type Table division of, 28
ENFJ type
described, 95
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 160–161
ENFP type
described, 109
example of, 128
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 161
ENP types, occupation for, 158
ENTJ type
described, 88
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties of, 161
occupation for, 85
traits of, 85
ENTP type
described, 108–109
marital partner preferences of, 126
medical specialties preferred by, 161
traits of, 105–106
EP types
development of, 178–179
of SN preference, 63
ESFJ type
described, 94–95
incidences of in various populations, 31–51, 182
medical specialties preferred by, 160–161
SSRs of among students, 45
traits of, 92
weakness, 156
ESFP type
described, 101–102
example of, 156
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 161–162
traits of, 99
ESF types, weakness of, 117
ESTJ type
described, 87
drop-out rate of among medical students, 160
incidence(s) of
among students, 33
in various populations, 31–51, 182
marital partner preferences of, 126
medical specialties preferred by, 161–162
occupations for, 85, 149, 152, 159, 160, 162
traits of, 85
sex differences, 87
ESTP type
described, 101
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 161–162
traits of, 99
ES types
occupations for, 30
SSRs of among students, 42
traits of
learning style, 141–142
weakness, 173
E types. See Extravert types
Extraversion process defined, 7
dominant vs. auxiliary in, 12–14, 15, 19–21, 22, 175
Jung’s minimal treatment of auxiliary in, 19–21
SN preference and, 57
in Western civilization, extent of, 54, 182
See also EI preference; Extravert types
Extravert types
described, 53–55
introvert vs.
among students, 159
conflict between, 123
development of, 168–169
occupations for, 54–55, 152–153, 154, 156, 160, 163, 198
population occurrences of, 182
processes of, 79–81
similarities between, 83–84
JP auxiliary process of, 73, 176
marital partner preferences of, 124–125
SSRs of among students, 46
traits of, 56
See also EI preference; Extraversion process; individually listed (letter-designated) extravert types
Feeling process
appropriate use of, 178, 179, 195, 196, 197
as auxiliary in introverted intuitive, 110
defined, 3
EI preference and, 53
as dominant in extraverted sensing, 99
for intuitives, 107
emotions vs., 192
opposition (thinking) to, 118–120, 127–130
See also Feeling types; Judging process; Processes; TF preference
Feeling types
described, 65, 120, 128, 169, 192, 193
incidence of
among medical students, 159
introverted, 95–97
marriage of
to thinkers, 128–130
occupations for, 66, 150, 151, 154, 157, 161
SSRs of among students, 45, 48
thinking of, 66
See also Feeling process; individually listed (letter-designated) feeling types; TF preferences
FJ types
law school success of, 158
marital partner preferences of, 124–125
traits of, 71
Ford, Henry, introverted thinking of, 89
FP types
law school success of, 158
Freud, Sigmund, extraversion of, 56
F types. See Feeling types
Grant, W. Harold, on type and occupation, 94, 149
Gray, H and Wheelwright, J. G., on complementary mating, 123
Gundlach, R. H. and Gerum, E., on personality classifications, 6
Hebb, D. O., on early learning, 133
Human interaction. See Interpersonal relations
Hunt, J. M., on early learning, 133
IF types, medical careers for, 159
Indicator Manual, 160
INFJ type
described, 112
incidence(s) of
among students, 33
in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 161
traits of, 109
communication tendency, 98
intelligence, 66
INFP type
auxiliary process balance in, 20
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical school entrance rate of, 159
medical specialties preferred by, 161–162
traits of, 95–96
intelligence, 66
Intelligence
in children, 133
Otis vs. Wechsler measures, 143
testing of and type, 59–60, 66, 143
type and, 59
development as IQ substitute, 177
Interpersonal relations
communication
co-workers’, 94–95, 116, 163–164
in marriage, 127–128
sensing vs. intuitive, 164, 200–201
shadow’s effect on, 128
thinking vs. feeling, 3, 65–66, 86–87, 89, 91, 118–120, 128–130, 164, 200
conflict
of opposites, 4, 115, 116, 123, 130, 163, 199
See also Marriage
INTJ type
described, 111–112
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 161–162
traits of, 109
INTP type
described, 90–92
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties of, 161–162
occupations for, 157–158
traits of, 88
Introversion process
criticism of, 83
defined, 7
dominant vs. auxiliary, 11–14, 15, 19–21, 22, 83, 90, 175
Briggs’ interpretation of, 22
hidden dominant process, 13–14, 20, 22, 175
inadequate auxiliary, 177
Jung’s
archetypes and, 53
minimal treatment of auxiliary, 17–18, 19–21
See also EI preference; Introvert types
Introvert types
advantages of, 54–55
children’s learning and, 182–183
described, 53–55
examples of, 7, 53, 56, 73, 89
extravert vs.
