INDEX
A
A-Army, 89
Afghanistan operations, 239, 240
aircraft: aerial attack impact on cavalry, 59; close-air support provided by, 276n23; value to cavalry, 80
Algerian guerrilla war, 32
American Army: horseback training program, 240; remount requirements, 258n50; support for horse cavalry in, 75–76; technological superiority of, 236–37
American automotive industry, 237
American Civil War: cavalry role in, 18, 31; railway interdiction in, 27; remount requirements of Union Army, 258n50; strategic “rides” in, 22; use of railroad in, 37
American 1st Cavalry Division, 3
anti-partisan warfare: in France, 34; in Russia, 157, 162, 180–81, 196–99, 200–206
Ardennes: Battle of the, 137–40; region of France, 137–38
armored cars, 83, 110; in Russo-Polish War, 86
armored combat vehicles, 110. See also specific types
Army Field Wagon 1, 96
artillery: mobility of, 8; Prussian doctrine on, 24; Russian, 150. See also horseartillery
Asiaticus (pseudonym), 42
Austrian Federal Army, 239
automotive industry: American, 237; German, 119–20
B
Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem, 176, 178, 200, 201
Baldwin, Hanson W., 233
Balkans campaign, 207
Barb cavalry mount, 32
“Basics of Cavalry Leadership, The” (Harteneck), 229
Bazaine, Achille, 19
Bazentin-le-Petit, Battle of, 59
Beck, Ludwig, 119
Belgium, German advance through, 49–50
Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 40, 43
bicycle M1939 Patria WKC, 150
Bicycle Reconnaissance Detachment, 175–76, 182, 186–87
bicycle troops, 130, 132, 135, 148, 151, 153, 163; mobility of, 79, 158; in SS Cavalry Brigade, 175–76, 182, 186–87, 269n12; supply requirements of, 150, 156; in WWI, 52, 82
Bismarck, Otto von, 17, 34, 62
Bismarck memorials, 257n7
Black Bands, 200
Blenheim, Battle of, 10
Böselager, Georg von, 211–12, 286n4
Brandy Station, Battle of, 18
Brauchitsch, Walther von, 119
Bredow, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 24, 27, 35
British cavalry, 110–11, 262n17
British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 53
British 2nd Cavalry Brigade, 53
British 7th Dragoon Guards, 59
British Tornado GR4 attack aircraft, 239–40
British war production, 237
Brown Shirts, 279n13
Brusilov Offensive, 57
Budapest, siege of, 230, 231–32
Budenney, Semyon, 76
Buford, John, 18
Buhle, Walter, 120
Bülow, Karl von, 54
C
Cambrai, Battle of, 78
Cannae, Battle of, 43
cavalry and cavalrymen: cultural perceptions regarding, 15–16; deemphasis of in German propaganda, 123; George Patton on, 75–76; in motorized age, 161–62; nobility in, 169–70; post-WWII, 234; target profile of, 28–29
cavalry equipment: bayonet, 43–44, 91–92; breastplate, 21; firearms, 87, 92–95; heavy weapons, 95–96; helmet, 92; lances, 87, 92; swords, 48, 70, 75, 91–92
cavalry gun, 95
Cavalry Journal, 75
cavalry leadership basics, 251–54
cavalry mounts: aggressiveness of, 3–4; the Barb, 32; breeding programs, 5, 9, 45, 63, 96–100; feed and fodder requirements for, 45–46, 104–5; French abuse of, 54–55; recognized gaits of, 48–49; remount services, 102–6; rider's bond with, 12–14; veterinary services, 101–2. See also horse entries
cavalry spirit, 240
cavalry swords, 48, 70, 75, 91–92
cavalry training, 80–82, 87, 267n18
Cavalry Training Manual (British), 43
chassepot rifle, 25
Chassuers d'Afrique, 32
chivalric virtues of the SS, 168, 172, 174, 175, 209
Citino, Robert M., 240
Combat Group Hannibal, 227
combined-arms doctrine, 27, 69–70; cavalry role in, 79
Commissar Order, 146
Corap, Andre Georges, 138, 139
Cossacks, 61
D
Darré, Walther, 174
Death Ride at Mars-la-Tour, 24–25, 27, 35, 127
