Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Page numbers followed by an “n” indicate endnotes.
A
Abrams, Gus, 136
Academy of St. Joseph, 42
advertisements on Times Square, 7–8
Afghan girl, 208
Albert I of Belgium, 8
Anschluss, 34
anti-Semitism, 33–35
A&P coffee sign, 9
at-sea refueling operations, 26–27
atomic bomb, 17, 38–39, 43, 63
Auschwitz concentration camp, 36
Austria, 33–35
B
Bailey, F. Lee, 143
Bataan Death March, 16
Baum, Ralph Jacob, 26–27
Bell For Adano, A (film), 52–53, 57, 59
Benson, Richard, 153, 161, 167, 207
Benson Report, 167–72
Berman, Marshall, 217
Berry, M. Susan, 82
Bilder Die Geschichte Machten (documentary), 186
Bilek, Anton, 76
Bilinear Illumination Model for Robust Face Recognition (MERL), 172
Bloomfield, Ardith, 111
Bonsack, Donald, 99
Boston Globe, 79
Bountiful (U.S.), 31
Bourke-White, Margaret, 13, 14, 48
Bradley, James, 208
Bradley, John Henry, 208
Bristol, Rhode Island, Fourth of July Parade, 224–25, 225
Brooklyn Navy Yard, 10
Bruno, Dominick, 77
Bucolo, Anthony, 118–19
Buna, New Guinea, 16
Burak, Jeff, 214
Burkhart, Dorothy, 93
Burrows, Barbara “Bobbi” Baker, 186, 215–16
Burrows, Russell, 216
Bush, Barbara, 203
Bush, George H.W., 203
Bush, George W., 90
C
Cagney, James, 8
Camel Man smoking sign, 9
Cardin, Michael, 172
Case Closed (Posner), 136
Central Needle Trade School, 37
Chamberlain, Neville, 62
Charlotte Observer, 77
Childs Restaurant, 11, 60, 65, 148
Chris’ Old Life Magazines, 102
CONNECTions news brochure (MERL), 174–75
Cunningham, Eugene C., 109–10
Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), 172
Delaney, Gloria, 248n16
Der Weltspiegel magazine, 47
Dewey (U.S.), 27
Digital Journalist, The, 128
Doyle, Harold, 136
E
Eaker, Mrs. Ira, 75–76
Eastman Kodak Folding Camera No. 3, 45
Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 13; capturing the image, 2–3; childhood, 45–46; claimants’ remembrance of, 103; identification of kissing nurse by, 88, 184, 186; immigration to United States, 48; injury in WWI, 46–47; on LIFE V-J Day reunion, 196; on Mendonsa’s claim, 156, 158–59; natural use of lighting by, 128; photographic technique, 48–49, 128–29; photographs of V-J Day, 64; photographs of WWII, 63; recollection of kiss by, 132–33, 139–40, 155, 159–60. See also V-J Day, 1945, Times Square
electric newsboards, 8
Elizabeth of Belgium, 8
Eppridge, Bill, 13
Essex (U.S.), 32
Eyes of Eisenstaedt, The (Eisenstaedt), 73
F
Faces of Evil (Gibson and Mills), 112
facial recognition technology, 172–75
Fashion Institute of Technology, 37
film formats, 13
Flags of Our Fathers (Bradley), 208
flash photography, 128
Fletcher, Guy, 216
Ford, Gerald R., 26
forensic anthropology, 123; candidate elimination in, 177–78; process of, 176–77; use of photographs in, 176
Forensic Art Essentials: A Manual for Law Enforcement Artists (Gibson), 112
forensic evidence: facial recognition technology and, 172–75; in Kennedy assassination, 136; for McDuffie’s claim, 112–15, 136–39; for Mendonsa as bystander, 162–65; Mendonsa’s tattoo, 151–54, 153
forensic evidence on nurse: body shape, 188, 189–90; hairstyle, 189, 190; hands, 191; height, 186–88; legs, 189
forensic evidence on sailor, 131; arm and hand, 167–68; cheekbone, 178, 178, 179; ear shape, 180, 180–81; eyebrow, 180; hairline, 138, 138–39, 198–99; hand position, 139–40; hand size, 168–69, 169; height, 134, 188; nose length and breadth, 137, 137–38, 178–80, 179; scar on forehead, 169–70; skull ridge, 181, 182; “wen” on forearm, 170–71, 171
“FOUND, After 17 Years An Afghan Refugee’s Story” (Newman), 208–9
Fourth of July Parade, 224–25, 225
Fowler, Wallace C., 99
Fox in the Morning, 101
Frederick magazine, 216
