aerial video, 239–240
aerosols (brown cloud), 2–3, 305–307
Agarwal, Anil, 282–283, 285, 289
agriculture
and climate change, 307
clouds, 95
control of water, 7
cyclone of 1942 and WWII, 168–169
drought insurance, 136
and electricity, 257–258, 277, 278
food aid from US, 244
food prices, 68–69
foodgrain self-sufficiency, 243–244
frontier colonization, 122–125
government policy in 1950s and 60s, 243–247
and Green Revolution, 245–247, 260, 274, 280, 283–284
groundwater and wells, 256–258, 260, 276–280
and inequalities, 260
intensification in India, 192–193, 274, 307
and irrigation, 28, 122, 133–135, 192, 256, 258–259
land redistribution and zamindari abolition, 191
and meteorology, 36–38
and migration within Asia, 160–161
and money lending, 73–74, 116, 135
and monsoons, 114, 170, 266, 276, 308
Partition and canals, 184, 187
rain and rainfall, 95, 134–136, 260, 279
rice economies in WWII, 170
suicide problem, 287
water as resource, 8
Akbar Nama, 29
Algué, José, 104–107
Ambedkar, Bhimrao/B.R., 154–155, 282
Asia
climate change, 4, 274, 303–304, 316
dam building post-WWII, 177–179
earthquake of 1950, 189
economic conditions post-WWII, 213–214
end of imperial rule, 175–177
groundwater resources, 256
history and history-writing, 5–8, 9–10
identity and freedom, 6
as integrated climatic system, 108–109, 173–174
megacities by the ocean, 270–271 (map)
migration and agriculture, 160–161
rivers, 2, 3, 288, 289–292, 290 (fig.) (see also specific areas’ rivers)
role of monsoons, 155–157, 176
shared water resources, 189
water crisis of 1980s, 269, 272–274, 280–281
water schemes and regional cooperation, 214–215
weather control schemes by US, 250–251
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 60–61
atmospheric pressure, 140–141
Attlee, Clement, 180
Australia, drought science, 102
Awaara (movie), 209
Babur (Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babar), 27–28, 29
Bailyn, Bernard, 231
Baker, Christopher, 159–160
Balaji, Sakharam, 126–127
Ball, Valentine, 76
Banerji, S. K., 167
Bari Doab canal, 184
Baur Nama, 27
Bay of Bengal
cyclones, 58, 60–61, 92, 308–309
Bayly, Christopher, 33
Belgaum district (Bombay), 127
Bengal
borders and nature, 181–182
British control and trade, 33, 47–48
cyclones and storms, 58–59, 60–63, 91–92, 168–169, 308
famine and crisis in WWII, 168–170
and Partition, 148–149, 179–180, 181–182
Bennett, M. K., 170
Bennett, W. C., 119–120
Bhakra Dam and Bhakra Nangal project, 197 (fig.), 202 (fig.)
construction and workers, 199–201, 201 (fig.), 202 (fig.)
dedication, 196 (fig.)