Dnepr River, 201
double column formation, 87–88
Dreyse needle gun, 25
E
East Prussian State Stud at Trakehnen, 9, 63, 96–98
Eastern Front in WWI, 60–68; distances as factor in, 60–61; elements of race war in, 61–62; German cavalry effectiveness on, 64–65
Eastern Front in WWII. See Operation Barbarossa; SS entries
economic centralization, 116–17
economic mobilization, 118
Èghezèe, Battle of, 52
8th Waffen-SS Cavalry Division. See SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
Emmich, Otto von, 49
equestrian associations, 169
equine pack-animal units, 238
Eylau, Battle of, 30
F
Falkenhayn, Erich von, 67
farriery schools, 102
Federal Armed Forces (Germany), 238
Fegelein, Hermann, 170, 171, 172, 178, 180, 188, 197, 204, 248
Felbar, Hans-Gustav, 157
Feldt, Kurt, 125, 136, 147, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162, 215, 216, 229
First Battle of the Marne, 46
flanking role of cavalry, 46–47; in WWI, 55–56
Florian Geyer. See SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
Foix, Gaston de, 6
Fort Embourg (Belgium), 50
Four-Year Plan, 117
Franco-German Armistice, 135
François, Hermann von, 62
Franco-Prussian War, 11, 16; cavalry lessons learned in, 35–37; Death Ride at Mars-la-Tour, 24–25; French cavalry failures in, 19, 21, 22–23; French withdrawal from Metz, 23–25; German advance to the Moselle, 22; German infantry in, 20–21; German reconnaissance in, 19–20, 21–22; logistics and supply in, 29–30; partisan warfare in, 34; railroad transportation in, 26; siege of Paris in, 32, 36; strategic “rides” in, 36–37
francs-tireurs, 34
Frank, August, 231
Frankowo, Battle of, 125
Frederick III of Brandenburg, 234
Frederick the Great of Prussia, 9, 97
Frederick William I of Prussia, 97
French, John, 41
French cavalry, 110; abuse of mounts in, 54–55; in the Ardennes, 138–39; use of firearms by, 258n16
French Cavalry School, 75, 136
French Ninth Army, 138
French Second Army, 137
Friesian, 274n53
Fritsche, Karl, 178
Froeschwiller, Battle of, 20, 21
Führung und Gefecht der Verbundenen Waffen manual, 108
G
gas warfare, 60
General Staff, 107
George II of Great Britain, 98–99
German A-Army, 89
German Alpine Army Corps, 283n18
German armed forces nomenclature, 107
German Army: cavalry divisions in, 78; de-modernization of, in WWII, 122; inter-war composition, 77–78; inter-war conscription, 107, 115; inter-war expansion, 121; interwar reorganization of cavalry, 82; limitations imposed on, 84; motorization prior to WWII, 119–21; professionalism of, 114
German army doctrinal manual, 108–10
German Army of the Meuse, 49
German Army Service Regulations of 1923, 82
German Army Veterinary Academy, 102
German Army Veterinary Service, 101
German Cavalry Brigade Model, 211
German cavalry divisions, 78
German Cavalry Unit Böselager, 211
German Cuirassier Regiment Königin, 51–52
German Defense Economy and Weapons Bureau, 116
German Federal Armed Forces, 238
German First Army, 53
German heraldic shields, 2
German II Cavalry Corps, 49
German 2nd Motorized Division, 129
German 2nd Panzer Group, 149, 154
German 2nd Reiter Regiment, 1st Cavalry Brigade, 124
German 22nd Reiter Regiment, 1st Cavalry Brigade, 130, 133, 134, 136
German 2nd SS Cavalry Regiment, 175
German 2nd SS Panzer Corps, 201
German Ninth Army, 67, 182, 185, 211
German 3rd Cavalry Brigade, 9th Uhlans, 51–52
German 3rd Cavalry Division, 232
German 23rd Mountain Rifle Brigade, 238
German rearmament, 106–8; economic inefficiencies of, 116; in European balance of power, 114–15; Four-Year Plan for, 117; Hitler on primacy of, 115
