Maistre, Joseph de, 178
Malebranche, 159
Malthus, T. R., 304, 310, 311, 314, 339, 343, 348
Malus, 429
Marat, 408
Marcet, Mrs., 436
Mariotte, 368
Mars, theory of, 25, 31-34, 35
Martin, Thomas, 542
Marxism, 75, 156, 342, 346, 347
mass, 360, 367, 384, 392, 400; defined by Newton, 141, 143; lack of, in Maxwell’s fluid, 463
mass action, law of, 251
“masses” in nature, 272, 274, 275
materialism, 98, 146, 204, 231, 321, 345
mathematicization: of physics, 54, 113, 354, 356, 381, 390; of chemistry, 245-246, 249; of biology, 333, 342, 347; of thermodynamics, 367, 369; of wave theory of light, 423, 426; of electromagnetism, 464-465, 466, 475, 488
mathematics, 6-7, 10, 13, 14-16, 26-27, 39, 41, 45-46, 49-50, 51, 55, 85-88, 93, 109, 146, 187-188, 203, 347, 356, 383, 453, 456, 459, 460, 463-465, 483, 489, 508-509; Faraday’s ignorance of, 439-440, 447, 450
mathematics as language of science, 43, 45, 93, 144, 167, 187-188, 276, 352-353, 384, 420, 438, 439-440, 450
matter, 46, 88, 91, 105-106, 130, 132, 141, 147, 186, 202-259, 260, 275, 276, 338, 341, 355, 356, 374, 376, 380, 384, 385, 401, 403, 406, 408, 441, 449, 477, 482, 501, 503, 507; in motion, 16, 58, 104, 144, 271, 385, 400, 426, 470, 474, 487, 501, 508, 510; Boyle’s view of structure of, 104, 105-106; Newton’s view of structure of, 105, 130, 144, 163, 355; Faraday’s view of structure of, 441, 446, 448-449, 451-458. See also atomism
Maury, Alfred, 531
Maxwell, James Clerk, 14, 95, 352, 361, 426, 458-492, 493, 494, 498, 506-507, 511, 517, 518, 523, 537, 542-543
Mayer, J. R., 375-381, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 393, 394, 395, 401, 449, 498, 501, 540, 541
mechanics, 16, 45, 52, 55, 58, 92, 101, 111, 113, 140, 185, 187, 203, 205, 239, 286, 338, 354, 355-357, 359, 360, 361, 366, 367, 374, 376, 377, 378; 379, 382, 384, 388, 391; 392, 394, 420, 428, 431, 450, 459, 479, 487, 495, 497, 498-499, 501, 502, 503, 505, 508, 511-513, 514, 517-518; fluid, 73; Newtonian, 92, 140, 153, 360; analytical, 174, 354, 407, 422, 432, 442, 456; wave, 410, 422; statistical, 479, 483, 488, 499, 512; quantum, 87, 381, 495, 514
mechanism, 73, 85, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 111, 120, 121, 126, 153, 156, 157, 192, 199, 201, 238, 253, 261, 262, 322, 323, 326, 338, 358, 359, 402, 434, 474, 481, 498-501
medicine, 58, 61-63, 106, 160, 262, 382, 411
Mendel, Gregor, 261, 328-337, 339, 340, 539
Mendeleev, 258; Periodic table, 247, 251
Mendelism, 341
Merret, Christopher, 112
Merton, Robert K., 531
Merz, John Theodore, 541
metabolism, 375, 376, 381, 383, 393
metaphysics, 14, 45, 91, 144, 158, 355, 371, 375, 376, 496, 502, 504; Cartesian, 94, 153; Stoic, 182-183
meteorology, 88, 253, 270, 275
method, 69, 74, 83, 107-109, 125, 156, 161, 282-283, 287, 338, 366, 445, 459, 483, 497; of Descartes, 86, 88, 89, 153; in Enlightenment, 169, 170, 171, 173, 177-178; of Lavoisier, 203-204, 217-218, 232, 233; of Fresnel, 424
Mézières, 228
