[1799] For the leaflet, see RGASPI f. 17, op. 125, del. 145, 13. The leaflet for Khrushchev is on folio 14.

[1800] Nikita Khrushchev, Osvobozhdenie ukrainskikh zemel’ ot nemetskikh zakhvatchikov i ocherednye zadachi vosstanovleniia narodnogo khoziaistva Sovetskoi Ukrainy (Moscow: Pravda, 1944).

[1801] Khrushchev, Osvobozhdenie ukrainskikh zemel’, 6.

[1802] Ibid., 20–21.

[1803] On the problem of dealing with the Holocaust in the Soviet Union, see Weiner, Making Sense of War, 209–16, Johan Dietsch, Making Sense of Suffering: Holocaust and Holodomor in Ukrainian Historical Culture (Lund: Lund University, 2006), 101.

[1804] Khrushchev, Osvobozhdenie ukrainskikh zemel’, 6.

[1805] Ibid., 10.

[1806] This is also the title of the second part of the speech. Cf. Khrushchev, Osvobozhdenie ukrainskikh zemel’, 15.

[1807] Ibid., 15.

[1808] Ibid., 16. In a script that is based on Khrushchev’s speech or is perhaps even transcript of the speech, the name Bandera and the term Banderites frequently appear dissimilarly from the published version of the speech. Cf. RGASPI f. 17, op. 125, del. 336, 2–31.

[1809] Khrushchev, Osvobozhdenie ukrainskikh zemel’, 16.

[1810] Ibid., 16. Khrushchev informed Stalin about the “Ukrainian-German nationalists” in a letter of 15 November 1944. Cf. “Tovarishchu Stalinu, I. V.,” TsDAHO f. 1, op. 23, spr. 1060, 1–5.

[1811] On this question, see also the subsection “The Conflict between the OUN-UPA and the Soviet Authorities” in chapter 6, page 295 above,

[1812] Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 481.

[1813] Statiev, Soviet Counterinsurgency, 250.

[1814] Ibid., 480.

[1815] For hanging in villages, see Weiner, Making Sense of War, 177. For hanging in cities and towns, see Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 480–81; Redlich, Together and Apart, 142; “Testimony of Janina Kwiatkowska,” KAW, II/1352, 7.

[1816] “Do uchasnykiv tak zvanykh ‘UPA’ ta ‘UNR’, 12 February 1944, Kiev,” (leaflet signed by Khrushchev), TsDAHO f. 57, op. 4, spr. 37, 267.

[1817] Ibid, 267. By 1950 at least six further amnesties addressed to the UPA partisans were published. See Bruder, “Den Ukrainischen Staat, 232; Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 435, 475. See also page 300 above.

[1818] “Sorokamilionnyi ukraїns’kyi vil’nyi narod ne dozvolyt’, shchob iakas’ mizerna kupka bandytiv pereshkodzhala iomu myrno pratsiuvaty,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 20 July 1944, 3.

[1819] “Ostatochno dobyty reshtky ukraїns’ko-nimets’kykh natsionalistiv,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 24 July 1945, 1.

[1820] Ostap Vyshnia, “Nasha zemlia! Radians’ka zemlia!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 6 February 1945, 5. For a similar case, see Mykhailo Han’kovych, “Chomu ia porvav z banderivtsiamy,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 15 May 1945, 7.

[1821] “Do vsikh obdurenykh, shcho perebuvaly u lisakh i skhronakh—nash zaklyk,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 18 February 1945, 4.

[1822] Ie. Ch. Hrushko, “Ïkh zhde rozplata,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 20 July 1944, 3.

[1823] Quoted in Anatol Goldberg, Ilya Ehrenburg: Writing, Politics and the Art of Survival (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), 197.

[1824] For an article on Soviet patriotism in Ukraine, see Mykola Tykhonov, “Patriotyzm ukrains’koho narodu,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 12 December 1944, 2, or S. Kolesnikova, “Lenin i Stalin pro radians’kyi patriotyzm,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 18 February 1945.

[1825] See for example “Povidomlennia nadzvychainoї Derzhavnoї Komisiї pro ruinuvannia, hrabezhi ta zlochynstva nimets’ko-fashysts’kykh zaharbnykiv ta їkh spil’nykiv u misti Rivne ta Rovens’kii oblasti,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 9 May 1944, 3; “Povidomlennia nadzvychainoї Derzhavnoї Komisiї pro zlodiiania nimtsiv na terytoriї L’vivskoї oblasti,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 29 December 1944, 2–4; “Pomsta i smert’ fashysts’kym zaharbnykam! Povidomlennia nadzvychainoї Derzhavnoї Komisiї pro zlodiiania nimtsiv na terytoriї L’vivs’koї oblasti—hriznyi obvynuval’nyi akt fashysts’kym zlochyntsiam,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 5 January 1945, 3. For the Extraordinary State Commission, see Sorokina, People and Proceedures.

[1826] “Posylyty ideino-politychnu robotu v zakhidnykh oblastiakh,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 29 October 1944, 1.

[1827] Ibid., 1. This article was reprinted in other newspapers. See for example Vil’na Ukraїna, 3 November 1944, 2.

[1828] Iaroslav Halan, “V chornii iami zrady i zlochyniv,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 17 November 1944, 2.

[1829] Volodymyr Beliaiev, “Bahattia fashysts’koï inkvizytsiї,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 8 December 1944, 3.

[1830] O. Kasymenko, “Ukraїns’ko-nimets’ki natsionalisty—nailiutishi vorohy ukraїns’koho narodu,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 10 December 1944. The article was reprinted in other newspapers, for example in Vil’na Ukraїna, 13 December 1944, 2–3. Another author who connected the OUN-UPA with Ukrainian nationalists from First World War was P. Lisovyi, “Nimets’ki fashysty—khaziaї ukraїns’kykh natsionalistychnykh zaprodantsiv,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 20 February 1945, 4.

[1831] Vasyl’ Osichyns’kyi, “Pidli z pidlykh,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 6 February 1945, 3.

[1832] Iaroslav Halan, Liudy bez bat’kivshchyny (Kiev: Dnipro, 1967), 94.

[1833] “Pokinchymo z vorohamy pol’s’koho narodu,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 7 February 1945, 4.

[1834] “Pol’s’ko-fashysts’ki bandyty pid maskoiu demokrativ,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 21 June 1945. For collaboration by the AK with the Germans, see Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1998), 88–89. For nationalism and antisemitism in the AK, see Frank Golczewski, “Die Heimatarmee und die Juden,” in Die polnische Heimatarmee: Geschichte und Mythos der Armia Krajowa seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, ed. Bernhard Chiari (Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2003), 635–76, especially 664.

[1835] Wippermann, Faschismus: Eine Weltgeschichte, 9.

[1836] See Amar, A Disturbed Silence, 158–84.

[1837] Radians’ka Ukraїna, 16 March 1945; Vil’na Ukraїna, 20 March 1945.

[1838] Ivan Mekh, “Khlibom ta koshtamy my b”iem voroha,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 12 November 1944, 3.

[1839] Ivan Turok, “Znyshchymo bandytiv banderivtsiv,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 12 November 1944, 3.

[1840] M. H. Trehuba, “Povnistiu znyshchyty fashysts’kykh bliudolyziv—ukraїns’ko-nimets’kykh natsionalistiv,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 2 December 1944, 3.

[1841] Ol’ha Sobol’, “Vyrvaty z korinniamy banderivs’ku nechyst’!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 3 December 1944, 3.

[1842] Iaroslav Halan, “Chomu nemaie imennia,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 19 November 1944.

[1843] D. Z. Manuïl’s’kyi, “Ukraїns’ko-nimets’ki natsionalisty na sluzhbi u fashysts’koї Nimechchyny,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 13 January 1945, 4.

[1844] Snyder, Bloodlands, 115.

[1845] Payne, A History of Fascism 1914–1915, 124.

[1846] Manuïl’s’kyi, “Ukraїns’ko-nimets’ki natsionalisty,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 13 January 1945, 5. For the kurkuls as a pillar of the “German-Ukrainian nationalists” in Soviet ideology, see also Pavlo Zhyvotenko, “Kaїnove plem”ia,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 14 September 1946, 3.

[1847] “Povertaitesia do myrnoї pratsi, znyshchuite prodazhnykh ahentiv Hitlera—banderivtsiv!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 2 February 1945, 4.

[1848] V. Kolisnyk, “‘Pid chuzhymy praporamy,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 30 August 1947, 6.

[1849] Pavlo Zhyvotenko, “Kurkuli—liuti vorohy trudovoho selianstva,” Vil’na Ukraїna 19 October 1947, 3.

[1850] Manuïl’s’kyi, “Ukraїns’ko-nimets’ki natsionalisty,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 13 January 1945, 5.

[1851] Ibid., 5. Manuïl’s’kyi’s words about the holy sword were later quoted as the words of a poet by other participants in the anti-OUN discourse. See, for example, Volodymyr Konvisar, “Slovo pro tykh, shcho pidnialy mech sviashchennyi,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 24 March 1945, 6.

[1852] Ibid., 5–6.

[1853] Ivan Hrushets’kyi, “Do kintsia znyshchymo naimytiv Hitlera—bandy ukraїns’ko-nimets’kykh natsionalistiv,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 16 January 1945, 3.

[1854] “Lyst do zadurenoho,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 10 February 1945, 5.

[1855] Ibid., 5.

[1856] Volodymyr Rasovych, “Z khrestom chy z nozhem?”, Vil’na Ukraїna, 8 April 1945, 5‒6. For Halan’s pseudonym, see Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 420.

[1857] Cf. Kost’ Huslystyi, “Z istoriї borot’by ukraїns’koho narodu proty tserkovnoї uniї,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 7 July 1945, 4–5.

[1858] Volodymyr Konvisar, “Providnyky do prirvy,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 13 April 1945, 6.

[1859] Osyp Mstyslavets’, “Liudoїd Dontsov ta inshi …” Vil’na Ukraїna, 19 June 1946, 5.

[1860] Andrii Mel’nyk, “Nekhai skhamenut’sia, poky ne pizno,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 23 May 1945, 5.

[1861] Mariia Ponchyn, “Dopomozhemo vykryty vorohiv,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 23 May 1945, 5.

[1862] Mykhailo Hirchuk, “Banderivtsi v us’omu dopomahaly nimtsiam,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 23 May 1945, 5.

[1863] Mar’ian Khmarnyi, “Vitaiemo zvernennia Radians’koho uriadu,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 23 May 1945, 5.

[1864] Hryts’ko Koval’, “Dopomozhemo vykryvaty bandytiv,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 25 May 1945, 3.

[1865] Dmytro Stan’ko, “Vykhod’te z lisiv!,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 25 May 1945, 3.

[1866] Oleksandra Pastushna, “My, zhinky—velyka syla!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 1 June 1945, 3.

[1867] A. M. Ahalakova, “Ia stala traktorystkoiu,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 1 June 1945, 3.

[1868] I. P. Senta, “Za rozkvit nashoho radians’koho zhyttia,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 1 June 1945, 4.

[1869] Olena Mykytenko, “Staranno pidhotuvatys’ i provesty zhnyva,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 2 June 1945, 4.

[1870] See, for example, “V den’ vsenarodnoho torzhestva—Sviata Peremohy nashe spasybi ridnomu Stalinu!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 9 May 1945, 3; “Narod slavyt’ vozhdia,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 28 July 1945, 1; F. Polkunov, “Tovarysh Stalin—Velykyi vozhd’ radians’koho narodu,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 12 October 1947, 2.

[1871] See, for example, “100—tysiachnyi mitynh u L’vovi,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 4 May 1945, 6.

[1872] Vil’na Ukraїna, 24 July 1945, 5.

[1873] Vil’na Ukraїna, 31 July 1945, 1.

[1874] Vil’na Ukraїna, 27 July 1945, 1.

[1875] For articles about the Nuremberg trials and Bandera, see “Do suvoroї i spravedlyvoї kary klyche nevynna krov,” Vil’na Ukraїna, 22 February 1946, 4; Petro Karmans’kyi, “Poklademo kinets’!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 22 February 1946, 4; V. M. Pan’kiv, “Zradnykiv na sud narodu!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 6 March 1946, 5.

[1876] See chapter 6 above, subsection “Operation Rollback,” page 309.

[1877] Snyder, Bloodlands, 115.

[1878] Radians’ka Ukraїna, 24 January 1948, 4.

[1879] For antisemitism in the Soviet Union, see Snyder, Bloodlands, 339–77.

[1880] Kto takie banderovtsy i za chto oni boriutsia (OUN pod rukovodstvom Stepana Bandery, 1948); Khto taki banderivtsi ta za shcho vony boruts’sia (Kiev, Lviv: OUN, 1950).

[1881] Khto taki banderivtsi, 5–6.

[1882] Ibid., 27.

[1883] Ibid., 4.

[1884] Ibid., 5.

[1885] Ibid., 9.

[1886] Ibid., 11.

[1887] Ibid, 11.

[1888] Ibid., 16.

[1889] Ibid., 18, 21.

[1890] Ibid., 22, 23.

[1891] Ibid., 25.

[1892] Masha Mishchenko, “Superechlyvyi heroi Bandera: pysav zukhvali lysty Hitleru i zbytkuvavsia z Handi,” 2 January 2013, http://maxpark.com/community/ukraine/content/1742683 (accessed, 23 February 2013).

[1893] P. S. Honcharuk, Z istoriї kolektyvizatsiї sil’s’koho hospodarstva zakhidnykh oblastei Ukraїns’koї RSR (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1976). The publication can be found in several libraries in Ukraine and other countries. Other ZCh OUN books published inside Soviet covers were, for example, the resolutions of the Fifth Great Congress of the OUN with the cover of Materialy XXV z’їzdu komunistychnoї partiї Ukrainy (Kiev: Politvydav Ukrainy, 1976), and a collection of articles by Iaroslav Stets’ko, Ievhen Orlovs’kyi, Oleh Dniprovskyi, and others, with the cover of Pereiaslav-Khmel’nyts’kyi i ioho istorychni pamiatky (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo Akademiї Nauk Ukraїns’koї RSR, 1972).

[1894] Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 560; Iurii Mel’nychuk, Iaroslav Halan: Literaturno-krytychnyi narys (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk, 1951), 14–15; Vitalii Maslovs’kyi, Zbroia Iaroslava Halana (Lviv: Kameniar, 1982), 8–15.

[1895] Some of Halan’s most important publications are “Z khrestom chy z nozhem?”, published under the pseudonym Volodymyr Rasovych in Vil’na Ukraїna, 8 April 1945, 5; Liudy bez bat’kivshchyny (Kiev: Derzhavne vydavnytsvo khudozhn’oї Literatury, 1952); Na sluzhbi u Satany (Kiev: Derzhavne vydavnytsvo khudozhn’oї Literatury, 1952); Lytsari nasyl’stva i zrady (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk, 1973).

