INDEX

Abelard, Peter, 120

Abstraction, 96–97

Académie de Dijon, 185

Actions, 71–72

deliberate, 74

human, 85

nonvoluntary, 69

voluntary, 27, 68–70

Adeimantus, 47

Adkins, W. H., 6

Adultery, 65, 170

Agitators, 205

Agreeableness, 77–78

Agreement, 136–137

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’, 182

Allestree, Richard, 171

Altruism, 186, 234

Anger, 39, 65

Antigone (Plato), 99

Antisthenes, 101

Apathy, 106, 108

Apology (Plato), 23

Appetite, 39, 55

A priori, 192

Aquinas, 118–119, 123

Aristippus of Cyrene, 101

Aristotle, 19, 21, 57–83

Arrow Against All Tyrants, An (Richard Overton), 153

Articulation, 75

Asceticism, 119, 202

Ashley, Anthony, 161–162

Ataraxia, 109

Atheism, 112, 141

Atomism, 107

Atonement, theory of, 117, 202

Aubrey, John, 130, 135

Austen, Jane, 94

Authority, 138

Autobiography (R. G. Collingwood), 255

Ayer, A. J., 3, 12–13, 255

Bacchae, The (Plato), 99

Bad, defined, 9

Beattie, James, 177

Beauty, 40

Behavior, 18, 84

in religion, 111

Belief, 41, 72

in religion, 110

Benevolence, 163, 181, 206

Bentham, Jeremy, 2, 232–235

Bernstein, Eduard, 214

Blackstone, Sir William, 234

Blame, 68

Bloy, Léon, 110

Boredom, 216

Borgia, Cesare, 127, 224

Boswell, James, 171

Bourgeois society, 212

Bradley, F. H., 244–248

Brown, John, 204

Brown, Thomas, 177

Burke, Edmund, 227, 228–230

Butler, Joseph, 164–165

Caird, Edward, 121

Calvin, John, 123–124

Cambridge Platonists, 160–161

Candor, 127

Capitalism, 103, 214

Carlyle, Thomas, 183

Carritt, E. F., 240

Categorical imperative, 194, 196–197

Catholic Christianity, 202

Censorship, 99

Charity, 118

Charles I, 230

Christian morality, 111

Christianity, 199, 217–218, 219, 223

Chrysippus, 104, 105

Cicero, Marcus Tullius; 102

Clarity, 141

Cleanthes, 104

Cleverness, 74–75

Collingwood, R. G., 93, 255

Color words, 90

Commentaries on the Law of England (Sir William Blackstone), 234

Common interest, 97

Compassion, 184, 222

Compulsion, 69

Concepts

analysis of, 93

of duty, 87, 93–94

of justice, 34–35

moral, 1–3, 13, 24–25, 43

of numbers, 88

in speech, 91

Conclusions, 72

Condescension, 78

Conscience, 166, 187–188

Consent, doctrine of, 159–160

Constant, Benjamin, 195

Constantinian bureaucrats, 111

Contract, 136–137, 155, 157–158

Convention, 16, 106

Counter Reformation, 126

Courage, 39, 65, 68, 77, 106, 206, 263

Cowardice, 65

Critique of Pure Reason (Immanuel Kant), 190, 236

Cromwell, Oliver, 153

Cultures, 10

Curiosity, 67

Customs, 10–11, 12

Cyclical periods, of universe, 105

Cynics, 101–102, 104

Cyrenaics, 101–102, 104

Death, 132

Deception, 77

Deeds, 85

Deficiency, 65

Defoe, Daniel, 150

Deity, 105

Deliberate action, 74, 204

Deliberation, 71, 143

Democracy, 45–46, 127, 130, 158, 189

Deontology (Jeremy Bentham), 235

De Quincey, Thomas, 230

Descartes, René, 178

Desire, 31–32, 52, 98, 184, 199, 200–201

concept of, 30

conflict of, 38

Despotic society, 179–180

Dewey, John, 253

Diderot, Denis, 181, 182

Diggers, 149, 152–153

Diogenes Laërtius, 101, 102, 106

Discipline

educational, 89

rational, 88

Discourses on Livy (Machiavelli), 128

Disgraceful, 28–29

Disillusionment, 207

Divine law, 55, 106

Divine right, doctrine of, 132

Domination, 132–133

Du Contrat Social (Jean-Jacques Rousseau), 185

Durkheim, Emile, 110, 178

Duty, 84, 86–87, 93, 192–193, 197, 198, 208, 233, 236

Either/Or (Sören Kierkegaard), 216

Elements (Euclid), 130

Elite, 88, 98

Emile (Jean-Jacques Rousseau), 185

Enchiridion Ethicum (Henry More), 160–161

Encyclopédie (Denis Diderot), 182

End results, 103–104

Enlightenment, The, 181, 182–183, 190

Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (David Hume), 169, 186

Enslavement, 184

Envy, 65, 67, 144

Epicureanism, doctrine of, 100, 102, 104, 107, 108

Equality, 115, 231

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (John Locke), 160

Eternity, 141

Ethical Studies (F. H. Bradley), 245, 246

Eudaemonistic contemplation, 88

Evaluative predicates, 12

Evaluative truths, 95

Evaluative words, 89–91, 172

Evil, 60, 65, 105, 263

Excess, 65

Experience, 190–191

Explicitness, 75

Fabianism, 238

Fable of the Bees, The, or Private Vices Public Benefits (Bernard de Mandeville), 162