German Sixth Army, 201
German SS. See SS entries
German 1st Cavalry Brigade: in invasion of Poland, 124–30; units of, 124
German 1st Cavalry Corps, 65; armored attacks against, 221–22; composition of, 215–16; as defenders against Red Terror, 226; in defense of Budapest, 230; Hungarian division in, 212–13, 214, 217, 218, 223; lack of mobility, 220; reestablishment of, 212; reorganization of, 223–24, 227–28; replacements for, 222–23; surrender of, 233
German 1st Cavalry Division, 61, 62, 63, 64; conversion to panzer division, 159–62; in France, 133–35; in the Netherlands, 130–33; in Operation Barbarossa, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157
German 51st Fighter Wing Mölders, 149, 276n23
German 1st Panzer Division, 139
German 1st Reiter Regiment, 1st Cavalry Brigade, 124, 134–35, 147, 164
German 21st Reiter Regiment, 1st Cavalry Brigade, 130, 133, 152–53, 164
German 1st SS Cavalry Regiment, 171, 175
German 4th Cavalry Brigade, 217, 221
German 4th Cavalry Division, 232
German 69th Cavalry Replacement Detachment, 222–23
German 12th Infantry Division, 125
German 17th Infantry Division, 149, 151
German 112th Infantry Division, 149
German 4th Panzer Division, 147, 220
German 7th Panzer Division, 139
German 6th Reconnaissance Battalion, 212
German Third Army, 125
German Third Cavalry Division, 88
German Weekly Newsreel, 123
German XXIII Corps, 187
German XXIV Panzer Corps, 146, 149
German XXXVIII Corps, 134
German XXXXIII Corps, 153
German XXXXVII Panzer Corps, 157
Geyer, Florian, 200
glanders, 148
Goebbels, Joseph, 167
Gomel Pocket, 277n29
Gravelotte, Battle of, 35
Groener, Wilhelm, 90
Grolig, Oswin, 212
Gronau, Hans von, 54
Guderian, Heinz, 121–22, 129, 149, 184, 185, 236
gunpowder warfare: cavalry role in, 6, 9–10; cavalry use of firearms in, 7–9; combined-arms doctrine and, 27; effect on cavalry charge against infantry, 25–26
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, 8
gypsies, 191
H
Haflinger, 269n23
Haig, Douglas, 57, 58, 59, 60, 75
Halder, Franz, 240
Hanoverian State Stud at Celle, 9, 45, 84, 98–100
Harnack, Adolf von, 62
Harteneck, Gustav, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228, 232; on cavalry leadership, 251–54
heavy cavalry, 16–17; role of, 18
Heer, 107
Henderson, G.F.R., 43
Heye, Wilhelm, 88
Himmler, Heinrich, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 184, 187, 191, 197, 207, 208
Hindenburg, Paul von, 65
Hitler, Adolph, 106, 170, 229, 230, 231, 232; consolidation of authority by, 113; economic centralization and, 116–17; micro management by, 240–41; Nazi symbolism and, 167; objectives of invasion of Soviet Union, 145–46; Operation Barbarossa and, 181, 186; on primacy of rearmament, 115; reliance of on Himmler, 207; “stand or die” order, 228; on uses of cruelty, 198
Hitler Youth, 120
Hohberg, Anton von, 172
Hohenzollern, Friedrich Karl von, 16–17, 37
horse breeding programs, 5, 9, 45, 96–100
horse muster commission, 45
horse registration, 103
horse-artillery, 8–9, 10; in Barbarossa, 150; in Franco-Prussian War, 27, 28; in interwar reorganization of cavalry, 82–83; in invasion of Poland, 124; principal tasks of, 258n29; in WWI, 48
Horseman's Badge, 81
horsemanship. See equitation
horses: army order concerning the sparing of, 243–45; cultural perception of, 12; inter-war importance of, 74–75; in Nazi cultural expression, 166–67; panje, 103–4, 151, 194–95; standard daily rations, 104–5; utility in WWI, 44–45. See also cavalry mounts
Howard, Michael, 32
HSSPF. See Senior SS and Police Command Center