[1896] Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 562.

[1897] Ibid., 562.

[1898] “Interrogations of Bohdan Stashyns’kyi,” 6 and 7 September 1961, BA Koblenz B 362/10141, 38–39, 41–43; Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 564–66. For the name of Lukashevych, see “Sudovyi protses u spravi uchasnyka ounivs’koї bandy Stakhura—vbyvtsi pys’mennyka Iaroslava Halana,” Lenins’ka molod’, 18 October 1951, 1.

[1899] Lenins’ka molod’, 18 October 1951, 1–2; L’vovskaia pravda, 16 October 1951, 3–4; Vil’na Ukraїna, 16 October 1959, 3; Vil’na Ukraїna, 17 October 1959, 3.

[1900] “Sudovyi protses u spravi uchasnyka ounivs’koї bandy Stakhura—vbyvtsi pys’mennyka Iaroslava Halana,” Lenins’ka molod’, 18 October 1951, 1‒2; “Sudebnyi protsess po delu uchastnika ounovskoi bandy Stakhura—ubiitsy pisatelia Iaroslava Galana,” L’vovskaia pravda 16 October 1951, 3.

[1901] Some of the biographies and historical or literary publications devoted to Halan are Iurii Mel’nychuk, Iaroslav Halan: Literaturno-krytychnyi narys (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk, 1951); Antolii Elkin, Iaroslav Galan (Moscow: Sovietskii pisatel’, 1955); Hryhorii Kulinchyk, Iaroslav Halan (Kiev: Dnipro, 1965); Vladimir Beliaev and Antolii Elkin, Iaroslav Galan (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1971); Iaroslav Halan u fotohrafiiakh (Lviv: Kameniar, 1977); L. A. Dashkivs’ka, Iaroslav Halan i teatr (Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1978); Vitalii Maslovs’kyi, Zbroia Iaroslava Halana (Lviv: Kameniar, 1982).

[1902] B. Vasylevych, Post Iaroslava Halana (Lviv: Kameniar, 1967).

[1903] Leonid Lukov (film director), Ob etom zabyt’ nel’zia, Kinostudia im. Gor’koho, 1954.

[1904] Valerii Isakov (film director), Do poslednei minuty, Odesskaia Kinostudiia, 1973.

[1905] Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, “Der Raum der Stadt Lemberg in den Schichten seiner politischen Denkmäler” Kakanien Revisited, 20 December 2009: 7.

[1906] Iakiv Tsehel’nyk and Iurii Skrypchenko, Literaturno-memorial’nyi muzei Iaroslava Halana (Lviv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vydavnytsvo: 1996), 3–36. See also D. Sapiga, Literaturno-memorial’nyi muzei Iaroslava Galana (Lviv: Kameniar, 1975), 5–15.

[1907] Tsehel’nyk, Literaturno-memorial’nyi muzei, 36. In 1975 the museum guide booklet stated that Halan’s works were republished seventy times in two and a half million copies. Cf. Sapiga, Literaturno-memorial’nyi muzei, 15.

[1908] Pavlo Zhytenko, “Smert’ i vichne prokliattia bandytam!” Vil’na Ukraїna, 16 June 1946, 6.

[1909] David Marples, Heroes and Villains. Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007), 155, 158; Rossoliński-Liebe, Der Raum der Stadt, 7.

[1910] On 30 December 1952 the Ministry of Culture of the Ukrainian SSR forbade the erection of monuments without the approval of the authorities. See K. Krepkyi, head of the propaganda section in the Oblast Committee of the KPU to M. K. Lazurenko, Secretary of the Oblast Committee of the KPU, March 1957, DALO, f. 3, op. 6. spr. 97, 40.

[1911] DALO, f. 3, op. 6, spr. 97, 39–40.

[1912] DALO, f. 3, op. 10, spr. 111, 22.

[1913] I considered only districts of the Lviv oblast. Monuments devoted explicitly to the Red Army were not included in this estimate, cf. DALO, f. 3, op. 10. spr. 111, 7–82. The statistics relating to relevant monuments in other oblasts of western Ukraine may not follow the same pattern.

[1914] DALO, f. 3, op. 10, spr. 111, 7, 8, 9, 24, 25, 45.

[1915] Ibid., 9, 13–14, 16–17, 18, 20, 36, 46, 49, 52, 56, 57. The plaque on the monument in Pustomyty did not explicitly mention “Ukrainian nationalists,” but the secretary of the CPU in Pustomyty district claimed that the monument was dedicated to the victims of the “German fascists and Ukrainian nationalists.”

[1916] Ibid., 57–59, 63, 65, 66, 69, 82.

[1917] For a complete list of monuments in the Lviv Oblast, see DALO, f. 3, op. 10, spr. 111, 7–82.

[1918] For the joint publication, see Vladimir Beliaiev and Mikhail Rudnitskii, Pod chuzhimi znamenami (Moscow: Krasnoe znamia, 1954).

[1919] See, for example, Ievhen Sheremet, Ukraïntsi za fakhom (Kiev: Tovarystvo “Ukraïna,” 1980), 4; Klim Dmitruk, Without Homeland (Kiev: Dnipro Publishers, 1984), 101.

[1920] Dmitruk, Without Homeland, 126.

[1921] Vladimir Beliaev, Formula iada (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1972), 42. For the document, see page 181 et seq. above, and TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 2, spr. 1, 15–89. For the blacklists, see TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 2, spr. 1, 58.

[1922] Dmitruk, Without Homeland, 48; Beliaiev, Pod chuzhimi znamenami, 39–40; Vladimir Beliaev, Ia obviniiaiu! (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1978), 57; Dieter Schenk, Der Lemberger Professorenmord und der Holocaust in Ostgalizien (Bonn: Dietz, 2007), 255; Wachs, Der Fall, 207–8.

[1923] For Troshchyns’kyi see, for example, V. P. Troshchyns’kyi, Naimantsi fashyzmu: Ukraїns’ki burzhuazni natsionalisty na sluzhbi hitlerivtsiv u mizhvoiennyi period 1921–1939 rr. (Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1981). For Cherednychenko see, for example, Vitalii Cherednychenko, Natsionalizm proty natsiї (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo politychnoї literatury Ukraїny, 1970), and Anatomiia zrady: Ukraїns’kyi burzhuaznyi natsionalizm—znariaddia antyradians’koї polityky imperializmu (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo politychnoї literatury Ukraїny, 1978). For quoting Norden as a source, see Cherednychenko, Natsionalizm, 94.

[1924] Dmitruk, Without Homeland, 52, 83, 99, 104; Beliaiev, Pod chuzhymy znamenamy, 41.

[1925] P. Shafeta, People and Cains: Essays, Articles, Pamphlets (Kiev: Politvidav Ukraini Publishers, 1982), 79–80.

[1926] Dmitruk, Without Homeland, 63–65. For equating Nazism with Zionism in Soviet history, see Dietsch, Making sense, 109.

[1927] Per Anders Rudling, “Anti-Semitism and the Extreme Right in Contemporary Ukraine,” Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe. From Local to Transnational, ed. Andrea Mammone, Emmanuel Godin, and Brian Jenkins (London: Routledge, 2012), 191–92; Snyder, Bloodlands, 348–49.

[1928] V. Sychevs’kyi (film director), Narod zvynuvachuie, Ukrainokhroniky 1959.

[1929] A. Fedoriv (film director), Vidkoly pam”iataie istoriia, Ukrainokhroniky 1969.

[1930] L. Udovenko (film director), Vbyvtsia vidomyi, Ukrainokhroniky 1972.

[1931] F. Karpins’kyi (film director), Z marshruta ne vernulys’, Ukrainokhroniky 1975.

[1932] Ie. Tatarets’ (film director), Voiovnychi ateïsty, Ukrainokhroniky 1985.

[1933] For publications on the OUN-UPA in Czechoslovakia, see Michal Šmigel’, Banderovci na Slovensku 1945–1947: Niektoré aspekty pôsobenia jednotiek Ukrajinskej povstaleckej armády na území krajiny (Banská Bystrica: Katedra histórie Fakulty humanitných vied Univerzity Mateja Béla, 2008), 9–43.

[1934] Grzegorz Motyka, “Obraz Ukraińca w literaturze Polski Ludowej,” in Problemy Ukraińców w Polsce po wysiedleńczej akcji “Wisła” 1947 roku, ed. Włodzimierz Mokry (Cracow: Szwajpolt Fiol, 1997), 216.

[1935] Jan Gerhard, Łuny w Bieszczadach (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1959). For the real name, see Grzegorz Motyka, “‘Łuny w Bieszczadach’ Jana Gerharda a prawda historyczna,” Problemy Ukraińców, ed. Mokry, 161.

[1936] Ewa Patelska and Czesław Patelski, Ogniomistrz Kaleń, Zespół Filmowy Studio, 1961.

[1937] Ogniomistrz Kaleń. Other popular novels were Henryk Cybulski, Czerwone noce (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1969), and Tadeusz Kruk, Karabin i menażka (Warsaw: Czytelnik, 1964).

[1938] Shumuk, Za skhidnim obriiem, 441.

[1939] Iurii Mel’nychuk, “Banderivs’kykh holovoriziv pokarano,” in Sluhy zhovtoho diiavola, ed. Iurii Mel’nychuk (Lviv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vydavnytsvo, 1957), 36–37.

[1940] Iurii Mel’nychuk, “Pid chuzhym porohom,” in Prodai-dushi, ed. Iurii Mel’nychuk (Lviv: Kameniar, 1967), 164–71. For the charge, see LN-W: Gerichte Rep. 350, vol. 1, 6–9, and chapter 7 above.

[1941] Shliakh peremohy, 18 October 1959, 1.

[1942] “Borets’, Providnyk i Symvol,” “U hlybokomu smutku...,” Homin Ukraїny, 24 October 1959, 1, 6.

[1943] Dmytro Stepovyk, Skul’ptor Mykhailo Chereshn’ovs’kyi: Zhyttia i tvorchist’ (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo imeni Olehy Telihy, 2000), 89.

[1944] “Stepan Bandera,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 22 October 1959, 1–2.

[1945] For pride in being Banderites, see “Pered maiestatom smerty sv. p. Stepana Bandery,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 19 October 1959, 3. For annoyance at connecting Bandera with the OUN-UPA’s war crimes and for emphasizing Soviet, Polish, or German atrocities against Ukrainians, see “Hanebnyi vchynok poliaka,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 5 November 1959, 1.

[1946] “Stepan Bandera i ioho ochorniuvachi,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 12 November 1959, 1; “Hanebnyi vchynok poliaka,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 5 November 1959, 1.

[1947] The list of localities, in which the Bandera commemorations took place in 1959, included Amberg, Amsterdam, Boston, Brantford, Buenos Aires, Buffalo, Calgary, Chatham, Chicago, Cleveland, Curitiba, Denver, Detroit, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Edmonton, Flin Flon, Frankfurt, Hamilton, Innsbruck, Jersey City, Klagenfurt, Landshut, Lightbridge, Liège, London, Manchester, Mons, Montreal, Munich, New York, Nottingham, Osnabrück, Ottawa, Paris, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Port Arthur, Port William, Regensburg, Regina, São Paulo, Saskatoon, Sudbury, Toronto, Vancouver, Vienna, Wellington, Winnipeg.

[1948] “Pomynal’ni Bohosluzhenia v tserkvakh Toronta,” Homin Ukraїny, 24 October 1959, 6; “U poshanu providnykovi,” Homin Ukraїny, Toronto, 31 October 1959, 7; Homin Ukraїny, 7 November 1959, 3; Homin Ukraїny, 14 November 1959, 5–6; Chaikovs’kyi, Moskovs’ki vbyvtsi, 512–30.

[1949] Chaikovs’kyi, Moskovs’ki vbyvtsi, 504–12.

[1950] “Sviato UPA pid znakom smerty sl. p. S. Bandery;” Homin Ukraїny, 24 October 1959, 7.

[1951] “Zhalobna akademiia v pam”iat’ Stepana Bandery, 13.12.1959,” ASBML, 1638.

[1952] “Ostannia doroha providnyka Bandery,” Homin Ukraїny, 31 October 1959, 1. See also the pictures in Homin Ukraїny, 31 October 1959, 1; Svoboda, 31 October 1959, 1; Ukraïns’ka dumka, 29 October 1959, 1.

[1953] “Slovo Iaroslava Stets’ka nad vidkrytoiu mohyloiu sl. p. Stepana Bandery,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 22 October 1959, 1–2; “Slovo Iaroslava Stets’ka nad mohyloiu S. Bandery,” Shliakh peremohy, 25 October 1959, 1. Emphasis in the original.

[1954] “U pokloni Providnykovi,” Homin Ukraїny, 7 November 1959, 3.

[1955] Ibid., 3.

[1956] “U pokloni Providnykovi,” Homin Ukraїny, 14 November 1959, 5.

[1957] Ibid., 6.

[1958] Ol’ha Lus’ka, “Stepanovi Bandery,” Shliakh peremohy, 1 November 1959, 1.

[1959] Leonid Poltava, “Na smert’ Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny. Literatura i mystetsvo, 7 November 1959, 2.

[1960] Chaikovs’kyi, Moskovs’ki vbyvtsi, 570–81.

[1961] “Praha zradyla ubyvtsiv,” Homin Ukraïny. Literatura i mystetsvo, 7 November 1959, 2.

[1962] See for example Homin Ukraїny, 14 November 1959, 1. The newspapers controlled by the ZCh OUN also published photographs of other OUN-UPA leaders. For a photograph of the bust of Roman Shukhevych, see for example Homin Ukraïny, 5 March 1960, 1.

[1963] Dmytro Dontsov, “Im”ia-symvol,” Homin Ukraïny, 14 November 1959, 2.

[1964] “Pomer Ante Pavelich,” Homin Ukraïny, 23 January 1960, 7.

[1965] Ibid., 7.

[1966] Stanislava Kolková, “Das Bild von Jozef Tiso als ‘Führer mit christlichem Antlitz’ und ‘Symbol der slowakischen Unabhängigkeit in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart – Versuch einer Annährung,” in Der Führer im Europa, ed. Ennker, 271.

[1967] “Vechir spomyniv pro Stepana Banderu v Kalgarakh,” Homin Ukraïny, 5 March 1960, 2.

[1968] “V Zeleni Sviata na mohylakh Heroїv,” Shliakh peremohy, 11 May 1960, 1.

[1969] See for example “Rozmova z hist’my z-za okeanu,” Homin Ukraïny, 2 December 1963, 3.

[1970] “Zvernennia Provodu Zakordonnykh Chastyn OUN,” Homin Ukraïny, 15 October 1960, 1.