Factual assertions, 143

Factual premises, 172

Fairness, 77

Faith, 118

Fallibility, 76

False consciousness, 206–207

Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, The (Daniel Defoe), 151

Feeling, 73

Felicity, 138

Feudalism, 124, 131

Figgis, J. N., 124

Findlay, Professor J. N., 208

Foot, Philippa, 263

Force, 132–133

Forms, 42–45, 48–49, 53–54

Fraud, 132–133

Freedom, 26, 143, 144–145, 196, 202, 203–205, 211–212

political, 139

of will, 139–140

Freedom and Reason (R. M. Hare), 260–261

Friendship, 79–80

Frustration, 73

Function, differentiation of, 84

Galileo, 132

Geach, Peter, 263

Genealogy of Morals (Fredrich Nietzsche), 223

Generosity, 127, 206

Glaucon, 47

Goals, 76, 199

God, 55, 111–114, 118–119, 141, 142, 196, 199

Godwin, William, 229, 230–232

Good, 6, 11, 29, 32, 53, 57–59, 61, 84, 87, 223, 249–252

as expression of approval, 91–92

as expression of choice, 92

as obedience to God, 113, 118–119

Gorgias (Plato), 24, 26–28

Grace, 119

Great-souled man, 78–80

Greek tragedy, 99

Green, T. H., 244–248

Grotius, Hugo, 120

Grumbling Hive, The, or Knaves Turned Honest (Bernard de Mandeville), 162

Guilt, 144

Happiness, 57, 59, 61–62, 140, 167, 195–196, 207, 236–238

in relation to virtue, 101–102, 103

Hare, R. M., 260–264

Hate, 144

Hebraic tribalism, 111

Hedonists, 109, 207

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, 121, 199–210

Hegesias, 101–102

Heine, Heinrich, 218–219

Hellenistic monarchy, 111

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien, 181–182

Heraclitus, 10, 41

Heteronomy, 195

Heterosexual love, 52

Historical narrative, 91

Historical relativism, 96

Historical sequence, 92–93

History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 130

History of Philosophy and Religion in Germany (Heinrich Heine), 218

Hobbes, Thomas, 2, 130–140, 204

Holiness, 110

Homer, 5–9, 11–12

Homosexual love, 52

Honesty, 127

Honor, 28–29, 60

Hope, 118

Human actions, 85

Human nature, 105, 139, 148, 184, 221–222

Hume, David, 152, 168–169, 172–174, 204

Humility, 78, 118

Hunger, 184

Hutcheson, Francis, 163

Hypothetical imperative

of prudence, 194

of skill, 194

Identification, 202

Ignorance, 69–70

Illusion, 140, 200, 212

Immortality, 196

Impulses, 182

Incest, 169–170

Inclination, 86, 192–193, 195

Inculcation, nature of, 54

Independence, 101

Indignation, 66

Individual, The, 124–125, 128, 200

Individualism, 199

Inequality, 184–185

Infinity, 141

Inhibition, 73

Injustice, 98

Insecurity, 102

Instinct, 73

Intellectual virtues, 64

Intellectualism, 72–73

Intention, 106, 206

Intuition, 254, 255

Ireton, Henry, 153

Irony, 68

Irrationality, 73

James II, 137, 228

Jealousy, 66

Jesus, 115, 194–195, 224

Judgment, 140

Justice, 10, 11–12, 15–16, 21, 33, 34–35, 39–40, 46–48, 51, 106, 179–180, 241

Justification, 49, 122, 215

Kant, Immanuel, 190–198, 203, 204, 224

Kautsky, Karl Johann, 214

Kelsen, Hans, 99

Keynes, J. M., 256

Kierkegaard, Sören, 215–218

Knowledge, 22–23, 41, 191, 253

Labor, division of, 84

Laches (Plato), 23

Language, 96

Language of Morals, The (R. M. Hare), 260–261

Language, Truth, and Logic (A. J. Ayer), 255

Lawrence, D. H., 73, 75, 257

Laws (Plato), 51, 54, 98

Legitimacy, 137, 156

Leisure, 82

Levellers, 149, 152–153, 204

Liberality, 68

Liberation, 189

Liberty, 152, 156

Life of Jesus (D. F. Strauss), 210

Light of Nature Pursued, The (Abraham Tucker), 167

Locke, John, 157–159

Logic, 77

Logic (Georg Hegel), 209

Logos, 105

Louis XVI, 230

Love, 216

heterosexual, 52

homosexual, 52

Luther, Martin, 115, 121–127

Lying, 96, 170–171