“Hundred Guards” cuirassiers, 17
Hungarian Army, 213
Hungarian 3rd Hussar Regiment, 217
Hungarian 1st Royal Cavalry Division, 212, 214, 223
Huntzinger, Charles, 137, 138, 139
I
Indian Army, 3
industrial infrastructure, and cavalry operations, 40
infantry: in American Civil War, 18; German, in Franco-Prussian War, 20–21; role in partisan warfare, 34
infantry phalanx, 4
Infantry Regulations (British), 43
infantry square, 7, 10, 17, 256n27
Interallied Military Control Commission, 89
Iraq, 240
J
Jaroslawice, Battle of, 70
K
Kabisch, Ernst, 90
Kaiserschlacht, 71
Komarow, Battle of, 77
Kavanagh, T.C. McM., 60
Keitel, Wilhelm, 118
Kluge, Günther von, 186, 211, 245
Königgrätz, Battle of, 17, 26, 35
Korma Heights operation, 153
Kornwerderzand: Battle of, 132; fortifications, 132
Kosak, Georges, 139
Kosovo operations, 238
Krupp howitzer, 51
Küchler, Georg von, 125
Kursk, Battle of, 201, 202, 206
L
Langensalza, Battle of, 17
Lanrezac, Charles Louis Marie, 137
League of Nations, 106
Leaping Horseman insignia, 162, 165
Leboeuf, Edmond, 29
Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, 138
Lesueur, Larry, 188
light cavalry: French, in Algeria, 32; heavy cavalry and, 16–17; role of, 18
light infantry gun, 95
Lisle, H.B. de, 53
Lithuania, German offensive in, 66
Lodz, Battle of, 65
logistics and supply: French, in Franco-Prussian War, 29–30; French remount system, 30, 55; in Operation Barbarossa, 150–51, 155–56, 199
Lombard, Gustav, 188
Louis XIV of France, 234
Luck, Hans von, 127
M
Mackensen, August von, 67
Malaparte, Curzio, 173
Marshall, George C., 236
Marwitz, Georg von der, 71
Marwitz, Johannes Georg von der, 49
Mars-la-Tour, Battle of, 24–25, 27, 35, 127
massed cavalry: versus dismounted cavalry role, 31–32; French, in Franco-Prussian War, 30; massed infantry and, 44; support of infantry by, 35; vulnerabilities of, to firearms, 28–29; in WWI, 72
Mastelarz, Kazimierz, 128
Masurian Lakes, Battle of the, 66
Mauser M1898, 48
Mellenthin, F.W. von, 127, 273n46
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 242
Miracle of the Vistula, 77
mixed divisions: French, 138–39; requirements for effectiveness, 79–80
mobility: army doctrine on, 108; as basic cavalry doctrine, 253; as factor in inter-war planning, 85–86; Operation Barbarossa and, 156; Russian roads as hindrance to, 194–95
Moltke, Helmut von, the Elder, 49, 79, 127; memorandum of 1868, 17–18, 25, 26, 31
Mons, Battle of, 53
Morgan, John Hunt, 36
motorization: American, 236–37; in defining cavalry's role, 79–80, 80, 83; driver and mechanic training, 120; George Patton on, 75; incomplete, prior to WWII, 119; lack of standardization in, 120; “Lance Comparison” in, 122; in Operation Barbarossa, 155–56
Motorized Transport Department, 121–22
Mountain Pack Animal Company 230, 238
mounted police, 3
N
Nagybánya, Miklós Horthy de, 212
Napoleon I of France, 10, 28, 30
Napoleon III of France, 29
National Association of Breeding and Testing Of German Warm Bloods, 81
National Socialist Drivers Corps, 120
National Socialist Mounted Corps, 272n29
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 129, 174–75
Night of the Long Knives, 172
North European Plain, 40
O
100,000-man Reichswehr, 77
Operation Barbarossa: anti-partisan warfare in, 180–81, 196–99, 200–206; cavalry role in, 148, 150, 154, 155, 157, 160; drive on Gomel, 151–52; German losses in, 150, 154, 163; horsemounted reconnaissance riders in, 155; horses' performance in, 151–52, 154; logistics difficulties in, 150–51, 156, 199; objectives of, 145–46; rivers and marshes as factors in, 141–42; Russian road conditions as factor in, 194; Russian tenacity in response to, 179; Soviet cavalry and, 145; Soviet counteroffensive to, 185–88, 219; SS cavalry in, 172, 175–85; SS “special assignments” in, 177, 178, 184, 197–98; troop discipline in, 159