[1971] “Iedyna real’na vyzvol’na kontseptsiia,” “Ioho dilo ne vmerlo nikoly,” “Nevhnutomu bortsevi,” Homin Ukraïny, 15 October 1960, 2.

[1972] “Sviato UPA i richnytsia smerty sl. p. S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 22 October 1960, 1, 5.

[1973] “Montreal v pokloni sl. p. S. providnykovi St. Banderi,” Homin Ukraïny, 22 October 1960, 5; “U pershu richnytsiu smerty sl. p. providnyka S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 29 October 1960, 2; “U richnytsiu smerty sl. p. S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 5 November 1960, 7; “U richnytsiu smerty sl. p. S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 5 November 1960, 7; “U pokloni Providnykovi,” Homin Ukraïny, 16 January 1961, 6; “U pershu richnytsiu smerty S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 28 October 1960, 7; “Desiatyrichchia sumivs’koї diial’nosty v Klivlendi,” Shliakh peremohy, 22 January 1960, 3.

[1974] “Nove vydannia marok Pidpil’noї Poshty Ukraїny,” Shliakh peremohy, 15 October 1961, 2.

[1975] “U druhi rokovyny smerty Providnyka,” Shliakh peremohy, 5 November 1961, 5; Shliakh peremohy, 12 November 1961, 5; Shliakh peremohy, 19 November 1961, 5; “Den’ UPA i rokovyny smerty St. Bandery,” Homin Ukraїny, 28 October 1961, 6; “V pokloni sl. pam. Stepanovi Banderi,” Shliakh peremohy, 10 December 1961, 5.

[1976] “U druhi rokovyny smerty Providnyka,” Shliakh peremohy, 12 November 1961, 5.

[1977] “Bart ab,” Der Spiegel, 29 November 1961, No. 49, 32–34; “Zaiava provodu ZCh OUN pered predstavnykamy chuzhynets’koї presy,” Shliakh peremohy, 26 November 1961, 1.

[1978] “Vbyvnyk Bandery vykrytyi!” Shliakh peremohy, 26 November 1961, 1, 4; “Vbyvnyky v uriadi SSSR,” Shliakh peremohy, 3 December 1961, 1.

[1979] “Na sud moskovs’kykh zlochyntsiv!” Shliakh peremohy, 3 December 1961, 1.

[1980] Shliakh peremohy, 26 November 1961, 1.

[1981] “Cherhovoiu zhertvoiu moskovs’koho teroru mav buty Iaroslav Stets’ko,” Shliakh peremohy, 3 December 1961, 1; Petro Kizko, “Zamalo pomsty,” Shliakh peremohy, 3 December 1961, 3.

[1982] Seventy-six demonstrations took place in Europe, fifty in Canada and the USA, three in Argentina and Brazil, and three in Australia. Cf. Chaikovs’kyi, Moskovs’ki vbyvtsi, 71–72, 596–98. See also “Natavrovuiemo moskovs’kykh zlochyntsiv!” Shliakh peremohy, 17 December 1961, 3–4; Shliakh peremohy, 24 December 1961, 3; Shliakh peremohy, 7 January 1962; Shliakh peremohy, 21 January 1962, 3; ASBML, 1636.

[1983] Chaikovs’kyi, Moskovs’ki vbyvtsi, 596.

[1984] Ibid., 70–71; “Spalyly bol’shevyts’kyi prapor,” Shliakh peremohy, 17 December 1961, 1.

[1985] “Na Fond vyzvol’noï borot’by im. Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 7 November 1959, 5; Homin Ukraїny, 5 March 1960, 5; Homin Ukraïny, 2 April 1960, 6.

[1986] Chaikovs’kyi, Moskovs’ki vbyvtsi, 76–77, 601–3.

[1987] Stepan Lenkavs’kyi, Murdered by Moscow: Petlura, Konovalets, Bandera, three leaders of the Ukrainian National Liberation Movement, Assassinated at the Orders of Stalin and Khrushchov (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962); Petlura, Konowalez, Bandera: Von Moskau ermordet (Munich: Ukrainischer Verlag, 1962); Russischer Kolonialismus in der Ukraine: Berichte und Dokumente (Munich: Ukrainischer Verlag, 1962).

[1988] For Lenkavs’kyi, see chapters 1 and 4 above.

[1989] “Ukraїns’kyi Narodnii Dim im. St. Bandery u Villia Adelina,” Shliakh peremohy, 22 July 1962, 5.

[1990] Rossoliński-Liebe, Celebrating Fascism, 12. On Camp Veselka, see “Tabir Veselka,” Homin Ukrainy, 17 September 1980, 11.

[1991] “Deshcho pro M. Chereshn’ovs’koho,” Shliakh peremohy, 2 September 1962, 3; Stepovyk, Skul’ptor, 147–48; “Natsional’na manifestatsiia v Ellenvill,” Shliakh peremohy, 5 August 1962, 1.Tania Sawa-Priatka: A Short History of the Ukrainian American Youth Association’s “Oselia” on the Occasion of Its 50th Anniversary, http://www.cym.org/us/ellenville/Oselia50_UWarticle.asp (accessed 30 May 2011). First published in America, 21 May 2005.

[1992] “Natsional’na manifestatsiia v Ellenvill,” Shliakh peremohy, 5 August 1962, 1.

[1993] “Vshanuvaly pamiat’ Providnyka,” Shliakh peremohy, 4 November 1962, 5; “V tretiu richnytsiu smerti sl. p. St. Bandery,” Shliakh peremohy, 11 November 1962, 3; Shliakh peremohy, 18 November 1962, 3; “Ni na krok ne vidstupymo,” Shliakh peremohy, 18 November 1962, 5; “U pokloni lytsariam,” Shliakh peremohy, 2 December 1962, 5; ASBML, 1629.

[1994] See for example “Tak vbyla Moskva polk. Konoval’tsia,” Shliakh peremohy, 12 October 1962, 3; “Z nakazu TsK partiї i uriadu v Moskvi Stashyns’kyi zamorduvav Providnyka OUN, sl. p. Stepana Banderu,” Shliakh peremohy, 14 October 1962, 1, 4; “Velyki liudy velyka stratehiia,” Shliakh peremohy, 14 October 1962, 2.

[1995] “Khrushchova na mizhnarodnii sud!” Shliakh peremohy, 28 October 1962, 4.

[1996] T. Zaryts’kyi, “Na pochatku bula zrada,” Shliakh peremohy, 4 November 1962, 4. For a very similar characterization, see St. Shums’kyi, “Novitnii moskovs’kyi ianychar,” Shliakh peremohy, 18 November 1962, 2; Petro Kizko, “Chy til’ky pomichnyk,” Shliakh peremohy, 25 November 1962, 2.

[1997] “Die Sache Banderas wird siegen,” ASBML, 2106, 2; “Bandera ist die Ukraine,” ASBML, 2113, 1. Artur Furman, Krov i vuhillia (Munich: Ukrainian Publishers, 1961); Artur Furman, Pid praporom Bandery (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1964).

[1998] A. Furman “Protes v Karl’sruhe—tse zbroia,” Shliakh peremohy, 4 November 1962, 4.

[1999] “Protymoskovs’ki demonstratsiї,” Homin Ukraïny, 31 October 1964, 2; “Vashington pid znakom Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 7 November 1964, 4, 8. For the mourning gatherings see “U 5-richchia smerty Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 31 October 1964, 3, 5; “Z ukraїns’koho zhyttia u sviti,” Homin Ukraïny, 31 October 1964, 6; “U 5-richchia smerty Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraїny, 7 November 1964, 3, 7.

[2000] “U 5-richchia smerty Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 7 November 1964, 3.

[2001] “Memorial Service in Honour of Corneliu Codreanu,” ABN Correspondence Vol. XVIII, No. 1 (1967): 37.

[2002] Stets’ko, 30 chervnia 1941, 9–11, 182, 246.

[2003] “Na poshanu providnyka OUN St. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 25 October 1969, 1.

[2004] Ibid., 1, 4.

[2005] “Vshanuvannia pamiati St. Bandery,” Homin Ukraїny, 11 October 1969, 1, 4; “U desiatu richnytsiu smerty sl. p.St. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 11 October 1969, 2, 7; “Sviatkuvannia v Montreali,” “Panakhyda v Toronti,” Homin Ukraïny, 25 October 1969, 1; “U desiaty richchia smerty S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraїny, 15 November 1969, 3, 7, 13; “U desiatu richnytsiu smerty S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 22 November 1969, 9.

[2006] “Desiati rokovyny smerty Bandery,” Ukrainian News, 23 October 1969, 5. For designating Stets’ko an honorary citizen of Winnipeg, see “Former Prime Minister of Ukraine—Honorary Citizen of Ukraine,” ABN Correspondence, Vol. VXIII, No. 3 (1967): 31.

[2007] See the picture on the cover. The image is from the collection of the TShLA.

[2008] “U Vashyngtoni vidznachyly manifestatsieiu 10-littia vbystva Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 25 October 1969, 1.

[2009] “Protybol’shevyts’ka demonstratsia u N’iu-Iorku,” Homin Ukraïny, 22 November 1969, 1, 4.

[2010] Homin Ukraïny, 12 October 1974, 1.

[2011] “Vistky z Argentiny,” Homin Ukraïny, 16 November 1974, 7.

[2012] ABN Correspondance Vol. XXIV, No. 3 (1973).

[2013] “Velykyi myslytel’ natsionalizmu,” Homin Ukraїny, 29 March 1974, 3.

[2014] “Shliakhom velykoho myslitelia—revolutsionera,” Homin Ukraïny, 30 March 1983, 1; “Dmytro Dontsov—philosopher, ideologist, political thinker,” Homin Ukraїny, 30 March 1983, 2; “V 10-tu richnytsiu smerty D. Dontsova,” Homin Ukraïny, 6 April 1983, 11; “Dmytro Dontsov—ideoloh vyzvol’noї borot’by,” Literatura i mystetsvo. Misiachnyi dodatok Homonu Ukraїny, October 1983, 1–2.

[2015] “Sviatkove vidznachennia OUN,” Homin Ukraïny, 3 October 1979, 1.

[2016] “Stepan Bandera—prapor ukraїns’koї revoliutsiї,” Homin Ukraïny, 10 October 1979, 1.

[2017] Liubomyr Rykhtyts’kyi, “Ubyty symvol nemozhlyvo,” Homin Ukraïny, 10 October 1979, 2.

[2018] “Dukh Bandery klyche vsikh nas,” Homin Ukraïny, 10 October 1979, 3.

[2019] See the announcement in Homin Ukraïny, 19 September 1979, 1.

[2020] “Miunkhen u 20-littia skrytovbystva Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 31 October 1979, 1,

[2021] Ibid., 1, 4.

[2022] “Miunkhen u 20-littia skrytovbystva Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 31 October 1979, 4. For the original fascist version of the salute, see “Postanovy II. Velykoho Zboru,” TsDAHO f. 1, op. 23, spr. 926, 199.

[2023] “Miunkhen u 20-littia skrytovbystva Stepana Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 31 October 1979, 4.

[2024] ABN Correspondence, No. 2 (1980): 19.

[2025] Ibid., 7.

[2026] Avangard. Zhurnal ukraїns’koї molodi, Vol. 149, No. 6 (1979), 335.

[2027] Homin Ukraïny, 23 July1980, 5.

[2028] “Komitet ukraїns’ko-ievreis’koї spivpratsi v Ierusalymi skladaie spivchuttia z pryvodu 20-richchia smerty S. Bandery,” Homin Ukraïny, 14 November 1979, 1. For the committee, see Volodymyr Kubiiovych and V. Markus, “Jews,” Encyclopedia of Ukraine, ed. Volodymyr Kubiiovych (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 2:390. On the Holocaust and Jewish-Ukrainian relations during the Cold War, see Rossoliński-Liebe, Erinnerungslücke Holocaust, 415–18.

[2029] “Prapor UPA na Kapitoli,” Shliakh peremohy, 22 August 1982, 1. For the flag and the Second Great Congress of the Ukrainian Nationalists, see chapter 4 above.

[2030] Iosyf Slipyi, “Poslannia u 40-richchia narodzhennia UPA,” Shliakh peremohy, 10 October 1982, 1.

[2031] For Stets’ko calling himself the “former Ukrainian premier,” see “Captive Nations Week Observed,” Ukrainian Echo, 31 August 1983, 1; “Ukraїna staie predmetom svitovoï politiky: u 25-littia tyzhnia ponevolenykh narodiv i 40-richchia ABN,” Homin Ukraïny, 17 August 1983, 1. For Stets’ko at the White House, see “Ukraïna staie predmetom svitovoï politiky: u 25-littia tyzhnia ponevolenykh narodiv i 40-richchia ABN,” Homin Ukraïny, 17 August 1983, 1, 3; “Politychnyi aspekt vidznachennia richnyts’: TPN i ABN,” Homin Ukraïny, 24 August 1983, 1, 4.

[2032] “Pamiatnyk voїnam UPA v Klivlendi,” Shliakh peremohy, 22 August 1982, 1.

[2033] For Canadian multiculturalism and Ukrainian nationalism in Canada, see Rossoliński-Liebe, Celebrating Fascism, 12, 14–15; Rudling, Multiculturalism, 743–45.

[2034] “Khai slava pro velykoho komandyra prokhodyt’ u viky,” Homin Ukraїny, 2 July 1980, 3.

[2035] Al’manakh Homonu Ukraїny 1991, 172.

[2036] For the original text, see “Akt proholoshennia ukraїns’koї derzhavy, 30.06.1941,” TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 5, 3. For the falsified reprint of the text, see “Text of sovereignty proclamation,” Ukrainian Echo, 25 June 1980, 3.

[2037] On the instrumentalization of the famine and the soap opera Holocaust, see Dietsch, Making Sense, 124–25. For an article calling the famine the “horrible Ukrainian holocaust” and claiming seven million Ukrainian victims, see “Zhakhlyvyi ukraїns’kyi holokost,” Homin Ukraїny, 1 September 1982, 9. The term appeared for the first time in 1988. Cf. John-Paul Himka: “Review of Johan Dietsch, ‘Making Sense of Suffering’ and Stanyslav Vladyslavovych ‘Kul’chyts’kyi, Holod 1932–1933 rr. v Ukraini iak henotsyd/Golod 1932–1933 gg. v Ukraine kak genotsid’” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History Vol. 8, No. 3 (Summer 2007): 684.

[2038] On 23 October 1983 a famine monument was unveiled in Edmonton. At the unveiling ceremony Petro Savaryn claimed seven million victims. See Tom Barrett, “Agony of Ukraine recalled,” Edmonton Journal, 24 October 1983, 1; Rudling, Multiculturalism, 751–52.

[2039] “Ukraine since the ‘New Order’,” “Major instance of Genocide in the 20th century,” Ukrainian Echo, 1 June 1983, 1, 2.