description and background, 195, 196–198
displacement of people, 210–211
film, 198–201
Bhatt, Jyoti, 275–276
Bhattacharjee, Kapil Prasad, 205
Bihar
rain control, 251
Blanford, Henry Francis
climate and rainfall reports, 96
monsoon and storm science, 60–63, 99–103, 109, 139
science and geology, 59–60, 118
Blanford, William Thomas, 59
Bloch, Marc, 8
Bombay (now Mumbai), 67–68, 126–127, 128, 129
borders
Asia as integrated climatic system, 108–109, 173–174
and climate change, 317–319, 329–330
competition for water resources, 162–163
control of water, 164–165
cooperation for water schemes and climate, 319–323
and dams, 179
and fisheries, 165
India–China border, 164–165, 177 (map), 225–226, 227–228
and Partition, 180–182
Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation, 266
Bowles, Chester, 251
Brahmaputra, 34, 35 (map), 111, 226–227
Braudel, Fernand, 8
BRBD (Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian-Dibalpur) project, 187
“bread riots” (1960s), 243
“The Bridge Builders” (Kipling), 57
bridges for railway, 56–57
British India
in 1900, 18 (map)
army, 123
border with China, 164–165
British self-interest in India, 77–78, 114–116
British expansion, 33–34
caste relations, 154–155
cities expansion, 127–128
civil society and humanitarian aid, 84–85, 86–87
climatology atlas, 108–109
clouds and rain, 95
control of water, 22, 34, 38–45, 46–47, 114, 164–165
customs duties, 48–49
data collection on India, 96–97, 117–118, 134–135
drain of wealth by British, 77–78
drought science, 69, 71, 72–73
economy, 11–12, 38–39, 133–134, 160–161
end of imperial rule, 175–176, 180–181
famine (see famines)
fishing industry, 131–133
geology, 59–60
geopolitics of water, 110–111
hydroelectricity, 128–129
impact on water in India and Asia, 11–13
Indian Rebellion of 1857, 45–46
Indianization of officials, 143–144
industrial development, 128–129, 130
irrigation schemes, 19–20, 38, 40, 116, 122–124, 126
land acquisition and displacement of people, 126–127, 210
meteorology of cyclones and monsoon, 36–38, 60–64, 92–93, 98–104, 109, 137, 139–143
migration for agriculture in 1930s, 160–161
and monsoon, 21–22, 36–37, 40, 58–59
municipal water supply, 128
as oceanic realm, 131–132, 159
princely states breakup, 206–207
racial relations, 98
railway, 51–58
sources of water, 113–114
state-directed settlement, 122–125
steamboats, 49–51
Swadeshi movement, 148–149
technological development, 56–57
underground water, 119–121
vessels for trade, 47–48, 49–50
water transportation, 38–39
WWII period, 166–167
Yamuna Canal restoration, 42–43
Burma, dam workers in India, 203–205
Burma Meteorological Department, 167
Burma (under British rule), 164–165, 168, 175–176
Caird, James, 82
Calcutta (now Kolkata), 49–51, 58–59
Canal Act (1568, India), 42
Canal Colonies, 122–124, 125–126, 133, 184, 186
canals
and Partition, 184–185, 186, 187–188
See also specific canals
capitalism
and fisheries, 328–329
carbon and CO2 in ocean, 241–242
Cautley, Proby, 41–43
Central Water and Power Commission of India, 195, 196
Centre for Science and Environment, 282, 289
Ceylon (later Sri Lanka), fisheries and borders, 165
Chakravarti, J. S., 135–136
Chennai. See Madras
China
agricultural growth and irrigation in 1970s–80s, 259
border with India, 164–165, 177 (map), 225–226, 227–228
civil war and creation of PRC, 176–177
control of water, 164
cyclone and storm forecasts, 104–105
dam building, 178, 219, 300–302
dam financing, 301–302
droughts and famines, 66, 81, 88
economic growth of 1980s, 272
environmental movement, 288, 290–291
food security, 280
groundwater and wells, 279
life expectancy, 190
migration for agriculture in 1930s, 160–161
“moral” meteorology, 72
population growth, 272
relationship with India, 215–218, 220–223, 225
resource planning for water, 163
river pollution, 291–292
state-directed settlement, 124–125
war with Japan, 165–166
water crisis, 278–279, 291–292
water diversion project, 298–299
water schemes and management, 216, 218–222, 292, 298–299
workers mobilization, 219–220
China Environment Yearbook, 291
China’s Water Crisis (Ma Jun), 291
cities, 127–128, 270–271 (map)
See also coastal regions and cities
citizen scientists, 321
civil society
environmental cooperation, 320–322
famines of 1890s, 84–85, 86–87
climate (weather)
agency of climate, 70–71
Asia as climatic system, 108–109, 173–174
and clouds, 143
complexity, 265–266
and culture, 155–158
cycles changed by human actions, 8, 74–76
and Indian Ocean Expedition, 230–231, 234
international cooperation, 320–322
migration and refugees, 317–319
and monsoons, 15–16
as moral concern, 71–73
and politics, 252–253
and population of India, 190–191
risks, 313–315
and understanding of Asia, 155–157
See also meteorology
climate change
and activism, 285–286
and agriculture, 307
carbon and CO2 in ocean, 241–242
and cyclones’ intensity, 308–309
impact in Asia, 4, 274, 303–304, 316
international cooperation, 319–320
land cover and forests, 307
and life cycles, 8
and loss, 325–330
and monsoons, 304–305, 307, 308–309
as risk, 268, 273–274, 303–304
and water crisis, 274, 316–317
Climatological Atlas of India (Eliot), 108–109
coastal regions and cities
changes and losses, 326–330
climate change impact, 4
storm risks and preparation, 312–313, 315–316
colonialism, 11–12
See also British India
Congress party (Indian National Congress), 114, 151, 166–167, 180, 243, 252
resource planning for water, 163–164
in agrarian history, 7
and borders, 164–165
British India, 22, 34, 38–45, 46–47, 114, 164–165
and colonialism, 12
as quest, 5–6
See also irrigation
Cotton, Arthur Thomas, 19 (fig.)