Friedman, Greta, 185; in 20/20 segment, 197–98; as air-raid warden, 37; childhood of, 33–34; as dental assistant, 37, 39, 54–55; on Eisenstaedt, 199; in Fourth of July Parade, 224–25, 225; hairstyle, 189, 190; immigration to United States, 35–36; media interest in, 216; recollection of kiss by, 130, 141, 192–93; reticence in seeking recognition, 205–7; supporters for claim of, 224–26
Friend, David, 127
G
Gautier v. Pro-Football, Inc., 117
Gedney, John, 136
George Mendonsa v. Time Incorporated, 116–19, 167
German submarine warfare, 9, 37
Gibson, Lois: on absence of chevron, 143–44; credibility of, 175; forensic support for McDuffie claim and, 112–15, 135, 136–39; on Kennedy assassination, 136; on Mendonsa as bystander, 162–65; on MERL report, 174; Sauer team’s response to findings of, 182
“Give My Regards to Broadway” (song), 8, 32
Goebbel, Joseph, 47–48
Good Morning America, 101, 109, 136, 174
Great White Way, 9
Greco, Simon, 76
Gude, Oscar J., 7–8
H
Halsey, William F., Jr., 25, 26
Halstead, Dirck, 128
Harding, Clarence “Bud,” 99
Hardy, Rex, 13
Hariman, Robert, 218–19
Harrelson, Charles, 136
Heiskell, Andrew, 17
Hiroshima bombing, 38–39, 43, 63
Holmes, Jack, 141
Holt, Chauncey, 136
Honolulu Advertiser, 78
Houston Astros, 110
Houston Police Department, 143
Huff, Thomas, 98
Hull (U.S.), 27
Hurricane of ‘38, 21–22, 24, 234n3
I
Ivor-Campbell, Frederick, 16
Iwo Jima flag-raising model, 11, 56, 65
Iwo Jima flag-raising photograph, 11, 73, 208
J
Japanese prisoner-of-war camp, 76
Japanese surrender, 50, 59, 76
Jeffries-Johnson boxing match, 8
Jepson-Turner, Belita, 82
J. L. Berke dental practice, 37, 39, 54
Johnson, A. C., 98
Johnson, Seward, 214–15, 223, 226
Jorgensen, Victor, 73, 103, 112, 127, 141, 158, 163, 191, 214. See also Kissing the War Goodbye
K
Kamikaze Special Attack Corps, 28
Kearney, James, 99
Kennedy, John F., 136
Kennedy Assassination Symposium, 136
Kingsbury, Marvin, 99–100
kissing nurse(s): anonymity of, 83–85; Eisenstaedt identification of, 88; number of claimants, 93; recollection of kiss by, 130; Shain’s self-identification as, 86–87; V-J Day reunion invitation to, 92. See also forensic evidence on nurse; Friedman, Greta; Shain, Edith
kissing sailor(s): anonymity of, 83–85; Google search of term, 222; missing chevron on uniform, 24, 58, 102, 143–44, 149, 150, 198; number of claimants, 95; prestige of, 93; Shain’s confirmation sought by, 90; tattoo and, 151–54; testimonies of, 97; uniform of, 101, 143–44, 149, 198; V-J Day reunion invitation to, 92. See also forensic evidence on sailor; McDuffie, Glenn; Mendonsa, George; Muscarello, Carl
Kissing the War Goodbye (Jorgensen photograph), 73, 74, 102, 123, 131, 190, 217, 226; background context in, 158, 163, 164, 165; keeling in sailor’s skull in, 114; lighting used in, 128; McDuffie’s claim and, 141; nurse in background of, 248n16; nurse’s hand in, 191; photo flashes and, 123; reproduction of, 214; sailor’s cheekbone in, 178; sailor’s hairline in, 138; sailor’s nose breadth in, 137, 178; sculpture based on, 214–15
Knickerbocker Hotel, 9
Knopp, Guido, 207
Koch, George Byron, 100, 101, 126
Kunhardt, Philip B., Jr., 92, 97
L
Late, Late Show, The, 109
Leen, Nina, 155
Leica camera, 13
Leigh, Douglas, 9
Leiskie, Eddie, 106
Levey, Mel, 219
Liddy, Gordon, 16
Lie Detector (television program), 143
lie detector tests, 143
LIFE interactive website, 18
LIFE magazine: cooperation with war effort, 15–16; coverage of war by, 62; creation of, 12–13; Eisenstaedt employment at, 48; focus on visual in, 13; in organization of V-J Day reunion, 92–95, 147; “pass-along” factor of, 14–15; rival magazines, 14; slow demise of, 17–18; socioeconomic profile of readers, 14–15; television as rival to, 17. See also Time, Inc.