[2040] Roman Serbyn, “The First Man-Made Famine in Soviet Ukraine 1921–1923,” Ukrainian Weekly, 6 November 1988, 5.

[2041] Marco Carynnyk, “Blind Eye to Murder: Britain, the United States and the Ukrainian Famine of 1933,” in Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933, eds. Roman Serbyn and Bohdan Krawchenko (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1986), 135–36. In the 1990s Carynnyk became one of the most reliable scholars investigating the antisemitism of the OUN-UPA, and a critic of the nationalist misrepresentation of the famine. Cf. chapter 10 below.

[2042] In general on the famine, see Dietsch, Making Sense; Himka, Review of Johan Dietsch, 683–94.

[2043] For Andrii Bandera, see “Pokhoron sl. pam. A. Bandery,” Shliakh peremohy, 12 August 1984, 1,2; “Zamist’ kvitiv na mohylu druhovi,” Shliakh peremohy, 19 August 1984, 2; “Sviatii pamiati Andriia Bandery,” Shliakh peremohy, 9 September 1984, 2; “Pokhoron sl. pam. Andriia Bandery,” Homin Ukraїny, 1 August 1984, 1; “Prysviata sl. p. Andriievi Banderi,” Homin Ukraїny, 1 August 1984, 2; “In Memoriam of Andriy Bandera,” Ukrainian Echo, 29 August 1984, 3, 6. For Slipyi, see “U pokloni sviatomu,” Shliakh peremohy, 23 September 1984, 1; “Zavishchannia blazhenishoho,” Shliakh peremohy, 23 September 1984, 1; “Budemo virni zavishchanniu Patriiarkha!” Shliakh peremohy, 7 October 1984, 1; “Sviatishyi Otets’ Ivan-Pavlo II do ukraїns’koho narodu v Kanadi,” Shliakh peremohy, 14 October 1984, 2; “Sv. p. Patriiarkh UKTS Iosyf I,” Homin Ukraïny, 19 September 1984, 1–2.

[2044] “U 25-richchia z dnia smerty Stepana Bandery,” Shliakh peremohy, 1984.

[2045] Iaroslav Sokolyk, “Heroї travnia,” Homin Ukraїny, 13 June 1984, 2.

[2046] “Stepan Bandera—symvol ukraїns’koї natsiї,” Homin Ukraїny, 17 October 1984, 1–2. See also “Stepan Bandera: the man, the symbol” Ukrainian Echo, 17 October 1984, 4; “25 years later …,” Ukrainian Echo, 17 October 1984, 5.

[2047] “Zvernennia KUK,” Homin Ukraїny, 24 October 1984, 2.

[2048] “Zvernenia provodu OUN u 25-richchia herois’koї smerty Stepana Bandery,” Shliakh peremohy, 14 October 1984, 1.

[2049] On this page the OUN activists depicted themselves with members of the European Council of Liberation, “Konferentsiia Ievropeis’koї Rady Svobody,” Shliakh peremohy, 14 October 1984, 5.

[2050] “Stepan Bandera—revoliutsyinyi providnyk,” Shliakh peremohy, 21 October 1984, 1, 6.

[2051] “U pokloni Stepanovi Banderi,” Shliakh peremohy, 28 October 1984, 1, 6; “Stepan Bandera na tli epokhy,” Shliakh peremohy, 4 November 1984, 1, 2; Volodymyr Lenyk, “U pokloni Stepanovi Banderi,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 8 November 1984, 2.

[2052] “U pamiat’ i proslavu,” Ukraïns’ka dumka, 15 November 1984, 5.

[2053] “V pokloni Stepanovi Banderi,” Homin Ukraïny, 5 December 1984, 10.

[2054] Lypovets’kyi, Orhanizatsiia Ukraïns’kykh Natsionalistiv, cover.

[2055] “Providnykovi,” Shliakh peremohy, 24 August 1986, 1; “Poklin velykomu synovi Ukraїny,” Ideia i chyn.Orhan Kraiovoї Upravy Spilky Ukraїns’koї Molodi v Nimechchyni, August 1984, 1.

[2056] “U Taipeï vshanuvaly sl. pam. Iaroslava Stets’ko,” Shliakh peremohy, 24 August 1986, 1.

[2057] “Stepan Bander—tvorets’ novoї epokhy,” Shliakh peremohy, 15 October 1989, 1. Stepan Lenkavs’kyi, “Politychna otsinka protsesu proty vbyvtsiv sl. pam. Stepana Bandera,” Shliakh peremohy, 15 October 1989, 1, 6; Ol’ha Lus’ka, “Stepanovi Banderi,” Shliakh peremohy, 15 October 1989, 1.

[2058] “V pokloni providnykovi Stepanovi Banderi,” Shliakh peremohy, 29 October 1989, 1, 2; “Slovo-vidkryttia zhalobnoї Akademiї Holovy Mizhkraiovoho Sviatkovoho Komitetu Ivana Kashuby,” Shliakh peremohy, 29 October 1989, 1; “Zhalobni urochystosti v Miunkheni,” Shliakh peremohy, 29 October 1989, 1, 2; “Stepan Bandera na tli suchasnoї doby,” Shliakh peremohy, 29 October 1989, 1, 2.

[2059] “Muzei,” Shliakh peremohy, 12 October 1962, 3.

[2060] OUN member Mykhailo Bilan, interview by author, London, 10 July 2008.

[2061] Muzei Ukraїns’koї Vyzvol’noї Borot’by im. Stepana Bandery, 1979, anonymous leaflet.

[2062] OUN member Vasyl’ Oles’kiv, telephone interview by author, Berlin/London, 27 November 2008.

[2063] When I visited the museum in 2008, it bore no sign. A clerk in a small shop nearby informed me that he had never heard anything about a museum in the area although he had worked in the shop for thirty years.

[2064] OUN member Vasyl’ Oles’kiv, telephone interview by author, Berlin/London, 27 November 2008.

[2065] The Bandera bofon with Iaroslav Stets’ko’s signature was issued in 1982. Others were released in 1964 and 1994. Cf. Serhii Bohunov, ed., Bofony. Hroshovi dokumenty OUN i UPA (Kiev: Sluzhba Bezpeky Ukraїny, 2008), 164, 166, 171.

[2066] The OUN members were detained in KZ Auschwitz I as political prisoners. The majority of the Jews deported to Auschwitz were annihilated in KZ Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Among the non-Jewish prisoners in Auschwitz, mainly the sick and incapable of work were killed. Cf. Mykhailo Marunchak, Ukraїns’ki politychni v’iazni v natsysts’kykh kontsentratsyiinykh taborakh (Winnipeg: Svitova liha ukarїns’kykh politychnykh v’iazniv), 121–24.

[2067] V-K., A.-T., Chomu svit movchyt’ (Kiev, Paris, 1946), 4, 27, 35, 36, 39, 41, 46, 48, 51. For the OUN members in Auschwitz see page 251 et seq., above.

[2068] “Zvernennia voiuiuchoї Ukraїny. Ukraїns’ka Molode!”

[2069] Ibid.

[2070] Golczewski, Deutsche und Ukrainer, 942.

[2071] Mirchuk, Stepan Bandera, 6–7.

[2072] Ibid., 26–30.

[2073] Ibid., 37–38.

[2074] Ibid., 43. For torturing Ukrainian prisoners, see chapter 3 above.

[2075] Ibid., 45–47.

[2076] Ibid., 71.

[2077] Ibid., 75.

[2078] Ibid., 76–77.

[2079] Ibid., 89.

[2080] Mirchuk, Stepan Bandera, 77–78. For the actual text of the proclamation, see “Akt proholoshennia ukraїns’koї derzhavy, 30.06.1941,” TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 5, 3. See also chapter 4 above.

[2081] Mirchuk, Stepan Bandera, 83.

[2082] Ibid., 81.

[2083] Ibid., 82.

[2084] Ibid., 93. See chapter 7 above, subsection “Bandera’s Worldview after the Second World War.”

[2085] Ibid., 93.

[2086] Ibid., 97–98.

[2087] Ibid., 95–96.

[2088] Ibid., 99.

[2089] Ibid., 101. For the killing of Ukrainians by the OUN-B after the Second World War see chapter 6 above.

[2090] Mirchuk, Stepan Bandera, 102.

[2091] Ibid.,103; Bandera, Slovo do Ukraїns’kykh, 78.

[2092] Mirchuk, Stepan Bandera, 109.

[2093] Ibid., 110.

[2094] Petro Mirchuk, My Meetings and Discussions in Israel. Are Ukrainians “Traditionally anti-Semites”? (New York: Ukrainian Survivors of the Holocaust, 1982).

[2095] Mirchuk, My Meetings, 2–3. Mirchuk was, however, aware of the difference between Jewish and non-Jewish prisoners. He described it in his own memoirs of Auschwitz. Cf. Mirchuk, In the German Mills of Death, 60–61.

[2096] Stanisław Krajewski, “Auschwitz als Herausforderung,” Unbequeme Wahrheiten: Polen und sein Verhältnis zu den Juden, ed. Helga Hirsch (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2008), 120.

[2097] Mirchuk, My Meetings, 25–26.

[2098] Ibid., 29.

[2099] Ibid., 61.

[2100] Ibid., 14–15.

[2101] Ibid., 149–50.

[2102] “Ukrainian students protest in Dachau,” Homin Ukraїny, 12 October 1983, 2.

[2103] Veryha, Pid krylamy vyzvol’nykh dum, 26–27. See also chapter 5 above.

[2104] Stella Krentsbakh, “Zhyvu shche zavdiaky UPA,” V riadakh UPA: Zbirka spomyniv buv. Voiakiv Ukraїns’koї Povstans’koї Armiї, ed. Petro Mirchuk and V. Davydenko (New York: Nakladom T-va b. Voiakiv UPA v ZDA i Kanadi, 1957), 342–49. In 2009 Krentsbakh’s biography was translated into English and published in Moisei Fishbein’s blog http://mosesfishbein.blogspot.com/2009/10/
memoirs-of-stella-krenzbach-i-am-alive.html (accessed 27 July 2011). For Fishbein, see page 478 et seq., below.

[2105] Krentsbakh, Zhyvu shche zavdiaky UPA, 342, 343, 345–46, 349.

[2106] Leonid Poltava, Obraz Stepana Bandery v literaturi i mystetsvi (New York: Ameryka, 1979), 7, 10 ff, 28 ff.

[2107] Leonid Poltava, Zhyttia Stepana Bandery (New York: META, 1987).

[2108] In addition to those already introduced, Petro Mirchuk published several other historical monographs and a vast number of articles. The most popular ones are: Koly horiat’ lisy (n.p: Zahrava, 1947), Akt vidnovlennia Ukraїns’koї Derzhavnosty 30 chervnia 1941 roku. Iioho geneza ta politychne i istorychne znachennia (New York: Vydannia Holovnoï upravy Orhanizatsiï oborony chotyr’okh svobid Ukraïny, 1952), Ukraїns’ka Povstans’ka Armiia 1942–1952 (Munich: Cicero, 1953), Za chystotu pozytsii ukraїns’koho vyzvolnoho rukhu (Munich: P. Mirchuk, 1955), Mykola Mikhnovs’kyi: apostol ukraïns’koï derzhavnosty (Philadelphia: T-vo ukraïns’koi studiiuiuchoïmolodi im. M. Mikhnovs’koho, 1960), Stepan Bandera. Symvol revoliutsiinoї bezkompromisovosty (New York: Orhanizatsiia oborony chotyr’okh svobid Ukraïny, 1961), In the German mills of death, 1941–1945 (New York: Vantage Press, 1976), Ukraiïns’kaderzhavnist’, 1917–1920 (Philadelphia: n.p. 1967), Narys istoriї OUN (Munich: Ukraїns’ke vydavnytsvo, 1968), Revoliutsiinyi zmah za USSD: Khto taki ‘banderivtsi,’ ‘mel’nykivtsi,’ dviikari’ (New York: Soiuz Ukraїns’kykh Politv”iazniv, 1985).

[2109] Wolodymyr Kosyk published several monographs and a vast number of articles. The very selective edition of documents L’Allemagne national-socialiste et l’Ukraine (Paris: Publications de l’Est européen, 1986) was translated into German, English, and Ukrainian.

[2110] See chapters 1, 4, and 5 above.

[2111] Mykola Klymyshyn published two volumes of historical memoirs, see V pokhodi do voli, vol. 1–2 (Detroit: Ukraїns’ka Knyharnia, 1987).

[2112] Stepan Lenkavs’kyi, Petlura, Konowalez, Bandera von Moskau ermordet (Munich, Ukrainischer Verlag, 1962).

[2113] For Bandera’s writings and interviews, see chapter 7 above.

[2114] For Ianiv’s writings and worldview, see this chapter.

[2115] In 1946 Lebed’ had already published a monograph in which he whitewashed the OUN and UPA. Cf. Ukraїns’ka Povstans’ka Armiia: її heneza, rist i diї u vyzvol’niї borotbi ukraїns’koho narodu za ukraїns’ku samostiїnu sobornu derzhavu (N.p.: UHVR, 1946).

[2116] Ilnytzkyi published two volumes on Germany and Ukraine during World War II. Deutschland und die Ukraine 1934–1945. Tatsachen europäischer Politik. vol. 1–2 (Munich: UNI, 1958).

[2117] On Taras Hunchak and his brother’s, sister’s, and father’s membership of the OUN, see Taras Hunchak, Moi spohady – stezhky zhyttia (Kiev: Dnipro, 2005), 16, 22, 30.

[2118] Potichnyj was a child soldier in the UPA. He arrived in Munich from Ukraine in 1947 in a UPA unit. Cf. Peter J. Potichnyj, My Journey (Toronto: Litopys UPA, 2008), 83–93.

[2119] On Veryha in Waffen-SS Galizien, see Vasyl’ Veryha, Pid krylamy vyzvol’nykh dum (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo imeni Oleny Telihy, 2007).

[2120] On Horbatsch in the Waffen-SS Galizien, see Melnyk, To Battle, 335–36.

[2121] On Drazhn’ovs’kyi in Waffen-SS Galizien, see Andrii Bolianovs’kyi, Dyviziia “Halychyna”: Istoriia (L’viv: A. Bolianovs’kyi, 2000), 386.

[2122] In his memoirs Petro Savaryn expresses pride in being a veteran of the Waffen-SS Galizien. See Petro Savaryn, Z soboiu vzialy Ukraїnu. Vid Ternopillia do Al’berty (Kiev: KVITs 2007), 252–53, 275, 336.

[2123] Hryn’okh (1909–1994) was assistant professor 1974–1977, full professor 1978–1990, and professor emeritus 1991–1994 at the UVU in Munich. Horbatch (1915–1997) was assistant professor from 1965 to 1967, full professor from 1971 to 1990, and professor emeritus from 1991 to 1997. Cf. Mykola Shafoval, ed., Universitas Libera Ucrainensis 1921–2006 (Munich: Verlag Steinmeier, 2006), 122.