control of water and irrigation, 39–41, 46, 47, 111, 116
Ganges canal, 41–42
and railway, 52
Credner, William, 164
Crutzen, Paul, 305
cultivators. See agriculture
culture, and climate, 155–158
Curzon, Lord, 117
cyclones and storms
1876 storm, 91–92
1891 and 1897 storms, 106–107
1942 storm, 168–169
Bangladesh, 309–310
and climate change, 308–309
“cyclone” as new word, 60
radar tracking, 314
science and forecasting, 60–63, 104–106, 239, 309, 314–315
See also monsoons
The Cyclones of the Far East (Algué), 105–106, 107 (fig.)
Dalhousie, Marquess, 51–52
Damodar River and Valley, and project, 172–173, 194, 205
dams
and borders, 179
building in Asia, 177–179
costs, 179–180
development in India, 177–178, 179, 193–196, 201–203, 207–208, 258, 273, 297–298, 301
displacement of people, 210–211, 212–213, 292, 295–296
environmental impact, 213, 296–297, 299, 302–303
financing, 301–302
in India, 178 (map)
problems from, 4, 294–297, 299, 302–303
protests and resistance, 292–294, 298
symbolism, 179
workers in India, 199–201, 202 (fig.), 203–205
See also hydroelectricity; specific dams and projects
Das, P. K., 242
Davis, Mike, 87
deforestation, 74–76, 139, 172–173, 307
Diana (steamboat), 49
displacement of people
dams, 210–211, 212–213, 292, 295–296
and land acquisition, 126–127, 210–211, 212
diversion of rivers, 4, 297–299
D’Monte, Darryl, 289
Donaldson, Dave, 54
Drèze, Jean, 261
drought of 1876–1879 in India
description, 65–67
drought science, 69, 71, 72–73, 101, 102
and famine, 65–74
and human intervention, 73–76
sunspots theory, 82–83
droughts
1896, 84–86
1899–1900, 267
1950s to today, 308
mid-1960s, 230–231, 242–243, 247, 248
1970 to 1973, 260–262
agricultural vs. meteorological droughts, 287
and agriculture, 68–69, 136, 287
and El Niño events, 265
forecasts, 267
insurance in agriculture, 136
and politics, 252–253
science of, 69, 71, 72–73, 82, 95–96, 101, 102, 230–231
and water distribution, 286–287
Dutt, Romesh Chander, 115–116
earthquake of 1950, 189
East India Company, 33, 45–46, 48–49
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), 213–215, 223–224
economy
agriculture and cultivators, 8, 133–136
in British India, 11–12, 38–39, 133–134, 160–161
conditions in post-WWII Asia, 213–214
food economy and control, 192, 243, 280
growth of 1980s in India, 272–273
and irrigation, 133–135
and land, 160–161
market collapse of 1930s, 159–161
and Partition, 183–184, 186–187
policy in 1950s and 60s, 243–244, 245
rice economies in WWII, 170
Ehrlich, Paul, 253
El Niño, 66, 69, 263 (fig.), 264–265
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 264–265
electricity. See hydroelectricity
Eliot, John
atlas of climatology of India, 108–109
cyclone and storm science, 92, 104, 106, 107
meteorology, 103–104
monsoons forecasts, 107–108, 138, 139
environment and nature
activism and environmental movement, 281–286, 288, 290–291, 321–322
climate and culture, 157–159