Michéa, René, 535
Michelet, 281
Michelson, 427, 505, 508-510, 514, 515
Michurin school, 347
Middle Ages, 16, 61, 74, 263, 502
Milesian philosophers, 96
momentum, 41, 121, 140, 360, 463, 476, 480, 486
Monge, Gaspard, 177, 211, 228, 229
Montaigne, 85
Montbéliard, 277
Montesquieu, 182
Montpellier, 176
Morley, 427, 505, 508-510, 514, 515
motion, 205, 341, 354, 357, 360, 377-378, 379, 386, 390, 403, 478; and Galileo, 3-7, 41-42, 44-45, 50-52, 89, 90-91, 106, 120, 133, 241, 249, 338, 339, 355, 515; uniform, 4-7, 25, 518; and Aristotle, 11-12, 33, 41, 141; circular, 14, 17, 19, 25, 51, 84, 89, 90-91, 92, 121, 249; matter in, 16, 58, 104, 144, 271, 385, 400, 426, 470, 474, 487, 501, 508, 510; planetary, 17-20, 23, 24-26, 31-39, 136, 137, 143; laws of, 32, 84, 143, 499; inertial, 51, 83-84, 90, 121, 355, 367, 461, 467, 501; local, 52, 99, 106; of the heart, 68, 71; and Descartes, 83-84, 86, 87, 90, 93, 120; absolute, 91, 141, 503-505; and Newton, 120, 130, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 355, 402, 433, 459, 498, 503-505, 507, 508, 510, 517; and atomism, 96-97, 106; light and, 127, 406, 414, 415, 421, 424, 427, 430, 433, 461, 514-516; and aether, 130, 145, 357, 407, 427, 428, 509, 510, 516; heat and, 239, 358, 369, 380; perpetual, 366, 367, 368, 387, 394, 401, 514, and electricity, 392, 443, 444; and electromagnetism, 446, 459, 467, 474; of fluid, 462-464, 489; in gases, 482, 485; relative, 505, 518
Mouy, Paul, 530
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 27
Murchison, Roderick, 297
Muséum d’histoire naturelle, 176, 177, 268, 269, 272, 286, 288
Nägeli, Karl von, 322-325, 326, 328, 334, 341, 344, 539
Napoleon, 55, 117, 179, 279, 280, 411, 422, 496
Nash, Leonard K., 537
natural history, 12, 58-59, 77, 78, 79-80, 110, 152, 166, 170, 171, 173, 174, 187, 246, 260, 262, 267, 268, 271, 273, 278, 286, 287, 288, 304, 318, 347
naturalism, 14, 54, 55, 56, 57, 63, 170, 171, 201, 203, 263, 311, 347; social, 191
natural philosophy, 16, 34, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 69, 78, 108, 161, 179, 184-186, 263, 269, 285, 304, 346, 347, 411; of Diderot, 188-192, 262; of Goethe, 192-198, 263; romantic, 199-200
natural selection, theory of, 260, 261, 283, 302, 303, 307, 314, 316-320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 337-338, 339, 340, 342, 344, 346, 351, 402, 405, 501
natural theology, 66, 114, 263-266, 302
nature, laws of, 93, 154, 159, 262, 283, 287, 317, 319, 402, 500, 513, 514, 515, 517, 519
Naturphilosophie, 197, 278, 320, 379
neo-Lamarckism, 322, 324, 326, 338, 341
neutrino, 381
Newman, Francis, 349