[2124] Shafoval, Universitas, 80–94, 101–3.

[2125] Valerii Mokienko, “Das sprachwissenschaftliche Werk Oleksa Horbatschs,” Die Ukraine in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Aufsätze zu Geschichte, Sprache und Literatur. Greifswalder Ukrainische Hefte, ed. Alexander Kratochvil, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Greifswald: Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Lehrstuhl für Ukrainistik, 2004), 12.

[2126] Rossoliński-Liebe, Celebrating Fascism, 5–7.

[2127] See chapter 6 above, page 322.

[2128] On the retyping, see Himka, Iak OUN stavylasia, 260. For understanding the documents to be original, see Ksenya Kiebuzinski, “Institute Receives Lebed Papers,” January 2004, http://www.huri.
harvard.edu/na/lebedpapers.html (accessed 30 July 2011). For V’’iatrovych, see Rossoliński-Liebe, Debating, Obfuscating and Disciplining the Holocaust, 207–8, 213–14; Rudling, The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust, 28–31.

[2129] Klymyshyn, V pokhodi, 1:333.

[2130] Stakhiv, Kriz’ tiurmy, 100.

[2131] Stakhiv, Kriz’ tiurmy.

[2132] Volodymyr Ianiv, Shukhevych—Chuprynka. Liudyna i symvol. Dopovid na zhalibni akademiї 19 lystopada 1950 v Miunkheni (Munich: Molode zhyttia, 1950), 4, 8.

[2133] Dmytro Shtohryn, “Volodymyr Ianiv—poet,” in Volodymyr Ianiv, Poeziia, ed. Dmytro Sapiha (Lviv: Kameniar, 2009), 9, 78.

[2134] For Kubiiovych, see page 169, 254 above.

[2135] See chapter 5 above, pages 254–55.

[2136] Ivan Lysiak-Rudnyts’kyi, Mezhdu istoriei i politikoi (Moscow: Letnii Sad, 2007), 530. See also Letter from Ivan Lysiak-Rudnyts’kyi to Ivan Kedryn-Rudnyts’kyi, 26 April 1974, ASSS, Ivan Kedryn-Rudnyts’kyi Archives, 4, 23. I am grateful to Mariusz Radosław Sawa for drawing my attention to this document.

[2137] Letter from Ivan Lysiak-Rudnyts’kyi to Ivan Kedryn-Rudnyts’kyi, 26 April 1974, ASSS, Ivan Kedryn-Rudnyts’kyi Archives, 4, 23‒24.

[2138] Wolfgang Schlott, Piłsudski-Kult: Die Wiedergeburt einer charismatischen Persönlichkeit in der Solidarność-Ära (1980 bis 1989) (Bremen: Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, 2003), 17–30.

[2139] David Marples, “Ukraine During World War II: Resistance Movements and Reannexation,” The Ukrainian Weekly, New Jersey, Vol. LIII, No. 41, 13 October 1985, 7, 13. David Marples informed me privately that he did not “recall having strong feelings about UPA one way or another at that time [when writing the article],” and that he wrote it for Radio Liberty where he worked as a Research Analyst on Ukraine. He advised me to “keep in mind [that] there was practically nothing available at that time in terms of archival material.”

[2140] John-Paul Himka, “The Opposition in Ukraine,” Labour Focus on Eastern Europe Vol. 5, No. 3–4 (1982): 36–37. I am grateful to John-Paul Himka for informing me about this article.

[2141] John-Paul Himka, “World Wars,” Encyclopedia of Ukraine, ed. Volodymyr Kubiiovych (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), 5:724–28.

[2142] See chapter 10 below.

[2143] Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 329–33. On Armstrong, see Rossoliński-Liebe, ‘Ukrainian National Revolution,’ 87.

[2144] The Memorial Committee of the Department of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison characterized their colleague Armstrong, who died on 23 February 2010, as a “fierce opponent of Soviet regimes,” who was “at odds with the liberal students and campus protests of the 1960s and 1970s,” who erected a “bomb shelter … in his home” which he “kept fully stocked and proudly displayed to their frequent dinner guests,” and who taught his three daughters “how to shoot.” See, John Witte, David Tarr, Crawford Young, Memorial resolution for Professor Emeritus John Armstrong - 1/18/2011, http://www.polisci.wisc.edu/news/default.aspx?id=71 (accessed 13 April 2013).

[2145] Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 19–23; Armstrong, Collaborationism in World War II, 400. On the term fascism during the Cold War see Griffin, Nature of Fascism, 3–4; Wippermann, Faschismus, 9.

[2146] Mirchuk, Narys istoriї OUN, 93–94.

[2147] Motyl, Turn to the Right, 163–69.

[2148] For fascist movements without states, see Ursprung, Faschismus in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa, 22. An important exception among Ukrainian historians was Ivan Lysiak-Rudnyts’kyi.

[2149] Nikolai Romanchenko, “Plamia,” L’vovskaia pravda, 16 February 1988, 3. See also Marples, Heroes and Villains, 81. According to the article, the council of the Turkiv region had already named one street after Ulianov in 1966.

[2150] Marples, Heroes and Villains, 81–82.

[2151] V. Zarechnyi and O. Lastovets, “Banderovshchina,” Pravda Ukrainy, 9 August 1989, 3; 10 August 1989, 4; 11 August 1989, 3; 12 August 1989, 3; 13 August 1989, 3; 15 August 1989, 3; 17 August 1989, 3; 18 August 1989, 3; 19 August 1989, 3.

[2152] A. Gorban’, “Krovavye sledy banderovtsev,” Pravda Ukrainy, 11 October 1989, 4.

[2153] Vitalii Maslovs’kyi, “Bandera: Prapor chy banda,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 14 October 1990, 3; 16 October 1990, 3; 18 October 1990, 3.

[2154] Vitalii Maslovs’kyi, “Bandera: Prapor chy banda,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 14 October 1990, 3.

[2155] Ibid., 3.

[2156] Ibid., 3.

[2157] V. Dovgan’, “Kem byl Bandera,” Pravda Ukrainy, 13 December 1990, 4.

[2158] V. Dovgan’, “Kem byl Bandera,” Pravda Ukrainy, 13 December 1990, 4; 14 December 1990, 4; 16 December 1990, 4; 19 December 1990, 4; 21 December 1990, 4; 23 December 1990, 4; 25 December 1990.

[2159] “My obviniaem natsionalizm!” Pravda Ukrainy, 11 April 1990, 1.

[2160] Vitalii Maslovs’kyi, “Bandera: prapor chy banda,” Radians’ka Ukraїna, 14 October 1990, 3.

[2161] “O popytkakh politycheskoi reabilitatsii OUN-UPA,” Pravda Ukrainy, 19 December 1990, 1, 3.

[2162] Stepan Lesiv, the Stepan Bandera Historical Memorial Museum in Staryi Uhryniv, interview by author, Staryi Uhryniv, 18 May 2008; “Nyshchennia pam”iatnykiv zapochotkuvaly za SRSR,” BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/ukraine/2011/01/110112_stepan_lesiv_bandera_ek.shtml (accessed 22 August 2011).

[2163] Stepan Lesiv, interview by author, Staryi Uhryniv, 18 May 2008; “Vidkryttia pershoho v Ukraїni pam”iatnyka sl. pam. Providnykovi Stepanovi Banderi,” Shliakh peremohy, 25 November 1990, 1; “Vrochyste vshanuvannia Stepana Bandery v Ukraїni: Vidkryttia muzeiu i pam”iatnyka,” Shliakh peremohy, 28 October 1990, 1.

[2164] “Vrochyste vshanuvannia Stepana Bandery v Ukraїni. Vidkryttia muzeiu i pam”iatnyka,” Shliakh peremohy, 28 October 1990, 1; “Vrochyste vshanuvannia Stepana Bandery v Ukraїni,” Vyzvol’nyi shliakh Vol. 514, No. 1, (January 1991): 116–17.

[2165] Rossoliński-Liebe, Der Raum der Stadt, 13; Walter Moßmann, Didi Danquart (film directors), Menschen und Strassen. Lemberg—geöffnete Stadt (1993, film company SWF and arte); “Proshchai ‘vozhd’”, Za vil’nu Ukraїnu, 15 October1990, 3; “Zdemontuvaly Lenina u L’vovi,” Vyzvol’nyi shliakh Vol. 514, No. 1 (January 1991): 83–84.

[2166] “Vystup I. Kandyby na mityngu v chest’ S. Bandery,” Vyzvol’nyi shliakh 514, No. 1, (January 1991): 117.

[2167] Stepan Lesiv, interview by author, Staryi Uhryniv, 18 May 2008; “Akty vandalizmu u Staromu Uhrynovi ta v Zhashkovi,” Shliakh peremohy, 28 July 1991, 2; “Nyshchennia pam”iatnykiv zapochotkuvaly za SRSR,” 12 January 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/ukraine/2011/01/110112_stepan_lesiv_
bandera_ek.shtml (accessed 22 August 2011); Ivan Krainyi, “Pam”iatnyk Banderi pidryvalo holovne rozviduval’ne upravlinnia,” Vyzvol’nyi shliakh Vol. 567, No. 6, (June 1995): 664–65.

[2168] A Shevchenko statue was also recast from the same Lenin statue; Stepan Lesiv, interview by author, Staryi Uhryniv, 18 May 2008.

[2169] Vyzvol’nyi shliakh, Vol. 534, No. 10 (October 1992): 1154; “Krupnyky vtsililoї istoriї,” Visnyk istoryko-memorial’noho muzeiu Stepana Bandery 1 (2006): 22.

[2170] Maksym Skoryk, “‘Karaius’, muchus’, ale na kaius’...” Vysokyi Zamok, 2 April 1992, 2.

[2171] Wilson, The Ukrainians, 180–81; Myron Jarosewich, “Slava Stetsko Visits Washington,” Ukrainian Weekly, 17 August 1997, 2; Shekhovtsov, Pravoradikal’naia partiinaia politika, 11–12.

[2172] Lypovets’kyi, Orhanizatsiia, 75, 84.

[2173] For Romaniw as chairman of Multicultural Arts Victoria Inc., see http://www.multiculturalarts.com.
au/events2011/givingvoice.shtml (accessed 26 September 2011). On multiculturalism and Ukrainian radical diaspora nationalism, see Rossoliński-Liebe, Celebrating Fascism, 1–16; Rudling, Multiculturalism, 733–68.

[2174] Lypovets’kyi, Orhanizatsiia, 87.

[2175] Rudling, “Anti-Semitism and the Extreme Right,” 194. See also Shekhovtsov, The Creeping Resurgence, 209, 212–13; Paul Kubicek, “What Happened to the Nationalists in Ukraine?” Nationalism & Ethnic Politics, 5, 1 (1999): 31–32.

[2176] Shekhovtsov, “The Creeping Resurgence,” 213–17; Rudling, Return of the Ukrainian Far Right, 239. For Stets’ko’s Two Revolutions, see Z. Karbovych [Iaroslav Stets’ko], “Dvi revoliutsiï: Z pryvodu herois’koï smerty hen. Tarasa Chuprynky,” Surma, 27 April 1951, 6–8. In general on radical right parties in early post-Soviet Ukraine, see Taras Kuzio, “Radical Nationalist Parties and Movements in Contemporary Ukraine before and after Independence: The Right and Its Politics, 1989–1994,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1997): 211–36.

[2177] Shekhovtsov, The Creeping Resurgence, 216.

[2178] On claiming that Ukraine is occupied by democrats, see Kuzio, Radical Nationalist Parties, 215–16; Andrii Parubyi, interview by author, Lviv, 12 May 2006. For Banderophobia, see Fenomen Banderofobii v russkom soznanii (Kiev: Ukraїns’ka Vydavnycha Spilka, 2007).

[2179] Jeffrey Burds, “Ukraine: The meaning of persecution. An American scholar reflects on the impact of the Ukrainian Jewish experience on international asylum law in the post-Soviet era,” Transitions online, 2 May 2006, http://www.sovhistory.neu.edu/Burds-Transitions.pdf (accessed 6 November 2012), 1, 3.

[2180] Ibid., 3–4.

[2181] See for example John-Paul Himka, “Krakivski visti and the Jews, 1943: A Contribution to the History of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Second World War,” Journal of Ukrainian Studies Vol. 21, No. 1–2 (1996): 81–95. In 2007 Himka commissioned Dieter Pohl to write an entry on the Holocaust in Ukraine for the internet version of the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, which had been initiated, co-founded, and edited by Kubiiovych.

[2182] John A. Armstrong, “Heroes and Human: Reminiscences Concerning Ukrainian National Leaders During 1941–1944,” The Ukrainian Quarterly, Vol. LI, No. 2–3 (1995): 213.

[2183] For the conference, see Mykola Shatylov, “Vpershe i na zavzhdy. Istorychna konferentsiia ukraїns’kykh natsionalistiv u Kyievi,” Vyzvol’nyi shliakh Vol. 530, No. 5 (May 1992): 546–48. The OUN journal Vyzvol’nyi shliakh published articles in the early 1990s, written by historians such as Iaroslav Hrytsak, whose book Sketch of Ukrainian History, first published in 1996 and later republished a few times, was extensively used at Ukrainian universities and in schools. Hrytsak was already a Doctor of Philosophy (kandydat istorychnykh nauk) when his article appeared in Vyzvol’nyi shliakh. Cf. Iaroslav Hrytsak, “Ukraїns’kyi natsionalizm: Mynule, suchasne, maibutnie,” Vyzvol’nyi shliakh Vol. 530, No. 6 (June 1992): 672–73. Hrytsak, Narys Istoriї Ukraїny.

[2184] Lypovets’kyi, Orhanizatsiia, 84.

[2185] Cf. http://cdvr.org.ua/ (accessed 27 September 2011); Kurylo, Iak OUN stavylasia do ievreїv, 252.

[2186] “Informatsiina dovidka of the TsDVR,” http://upa.in.ua/book/?page_id=7 (accessed 27 September 2011). The translation is from Rudling, The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust, 27.

[2187] Petro Goi, “Bilia dzherel banderoznavstva,” Zbirka hazetnykh i zhurnal’nykh materialiv pro vbyvstvo Stepana Bandery, ed. Petro Goi (New York, 1999), 1:1.

[2188] For Lebed’, see Mykola Lebed’, Ukraїns’ka Povstans’ka Armiia: її heneza, rist i diї u vyzvol’niї borotbi ukraїns’koho narodu za ukraїns’ku samostiїnu sobornu derzhavu (Drohobych: Vidrodzhennia, 1993).