conference of 1972, 253–255
cooperation cross-border, 320–322
dams’ impact, 213, 296–297, 299, 302–303
impact of post-WWII changes, 177
impact on history of Asia, 6–7
migration and migrant workers, 329–330
and Partition, 181–182
problems in 1970s India, 253–254, 255
protests against dams, 292–294
traditional water management, 281–283
vulnerability of India, 5, 114, 134–135, 150, 207–208, 278
water legislation in India, 255–256
environmental crises, impact, 10
epidemics of 1890s in India, 84
erosion, 327–328
Europe, trade to India and Asia, 31–33
Famine Enquiry Commission (1880), 81–82, 102
famine of 1876–1878 in India
and drought, 65–74
enquiry commission, 81–83
and human intervention, 72–76
and inequality, 73–74
in Madras, 78–79
and meteorology, 69–70, 82–83, 102–103
relief and response, 78–81, 82–83
and state failure, 76–79, 81–82
famines
agriculture and cultivators, 73–74, 116
consequences, 89
and food imports, 267
and meteorology, 69–70, 82–83, 102–103
responsibility for, 74, 78, 85, 87–88, 115–116, 169–170, 267
solutions to, 136–137
and water schemes, 171
See also specific famines
famines of 1890s in India, 84–87
farmers and farming. See agriculture
Field, J. H., 144
Films Division of India, 198
First Citizen’s Report on the State of India’s Environment (Agarwal and Narain), 282–283
fisheries, 131–133, 165, 328–329
food
feeding challenge in India, 191–193
imports in famines, 267
policy and strategy in India, 243–247
riots of 1964, 274–275
security and control, 192, 243, 280
self-sufficiency, 192, 243–244, 322–323
Food Corporation of India, 261–262
Forest Act (1878, India), 76
forests and deforestation, 74–76, 139, 172–173, 307
Freeman, Orville, 248
frontiers. See borders
functionalism, 215
Furnivall, John, 161
Gandhi, Indira, 248–249, 249 (fig.), 253–255, 323
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand “Mahatma,” 149–151, 155, 166, 281
Ganges, 35 (map)
centrality and reverence in India, 25–26, 44–45, 228
changes in course, 30
custom duties and taxation, 48–49
cyclone of 1876, 92
monsoons’ power, 57–58
navigation and trade, 47–48, 50
pollution, 289–290
and spirituality, 26
steamboats, 49–50
Gangetic plain, and brown cloud, 305–306
Gastrell, James, 61–63
Geological Survey of India, 59
Ghosh, Amitav, 313
Ginsburg, Norton, 2
glaciers, and climate change, 303
Global Warming in an Unequal World (Agarwal and Narain), 285, 286
Global Weather Experiment, 266
Godavari River, irrigation and control of water, 18–20, 38, 39–41
Gondwana, 59
Gopalaswami, R. A., 188–189, 192
Government of India Act (1919), 143
groundwater, for irrigation and food production, 256–258, 260, 276–280
Gujarat, groundwater and water table, 278
Halley, Edmund, 23
Haridwar headworks, 43
Hart, Robert, 105
Hart Schaaf, C., 214–215
haze (brown cloud), 2–3, 305–307
Hedin, Sven, 111
Hem Raj, R. B., 141
Hildebrandsson, Hugo, and colleagues, 93–94
Himalayan rivers, x–xi (map), xviii (fig.)