LIFE Photographers and What They Saw (Loengard, ed.), 155
LIFE V-J Day reunion, 92–95, 147; Eisenstaedt on, 196; lack of resolution at, 197
Lillie, Rich, 30
Little, Bob, 141
Long Island Express, 21, 24, 235n3
Longpre, Terry, 224
Los Angeles Times, 87
Lucaites, John Louis, 218–19
Luce, Henry, 12, 13; on cooperation with war effort, 15–16
Lusse, Melba, 78
M
MacArthur, Douglas, 82
Maritime Service, 152
McAvoy, Thomas, 48
McDuffie, Glenn: account compared to Eisenstaedt’s, 159–60; forensic evidence concerning claim of, 112–15, 134, 181; geographic inconsistencies in recollection of, 144–45; hairline, 138–39; height, 188; as kissing sailor claimant, 110–15; media interest in, 211; on Mendonsa, 212; nose length and breadth, 137–38; physical inconsistencies with V-J Day sailor, 177; polygraphs taken by, 143; on pose in photograph, 139; on sailors in background of photograph, 141–43; self-promotion by, 223; on Shain, 146, 212–13; slides supporting claim of, 113, 114
McDuffie, Willie Durant, 111
McMahon, Katherine, 172
McNeel, Ken, 105, 115; account compared to Eisenstaedt’s, 159–60; evidence against claim of, 127–30; height, 188; as kissing sailor claimant, 102–5; physical inconsistencies with V-J Day sailor, 177–78
Meister, Gerard, 77–78
Mendonsa, George, 23; in 20/20 segment, 197–99; actions during Typhoon Cobra, 26–27; assignment to The Sullivans, 23–24; childhood of, 20–21; combative relationship with LIFE, 202–3; 3D face model of, 173; enlistment in Navy, 22–23; forensic anthropology assessment of, 178–80; in Fourth of July parade, 224–25, 225; on Friedman, 205; hand size, 169; height, 188; importance of nurses to, 31, 66, 150; introduction to Rita Petry, 42–43; lawsuit against Time, Inc., 116–19, 167; letter to Muscarello, 204–5; as possible bystander, 162, 162–65; recognition of self as kissing sailor, 147–48; recollection of kiss, 156; in rescue of Bunker Hill survivors, 29–30; supporters for claim of, 224–26; tattoo of, 151–54, 153
Mendonsa, Maria, 20
Miami Herald, 211
Michael, Amy, 176
Michigan State University, 176
military service centers, 10
Mills, Deanie, 112
Minns, Jamie, 176
Mitsubishi Engineering Research Laboratories (MERL), 172–75
Moghadam, Baback, 172
Monaghan (U.S.), 27
Moreau, Megan, 176
Morrell, Ann, 200
movie theaters, 10
Muscarello, Carl, 115, 187; birthmark on hand, 131; evidence against claim of, 130–34; height, 187, 243n13; as kissing sailor claimant, 105–10; letter to Mendonsa, 204–5; media interest in, 91, 210–11; self-promotion by, 223–24; at Times Square Alliance commemoration, 220–21
Muscarello, Maria Grazia Attenillo, 107
N
Nagasaki bombing, 38
National Geographic, 208
Naval War College Museum, 172
Navy quartermaster, 22
NBC Nightly News, 91
New Jersey (U.S.), 25–26
New York City: as liberty port, 10. See also Times Square
New York Daily News, 217
New York Post, 10
New York Times, 158; on Japanese surrender, 50–51; Times Building location, 7; on Times Square Alliance commemoration, 220
New Yorker, The, 219
Newman, Cathy, 208–9
newsboards on Times Square, 8
No Caption Needed (Hariman and Lucaites), 218
nurse in photograph. See kissing nurse(s)
O
O’Donnell Jerry, 172, 174, 209
Okrent, Daniel, 126–27
P
Patriot Productions, 225
Pearl Harbor attack, 15, 22, 42
Pepsi Cola Service Center, 10
Petry, Hilda, 41
Petry, Rita: childhood of, 41–42; introduction to George Mendonsa, 42–43; parents of, 58; in V-J Day photograph, 161–62, 162, 165
photo essay, 13
photographic analysis, 123–24
photographic technology, 13
Pictures That Make History (documentary), 186
polygraph tests, 143
Posner, Gerald, 136
Printed Picture, The (Benson), 167
Providence Journal, 51
Q
quartermaster rating, 22
R
Radio City Music Hall, 52, 57, 59
Raney, David, 143
Raytheon Corporation, 224
Redmond, Patricia, 207