[2189] Petro Poltava, Khto taki banderivtsi ta za shcho vony boruts’sia, ed. Iaroslav Radevych-Vynnyts’kyi (Dorohobych: Vidrodzhennia, 1995), 62; Stepan Bandera, Perspektyvy ukraїns’koї revoliutsiї, edited by Vasyl’ Ivanyshyn (Drohobych: Vidrodzhennia, 1999); Stepan Bandera, Perspektyvy ukraїns’koї revoliutsiї (Kiev: Instytut Natsional’noho Derzhavoznavstva, 1999).

[2190] Serhii Kvit wrote his dissertation on Dmytro Dontsov and defended it at the Ukrainian Free University in Munich. See Per Anders Rudling, “Warfare or War Criminality,” Ab Imperio 1 (2012): 359, note 18; “Serhi Kvit—sotnyk VHSPO ‘Tryzub’ im. S. Bandery,” Banderivets, No. 2, 1998, http://old.
banderivets.org.ua/index.php?page=pages/gazeta/1998-02 (accessed 2 December 2012).

[2191] On Luk”ianenko, see Per Anders Rudling, “Organized Anti-Semitism in Contemporary Ukraine: Structure, Influence and Ideology,” Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 48, No. 1–2 (2006): 90–91; Rudling, Anti-Semitism and the Extreme Right, 196.

[2192] Petro Duzhyi, Stepan Bandera—Symvol natsiї: Eskiznyi narys pro zhyttia i diial’nist’ providnyka OUN, (Lviv: Halyts’ka Vydavnycha Spilka, 1996), 1:7, 257.

[2193] Duzhyi, Stepan Bandera, 1:124–25, 140.

[2194] Duzhyi, Stepan Bandera, 1–2.

[2195] Halyna Hordasevych, Stepan Bandera: liudyna i mif (Kiev: Biblioteka ukraїntsia, 1999); Halyna Hordasevych, Stepan Bandera: liudyna i mif (Lviv: Spolom, 2000); Halyna Hordasevych, Stepan Bandera: liudyna i mif (Lviv: Piramida, 2001).

[2196] Halyna Hordasevych, Stepan Bandera: liudyna i mif (Lviv: Piramida, 2001), 9.

[2197] Ibid., 7–8.

[2198] Ibid., 154.

[2199] Ibid., 98–101.

[2200] Ievhen Perepichka, Fenomen Stepana Bandery (Lviv: Spolom, 2006).

[2201] Ibid., 674, 677.

[2202] For example, ibid., 339.

[2203] Ibid., 5.

[2204] Ibid., 12–13, 676.

[2205] Cf. ibid., 191–208, 271–96.

[2206] Ibid., 354.

[2207] Ihor Tsar, Za shcho my liubymo Banderu (Lviv, 2000), 3.

[2208] Many items published by nationalist post-Soviet historians were not peer-reviewed. Because many such historians did not read English or perhaps any languages other than Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish, their isolation from international debates influenced their approach to history.

[2209] Mykola Posivnych, Stepan Bandera—zhyttia, prysviachene svobodi (Toronto: Litopys UPA, 2008); Mykola Posivnych, ed., Stepan Bandera: Dokumenty i materialy (1920–1930 rr.) (Lviv: Afisha, 2006); Mykola Posivnych, ed., Zhyttia i diial’nist’ Stepana Bandery: Dokumenty i materialy (Ternopil’: Aston, 2008); Mykola Posivnych ed., Zhyttia i diial’nist’ Stepana Bandery: dokumenty i materialy (Ternopil: Ason, 2011); Mykola Posivnych, Varshavs’kyi akt obvynuvachennia Stepana Bandery ta tovaryshiv (Lviv: Tsentr doslidzhen’ vyzvol’noho rukhu, 2005). In 2010 Posivnych edited another volume on Bandera, see Mykola Posivnych and Bohdan Hordasevych, eds., Stepan Bandera: 1909–1959–2009: Zbirnyk statei (Lviv: Triada Plius, 2010).

[2210] Posivnych, Molodist’ Stepana Bandery, 2006, 5–35; Mykola Posivnych, Molodist’ Stepana Bandery, 2008, 9–39. For Kosyk, see Rudling, Warfare or War Criminality, 358, note 7. For a critical review of Posivnych’s representation of the OUN, see Zaitsev, Viina iak prodovzhennia, 235‒45.

[2211] For the reprinted documents, see Posivnych, ed., Stepan Bandera; Posivnych, ed., Zhyttia i diial’nist’, 2008; Posivnych, ed., Zhyttia i diial’nist’, 2011. For Bandera’s letter to Mel’nyk from September 1941, see Posivnych, ed., Zhyttia i diial’nist’, 2008, 261–97. The document is located in TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 71, 1–22. For Stsibors’kyi, see chapters 4 and 5 above, and Mykola Stsibors’kyi, “Klonim holovy,” in Stepan Bandera, ed. Posivnych, 2006, 133–34.

[2212] Some of Posivnych’s books were published by the OUN-founded TsDVR and others by the Litopys UPA, an émigré OUN publishing house. For example, Posivnych’s Varshavs’kyi akt was published in cooperation with the TsDVR and Stepan Bandera—zhyttia, prysviachene svobodi by Litopys UPA.

[2213] Posivnych, Stepan Bandera—zhyttia, 32.

[2214] Ibid., 38. See also Posivnych, Providnyk OUN, 31. For a very similar omission, see Olena Petrenko, “Makellose HeldInnen des Terrors. Die Organisation der Ukrainischen Nationalisten im Spannungsfeld zwischen Heroisierung und Diffamierung,” Terrorismus und Geschlecht. Politische Gewalt in Europa seit dem 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Christine Hikel and Sylvia Schraut (Frankfurt, Main: Campus-Verlag, 2012), 200–1.

[2215] Posivnych, Stepan Bandera—zhyttia, 57–60.

[2216] Rudling, The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust, 27, 30, 64, note 270.

[2217] For the designation of Shukhevych, see http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/6808.html (accessed 27 September 2011). For the designation of Iaroslav Stets’ko and Iaroslava Stets’ko, see http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/6145.html (accessed 27 September 2007). For the designation of Stepan Bandera, see http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=46/2010 (accessed 27 September 2011). For petitioning Iushchenko, see “Instytut natsional’noї pam’’iati zvernuvsia do Iushchenka, aby vin prysvoïv Romanu Shukhevychu zvannia Heroia Ukraїny,” Zik. Syla Informatsii, July 2, 2007 (accessed 27 September 2011).

[2218] Volodymyr V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN do ievreїv: Formovannia pozytsiї na tli katastrofy (Lviv: Ms, 2006).

[2219] Kurylo, Iak OUN stavylasia do ievreїv, 265.

[2220] The article was Karel C. Berkhoff and Marco Carynnyk’s “The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets’ko’s 1941 Zhyttiepys,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 23, 3/4 (1999): 149–84. Cf. V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 9. Later he introduced Motyka’s book but dismissed it in a similar fashion. Cf. V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 76.

[2221] V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 11, 43. For Hunchak see page 450 above.

[2222] V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 16–17. For Iaroslav Hrytsak’s article, see Iaroslav Hrytsak, “Ukraїntsi v antyievreis’kykh aktsiiakh u roky Druhoї svitovoї viiny,” in Strasti za natsionalizmom. Istorychni eseї, ed. Iaroslav Hrytsak (Kiev: Krytyka, 2004), 166.

[2223] V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 62. For the document and the context of Lenkavs’kyi’s statement, see page 218 above.

[2224] V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 59–61.

[2225] Ibid., 69, 71.

[2226] Ibid., 76–80. For Krentsbakh and Mirchuk, see chapter 9 above. On V’’iatrovych, see also Rossoliński-Liebe, Debating, Obfuscating and Disciplining the Holocaust, 207‒8.

[2227] Moses Fishbein, “The Jewish Card in Russian Special Operations Against Ukraine: Paper delivered at the 26th Conference on Ukrainian Subjects at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 24–27 June, 2009, http://www.vaadua.org/VaadENG/News%20eng-2009/fishbeyn2.htm (accessed 2 October 2009).

[2228] Alexandr Gogun, “Evrei v russkom osvoboditel’nom dvizhenii,” Korni, No. 26 (April-June 2006): 180–88, http://lib.OUN-UPA.org.ua/gogun/pub08.html (accessed 25 September 2011). Gogun relied on Kirill Aleksandov, Ofitserskii korpus armii general-leitenanta A. A. Vlasova 1944–1945 gg. (Saint Petersburg: Russko-baltiiskii informatsionnyi tsentr BLITs, 2001).

[2229]Aleksandr Gogun and Aleksandr Vovk, “Evrei v bor’be za nezavisimuiu Ukrainu,” Korni, No. 25 (January-March 2005): 133–41, http://lib.OUN-UPA.org.ua/gogun/pub07.html (accessed 1 December 2012).

[2230] Kirill Aleksandrov, “Bandera: postskryptum «moskal’skoho» istoryka,” in Strasti za Banderoiu, ed. Tarik Cyril Amar, Ihor Balyns’kyi, and Iaroslav Hrytsak (Kiev: Hrani-T, 2010), 75, 77, 84–85, 88. For Gogun, see Gogun and Vovk, “Evrei v bor’be,” and Alexander Gogun, “Stepan Bandera—ein Freiheitskämpfer?” http://gedenkbibliothek.de/downloads/texte/vortragstexte/Dr_Alexander_Gogun (accessed 24 October 2011). See also see Rossoliński-Liebe, Debating, Obfuscating and Disciplining the Holocaust, 209–14.

[2231] “Ukrainskii natsist: uchit’sua u KHAMASa terrorizmu i nenavisti k Izrailiu!” Jewish News, 6 June 2011, http://jn.com.ua/disasters/mikhalchishin_606.html (accessed 15 November 2011)

[2232] Iurii Mykhal’chyshyn, Vatra. Versiia 1.0 (Lviv: Ievrosvit, 2010). See also Rudling, Return of the Ukrainian Far Right, 241.

[2233] “Nasha Vatra. Vatra. Natsional’-revoliutsiinyi chasopys” http://www.vatra.org.ua/nasha-vatra (accessed 15 November 2011).

[2234] See for example Taras Wosnjak, “Der Neonazismus und Swoboda,” http://ukraine-nachrichten.de/
neonazismus-swoboda_3361_politik?mid=51 (accessed 14 January 2012).

[2235] TsDIA, f. 371, op. 1, spr. 8, ed. 76, 34.

[2236] Petro Hots’, Muzei Stepana Bandery v Dublianakh (Lviv: Krai, 2005), 1.

[2237] Bohdan Holovyn, “Sertse, spovnene liubovi, chynyt’ liudiam lush dobro,” Z liuboviu do liudei. Z viroiu v Ukraїnu, ed. Mykhailo Zubenets’ (Lviv: LNAU, 2008), 87, 95–96.

[2238] Petro Hots’, “Volodymyr Snityns’kyi—dukhovyi bat’ko muzeiu Stepana Bandery u Dublianakh,” Z liuboviu do liudei., ed. Zubenets’, 194–95. For the poem, see Petro Hots’ “Stepan Bandera u Dublianakh,” U Stepana urodyny (Lviv: NVM PT UAD, 2003), 9.

[2239] Hots’, Volodymyr Snityns’kyi, 196.

[2240] Petro Hots’, U Stepana—Urodyny: Poeziї pro Stepana Banderu (Lviv: NVM PT UAD, 2003).

[2241] Hots’, Volodymyr Snityns’kyi, 197; Petro Hots’, Povernennia u bronzi, brochure (Dubliany, 2001); Volodymyr Snityns’kyi, director of LNAU, interview by author, Dubliany, 2 June 2008; Hots’, Muzei Stepana Bandery, 19.

[2242] Petro Hots’, “Pam”iatnyk Stepanovi Banderi v Dublianakh,” Z liubov”iu do liudei, ed. Zubenets’, 221–24; Hots’, Povernennia u bronzi.

[2243] “Vidkryttia pam”iatnyka Stepanovi Banderi u Dublianakh,” Visti. Hazeta L’vivs’koho Derzhavnoho Ahrarnoho Universytetu, Dubliany, Vol. 32, No. 5 October (2002), 2.

[2244] Ibid, 2.

[2245] Hots’, Pam”iatnyk Stepanovi Banderi, 226.

[2246] Visti. Hazeta L’vivs’koho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu, Dubliany, October 2002, No. 5 (32), 1, 2, 8.

[2247] Volodymyr Snityns’kyi, director of LNAU, Dubliany, interview by author, 2 June 2008.

[2248] I attended three guided tours through the musem. Two were conducted by Petro Hots’ (one in 2004 and one in 2006), and the third one by Oksana Horda on 16 May 2008.

[2249] For the original document, see “Akt proholoshennia ukraїns’koї derzhavy,” 30 June 1941, TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 5, 3.

[2250] I attended three guided tours through the museum, the first one in 2004 and the second one in 2006 led by Petro Hots’, the first director of the museum. The third one in 2008 was led by Oksana Horda, the second director. The three tours did not differ considerably.

[2251] Hots’, Muzei Stepana Bandery v Dublianakh, 11, 18; Bandera, Moї zhyttiepysni dani, 5.

[2252] Mykola Horda, interview by author, Lviv, 16 May 2008.

[2253] Mykola Horda, interview by author, Lviv, 16 May 2008.

[2254] “Z litopysu zhyttia muzeiu,” Visti Muzeiu Stepana Bandery v Dublianakh, December 2007, 1.

[2255] Oksana Horda, interview by author, Dubliany, 14 May 2008.

[2256] http://lnau.lviv.ua/ (accessed 31 August 2011).

[2257] A further museum, which I did not inspect, was opened in early 2008 in the former premises of the high school in Stryi, attended by Bandera in the 1920s, now used by School number 7. This museum is called the Stepan Bandera Virtual Museum. See, http://school7.ho.ua/virtual_museum.html (accessed 16 September 2011).

[2258] Mykhailo Balabans’kyi, Muzei-Sadyba Stepana Bandery v seli Volia-Zaderevats’ka (Volia Zaderevats’ka, 2000), 91.

[2259] Mykhailo Balabans’kyi, interview by author, Volia Zaderevats’ka, 9 May 2008.

[2260] I visited the museum in 2004 and 2008.

[2261] Stepan Lesiv, interview by author, Staryi Uhryniv, 18 May 2008. See below the subsection “The First Bandera Monument in Ukraine.”