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 127–129

Magnesia, 56

Magnificence, 68

Maistre, Joseph Marie de, 189

Majority rule, 158–159

Malebranche, Nicholas de, 170

Malice, 65, 66, 67, 221–222

Mandeville, Bernard de, 162–163

Manifesto (Karl Marx), 213

Mann, Thomas, 226

Mansfield Park (Jane Austen), 94

Marriage, 116, 216

Marx, Karl, 121, 149, 151, 188, 210–214

Meaning, theory of, 43

Meanness, 66

Meekness, 67

Melos, 12

Meno (Plato), 26

Merit, 123

Mill, James, 235

Mill, John Stuart, 204, 235–243, 251

Miltiades, 31

Milton, John, 151

Miracles, 150

Modesty, 68

Monarchical society, 179–181

Monotheism, 112

Montesquieu, Baron de La Brede et de, 170, 178–181

Moore, G. E., 249–253, 256

Moral beliefs, 116

Moral concepts, 1–3, 13, 24–25, 43, 116, 268

Moral depravity, 184

Moral environment, 100

Moral evaluations, 97

Moral freedom, 196

Moral imperative, 194

Moral judgments, 13, 140, 148, 161, 162, 169, 213, 224, 255

Moral law, 106

Moral precepts, 111–112, 176, 192

Moral reasoning, 164, 166

Moral rules, 126, 135, 148–149, 175, 179

Moral-sense, 163

Moral standards, 147

Moral truths, 161

Moral virtues, 64

Moral weakness, 76

Morality, 85, 107, 197, 200, 208, 213–214, 220, 223, 245

Christian, 111

religious, 113–114, 150

Morals, theory of, 139, 172, 191

More, Henry, 160

Motives, 206

Murder, 65

My Early Beliefs (J. M. Keynes), 256

Myths, 10, 110

Natural law, 234

Natural man, 17–18

Natural rights, 154–156, 228

Nature, law of, 16, 106, 117–118, 119, 133, 157, 193

Neurotic, 47–48

New Testament, 112, 116, 210

Newton, Sir Isaac, 190

Nicholas, Tsar, 230

Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 57, 98, 99

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 189

Nietzsche, Fredrich Wilhelm, 222–226

Nocturnal Council, 56

Nonvoluntary actions, 69

Norms, for man, 94–95, 96

Novalis, 141

Number concepts, 88

Obedience, 113, 133–134, 183, 194

Obfuscation, 130

Oligarchy, 45–46

Opinion, 41

Oppression, 184

Oresteia (Plato), 99

Overton, Richard, 153, 158

Pain, 184, 216, 234

Paine, Tom, 227

Paley, Archdeacon William, 167–168

Parmenides (Plato), 53

Passions, 143

Paternalism, 198

Pathological love, 194

Peace of mind, 107

Perception, 71, 190–191

Pericles, 31

Perplexity, 96

Persecution, 149

Personality, 64

Persuasion, 26–27, 49

Pessimism, 189

Phaedo (Plato), 26, 39

Phenomenology of Mind (Georg Hegel), 200, 201, 209

Philosophy, history of, 199–200, 204

Philosophy of History (Georg Hegel), 205

Philosophy of Right (Georg Hegel), 200

Physical nature, 132

Pity, 65, 99

Plato, 2, 11, 14–15, 19, 21, 35–38, 40, 51–56

Pleasure, 47, 59, 80–82, 234, 235–236, 238–240

Plekhanov, Georgi, 141

Political authority, 138

Political freedom, 139, 204

Political rebellion, 126

Political standards, 147

Politics (Aristotle), 98, 99

Politics, and ethics, 129

Polybius, 108

Popper, Professor Karl, 34

Positive law, 154–155

Power, 130, 224

Praise, 68

Prejudice, 228, 230

Price, Richard, 175, 227–228

Prichard, H. A., 84–85, 86, 254

Pride, 78

Prince, The (Niccolo Machiavelli), 128

Principia Ethica (G. E. Moore), 249, 254, 256

Prodigality, 66

Prolegonmena to Ethics (T. H. Green), 247

Promise, 136, 193

Property, 152, 154, 157–158

Prosperity, 127

Protagoras (Plato), 14, 23

Prudence, 74–75, 84, 106

Puritanism, 150

Rainborough, Colonel Thomas, 153

Rameau’s Nephew (Denis Diderot), 182

Rashness, 65

Rationality, 62, 64, 73, 203

Realists, 103

Reasoning, 37–38, 39, 55, 72, 73, 82, 126, 140, 143, 145, 169, 205

Rebellion, 134, 157

Redemption, theory of, 117

Reflections on the Revolution in France, Political Justice (Edmund Burke), 229