among medical students, 159
conflict between, 123
development of, 168–169
occupations for, 54–55, 152–153, 154, 156, 160, 163, 198
population occurrences of, 182
processes of, 79–81
shadow’s effect on, 84–85
similarities between, 83–84
incidences of among students, 38, 39
intuitive, 182
JP preference dominant for, 73
marital partner preferences of, 124–125
SSRs of among students, 46
traits of, 56
See also EI preference; individually listed (letter-designated) introvert types; Introversion process
Intuition process
as dominant in extraverted sensing, 99
EI preference and, 53
unconscious and, 2, 57, 59, 131
opposition (sensing) to, 120–122
See also Intuitive types; Perceiving process; Processes; SN preference
Intuitive types
education and, relation between, 34, 58, 131
extraverted, 105–108
incidence of
among college prep females, 38, 39
among college prep vs. nonprep males, 32
among high school males, 33
among medical students, 159
among National Merit Finalists, 37, 58
in various populations, 58, 182
introverted, 109–111
occupations for, 6, 61, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 161, 192
SSRs of among students, 48
communication style, 164, 200–201
intelligence and testing, 43, 59, 142–143
learning style, 61, 108, 135–136, 139, 145
weaknesses, 91, 92, 107–108, 194–195
See also individually listed (letter-designated) intuitive types; Intuition process; SN preference
IN types
occupation for, 158
SSRs of
among engineering students, 41
among fine arts students, 44
among science students, 43
learning style of, 141
described, 104–105
incidence(s) of
among National Merit finalists, 39
in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 161
occupations for, 61
traits of, 102
learning style, 59
ISFP type
described, 97–98
example of, 156
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 160–161
traits of, 95–96
ISTJ type
auxiliary process balance in, 20
incidence(s) of
among National Merit finalists, 37
in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 161
SSRs of among students, 41
traits of, 102
learning style, 59–60
sex differences, 104
ISTP type
described, 90
incidences of in various populations, 31–51
medical specialties preferred by, 160–161
traits of, 88
IST types, occupations for, 7, 152
I types. See Introvert types
Jacobi, Jolande, on thinking, 65
JP preference
Briggs’ interpretation of, 22
described, 8
development of, 167, 170–171, 174
effect of, 69–74
Jung’s rational/irrational vs., 21–22
occupations and, 150, 153, 198–199
marital partners, 126
work reactions of, 155
Type Table division of, 28–29
J types. See Judging types
Jobs. See Occupation(s)
Judging process
appropriate use of, 65, 86, 105, 115, 195
defined, 1
opposition (perceiving) to, 8
processes (feeling and thinking) of, 3, 65
of types
extraverted thinking, 86
introverts, 73
See also Feeling process; JP preference; Judging types; Thinking process
Judging types
development of, 176–177, 178–179, 185
drop-out rate of among students, 158–160
incidence of among students, 35
perception of, inadequate, 70, 176
SSRs of among school administrators, 51, 71
learning style of, 146–147
See also individually listed (letter-designated) judging types; JP preference; Judging process
Jung, Carl G.
shadow theory of, 84–85, 128, 130
type theory of, 17–24
applied, 24
archetypes, 53
auxiliary process, 17–18, 19–20
criticism of, 83
opposites, 23–24
original types, 30
preference effects on personality, 24
views of about
dominant process, 11
excellence in children, 188
extraverted intuitives, 106
extraverted thinkers, 86
extravert-introvert conflict, 123
feeling as rational, 192
introverts, 55
marriage and type, 123
process development, 175
rational vs. irrational, 21–22
type falsification, 181
ways of perceiving, 2
See also Psychological Types; Type(s)
Kanner, Joseph, on Otis vs. Wechsler measures, 143
Kant, Immanuel, introverted thinking of, 89
Laney, A. R., on types and occupation, 151, 153, 157
Lincoln, Abraham, introversion of, 56
MacKinnon, D. W., on type and occupation, 149
McCaulley, M. H., on type and occupation, 94, 159
Marriage
complementary mating in, 123
Jung on type and, 123–124
preferences in, 123–127
traits of good, 127
See also Interpersonal relations
Miller, P. V., on type and education, 158
Myers, I. B.
on type and occupation, 151, 153, 159
Myers-Briggs Indicator Manual, 31, 41
See also Briggs, Katharine C.