Newton, Isaac, 8, 16, 31, 32, 34, 45, 50, 51, 58, 77, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 105, 108, 109, 112, 117-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157-158, 161, 162, 167, 168, 170, 179, 180, 182, 184, 192, 195, 203, 217, 218, 238, 239, 250, 254, 258, 259, 264, 291, 304, 305, 307, 313, 318, 319, 320, 334, 335, 337, 338; 340, 341, 343, 344, 354, 355, 360, 378, 380, 403, 409, 411, 440, 449, 454, 474, 475, 492, 494, 495, 498, 501, 507, 518, 528, 531-532; on space, 88, 90-91, 141-142, 144, 354, 355, 490-491, 503-505, 515, 519; view of structure of matter, 105, 130, 144, 163, 355; on gravity, 119-120, 121-122, 135-143, 144-145, 147; on optics, 122-126, 128-129, 130-132, 133-134, 147, 148, 385, 406, 407, 408, 413-414, 416, 417, 420, 424, 429, 431, 432; Principia, 122, 125, 136-143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 158, 160, 203, 254, 320; opposition to, 124, 125, 126, 127-129; as speculative thinker, 128-130, 148; aether, 129-131, 148-150, 237, 238, 241, 355, 369, 490-491; atomism, 132, 133, 144, 146; and theology, 134, 145-150, 265; and motion, 120, 130, 136, 137, 141, 143, 150, 355, 402, 433, 459, 498, 503-505, 507, 508, 510, 517; disagreements with Hooke 138-139; definition of physics, 140-142; on time, 141-142, 143, 503-504, 515
Newtonian science, 144, 145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 187, 189, 192, 197, 198, 317, 360, 498, 503, 513
Newtonian synthesis, 88, 144, 335, 510
Nightingale, Florence, 451
Niven, W. D., 542
nomenclature, 169, 171, 177, 193, 203, 232-235, 236, 245, 247, 296
Nonconformity, 115, 252, 348, 410, 441, 450
number, 15, 23, 42, 44, 86, 88, 104, 250, 251, 255, 341, 379, 461
Nuremberg, 23
objectivity, 10, 13, 40, 41-42, 44, 63, 73, 97, 106, 107, 133, 154-156, 161, 164, 202, 204, 231, 241, 246, 248, 260, 261, 328, 338, 341, 348, 385, 496
Oersted, Hans Christian, 370, 442, 542
Oken, 320
Oldenburg, Samuel, 112-113, 128
Oldham, Frank, 541
ontology, 98, 144, 199, 249, 271, 311, 380, 385, 401, 495, 496, 499
Oppenheimer, Robert, 115
optics, 84, 88-89, 108, 118, 122-134, 140, 145, 147, 205, 383, 407-435, 459, 487, 498, 509.See also refraction, law of; Newton, on optics
organism, 85, 156, 184, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 261, 263, 284, 338, 379
organization of science, 55, 78, 81, 247-250, 262, 292, 361
Ornstein, Martha, 531
Osiander, Andreas, 23
Ostoya, Paul, 538
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 495, 497-498, 500-501, 502, 513, 543
Owen, Richard, 313
Oxford, 6, 103, 113, 160, 210, 297, 305, 350
Oxford Movement, 349
oxidation, 222, 229, 237, 241, 242, 249, 383
oxygen, 203, 208-209, 214, 217, 218-221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 236, 248, 252, 254, 258, 260, 275, 375, 385, 447; oxygenic principle of Lavoisier, 202, 227, 242, 248
Padua, 20, 41, 47, 48, 57, 60, 67, 68-69, 72, 477
paleontology, 267, 268, 269, 288, 292, 295, 300, 307, 312
Panckoucke, 233
Pardies, Father Ignatius, 125
Paris, 55, 101, 125, 151, 157, 165, 176, 210, 216, 219, 228, 232, 233, 268, 274, 278, 279, 288, 442, 496, 497; University of, 41, 60; basin, geology of, 280, 289, 290, 295
particles, 96, 97, 237, 240, 249, 254, 255, 258, 259, 276, 369, 380, 434, 442, 449, 454, 455, 458, 461, 467, 469-470, 471, 476, 477, 479, 480, 485, 487, 488, 491, 499, 500; “contiguous,” 449, 451. See also physics, particle