Operation Margarethe, 287n8
Operation Michael, 71
Operation Spring Awakening, 231, 232
Operation Typhoon, 181
Operations Weichsel I and II, 205, 246–47
Ovid, 242
P
Pack Animal Mission and Training Center (PAMTC), 238–39
Pallasch sword, 48
panje horse, 103–4, 151, 194–95
Panzergrenadiere, 122
Parrott, David A., 8
partisan warfare. See anti-partisan warfare
Patton sword, 75
Peasants' War, 200
Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 72
Petersberg Missions, 239
pikemen, 7
Pilsudski's Legion, 61
pistoleers, 7
platoon column formation, 87
Plettenberg (German commander), 222
Pliev, I.A., 214
Poland: German animosity toward, 85; German invasion of, 124–30, 174–75; war with Russia, 76–77, 86, 93
police call-up, 176–77, 281n39
Polish cavalry, 125; in alleged charges against tanks, 127–29, 273n51
Polish Corridor, 85
Polish Pomorske Cavalry Brigade, 128, 129, 273n51
Polish 18th Lancer Regiment, 128–29
population density, and cavalry operations, 40
Poseck, Maximilian von, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86
Pripet Marshes, 141–42, 178–79
R
rabies, 148
racial composition of SS, 207–8
racial warfare, 61–62; on Eastern Front, 173
Raeder, Erich, 119
railroad transportation: in Franco-Prussian War, 26, 37; in German inter-war planning, 119; of infantry, 44; requirements for German corps, 45–46; in Soviet Union, 143
rearmament in Germany, 106–8; economic inefficiencies of, 116; in European balance of power, 114–15; Four-Year Plan for, 117; Hitler on primacy of, 115
reconnaissance and screening, 18; in American Civil War, 18; French, in Franco-Prussian War, 21, 22–23; German, in Franco-Prussian War, 19–20, 21, 27; German doctrine on, 109; strategic “rides” and, 22, 36–37; in WWI, 54, 69
reconnaissance by fire, 139
reconnaissance detachments, 123
Reich Chancellery, 167
Reich Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan, 117
Reichswehr, 107
Reinhardt, George-Hans, 225
remount services: American requirements, 258n50; Austrian Federal Army, 239; French, 30, 55; German, 102–6
Riding and Driving Schools, 103
Riding School, SS Main, 170
river crossings: Loire, 136; Seine, 135
river-crossing exercises, 81
Roberts, Michael, 8
Röhm, Ernst, 279n13
Rojahn (German lieutenant colonel), 222
Rommel, Erwin, 139
Rossbach, Battle of, 9, 10, 30
Rumania, German offensive in, 66–68
Rumanian Army, armored car use by, 83
Russia: as German promised land, 173–74; invasion of East Prussia by, 62–65; railroads in, 143; Red Army cavalry expansion in, 145; rivers and marshes in, 141–42; road conditions in, 194. See also Operation Barbarossa
Russian cavalry, 144–45, 147, 214, 264n66
Russian Fifth Army, 65
Russian First Army, 62
Russian First Cavalry Army, 76–77
Russian Imperial Guard Cavalry Corps, 63–64
Russian Red Terror, 226
Russian 1st Cavalry Division, 64
Russian 4th Guards Cavalry Corps, 214
Russian 44th Mongolian Cavalry Division, 275n10
Russo-Polish War, 76–77, 86, 93
S
Samsonov, Alexander, 64
Schellenbaum standard, 2
Schlieffen, Alfred von, 127
Schulze, Curt, 101
Seeckt, Hans von, 78–79, 80, 82, 86, 87, 88, 94, 127
Senior SS and Police Command Center (HSSPF), 176–77, 281n39
Seydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 9, 205
Sheridan, Philip, 27
Sherman, William T., 34
Signal magazine, 123
61st Cavalry (India), 3
Skinner, Robert P., 45