Reid, Thomas, 177

Relativism, 95, 179–181

Religion, 141

behavior in, 111

beliefs in, 110

of Romans, 108

Religion of Nature Delineated, The (William Wollaston), 170

Religious morality, 113–114, 150

Repression, 99, 114

Republic (Plato), 20, 26, 33–50, 51, 55, 98

Republican society, 179–180

Responsibility, 27, 84

Restraint, 77

Revelation, law of, 117, 119

Review of the Principal Questions and Difficulties of Morals (Richard Price), 175

Rhetoric, 27–28

Rigor, 141

Ritual, 110

Role description, 93

Roman imperial proletariat, 111

Roman religion, 198

Ross, Sir David, 254

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 151, 182–189

Rules, 241–242

observance of, 104

of truth telling, 103–104

Ruling class, 98

Russell, Bertrand, 72–73

St. Anselm, 116–117

St. Augustine, 48, 117

St. Paul, 115–116

Santayana, George, 3

Sartre, Jean Paul, 269

Satisfaction, 30

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 220–222

Secular authority, 122, 127

Self-assertion, 35

Self-consciousness, 201

Self-improvement, 189

Self-interest, 221

Self-knowledge, 144–145

Self-love, 165, 186

Self-preservation, 132

Self-regarding motives, 136

Self-sufficiency, 83, 101, 102

Selfishness, 168, 186

Seneca, Marcus Annaeus, 106

Sensations, 181

Sense perception, 15

Serfdom, 115

Sex, 126

Shamelessness, 65

Sidgwick, Henry, 243, 244

Simonides, 12

Sin, 122, 182, 184, 188–189

Slavery, 115

Smith, Adam, 151, 168–169, 176

Social change, 147

Social identity, 126

Social institutions, 178–179

Social order, 129, 187–188, 211–212, 213

Social rules, 134

Social standards, 147

Social unity, 97

Social virtues, 175

Socialism, 238

Socrates, 14, 18–25, 26–28, 30–32

Sophists, 14–18

Soul, 38–39, 64, 68

Sovereignty, 130

Speculation, 82

Spencer, Herbert, 223, 251

Spinoza, Baruch, 140–145

Spontaneity, 75

Standards

moral, 147

political, 147

social, 147

Stealing, 170

Stevenson, C. L., 255, 257–259

Stewart, Dugald, 177

Stoical, 107

Stoicism, doctrine of, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 202

Strauss, D. F., 210

Suicide, 175

Superstition, 108

Supplement to Bougainville’s “Voyage” (Denis Diderot), 182

Syllogism, practical, 71

Sympathy, 174, 176, 184

Symposium (Plato), 51, 117

Tabu, 86

Temperance, 39, 68, 106

Terror, 99

Theatetus (Plato), 14

Theft, 65, 184

Theism, 112, 120

Theocracy, 132

Theognis of Megara, 9

Theology, 168

Thrasymachus, 47

Thrift, 67, 74

Thucydides, 12, 130

Timocracy, 45–46

Tolstoy, Leo, 75

Tragedy, 99

Tranquility, 107

Transcendental object, 61

Treatise of Human Nature (David Hume), 169, 174

Truthfulness, 68, 95

Tucker, Abraham, 167–168

Two Treatises of Government (John Locke), 157

Tyranny, 46

Ugly, 40

Unchastity, 175

Unmoved mover, 63

Utilitarianism, 240–241

Utilitarianism (J. S. Mill), 239

Utility, 174

Vicaire Savoyard (Jean-Jacques Rousseau), 187

Vice, 36, 70, 170

of deficiency, 65

of excess, 65

Vico, Giovanni, 179

Virtue, 7–9, 11, 21, 22, 36, 39–40, 55, 63–64, 84, 106, 114, 144, 206, 207

artificial, 174

of courage, 65

intellectual, 64

moral, 64

in relation to happiness, 101–102, 103

Virtuous choice, 65

Voltaire, François, 183

Voluntary actions, 27, 68–70, 204

Warnock, May, 262

Weakness, moral, 76

Wealth, 59, 184

Weber, Karl, 178

Whichcote, Benjamin, 160

Whole Duty of Man (Richard Alles tree), 171

Will, freedom of, 139, 220

William of Occam, 119

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 48, 233

Wittiness, 68

Wollaston, William, 170

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 230

Words

color, 90

evaluative, 89–91

Zeno, 104