Pascal, Blaise, 82, 101, 102-103, 105, 111, 112, 140, 188
Pasteur, Louis, 261
Pemberton, Henry, 119
pendulum, isochronism of, 41
Pepys, Samuel, 114
perception, 41, 54, 93, 98, 162, 166, 183, 195, 383, 412
periodicity of light, 413, 414, 434
Petrarch, 57
Petty, William, 112
Phillips, William, 296
philosophes, 98, 152, 156, 165, 173, 180, 203, 232
Philosophical (Royal) Society of Edinburgh, 206
philosophy of science, 9, 54, 73, 74-82, 86, 94, 166-171, 177, 335, 354-357, 383, 401-405; Aristotelian, 12-14; assumptions about reality, 14, 15, 16, 30, 45-46, 54, 88, 91, 495, 499, 503, 510, 519; Platonic, 14-16; ontology, 98, 144, 199, 249, 271, 311, 380, 385, 401, 496, 499; educationism, 168, 169, 172, 175-177, 203, 246, 249, 258, 263, 404, 496; Diderot’s 189-190; Lavoisier’s, 202-204, 211, 214, 223, 224, 230-232, 235, 245-247, 249; and laws of nature, 262, 283, 287; Lamarck’s, 269; Mayer’s, 378-381; Helmholtz’s, 383-385; Faraday’s, 438, 449, 454-458; Maxwell’s, 464, 488-489; Einstein’s, 510-520. See also hypothesis; natural philosophy; natural theology; teleology; theory
phlogiston, 202, 204-205, 211, 216, 220, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230, 232, 236, 237, 242, 492
physics, 7, 15-16, 27, 33, 46, 47, 58-59, 84-85, 158, 185, 211, 214, 239, 262, 276, 291, 294, 304, 320, 329, 338, 343; Aristotelian, 11-14, 65; classical, 50, 87, 88, 90, 99, 105, 117, 118, 137, 140, 141, 311, 353-355, 380, 381, 403, 420, 487, 490, 499, 503-504, 513, 515, 518; experimental, 96, 99, 103, 108, 170, 287, 363, 370, 385, 513; theoretical, 99, 287, 385, 516; atomic, 108, 250, 341, 476, 477, 478, 481, 482, 487, 489, 494, 495, 513; quantum, 143, 512; Newtonian, 203, 246, 266, 353, 504, 515, 518; abstraction in, 246, 353; nineteenth-century, 352-405; field, 405-492, 493, 495
physiology, 58, 63-73, 177, 178, 206, 214, 271, 274, 276, 313, 325, 375, 379, 382, 393, 412
Picasso, Pablo, 8
Planck, Max, 95, 476-477, 486, 495, 512, 543
planetary laws of Kepler, 28, 34-39, 58, 93, 94, 119-120, 136, 143
Plato, 11, 13-16, 64, 72, 81, 86, 104, 109, 144
Platonism, 13-16, 88, 96, 144, 198, 263, 498; of Galileo, 39-40, 49, 57
Pliny Society, 308
pneuma, 182-183, 323. See also Stoicism
Poincaré, Henri, 154-155, 157, 381, 493
polarization of light, 428-434, 435-436, 451-452, 468
positivism, 10, 128, 156, 162, 171, 177, 180, 260, 358, 488, 492, 495-506, 514, 516, 518
power, 357, 360, 362, 370, 388
Pre-socratics, 15
Preyer, W., 541
Price, Derek J. de Solla, 527
Priestley, Joseph, 184, 204, 208-210, 217, 218, 219-220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 237, 252, 253, 271, 274, 306, 337, 385, 536, 537
probability, 87, 249, 332, 341, 403, 479, 483, 495
process, 45, 97, 106, 198, 341, 342, 402; science not derived from, 341; Hegelian, 383; biological, 501
progress, 8, 74, 78, 152, 153, 162, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 246, 261, 311, 326, 402, 403, 404