refueling operations, 26–27
Reynolds, Jim: evidence against claim of, 126–27; as kissing sailor claimant, 100–102
Reynolds, Mary Ann, 100
Rhode Island Supreme Court, 117
Rocky Mountain News, 76
Rogers, Charles Frederick, 136
Rolleiflex camera, 49
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 11, 15
Roosevelt, Theodore, 7
Rosenberg, Aaron, 219–20
Russell, Jack, 99
S
sailor in photograph. See kissing sailor(s)
“Salute to Women on the Home Front” event, 225–26
San Francisco Chronicle, 78
Sawyer, Diane, 136–38
Shain, Edith, 162, 187; doubts regarding claim of, 185–86; hairstyle, 189, 190; height as discrepancy in claim of, 186–88, 243n13; identification by Eisenstaedt, 88, 184; letter to Eisenstaedt, 87; obituaries of, 90–91; recognition of kissing sailor claimant by, 105, 108, 130, 133, 141; recollection of kiss by, 192; on Reynold’s claim, 127; self-identification as kissing nurse, 86–87; self-promotion by, 222–23; at Times Square Alliance commemoration, 220
Sharbat Gula, 208–9
Sheridan, James, 84, 141–42, 142
Silk, George, 155
Silvia, Francis, 166
Sinatra, Frank, 10
“60 year old mystery solved- MERL IDs ‘Kissing Sailor’ of WWII” (CONNECTions), 174–75
Sjerven, Truman E., 97
skull keeling, 114, 114–15, 181, 182
Sokol, Barbara, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191–92
South Pacific (musical), 223
Spence (U.S.), 27
Spirit of ‘45 program, 226
Statue of Liberty replica, 11
Streck, Fred, 98–99
Sullivan, Robert, 216
Sullivan brothers, 23–24
Swicegood, Bill, 99
T
television, as rival to magazines, 17
The Sullivans (U.S.): Mendonsa assignment to, 23–24; in rescue of Bunker Hill survivors, 29, 29–30; in Typhoon Cobra, 25–27
3D Facial Modeling & Synthesis of the Sailor in Alfred Eisenstaedt’s “VJ Day Kiss” Photo (MERL), 172–73
Time, Inc: efforts to distance from Mendonsa claim, 199–202, 213; Mendonsa lawsuit against, 116–19, 167; reluctance of to name participants in photograph, 201–2, 209, 213–14. See also LIFE magazine
Times Building, 7
Times Square: as advertisement venue, 7–8; as American icon, 6; history of, 6–8; lighting elements in, 9; as locus during WWII, 10–11; as news medium, 8; Spirit of ‘45 event in, 226; V-J Day celebrations on, 51–53; wartime blackouts in, 9, 37
Times Square Alliance V-J Kiss commemoration, 219–21
Toscano, Joe, 106–7
Trimble Whiskey sign, 7
True Magazine, 104
Truman, Harry S., 43
20/20 news show, 197–99
Typhoon Cobra, 25–27
U
“Unconditional Surrender” (Seward), 188, 214–15, 223, 226
USA Today, 216
V
V-E Day, 31; LIFE’s coverage of, 63
V-J Day: anticipation of, 50–53; kissing as common reaction to, 76–77, 158; number celebrated, 238n1; photographers’ capture of, 62; photographs of kisses on, 92–93
V-J Day, 1945, Times Square (Eisenstaedt photograph): autographed reproductions of, 116, 117–18, 218; capture of, 73; composition of, 3, 67; as cultural vision, 4–5; identity of sailors in background, 141–43, 142; interpretation of action in, 219–20; legal issues concerning publication of, 117–18; misinformation concerning, 217–18; natural lighting used in, 128; original caption to, 82; photograph series including, 68–72; publication of, 82; sale of reproduction of, 166; staged versus spontaneous, 128–29
Verria, Chelsea, 134
Verria, Simone, 134
Vietnam Brotherhood, 223
vision technology, 172–75
VJ Day Sailor Project, The, 172, 209
W
Wall Street Journal, 101, 126, 127
Washington Post, 90
Wilkes-Barre (U.S.), 30
World War II: battle of Iwo Jima, 208; bombing of Hiroshima, 38–39, 43, 63; Hitler’s Final Solution, 34, 35; Japanese surrender, 50, 59, 76; LIFE magazine’s cooperation with war effort, 15–16; Pearl Harbor attack, 22, 42; persecution of Austrian Jews, 33–35; submarine warfare, 9, 37
Y
Yankee Doodle Dandy (film), 8
Z
Zimmer, Greta. See Friedman, Greta