NF types
SSRs of
among art students, 46
among counseling students, 47
among liberal arts students, 40
Nippon Recruit Center, 158
NTP type, example of, 128
NT types, occupations for, 152
N types. See Intuition types
Occupation(s)
kind of
accounting, 103, 150, 151, 157
banking, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158
executive, 85, 88, 91, 103, 107, 108, 110
construction, 150
counseling, 30, 66, 95, 98, 107, 108, 109, 151, 158, 160
customer relations, 112, 150, 151
engineering, 30, 100, 110, 111
forecasting, 152
law, 7, 67, 103, 150, 152, 158
medicine, 67, 94, 97, 104, 150–151, 159–160
specialties by type, 160–162
politics, 107
production, 150
promotion, 108
research, 91, 98, 111, 151, 152, 160
science, 90, 98, 108, 109, 110, 111, 150, 151, 152
statistics, 90
teaching, 91, 95, 98, 107, 108, 109, 150–151, 152
trouble-shooting, 108
for types
ES, 30
extraverts vs. introverts, 54–55, 152–153, 154, 156, 160, 163, 198
intuitive, 6, 61, 149, 150, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 192
sensing, 5, 61, 149, 150, 153, 155, 158, 161, 162, 163
thinking, 30, 67, 150, 153, 192
type’s use in
against type, 152
preferences’ influence on, 150, 153–156
incidences of types in jobs, 151
job satisfaction, 116, 153, 156–158, 163–164
multicultural application, 158
turnover, 153
See also Self-selection ratio
(SSR); Type(s), incidences of among
Opposites
appropriate use of, 118, 119, 174–175, 178, 199
conflict of, 4, 115, 116, 123, 130, 163, 199
crossover, 118, 120–121, 129–130
dominant process and, 11
feeling vs. thinking, 23, 118–120, 127–130
intuitive vs. sensing, 120–122
at work, 153–156
Otis test, 143
Perceiving process
appropriate use of, 86, 105, 115–116, 194
defined, 1
processes (intuition and sensing) of, 2, 57
opposition (judging) to, 8
of types
extraverted feeling, 93
extraverted intuitive, 106
extraverted sensing, 101
extraverted thinking, 86–87
See also Intuition process; JP preference; Perceiving types; Sensing process
Perceiving types
among medical students, 159
described, 69–70, 71–73, 167, 194
examples of, 8, 69, 70, 73, 191
judgment as auxiliary in, 70, 176, 178
occupations for, 153, 155, 198–199
See also individually listed (letter-designated) perceiving types; JP preference; Perceiving process
Personality
classification systems of, 6
dominant process on, effect of, 10
neurosis and type development, 181
preferences’ effect on, 4
See also Theories; Type(s), development
Piaget, J., on children’s intelligence, 133, 135, 137
Pines, Maya, on early learning, 133, 135
Plattner, P., on extravert-introvert marriages, 123
Practical applications of type, 24. See also Education and teaching; Interpersonal relations; Marriage; Occupation(s)
Preferences
combined, 4
job satisfaction and, 116, 153–158, 163–164
Jung’s minimal treatment of, 17, 19
described, 5–6
pairs, 22
Type Table location and changes, 28, 29, 51, 55
uniqueness through interaction of, 4, 30, 77
“with” and dominance, 30
development of, 2, 3, 9, 20, 170
effects of, 9
on marital choice, 123–127
summarized, 8–9
See also EI preference; JP preference; SN preference; TF preference; Type(s)
Processes
co-existence of, 194
ISTJs’ third, 104
dominance of one, 11
inborn, 193
order of, importance of, 163, 197
preferred, 77
See also Auxiliary process; Dominant process; Feeling process; Intuition process; Sensing process; Thinking process
Psychological Types, 17, 22, 77
auxiliary process, 18
dominant process, 11
ways of perceiving, 2
P types. See Perceiving types
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, extraversion of, 56
Rowe, Mary Budd, on children’s learning, 144
Roosevelt, Theodore, extraversion of, 56
Self-selection ratio (SSR)
among
art education students, 46
college science students, 43
counselor education students, 47
engineering students, 41
finance/commerce students, 42
fine arts students, 44
law students, 49
liberal arts students, 40
police, 50
Rhodes Scholars, 48
school administrators, 51
defined, 39
See also Occupation(s)
Sensing process
EI preference and, 53
opposition (intuition) to, 120–122
See also Perceiving process; Processes; Sensing types; SN preference
Sensing types
extent of
in Britain, 58
in Western civilization, 182
extraverted
described, 99–101
learning style of, 100–101
incidence of