[2262] For Bandera monuments, see the exhibition of the Bandera museum in Dubliany. On Drohobych, see Omer Bartov, Erased. Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 208. On Ivano-Frankivs’k, see “V Ivano-Frankivs’ku v urochystii obstanovtsi vidkryly pam”iatnyk providnykovi OUN Stepanu Banderi,” 2 January 2009, http://
vidgolos.com/623-v-ivano-frankivsku-v-urochistijj-obstanovci.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2263] “V Uzhorodi vidmovliaiut’sia stavyty pam”iatnyk Banderi, 10 April 2009, http://www.unian.net/ukr/
news/news-310592.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2264] Cf. R. Handziuk, Stezhkamy Ukraїns’koї Povstans’koї Armiї: Turystychnyi Putivnyk (Ivano-Frankivs’k: Misto NV, 2007). For the UPA monuments in Poland, see Józef Matusz, “Nielegalnie czczą pamięć UPA,” Rzeczpospolita, 18 October 2008, http://www.rp.pl/artykul/206382.html (accessed 15 October 2011).

[2265] There is a slight discrepancy between the German text, which contains the word “Freiheit” (freedom), and the Ukrainian text, which uses “samostiinist’” (independence).

[2266] “Na Lychakivs’komu kladovyshchi pokhovaiut’ ostanky zhertv komunistychnykh represii,” 23 October 2006, http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/277943 (accessed 12 October 2011).

[2267] “Zemliaky Bandery za perekhovannia Bandery v ridnomu seli,” 27 January 2008, http://h.ua/story/
80500/ (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2268] Grzegorz Rossoliński, “Bandera und Nikifor—zwei Modernen in einer Stadt. Die ‘nationalbürgerliche’ und die ‘weltbürgerliche’ Moderne in Lemberg,” ed. Lutz Henke, Grzegorz Rossoliński, and Philipp Ther, Eine neue Gesellschaft in einer alten Stadt (Wrocław: ATUT, 2007), 116. Parubii said in an interview that the massive grey stone was placed in 1991. The paper L’vivs’ka hazeta wrote that it was only in 1993. See Lidiia Mel’nyk, “Monumental’ni prystrasti,” L’vivs’ka hazeta, 25 March 2004, 5.

[2269] Rossoliński, Bandera und Nikifor, 115.

[2270] Ibid., 117–18.

[2271] Rossoliński, Bandera und Nikifor, 118; Lidiia Mel’nyk, “Monumental’ni Prystrasti,” L’vivs’ka Hazeta, 25 March 2004, 5.

[2272] Rossoliński, Bandera und Nikifor, 119.

[2273] Documentary on the unveiling ceremony broadcast by Lviv Television on 13 October 2007; Tsar, Za shcho.

[2274] Documentary on the unveiling ceremony broadcast by Lviv Television on 13 October 2007.

[2275] Ibid.

[2276] Ibid.

[2277] Ibid.

[2278] Ibid. It is a tradition in Ukraine and several other Eastern European countries that pictures of the married couple are taken in the most beautiful or important places in the city.

[2279] Ibid.

[2280] Ibid.

[2281] Ibid.

[2282] Ibid.

[2283] “Selo Uhryniv 1 sichnia 1999 roku,” Vyzvol’nyi shliakh Vol. 611, No. 2 (February 1999): 158.

[2284] “Ideï i chyn Stepana Bandery—nash dorohovkaz,” Za vil’nu Ukrainu, 12 January 1999, 2.

[2285] For Lviv, see “2008 rik na L’vivshchyni oholosheno rokom Stepana Bandery,” 19 December 2007, http://novynar.com.ua/politics/16140 (accessed 17 October 2011). For Ternopil’, see “U Ternopoli oholosheno Rik Stepana Bandery,” 11 January 2008, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news230319.
html, (accessed 14 November 2011). For Ivano-Frankivs’k, see “2008 rik na Prykarpatti bude Rokom Stepana Bandery,” 28 December 2007, http://www.newsru.ua/ukraine/28dec2007/god.html (accessed 14 November 2011).

[2286] In the Ukrainian parliament, 236 deputies voted for decree number 3364, which regulated the official Bandera state commemorations; 226 votes were required to issue the decree. Cf. “V Ukraїni na derzhavnomu rivni vidznachatymut’ 100-richchia z dnia narodzhennia Bandery,” 25 December 2008, http://novynar.com.ua/politics/49008 (accessed 28 October 2011).

[2287] “Zemliaky Bandery za perekhovannia Bandery v ridnomu seli,” 27 January 2008, http://h.ua
/story/80500/ (accessed 17 October 2011); “V Ivano-Frankivs’ku v urochystii obstanovtsi vidkryly pamiatnyk providnykovi OUN Stepanu Banderi,” 2 January 2009, http://vidgolos.com/623-v-ivano-frankivsku-v-urochistijj-obstanovci.html (accessed 17 October 2011); Viktor Iushchenko, “Vitannia prezydenta Ukraїny uchasnykam urochystoї akademiї z nakhody 100-richchia vid dnia narodzhennia Stepana Bandery,” 22 December 2008, Ihor Iukhnovs’kyi, “2009 rik—rik Stepana Bandery,” Stepan Bandera. Zbirnyk materialiv i dokumentiv, ed. Vladyslav Verstiuk (Kiev: Ukraїns’kyi Instytut Natsional’noї Pamiaty, 2009), 6–7.

[2288] “Ukroposhta vydala do 100-richchia Stepana Bandery pamiatnyi convert,” 30 December 2008, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-292930.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2289] “Nova knyha-komiks pro natsional’no-vyzvol’ni zmahannia!” September 2009, http://www.cym.org/
UA/news/comic-book_Bandera (accessed 15 October 2011); “Vidnovlennia Pamiatnykiv Heroiam na Oseli KU SUM v Ellenvilli,” 4 October 2009, http://www.cym.org/US/download/Pamyatnyky_
Project.pdf (accessed 15 October 2011).

[2290] “Pershyi urok u shkolakh L’vova rekomenduiut’ prysviatyty Stepanu Banderi,” 28 August 2008, http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?pershiy_urok_u_shkolah_lvova_rekomenduyut_prisvyatiti_stepanu_banderi&objectId=1059868 (accessed 15 October 2011).

[2291] “31 hrudnia u shkolakh Ternopolia proide urok, prysviachenyi Banderi,” 28 December 2009, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-354545.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2292] “Vidnovleno rodynnyi dim plastuna, providnyka OUN Stepana Bandery,” 30 December 2008, http://www.plast.org.ua/news?newsid=2985 (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2293] “U Luts’ku zaplanovani zakhody do 100-richchia Stepana Bandery,” 21 December 2008, http://www.
unian.net/ukr/news/news-291322.html (accessed 17 October 2011); “‘Khai zhyve Bandera i ioho derzhava…’,” 28 December 2008, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-292614.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2294] “V Ivano-Frankivs’ku v urochystii obstanovtsi vidkryly pam”iatnyk providnykovi OUN Stepanu Banderi,” 2 January 2009, http://vidgolos.com/623-v-ivano-frankivsku-v-urochistijj-obstanovci.html (accessed 17 October 2011); “Memorial’nu doshku Vasyliu Banderi vidkryly v Ivano-Frankivs’ku,”14 October 2009, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-278571.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2295] “U Ternopoli vidkryly pam”iatnyk Banderi,” 26 December 2008, http://novynar.com.ua/politics
/49173 (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2296] “Zemliaky Bandery za perekhovannia Bandery v ridnomu seli,” 27 January 2008, http://h.ua/
story/80500/ (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2297] “Nashym spil’nym zavdanniam zalyshaiet’sia poshyrennia pravdy pro UPA ta provedennia prosvitnyts’kykh zakhodiv na poshanu Providnyka OUN—Stepana Bandery,” 9 January 2009, http://
www.oda.cv.ua/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4365&Itemid=63 (accessed 27 October 2011).

[2298] “Sud ne dozvolyv kharkivs’kii vladi zaboronyty vshanuvannia Bandery,” 1 January 2009, http://
donetsk-ua.livejournal.com/46059.html (accessed 28 October 2011).

[2299] “Pokrovs’ki mityngy,” 15 October 2008, http://novynar.com.ua/gallery/politics/402?img=1 (accessed 17 October 2009).

[2300] “Marsh bez hasel pro kovbasu, abo do 67-richchia UPA,” 15 October 2009, http://www.unian.net/
ukr/news/news-341359.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2301] “Mitynh Bratstva OUN-UPA,” 25 May 2009, http://novynar.com.ua/gallery/politics/442?img=0 (accessed 15 October 2011).

[2302] “Marsh u Kyievi z nahody 100-richchia Stepana Bandery,” 2 January 2009, http://kbulkin.wo- rdpress.com/2009/01/02/march-kyiv-stepan-bandera-100-anniversary/ (accessed 28 October 2011); “‘Svoboda’ vshanuvala 100-richchia z Dnia Narodzhennia Stepana Bandery po vsii Ukraїni,” 1–2 January 2009, http://www.tyahnybok.info/diyalnist/novyny/005767/ (accessed 28 October 2011); “1 sichnia u Kyievi, Kharkovi, Zaporizhzhi vidbudut’sia smoloskypni pokhody na chest’ Stepana Bandery,” 31 December 2008, http://sd.org.ua/news.php?id=15980 (accessed 28 October 2011); “Urochysta akademia z nahody 100-richchia vid dnia narodzhennia Stepana Bandery,” 21 December 2008, http://www.Ternopil’.svoboda.org.ua/diyalnist/novyny/005661/ (accessed 28 October 2011).

[2303] For Stepan Bandera’s oration at the unveiling ceremony of the Bandera monument in Drohobych on 14 October 2001, see “Stephen Bandera molodym postav v drohobyts’komu skveri,” Za vil’nu Ukrainu, 16 October 1999, 2. For Stepan Bandera unveiling other Stepan Bandera monuments, see the exhibition of the Stepan Bandera Museum in Staryi Uhryniv.

[2304] “Z nahody vidznachennia 100-richchia vid Dnia narodzhennia ta provedennia v Ternopil’s’kii oblasti roku Stepana Bandery, 26 hrudnia vidbulosia urochyste vidkryttia pam”iatnyka providnykovi OUN-UPA,” 3 January 2009, http://www.tneu.edu.ua/ua-i-article-i-id-i-550-i-nSID-i-public_organizatio- ns-i-index.html (accessed 15 October 2011); “Iak vidznachatymut’ 100-richchia Stepana Bandery,” 16 December 2008, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-290326.html (accessed 15 October 2011); “Na Ivano-Frankivshchyni proishlo viche do 100-richchia vid narodzhennia Bandery,” 2 December 2009, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-293136.html (accessed 15 October 2011).

[2305] “Miunkhen. U 50-richchia pidstupnoho vbyvstva Providnyka OUN, Stepana Bandery, 17-ho zhovtnia 2009,” http://www.cym.org/archives/Munich2009.asp (accessed 17 October 2011); Miunkhen, 17 zhovtnia 2009 roku, vidprava do 50-richchia vbyvstva Providnyka, 21 October 2009, http://oko.if.ua/
2009/10/21/3747/ (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2306] Ibid.

[2307] Rossoliński-Liebe, Celebrating Fascism, 12.

[2308] Ibid., 12.

[2309] Ibid., 12.

[2310] For the designation of Stepan Bandera, see http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.
cgi?nreg=46/2010 (accessed 27 September 2011). For the ceremony, see “Stepan Bandera Hero of Ukraine,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wy7eTLy2_I0 (accessed 15 October 2011).

[2311] “Yanukovych Promised Medvedev to Take Away Rank of Hero of Ukraine from Bandera and Shukhevych,” 9 March 2011, http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/state/34810/ (accessed 15 November 2012); “Court strips Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title,” The Ukrainian Weekly, 23 January 2011, 1.

[2312] Redlich, Together and Apart, 157–59.

[2313] The newspaper Banderivets’: Informatsiinyi biuleten’ Vseukraїns’koї orhanizatsiї “Tryzub” im. Stepana Bandery began appearing in 2000.

[2314] “Bandershtat. Festyval Ukraїns’koho duhu,” http://bandershtat.org.ua/pro-festyval/ideya/ (accessed 14 October 2011); “Na Volyni sostoitsia festival ‘Bandershtat—2008’”, 2 August 2008, http://www
.unian.net/rus/news/news-265064.html (accessed 13 October 2011); “‘Bandershtat-2011’ sobral v Lutske deputatov, voiakov OUN-UPA i molodez’”, 16 August 2011, http://censor.net.ua/photo_news
/178578/bandershtat2011_sobral_v_lutske_deputatov_voyakov_ounupa_i_molodej_fotoreportaj (accessed 13 October 2011).

[2315] For testimonies about the life of the UPA partisans in bunkers, see Ana Boguslavskaja and Oled Schilowski (film directors), Die Bandera-Bande. Guerilla-Kämpfer im 2. Weltkrieg. Discovery Channel 2009.

[2316] http://www.kryjivka.com.ua/ (accessed 14 October 2011); Kryїvka. Meniu, 10. For Kliachkivs’kyi, see chapter 5 above. I inspected the pub in 2008.

[2317] Iurii Nazaryk, interview by author, Lviv, 15 May 2008.

[2318] “U Chernivtsiakh na chest’ Bandery zasnuvaly baikers’kyi klub Banderas,” 26 May 2008, http://novynar.com.ua/politics/28003 (accessed 14 October 2011); “Baikers’kyi klub ‘Banderas’ stvorenyi do 100 richchia providnyka OUN,” 26 May 2008, http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-253248.html (accessed 14 October 2011).

[2319] Vasyl‘ Kozhelianko, Defilada v Moskvi (Lviv: Kal’varia, 2000), 12.

[2320] Oksana Zabuzhko, Muzei pokynutykh sekretiv (Kiev: Fakt, 2010); Museum der Vergessenen Geheimnisse, translated by Alexander Krathochvil (Graz: Droschl, 2010).

[2321] Rudling, The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust, 33.

[2322] “Ukraїns’ko-pols’kyi skandal na imeni Stepana Bandery,” 11 August 2009, http://www.
radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1797625.html (accessed 28 October 2011); Marcin Wojciechowski, “Ukraińska Swoboda jeszcze napsuje nam krwi,” 20 August 2009, http://wyborcza.pl/
1,86758,6943561,Ukrainska_Swoboda_jeszcze_napsuje_nam_krwi.html (accessed 17 October 2011).

[2323] “Velyki ukraїntsi,” http://greatukrainians.com.ua/ (accessed 14 October 2011); Vasyl’ Rasevych, “Velyka manipulatsiia,” 17 May 2008, http://zaxid.net/blogs/showBlog.do?velika_manipulyatsiya&
objected=1054002 (accessed 14 October 2011).

[2324] Vakhtang Kipiani, Stepan Bandera, 2009, http://greatukrainians.com.ua/council/ (accessed 15 October 2011). For Bandera torturing himself, see chapter 2 below, page 95.

[2325] Kipiani, Stepan Bandera, 2009.

[2326] Iurii Diukanov (film director), Try liubovi Stepana Bandery. Vikna, 1998. Available online at http://OUN-UPA.org.ua/video/ (accessed 28 October 2011).