Protestantism, 31, 115, 278, 280, 347
Proust, Marcel, 252
Providence, 13, 145, 146, 183, 264, 311
providentialism, 263, 265, 268, 283, 292, 298, 302, 341, 347
psychology, 113, 156, 159, 160-164, 166, 168, 271, 274, 276, 502
Ptolemy, Claudius, 17-18, 22, 24, 33, 268, 527; Ptolemaic system, 23, 25
purpose, 10, 13, 59, 64, 73, 77, 85, 183, 317, 344
Puritanism, 113, 114, 115, 208, 348
Puy-de-Dôme, 102
Pythagoreanism, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 39, 40, 43, 478
qualities, 16, 41, 44, 73, 93, 96, 98, 106, 108, 123, 185, 191, 205, 241, 519
quantities, 4, 6, 15, 28, 43, 45, 87, 90, 144, 185, 204, 235, 245, 347, 380, 384, 390, 461, 488
quantum mechanics, 87, 381, 495-514
Racine, 158
radiation, 406, 433, 434; of energy, 495, 512
Randall, J. H., 526
Rankine, 389
rationalism, 10, 12, 13, 78, 83, 114, 173, 246, 260, 294, 296, 358, 383, 518; Cartesian, 93, 121, 153, 198, 354; in Enlightenment, 151, 152, 153, 156, 166, 168, 174, 175, 178, 180-181
reaction, chemical, 217, 222, 229, 237, 249, 251, 258, 358, 370, 381, 455
reflection of light, 406, 414, 429
Reformation, 46
refraction, 426, 428, 434, 461; law of, 84, 87, 88-89, 123, 126, 384, 406, 414; double, 429-434, 452
refrangibility of light, 123, 406, 492
relativity, 15, 28, 87, 143, 240, 262, 357, 413, 475, 495, 505-506, 511-518; special theory of, 513-517; general theory of, 517-518; of motion, 505, 518; of space, 141, 142, 503-505, 510, 515, 518; of time, 141, 142, 143, 503-505, 515, 518
religion, 98, 99, 101, 146, 160, 174, 175, 219, 264, 265, 266, 502, 520; conflict with science, 46-50, 114-116, 158, 297-299, 342, 347-351
Renaissance, 7, 10, 17, 20, 21, 22, 43, 54, 56, 57, 60, 79, 94, 109
Restoration (England), 113, 114
Restoration (France), 280
reversibility, 365-370, 387, 398-400, 401
Revolution of 1688, 160
Reynal, 528
Rheticus, Georg Joachim, 22-23
Richelieu, Cardinal, 112
Riemann, 87
Ritter, J. W., 406
Roentgen, W. Konrad, 494
Rohan, 157
Roman Catholic Church, 3, 20, 31, 46-49, 66, 92, 99, 115, 159
Roman Curia, 46
romanticism, 151, 156, 178-181, 188, 338, 344, 379, 383; biological, 197, 198-201, 246, 260, 262, 268, 276, 287, 322-328, 345
Rosen, Edward, 527
Rosicrucianism, 15
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 151, 165, 171, 176, 180, 191, 192, 199, 216, 346
Roux, 326
Royal College of Physicians, 69
Royal Institution, 411, 418, 437, 438, 443
Royal Society of London, 108, 109, 111, 112-114, 115, 122, 125, 134, 135, 138, 139, 148, 149, 160; 208, 412, 415, 435, 437, 441, 444, 458, 478
Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson), 369, 371, 411
Russell, Bertrand, 95
Sahara, 281
Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital, 69
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy, 268, 320
Salusbury, Thomas, 528
Salvio, Alfonso de, 528
Santillana, Giorgio de, 527-528
Sarpi, Paolo, 3
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 219, 536