climate change impact, 4, 303–304
dams and dam building, 4, 299–303
data and information sharing, 302, 321
description and history, 2
earthquake of 1950, 189
environmental crises, 10
exploration and mapping, 111
in geopolitical view, 110–112
as shared water resources, 189, 303–304
Himalayas, 24, 63–64, 109–112, 303–304
history and history-writing
latent and manifest events, 231
views on water and its impact, 5–10
Hooker, Joseph, 63–64
Hornell, James, 132–133
Huang Wanli, 219
Humboldt, Alexander von, 74
“Hundred Flowers” campaign, 219
Hunter, William Wilson, 109–111
hydroelectricity, 128–129, 257–258, 277, 278, 296
Iltutmish, Sultan, 42
Imperial India. See British India
imperialism, impact on Asia, 11–12
ambition post-independence, 193–195, 196, 197–198, 207–208
climatology and politics, 108–109
elections of 1967, 252
infrastructure neglect, 76
as inspiration for water schemes, 223–224
life expectancy, 189–190
political awakening, 114–115, 148–149
population history and growth, 190–191, 269, 272
representative politics, 67–68
state of emergency of 1975, 255
as “subcontinent,” 109–110
traditional water management, 281–283
as vantage point for water history, 10–16
vulnerability towards nature, 5, 114, 134–135, 150, 207–208, 278
water debates post-independence, 13
water diversion project, 297–298
water legislation, 255–256
water schemes post-WWII, 171–173, 194–195, 218, 221–222, 292–293
water table, 278
wet and dry/arid line, 25
See also British India; specific topics, events, and waters
Indian Industrial Commission, 128, 136
Indian Irrigation Commission, 117–120, 128
Indian Meteorological Office/Department
changes at, 141–142, 143–144, 167
Indian staff and Indianization, 97–99, 144
in International Meteorological Centre, 237
for military in WWII, 167
monsoon forecasts, 103
and Partition, 182–183
Indian National Congress. See Congress party
Indian Ocean
coastal megacities, 270–271 (map), 316
knowledge and study (see Indian Ocean Expedition)
tsunami of 2004, 327–328
Indian Ocean Expedition
carbon and CO2, 241–242
and climate science, 230–231, 234
forecasts of monsoons, 240–241
Indian ships in study, 235
international cooperation, 234–235
meteorology study, 236–237
monsoons and winds, 233–234, 236–237, 239–241, 242
technology in study, 239–241
Indian Rebellion of 1857, 45–46
Indian Supreme Court, 298
Indianization of officials, 143–144
Indonesia, end of imperial rule, 176
Indus waters
and Partition, 185–186, 187–188, 205–206, 320
source in China, 188
industrial capitalism. See capitalism
industrial development in British India, 128–129, 130
inequality
and agriculture, 260
and famine, 73–74
rural India, 280–281
International Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958), 232
International Meteorological Centre (at Colaba), 237, 238–239
International Meteorological Organisation (IMO), 93–94
Irrawaddy triangle, borders and control of water, 164–165
irrigation
and agriculture, 28, 122, 133–135, 192, 256, 258–259
and economy, 133–135
groundwater and wells, 119–121, 256–258, 260, 276–280
investment and intervention, 40, 118–119
overview as problem, 4
and Partition, 181
Punjab and Canal Colonies, 122–124, 125–126, 133, 181, 184–185, 186
rain and rainfall, 118
irrigation schemes
British India, 19–20, 38, 40, 116, 122–124, 126
independent India, 194–196, 256–257, 258–259
Jakarta, 316
Jammu and Kashmir, and Partition, 185
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 167, 180
Johnson, Lyndon Baines “LBJ,” 248, 250–251
JOIDES Resolution (ship), 310
Julian, Paul, 265
Kaveri River, dispute, 162–163, 206–207
Khosla, A. N., 195–196
Kipling, Rudyard, 57
Kolkata. See Calcutta