[2327] Cf. Serhii Sotnychenko, Taras Tkachenko, and Olena Nozhekina (directors), Tsina svobody, Kinotur 2008.

[2328] Oles’ Ianchuk (film director), Holod-33, Kinostudia im. Dovzhenka 1991; Oles’ Ianchuk (film director), Atentat. Osinnie vbyvstvo v Miunkheni, Oles’-film 1995; Oles’ Ianchuk (film director), Neskorenyi, Oles’-film 2000; Oles’ Ianchuk (film director), Zalizna Sotnia, Oles’-film 2004.

[2329] Andrij Portnov, “Pluralität der Erinnerung: Denkmäler und Geschichtspolitik in der Ukraine,” Osteuropa Vol. 58, No. 6 (2008): 200.

[2330] Portnov, Pluralität der Erinnerung, 208.

[2331] “V Krymu sostoialos’otkrytiie pamiatnika zhertvam OUN-UPA,” 14 October 2007, http://old.kpu
news.com/krim_topic11_1494.htm (accessed 11 October 2011).

[2332] “Simonenko otkryl v Simferopole pamiatnik zhertvam OUN-UPA,” http://korrespondent.net/
ukraine/events/207397-simonenko-otkryl-v-simferopole-pamyatnik-zhertvam-OUN-UPA (accessed 11 October 2011).

[2333] Ibid.

[2334] “Na Luhanshchyni vidkryly pam”iatnyi znak ‘zhertvam OUN-UPA, zahyblym na L’vivschyni’,” 26 June 2008, http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/504706-na-luganshchini-vidkrili-pamyatnij-znak-zhert
vam-OUN-UPA-zagiblim-na-lvivshchini (accessed 11 October 2011).

[2335] Ibid.

[2336] Ibid.

[2337] “V Luganske otkryli pamiatnik zhertvam, pogibshim ot ruk voinov OUN-UPA,” 8 May 2010, http://lugansk.comments.ua/news/2010/05/08/204843.html (accessed 11 October 2011).

[2338] “New Stalin statue fuels tension in Ukraine,” 5 May 2010, http://in.reuters.com/article/
2010/05/05/idINIndia-48257020100505 (accessed 11 October 2011); “Ukrainian Communists unveil monument to Stalin amid nationalist protest,” 5 May 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/world/
2010/05/05/ukrainian-communists-unveil-monument-stalin-amid-nationalist-protest/ (accessed 11 October 2011); “Stalin statue blown up in Ukraine,” 2 January 2011, http://www.freerepublic.com/
focus/f-news/2650328/posts (accessed 11 October 2011).

[2339] Aleksander Korman, Stosunek UPA do Polaków na ziemiach południowo-wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej (Wrocław: Nortom, 2002), 5, 101–13. For the instrumentalization of genocide, see Anton Weiss-Wendt, “Hostage of Politics: Raphael Lemkin on “Soviet Genocide,” Journal of Genocide Research Vol. 7, No. 4 (2005): 551–59.

[2340] “Tupet ‘Ukraińca’ dr Grzegorza Motyki. Czy G. Motyka jest wykonawcą ściśle tajnej instrukcji—uchwały z dn. 22 czerwca 1990r. Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów?”, 25 March 2011, http://www.
kresykedzierzynkozle.home.pl/page90.php, (accessed 15 November 2011).

[2341] Aleksander Korman, Ludobójstwo UPA na ludności polskiej. Dokumentacja fotograficzna (Wrocław: Nortom, 2003). On the subject of the photographs, see Ada Rutkowska and Dariusz Stola, “Fałszywy opis, prawdziwe zbrodnie,” Rzeczpospolita. Plus Minus 19–20 May 2007, 15. Available at http://
www.civitas.edu.pl/pub/mediaOnas/2007/rzeczpospolita_2007_05_19_falszywy_opis_prawdziwe_zbrodnie_pdf2%5B1%5D.pdf (accessed 9 October 2011).

[2342] Korman, Ludobójstwo, 73.

[2343] Mariusz Godos, “Kontrowersyjna rzeźba,” 15 October 2008, http://www.zycie.pl/informacje.php?
region=Przemy%B6l&nr=1035&page=1 (accessed 13 October 2011).

[2344] “Aleja Ofiar Ludobójstwa OUN-UPA,” 3 October 2009, http://forum.gazeta.pl/forum/w,487
82,101066063,101066063,_8222_Aleja_ofiar_ludobojstwa_OUN_UPA_8221_.html (accessed 10 October 2011).

[2345] Korman, Ludobójstwo, 43, 47.

[2346] Edward Prus, Stepan Bandera (1909–1959): Symbol zbrodni i okrucieństwa (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Nortom, 2004).

[2347] Edward Prus, Herosi spod znaku tryzuba: Konowalec - Bandera - Szuchewycz (Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych, 1985), Z dziejów współpracy nacjonalistów ukraińskich z niemcami w okresie II wojny światowej i okupacji (Katowice: Akademia Ekonomiczna im. Karola Adamieckiego, 1985), Atamania UPA: Tragedia kresów (Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych, 1988), Patriarcha galicyjski (Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych, 1989).

[2348] For Soviet articles and Norden, see Edward Prus, Holocaust po banderowsku. Czy Żydzi byli w UPA? (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Nortom, 1995), 37; Prus, Stepan Bandera, 212.

[2349] For example in his Bandera biography Prus wrote that Bandera was arrested on 14 July 1934 at the Polish-Czechoslovak border and not in the Ukrainian student residence in Lviv, and that after the Second World War Bandera used the name “Stefan Popiel” instead of “Stefan Popel.” Cf. Prus, Stepan Bandera, 93, 313.

[2350] Prus, Stepan Bandera, 17.

[2351] Ibid., 9.

[2352] Ibid., 122, 186, 212.

[2353] Prus, Holocaust po banderowsku, 130; Prus, Stepan Bandera, 186.

[2354] Volodymyr V”iatrovych, “Bandera: stari ta novi mify,” zakhid.net, 8 January 2009, http://zaxid.net/
home/showSingleNews.do?bandera_stari_ta_novi_mifi&objectId=1068824 (accessed 1 November 2011); Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, “Obraz Stepana Bandery v pol’s’kii natsional’nii svidomosti,” http://zaxid.net/news/showNews.do?obraz_stepana_banderi_v_polskiy_natsionalniy_svidomosti&objectId=1069869 (accessed 1 November 2011).

[2355] David Marples, “Hero of Ukraine linked to the murder of 4000 Jews,” Edmonton Journal, 7 February 2010.

[2356] Timothy Snyder, “A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev,” 24 February 2010, The New York Review of Books, http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/ (accessed 1 November 2011).

[2357] Timothy Snyder, “Declaring People to be Heroes is a Soviet Idea,” 15 March 2010, http://
www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/pdf/UKL442.pdf (accessed 1 November 2011); “Profesor Snaider: proholoshennia heroiem—radians’ka ideia,” 3 March 2010, BBC Mii svit, http://www.bbc.co.uk/
ukrainian/ukraine/2010/03/100303_snyder_ie_it.shtml (accessed 1 November 2011).

[2358] Ibid. Snyder’s critique of the OUN and UPA does not correspond with his more apologetic attitude to Polish history. Cf. Rossoliński-Liebe, Debating, Obfuscating and Disciplining the Holocaust, 222–24.

[2359] John-Paul Himka, “Should Ukrainian Studies Defend the Heritage of OUN-UPA?”, 10 February 2010, http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/pdf/UKL441.pdf (accessed 1 November 2011).

[2360] Ibid.

[2361] “European Parliament resolution of 25 February 2010 on the situation in Ukraine,” http://www.euro
parl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2010-0035&language=EN&ring=B7-2010-0120 (accessed 4 November 2011).

[2362] For the articles, see for example Hrytsak, Ukraїntsi v antyievreis’kykh aktsiiakh. For V’’iatrovych, see V”iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 16–17.

[2363] Iaroslav Hrytsak, “Shche raz pro Iushchenka, shche raz pro Banderu,” Zaxid.net, 27 January 2010, http://zaxid.net/blogentry/57801/ (accessed 3 November 2011).

[2364] Iaroslav Hrytsak, “Klopoty z pam”iattiu,” Zaxid.net, 8 March 2010, http://www.zaxid.net/article/
60958/ (accessed 3 November 2011).

[2365] Alexander Motyl, “Ukraine, Europe, and Bandera,” Cicero Foundation Great Debate Paper, No. 10/05, March, 2010, 6–9, http://www.cicerofoundation.org/lectures/Alexander_J_Motyl_UKRAINE
_EUROPE_AND_BANDERA.pdf (accessed 4 November 2010).

[2366] Alexander Motyl, “Ukraine, Europe, and Bandera,” 12.

[2367] Ibid., 13. See also Per Anders Rudling, “Iushchenkiv fashyst: kult Bandery v Ukraїni ta Kanadi,” Strasti za Banderoiu, ed. Tarik Cyryl Amar, Ihor Balyns’kyi, Iaroslav Hrytsak (Kiev: Hrani-T, 2010), 274‒75.

[2368] Mykola Riabchuk, “Bandera’s Controversy and Ukraine’s Future,” Russkii vopros No. 1, 2010 http://
www.russkiivopros.com/?pag=one&id=315&kat=9&csl=46#_edn13 (accessed 3 November 2011).

[2369] Andrii Portnov, “Kontekstualizatsiia Stepana Bandery,” Krytyka, 3–4 (2010), 14. See also Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe and Per Anders Rudling, “Review of Krytyka. Hefte 3–4; 7–8; 9–10. Kiev 2010,” H-Soz-u-Kult, 15 June 2011, http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2011-2-212 (accessed 1 November 2011). After the debate Portnov seems to have changed his attitude to Bandera, the OUN, and the post-Soviet apologetic memory of mass violence. See for example Andrei Portnov, “Istoria dlia domashnego upotrebleniia,” Ab Imperio 3 (2012): 309–38.

[2370] Anatolii Rusnachenko, “Symvol i ioho krytyky,” Krytyka, 9–10 (2010), 7. See also Rossoliński-Liebe, Review of Krytyka.

[2371] Vitalii Ponomar’ov, “Deheroїzatsiia Oporu,” Krytyka, 7–8 (2010), 22. See also Rossoliński-Liebe, Review of Krytyka.

[2372] Niklas Bernsand, “Beznevynnist’ pamiaty,” Krytyka, 7–8 (2010), 22. See also Rossoliński-Liebe, Review of Krytyka.

[2373] Marco Levytsky, “Ukrainian Nationalists Played No Part in Massacre of 4,000 Jews,” Edmonton Journal, 9 February 2010; Marco Levytsky, “‘Strong Evidence’ by Per Anders Rudling and ‘Dubious Documents’ by John-Paul Himka,” (unpublished letter to the Edmonton Journal), The Ukraine List #442, 15 March 2010, http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/pdf/UKL442.pdf (accessed 3 November 2011).

[2374] Stepan Bandera, “Family Name Cleared,” Edmonton Journal, 9 February 2010. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg did not indict Bandera or any other leaders of East Central European nationalist, antisemitic, and fascist movements that had been involved in the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity.

[2375] According to the TsDVR website, Ivan Patryliak, one of the leading Ukrainian historians, argued shortly after the debate: “Bandera has fulfilled the mission of a national banner and as a symbol of the banner till now. It would be logical to erect for such outstanding personalities as Bandera a Park of Glory of national heroes with monuments and memorials.” Cf. “Dlia taїkh znakovykh postatei iak Bandera slid zrobyty Park Slavy natsional’nykh heroїv,– istoryk,” http://cdvr.org.ua/content/для-таких-знакових-постатей-як-бандера-слід-зробити-парк-слави-національних-героїв-історик (accessed 16 July 2012).

[2376] Pankowski, The Populist Radical Right in Poland, 27.

[2377] Ibid., 21‒31.

[2378] William Totok, “Antonescu-Kult und die Rehabilitierung der Kriegsverbrecher,” Holocaust an der Peripherie. Judenpolitik und Judenmord in Rumänien und Transnistrien 1940‒1941, ed. Wolfgang Benz and Brigitte Mihok (Berlin: Metropol, 2009), 197‒212.

[2379] Constantin Iordachi, Charisma, Politics and Violence: The Legion of the “Archangel Michael” in Inter-war Romania (Trondheim: Program on East European Cultures and Societies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2004), 148–51; Shafir, Between Denial and ‘Comparative Trivialization, 11–13; “Eiserne Garde,” in Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, 1: 404.

[2380] Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator, 268, 274.

[2381] Gila Fatran, “Holocaust and Collaboration in Slovakia in the postwar discourse,” in Collaboration with the Nazis. Public discourse after the Holocaust, ed. Roni Stauber (New York: Routledge, 2011), 197; Nina Paulovičová, “The ‘Unmasterable Past’? Slovaks and the Holocaust: The Reception of the Holocaust in Post-communist Slovakia,” in Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe, ed. John-Paul Himka and Joanna Beata Michlic (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013), 561.

[2382] Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator, 271.

[2383] Paulovičová, ‘Unmasterable Past’?, 561; Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator, 278–79.

[2384] Paulovičová, ‘Unmasterable Past’?, 561.

[2385] Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator, 283.

[2386] Ljiljana Radonic, Krieg um die Erinnerung. Kroatische Vergangenheitspolitik zwischen Revisionismus und europäischen Standards (Frankfurt am Main: Campus-Verlag, 2010), 158, 202, 212, 232, 256, 315, 377; Vjeran Pavlaković, “Flirting with Fascism: The Ustaša Legacy and Croatian Politics in the 1990s,” The Shared History and The Second World War and National Question in ex-Yugoslavia, Conference in Seville, Spain, January /February 2008, http://www.centerforhistory.net/images/
stories/pdf/flirting_with_fascism.pdf (accessed 22 December 2012).

 

[2387] “Akt proholoshennia ukraїns’koї derzhavy, 30.06.1941,” TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 5, 3.

[2388] “Mii zhyttiepys,” TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 3, spr. 7, 6.

 

[2389] Ibid., 6.

[2390] Christopher Browning, Ordinary men. Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Collins, 1992); Harald Welzer and Michaela Christ, Täter. Wie aus ganz normalen Menschen Massenmörder werden (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2007).

[2391] Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem. A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin, 1994), 268–69; Leora Bilsky, Transformative Justice. Israeli Identity on Trial (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 131–32; Teitel, Transitional Justice.

[2392] Paxton, The Five Stages of Fascism, 3, 11–12.

[2393] Paxton, The Five Stages of Fascism, 22.

[2394] Dmytro Dontsov, “Vstupne Slovo,” Stets’ko, 30 chervnia 1941, 9–10.

[2395] Bernhard Giesen, “The Trauma of Perpetrators: The Holocaust and the Traumatic Reference of German National Identity,” Cultural trauma and collective identity, ed. Jeffrey Alexander (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004), 114.