Schelling, 178
Schilpp, Paul Arthur, 543
Schleiden, Matthais Jakob, 261
Schoenberg, Cardinal, 47
scholasticism, 7, 19, 42-43, 46-47, 74, 76, 78, 80, 146
Schwann, Theodor, 261
science: Greek, 10-16, 51, 79, 81, 92, 94, 97, 155, 212; modern, 10, 171; and ethics, 44, 154-155, 342, 348-350; conflict with theology, 46-50, 114-116, 260-262, 263, 265, 295, 297-300, 347-351. See also philosophy of science
scientific explanation, 94, 102, 156, 162, 168, 169, 198, 307, 442
scientific revolution, 9-10, 16, 43, 54, 57, 73, 83, 92, 94, 300, 477; second, 353-354, 477, 494
Scopes Trial, 350
Sedgwick, Adam, 297, 298, 301, 308, 350
Seneca, 182
Shakespeare, William, 192
Shaw, George Bernard, 344-346, 347, 350
Shelley, 178
Siemen, 470
simplicity, principle of, 254, 258
Smiles, Samuel, 280
Society of Friends, 252
Society of Jesus, 46, 125, 165, 455
space, 27, 42, 87-91, 240, 267, 291, 294, 337, 356, 357, 381, 403, 409, 421, 435, 441, 443, 445, 480, 490-492, 493, 517; Euclidean, 84, 87, 355, 381, 491; Cartesian, 87-91; Newtonian, 88, 90-91, 141, 143, 144, 354, 355, 490-491, 503, 505, 515, 519; absolute vs. relative, 141, 142, 503-505, 515; Faraday’s view of, 441, 443, 445, 452, 462; Maxwell’s view of, 463, 466, 468, 470, 473-474, 475; relativity of, 510, 518
space-matter, 91, 92, 95, 367, 408
species, 12, 170, 191, 198, 234, 246, 266, 271, 272, 273, 276, 300, 301, 310, 314, 316, 321, 332, 336, 338, 340, 402
Spiers, I. H. B. and A. G. H., 530
Spinoza, 192
Sprat, Bishop, 108, 109, 114, 116, 531
Stahl, G. E., 204, 205, 212, 224, 232, 237
statics, 391
Stauffer, Robert C., 542
steam engine, 357, 358, 373, 401, 470
Stendhal, 422
Stephen, Leslie, 349
Stewart, Dugald, 206
Stimson, Dorothy, 531
Stoicism, 88, 96, 130, 181-183, 195, 212, 224, 263, 323, 341
Stokes, 483
Strasbourg, 176
Stuttgart, 278
style in science, 108, 112, 407-410, 420, 506; in Germany, 197; of French, 205, 206, 250, 401, 502; of English, 205, 210, 250, 401; in Scotland, 206; Priestley, 210; Lavoisier, 217; Dalton, 253; Cuvier, 280-281; eighteenth vs. nineteenth century, 404
Swinburne, 405
Tannery, Paul, 530
Taton, Juliette, 530
taxonomy, 59, 170, 171, 173, 178, 180, 192, 217, 247, 249, 261, 267, 268, 269, 271, 275, 277, 285, 287, 313
Taylor, Bayard, 196
Taylor, Richard, 454
technology, 8-9, 10, 54, 78, 80, 15; 173-175, 181, 264, 353, 381
teleology, 59, 63-64, 77, 93, 183, 284-285
de Tencin, Mme, 165
Tessier, abbé, 278
theology, 16-17, 29-30, 66, 82, 97-98, 102, 104, 114, 134, 155, 183, 190, 266, 343, 371; conflict with science, 46-50, 114-116, 260-262, 263, 265, 295, 297-300, 347-351; and Newton, 134, 145-150, 265. See also natural theology
Theophylactus, 20
theory, 22, 33, 41, 57-58, 68, 71, 77, 109, 125-126, 211, 223, 225, 237, 251, 302, 318, 334, 359, 369, 385, 438, 448, 457, 494-500, 502; Fresnel, 421, 424, 426, 431-432, 435, 507; Maxwell and electromagnetic field, 460, 462, 466-467, 468-476, 482-492; Lorentz, 507-510; Einstein, 511-512, 516-519