Krishnamachari, T. T., 246
Krishnarajasagar dam, 162, 163, 206
La Niña, 264–265
Ladejinsky, Wolf, 260–261, 280
Lakshminarayana, V., 258
land
acquisition and displacement of people, 126–127, 210–211, 212
and economy, 160–161
redistribution and zamindari abolition, 191
Land Acquisition Act (1894, India) and officers, 126, 210, 211
law of the sea, and territorial waters, 232–233
legislation in India, 255–256
Li Yizhi, 153
Liang Congjie, 290–291
Lilienthal, David, 187–188, 202, 206, 215
Ma Jun, 291–292
MacGeorge, George W., 43, 52, 55
Mackinder, Halford, 111–112
Madden, Roland, 265
Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), 265–266
Madras (now Chennai)
water mining, 120–121
Madras Presidency, 162–163, 206, 206–207
Mahad (India), struggle for freedom, 154
Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra, 193, 243
Maharashtra, drought, 260–262, 280
malaria, 295
Malaya (now Malaysia), migrant workers, 161
Manchuria, 124–125
Mani, Anna, 237–238
Manila Observatory, 104, 105–106
Manto, Saadat Hasan, 182
Mao Zedong, 177, 178, 188, 219–220
Maoist insurgency, 280–281
Marsh, George Perkins, 75
Marx, Karl, 52
megacities in Asia, 270–271 (map), 316
megaprojects in India, 193–194
Mehta, M. C., 289–290
Mekong River, 178–179, 223–225, 250
Melaka, textiles, 30–31
Merrall, Edwin, 52–53
meteorology
and agriculture, 36–38
Asia as integrated climatic system, 108–109
clouds study, 93–95
data collection and sharing, 96–97, 101–102, 104–105, 183, 317, 321
drought science, 69, 71, 72–73
and famines, 69–70, 82–83, 102–103
monsoon science, 36–38, 60–64, 92–93, 98–104, 109, 137, 139–143, 236–237, 304–306, 310, 315, 317
“moral” meteorology, 72–73
and Partition, 183
politics and climate, 108–109
as science, 93
ships in research, 58, 60, 61–62, 92, 102, 104–105, 305, 310
in WWII, 167–168
See also climate; Indian Meteorological Office/Department
Mettur Dam, 161–162
migration and migrant workers, 160–161, 317–319
military, 29
See also Second World War (WWII)
Modi, Narendra, 293–294
Moneka (ship), 61
Monsoon Experiment (MONEX), 266–267
monsoons, xiv–xv (maps)
and agriculture, 114, 170, 266, 276, 308
in British India, 21–22, 36–37, 40, 58–59
changes and shifts, 326, 327–328
and climate, 15–16
climate change, 304–305, 307, 308–309
and culture, 155–158
data collection, 61–62, 92, 101–102, 104–105, 305, 310, 317
definition and terminology, 13, 22
and disease, 39
and ENSO, 264–265
failure of 1965 and 1966, 242–243, 247, 248
famine of 1876–1878 in India, 82, 83
forecasts, 102–103, 107–108, 138, 139–140, 142–143, 240–241, 266–267, 275, 308, 310
history and evolution, 22–23
impact and human responses to, 15
as lived experience, 229–230
and meteorological science, 36–38, 60–64, 92–93, 98–104, 109, 137, 139–143, 236–237, 304–306, 310, 315, 317
planning and preparation for, 313
power and dangers, 57–58
predictability and patterns, 25, 100, 306–307, 310, 326
and railway in India, 52–53
and rain science, 95–96, 100–101, 140–141, 304–305
rice economies in WWII, 170
and rivers in India, 25–26
role and influence in India, 13–16, 24–25, 156–157, 275–276
science of, 63–64, 92–93, 262–266, 310
and seabed, 310
statistical analysis, 139–140
as system and pattern, 23–25
wet and dry line in India, 25
and wind, 23–24, 99–100, 233, 236–237
See also cyclones and storms
Mother India (movie), 207–208, 209–210
Mueenuddin, Daniyal, 278
Mukerjee, Radhakamal, 157–159
Mukherjee, H. N., 247
Mukherjee, Neel, 229–230
Mumbai (was Bombay), 310–312, 311 (map), 312 (fig.), 313
municipal water supply, 128
Mysore, 129, 131, 162–163, 206
Nangal Canal, 197–198
See also Bhakra Dam
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA or “Save Narmada Movement”), 293–294