among high school females, 35, 39
among high school males, 33, 37
among police, 50
introverted, 102–103
occupations for, 5, 61, 149, 150, 153, 155, 158, 161, 162, 163
communication style, 164, 200–201
intelligence and testing, 59–60, 143
learning style, 59–61, 139–140, 145–146
weakness of, 195
See also individually listed (letter-designated) sensing types; Sensing process; SN preference
Sex differences and type, 34, 66, 87, 104, 182
SFP example of, 156–157
SF types, occupations for, 150–151
Shadow, described, 84–85, 128, 130
SN preference
described, 57–61
effect of, 57–61
EP type in, 63
example of, 146
frequency among marriage partners, 124
as introverts or extraverts, 57
marital partner likeness on, 126
traits of, 62
Type Table division of, 28
Spranger, E., on personality classifications, 6
SSR. See Self-selection ratio
Stephens, W. B., on type and academics, 44–46, 158
Strong Vocational Interest Blank, 159
ST types, occupations for, 150
S types. See Sensing types
Teaching. See Education and teaching
TF preference
described, 3
development of, 169, 170–171, 179
effect of, 65–67
EJ type in, 67
identification of, 28
occupation and, 150
opposites in, 23
marital partners, 125
work reactions of, 154
traits of, 68
Type Table division of, 28
Theories
complementary mating, 123
type, 1
Briggs’, 22
criticism of, 83
excellence, 8
unequal occurrences of, 182
uniqueness, 1
See also Jung, psychological types of
Thinking process
appropriate use of, 178, 179, 195–196, 197
defined, 3
as dominant in extraverted sensing, 99
EI preference and, 53
quality of, 67
opposition (feeling) to, 118–120, 127–130
See also Judging process; Processes; TF preference; thinking types
Thinking types
described, 65–67, 116, 128–129, 169, 192
incidence of
among high school males, 38
introverted, 88–90
auxiliary development of, 89–90
example of, 89
marriage of to feeling types, 128–130
occupations for, 66, 150, 151, 154, 157, 158, 161, 192
SSRs of among students, 49
traits of, 65, 67, 68, 122, 128
sex differences, 34, 66, 87, 104, 182
See also individually listed (letter-designated) thinking types; TF preferences; Thinking process
Thurstone, L. L., on personality classifications, 6
TJ types
law school success of, 158
TP preference, DORs and SSRs of among students, 49
T types. See Thinking types
Type Indicator, 27, 73, 142, 156, 157, 159, 199
Japanese translation of, 158
split-half reliability of, 169–170, 171
Type(s)
Briggs’, 22
children’s learning styles and, 61, 139, 143–147, 167
creation of by preferences, 9, 77, 83
crossover, 120–121
culture and, 158
designations, 30
development, 84, 116, 118, 167, 178
appropriateness recognized, 193
by problem-solving, 196–197
good, 20, 173–174, 176, 181, 191, 193–194
inadequate, 176–177, 181, 185–156, 194
obstacles to, 181–183
stages of, 168
differences
appearance of, 181
incidences of among
college students
education, 151
engineering, 41
fine arts, 44
health-related, 151
journalism, 151
medicine, 161
liberal arts, 40
nursing, 151
occupational therapy, 45
high school students
college prep, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38
National Merit finalists, 37, 39
Rhodes Scholars, 48
police, 50
school administrators, 51, 153
Jung’s original, 30
letter identification of, 30
letter placement, dominance and, 14
marriage and, 123–130
of medical students, 159
most
independent, 111
intelligent, 66
occurrence of, unequal, 182
See also individually listed (letter-designated) types; Jung, Carl G.; Opposites; Preferences; Self-selection ratio (SSR)
Type Table, 29
characteristics of areas in, 30
defined, 27
divisions, 28–29
full-size, 208–209
incidence frequencies in, 30
letter combinations in, 30
relationships in
between type and
education, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
sex, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
by proximity, 28, 29, 51, 55, 67, 74
SSRs in, 40
See also Type(s), incidences of among
of children, 131–132, 133, 134, 135
sensing and, 59
van der Hoop, J. H., views on
auxiliary process, 19
extraverted
feeling types, 93
intuitives, 108
sensing types, 101
introverted
intuitives, 110–111
sensing types, 103
type development, 168
Vernon, P. E., on personality classifications, 6
von Fange, E. A., on type and occupation, 71, 153
Wechsler test, 143