thermodynamics, 240-241, 339, 356, 357, 361, 363-403, 422, 441, 477, 481, 487, 493, 497, 498, 511-512, 513-514, 516; First Law of, 370, 381, 382, 386, 393, 402, 403, 487; Second Law of, 370, 382, 395, 396, 400, 402, 403, 487, 516
Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 369, 371, 411
Thomson, J. J., 543
Thomson, William, see Kelvin, Lord
Thorpe, Edward, 537
tides, 51, 93, 143, 157, 438, 445
time, 4-5, 42, 87, 90, 267, 291, 294, 337, 338, 339, 402, 474, 475, 508-509; absolute vs. relative, defined by Newton, 141, 142, 143, 503-504, 515; by Mach, 503, 505; relativity of, 510, 518; Einstein’s special theory of, 510
Titian, 57
Torn (Poland), 20
Torricelli, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105
Toulouse, University of, 66
Tour d’Auvergne, 212
Townshend, Joseph, 295
Tractarianism, 349
transcendentalism, 276
Trapp, Marianne, 535
Trinity College (Cambridge), 118
Tschermak, Erich, 336
Turnbull, H. W., 531
Tyndall, John, 382, 437-440, 441, 449-450, 457, 542
uniformitarianism, 275, 294, 295, 299, 300, 301, 402
Unitarianism, 145, 208, 209, 210, 252, 278, 348
unity of nature, 15, 88, 95, 197-198, 260, 283, 288, 321, 341, 344, 356, 381, 456, 519
Upsalla, 219
Uraniborg, 30
Urban VIII, Pope (Maffeo Barberini), 49
utilitarianism, 114, 151, 153, 154, 188, 246, 502
Utopia, 81
variation, 307, 311, 316, 318, 319, 325, 330, 333, 334, 338-339
Vartanian, Aram, 534
Verdet, Emile, 542
Vernière, Paul, 534
Vesalius, Andreas, 41, 56-58, 59-63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 528
vibration and light, 132-133, 406, 408, 413, 421, 430-431, 433-435, 461
Vincennes, 180
Virchow, Rudolf, 261
vis viva, 360, 361, 373, 374-375, 376, 377, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 401, 412
vitalism, 261, 262, 276, 287, 322, 357
Viviani, 110
void, 12, 92, 97, 99, 104, 105, 122, 133, 144, 145, 182, 198, 250 341, 354, 355, 401, 454-455, 488, 490, 518
Volta, 370
Voltaire, 157-159, 164, 165, 178, 180, 201, 534
vortex, 489, 492; Cartesian, 92, 93, 122, 142; of Maxwell, 468-470, 490-491
Wadham College, 113
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 313-315, 339-340, 539
Wallis, John, 113
Ward, Seth, 113
water, composition of, 217, 227-229, 258
Watt, James, 206, 228, 293, 306, 358, 363
Wedgwood, Josiah, 306
Wedgwood, Josiah, II, 308
Weimar, 192
Weinberg, C. B., 543
Weismann, August, 322, 325-328, 334, 335, 539
Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 292, 295, 296
Wernerianism, see Neptunism
Wesel, 60
Westminster Abbey, 157
Whewell, William, 301
White, R. J., 535
Whitehead, Alfred North, 200, 265
Whittaker, E. T., 542
Whitteridge, Gweneth, 529
Willey, Basil, 531
Willis, Thomas, 112
Wilson, Arthur, 534
Wood, Alexander, 541
Woolthorpe, 119
Wordsworth, 200
work, 360, 361, 365, 370, 388, 389, 391, 394, 395, 396, 397, 400, 401
World War II, 253
X-rays, 494
Young, Thomas, 132, 389, 407-421, 423, 424, 428, 429, 430, 435, 541