nationalism
awakening in India, 114–115, 148–149
and castes, 154–155
development in Asia, 147–148, 151–153
fractures between states, 148, 170
Gandhi’s rise and work, 149–151
and power and freedom, 152, 154–155
and self-sufficiency, 171
water schemes post-WWII, 171–173
nature. See environment and nature
Nehru, Jawaharlal
Bhakra Dam and Nangal Canal, 196–197 (figs.), 197–198
economic strategy, 243
famine in Bengal in WWII, 169–170
on freedom, 152
Hirakud Dam, 193–194
land redistribution and zamindari abolition, 191
political waning and death, 228
relationship with China, 198, 215, 226, 228
resource planning, 163
on size of projects, 213
and starvation problem, 168, 171
water schemes in China, 221
Nicholson, Frederick, 131–132
Nile River, 140
Normand, Charles, 16, 141, 142–143, 167, 265
North American Review, and Ganges Canal, 44–45
northeast monsoon, xiv (map), 24
oceans
changes and erosion, 327–328
seabed and monsoons, 310
territorial waters and law of the sea, 232–233
See also Indian Ocean
oil engines for water extraction, 120–121
Osterhammel, Jürgen, 88
Pacific Ocean, and monsoons, 264
Pakistan
economy, 186–187
Indus waters, 185–186
irrigation and agriculture, 258
Kashmir clashes, 247–248
meteorology, 183
Partition, 176 (map)
and borders, 180–182
canals and water schemes, 181, 184–185, 186, 187–188
impact on government and institutions of India, 182–184
and Indus waters, 185–186, 187–188, 205–206, 320
Patkar, Medha, 293, 294 (fig.), 296
Pedder, W. G., 73
Persian Wheel method, 28
“Philindus,” 75
Philippines, cyclone science, 104, 105–106
photography of droughts, 84–85
Piddington, Henry, 60
Pillai, Vellu, 203
Pillai, Villiyappa, 73
Pires, Tomé, 30–31
PL-480 (Public Law 480), 244, 248, 249
plants, impact of climate change, 326
Pogson, Elizabeth Isis, 96–97, 101
pollution
impact on water cycle, 2–3
rivers, 2–3, 289–292, 290 (fig.)
water legislation in India, 255–256
Pomeranz, Kenneth, 10
Pondicherry, changes and erosion, 327, 328 (fig.)
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (“the Sabha”), 67–68, 74, 75–76, 86–87
population growth, 190–191, 253, 255, 269, 272
Portugal, trade in India, 31–32
poverty, and ecological problems, 254
Project Gromet, 251
Public Law 480 (PL-480), 244, 248, 249
Punjab
agricultural problems, 277–278, 283–284
displacement of people, 210–211
groundwater and wells, 277–278
irrigation and canals, 121–124, 125–126, 133, 181, 184–185, 186
Partition, 180–181, 184–185, 186–187
Quit India Movement, 166
Radcliffe’s line, 176 (map), 186
Raghavan, S., 314–315
railway in India
development and expansion, 51–52, 53, 54–56
and hydrology, 56–57
inequality and change, 53, 55–56
monsoons and climate, 52–53
and technology, 56–57
in trade and economy, 52, 53–55
rain and rainfall
and agriculture, 95, 134–136, 260, 279
cloud injections, 251
data collection in British India, 96–97, 118, 134–135
decline in India, 305
and El Niño, 264–265
failure in India and China, 66–67, 95, 136, 242–243, 247, 248, 251
and irrigation, 118
“moral” meteorology, 72
Mumbai storm of 2005, 310–312
pattern and description, 13–14, 23–24, 66, 305
planning and preparation for, 313
rainfall insurance, 136
science and monsoons, 95–96, 100–101, 140–141, 304–305
and water infrastructure, 77
Ramage, Colin, 237, 239–241, 266, 267
Raman, C. R., 240
Ramanathan, Veerabhadran, 305
Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 115
Rao, K. L.
water schemes in China, 216–218, 219, 220–222
Rennell, James, 34–36
resource planning, for water, 163–164
rice economies in WWII, 170
rivers
changes and diversions, 4, 29–30, 297–299
and monsoon, 25–26
pollution, 2–3, 289–292, 290 (fig.)