Slavic peoples, German attitude toward, 146
Sonnengott (cavalry mount), 164–65
Sordet, J.F.A., 50
Soviet Union. See Russia
Spicheren, Battle of, 19
SS Bicycle Reconnaissance Detachment, 175–76, 182, 186–87
SS Cavalry Brigade, 124; assignment to front-line combat, 184–85; assignment to HSSPF, 176; clearing operations in Pripet Marshes, 178–79; components of, 175–76; horse care in, 183; mission in Operation Barbarossa, 177–78; nomenclature of, 175; in partisan warfare, 180–81; purpose of, 176
SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer: antipartisan operations by, 196–98, 200–206; “cleansing” actions of, 193; composition of, 190; formation of, 189–90; Hermann Fegelein's assumption of command of, 248–50; horses of, 191–92, 203–4; naming of, 200; reorganization of, 206–7; replacements for, 199–200; Volksdeutsche in, 190–91
SS cavalry formations, 130
SS Cavalry School, 191
SS Death's Head Division, 168, 177
SS Death's Head Horse Regiment, 171
SS Death's Head Units, 171
SS Main Riding School, 170
SS Mounted Company, 169
SS Mounted Regiments, 170, 175
SS Political Readiness Squad, 170
SS Polizei Division, 168
SS (Schutzstaffel): chivalric virtues of, 168, 172, 174, 175, 209; racial composition of members, 207–8; recruitment of nobility by, 169–70
SS Special Duties Troops, 170–71
Stahlhelm, 92
Stalingrad, Battle of, 165, 201
Stallupönen, Battle of, 63
stand or die order, 228
Steinmetz, Karl Friedrich von, 35
Storm Troopers, 169
Stosch, Albrecht von, 31
swastika, 167
T
table of organization and equipment of 1919, 78, 82
tanks: as factor in cavalry role, 110; in large-scale maneuvers, 88–89; Polish cavalry alleged engagement of, 127–29; in WWI, 71
Tannenberg, Battle of, 64, 125
Thermal Airborne Laser Designator (TIALD) pod, 239–40
Thorak, Josef, 167
Timoshenko, S.K., 145
Tirlemont, Battle of, 52
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 68
Treaty of Frankfurt (1871), 35
Treaty of Versailles (1919), 68; disarmament clause oversight, 89; on German army composition, 77–78, 84; on horses and livestock, 74–75
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 15
Truppenamt, 107
Truppenführung doctrinal manual, 108–10
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 62
U
Ukraine, 68
U.S. Army. See American Army
U.S. Constabulary, 238
V
Vattay (Hungarian general), 215, 216, 217, 218, 287n19
Victory Report (Marshall), 236
Vietnam War, 139
Vormann, Nikolaus von, 216
W
war production: American, 237; British, 237; German, 114–15
Warsaw, siege of, 126
Waterloo, Battle of, 10
Wedemeyer, Albert C., 236
Werner, Anton von, 16
Western Front in WWI: Allied cavalry on, 57; cavalry forces on, 47–48; German cavalry contribution on, 57, 71–72; Race to the Sea action and, 55–56
William of Prussia, 33
Wissembourg, Battle of, 19
Wilson, Henry, 44
Winter Battle of the Masurian Lakes, 66
World War I: Allied cavalry strength in, 47, 58; cavalry in, 11; German cavalry mission in, 68–70; German cavalry strength in, 47–48; horse mobilization in, 45; materiál as factor in, 70–71; racial element in, 61–62; urbanization's impact on cavalry operations, 144. See also Eastern Front in WWI; Western Front in WWI
World War II: cavalry retention in, 121; German motorization capability as factor in, 119–21; German rearmament prior to, 106–8; German surrender, 233; horses in active service during, 236. See also Operation Barbarossa
Wörth, Battle of, 20
Wrangel, Gustav, 42
Z
Zamosc Ring, 77
Zeitzler, Kurt, 212
Ziethen, Hans Joachim von, 84, 200
Ziethen, Johan Joachim von, 9
Zorndorf, Battle of, 30