vessels for trade, 47–48, 49–50
See also specific rivers and areas
Roxburgh, William, 36–38
Roy, Arundhati, 295
rural India
drought, 286–287
inequalities, 280–281
monsoon rains and water problems, 275, 281–283, 286–287
Russia, water schemes, 218–219, 222–223
Saha, Meghnad, 171–173
Sain, Kanwar
Bhakra Dam, 196
Mekong River commission, 223–225
water schemes in China, 216–218, 219, 220–223
Sainath, Palagummi, 286–287, 288
“salt march,” 155
Sanmenxia Dam, 218–219
satellite photography, for science, 239, 240–241
Scott-Moncrieff, Colin, 117, 118
seabed and monsoons, 310
Season Watch, 321
Second World War (WWII), 166–169, 170, 175
Seuss, Hans, 241
Shah, Firoz, 42
Shah, Gyansham, and colleagues, 287–288
Shah, Tushaar, 277
Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 243, 248
ships, information on monsoons and meteorology, 58, 60, 61–62, 92, 102, 104–105, 305, 310
Shiva, Vandana, 283–284
Simpson, G. C., 141
Singh, Deepti, 307
Singh, Manmohan, 272
Sion, Jules, 128
Slocum, Harvey, 199, 200 (fig.)
Smith, Zadie, 325
Solani aqueduct, 43
South Africa, 149–150
South Asia’s rivers, xii–xiii (map)
South to North line project, 298–299
Southern Oscillation, 140, 142, 264
southwest monsoon, xv (map), 13–14, 23–24
Soviet Union. See Russia
Srinivasan, B., 199–200
steamboats, 49–51
Stommel, Henry, 234
storms. See cyclones and storms
Strachey, Richard, 69, 71, 81–82
suicides of cultivators, 287
Sullivan, H. E., 82
Sun Yat-sen, 152–153
Sundara Raj, V., 165
sunspots theory of drought, 82–83
Supratik (in The Lives of Others), 229–230
Sutlej River, 199
Swadeshi movement, 148–149
Tansa project, 128
Tata and Sons, 129
Tchernia, Paul, 233
technology, impact on water, 8, 145
territorial waters, and law of the sea, 232–233
textiles trade, 30–31
Third Pole, 321
Third World, 284–285
Third World Network, 284–285
Tibetan Plateau, xviii (fig.), 1–2, 188–189
Todd, Charles, 102
trade
early trade, 30–33
transportation, and monsoons, 51, 52–53
Trevelyan, Charles, 48–49
tsunami of 2004, 327–328
tubewells, 160, 256–257, 257 (fig.), 277
Tungabhadra Dam and River, 203, 204, 211
typhoons. See cyclones and storms
UN conference on environment (1972), 253–255
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 233
underground aquifers. See groundwater
United Nations, Indus dispute, 185
United States
agricultural policy in India, 245
Bihar famine of 1966–1967, 248, 249–250
Mekong River and interests in Asia, 223, 224, 250
weather control schemes, 250–251
Vairamuthu, 295–296
Vakil, C. N., 183–184
Vasco da Gama, 31–32
The Violence of the Green Revolution (Shiva), 283–284
Visvesvaraya, Mokshagundam, 129–131, 162
Walker, Gilbert
background and interests, 137–138, 142
breakthroughs in weather science, 139, 140–141, 142, 143
climate in India, 15–16
Indianization of staff, 144
monsoon science and forecasts, 139–140, 142–143, 236, 264
rainfall in India, 140–141
Water Act (1974, India), 255–256, 289
water control. See control of water
water crisis, 269, 272–274, 278–283, 291–292, 316–317
water mining. See groundwater
water table in India, 278
Watsuji Tetsuro, 155–157
weather. See climate
weather control schemes, 250–251
wells, for irrigation, 119–121, 256–258, 260
Wheeler, Raymond, 224
Wickizer, V. D., 170
wind
and monsoons, 23–24, 99–100, 233, 236–237
and trade to India, 31–32
Wittfogel, Karl, 7
World Bank
agricultural policy in India, 245
climate migration, 319
and dams, 194, 206, 292, 293, 296
Maharashtra drought, 260–261
World Commission on Dams, 296, 297
World War II. See Second World War
Yamuna River and Canal, 28, 42–43
Yarlung Tsangpo. See Brahmaputra
Yellow River, 153, 163, 166, 218–219, 291
Yunnan, control of water, 164–165
Zhou Enlai, 197 (fig.), 198, 219, 220, 226