Table A.1 Daily Drinking Water Requirements for Pigs and Other Domestic Animals
| Animal | Body Mass (kg) | Water Intake (Liters/Day) |
| Pig | ||
| Weaning Pig | 7–22 | 1–3.2 |
| Growing Pig | 23–36 | 3.2–4.5 |
| Growing Pig | 36–70 | 4.5–7.3 |
| Growing Pig | 70–110 | 7.3–10 |
| Boar | >100 | 13.6–17.2 |
| Pregnant Sow | >100 | 13.6–17.2 |
| Lactating Sow | >100 | 18.1–22.7 |
| Sheep | ||
| Feeder Lamb | 27–50 | 3.6–5.2 |
| Lactating Dairy Ewe | 90 | 9.4–11.4 |
| Cattle | ||
| Feedlot Beef Cattle | 350–650 | 27–55 |
| Dairy Cowa | 500–600 | 68–83 |
| Horse | ||
| Medium-Sized | 450 | 26–39 |
a Numbers are for cows producing 13.6 kg of milk per day.
Source: Data from the Ontario Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Rural Affairs (Ward and McKague 2007).
Table A.2 Pigs as a Percentage of Major Livestock (Sheep, Goats, Cattle, and Pigs) in Mesopotamian and Syrian Cities, Organized by Time Period and Subregion
| Archaeological Site or City | Pigs (%) | Region |
| Early Bronze Age, 3000–2000 BC | ||
| Eshnunna | 37 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Uruk | 33 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Lagash | 22 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Tell Hamoukar | 53 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Tell Leilan, Lower Town (Nonelite) | 50 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Tell Leilan, Upper Town (Elite) | 35 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Tell Arbid | 44 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Tell Brak | 25 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Tell Mozan | 24 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Tell Beydar | 2 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Tell Taya | 28 | Northern Mesopotamia (Northern Iraq) |
| Ebla | 5 | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Umm el Marra | 3 | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Titris | 1 | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Tell es-Sweyhat | <1 | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Tell Chuera | <1 | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Emar | None | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Middle Bronze Age, 2000–1600 BC | ||
| Mashkan-Shapir | 40 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Sippar-Amnanum | 40 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Uruk | 32 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Nippur | 23 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Isin | 20 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Ur | 18 | Southern Mesopotamia |
| Tell Brak | 40–45 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Kurd Qaburstan | 29 | Northern Mesopotamia (Northern Iraq) |
| Tell Mozan | 17–28 | Northern Mesopotamia (Khabur) |
| Umm el Marra (E&M) | < 5 | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Tell es-Sweyhat | None | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
| Emar | None | Northern Mesopotamian (W. Syria/Upper Euphrates) |
Source: Data from Mashkan-Shapir, Old Babylonian (Brellas 2016; Redding 2015:330); Sippar-Amnanum, Old Babylonian (Bökönyi 1978a); Uruk, Post-Akkadian to Old Babylonian (Böck et al. 1993); Eshnunna, ED I-(post-)Akkadian (Hilzheimer 1941); Nippur, Old Babylonian (Boessneck 1978; Twiss 2017); Lagash, ED III (Mudar 1982); Ur, Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian (Twiss, personal communication); Isin, Old Babylonian (Boessneck 1977; Twiss 2017); Tell Leilan, EJ II–V (fauna have not been fully published, but Zeder [2003] provides estimates of Upper and Lower Town assemblages; see also Rufolo 2011:525–530; Weiss et al. 1993:fn. 30; Zeder 1998a); Tell Hamoukar, EJ III–V (Grossman 2013); Tell Arbid, EJ II–V (Piątkowska-Małecka and Smogorzewska 2010; Piątkowska-Małecka and Smogorzewska 2013); Tell Brak, EJ III–MBA (Weber in Dobney et al. 2003; Schwartz et al. 2017; Weber 2001); Tell Mozan, EJ III–OJ III (Doll 2010); Tell Beydar, EJ III–IV (Van Neer and De Cupere 2000); Tell Taya, Levels IX–VI, EJ III–V (Bökönyi in Reade 1973:184–185); Kurd Qaburstan, Old Babylonian (Weber in Schwartz et al. 2017); Ebla, EB III–MB II (Minniti 2013; Minniti and Peyronel 2005); Umm el Marra, EB IV–MB II (Weber 2006:260); Titriş Höyük, EB III–IV (Greenfield 2002; Trella 2010); Tell Chuera, EJ II–V (Vila 1995, 2010); Tell es-Sweyhat, Period VI–IV, EB III–IV (Buitenhuis 1985); Emar EB IV–MBA (EB IV is a temple area and MB deposits from Upper Town only; Gündem 2010).
Table A.3 Pigs at Iron I Sites in the Levant
| Archaeological Site | Pigs (%)a | Site Type | Cultural Affiliation |
| Ashdod (E) | 11 | Urban | Philistine |
| Tel es-Safi (E&L) | 13 | Urban | Philistine |
| Ashkelon (E&L) | 2–14 | Urban | Philistine |
| Miqne-Ekron (E&L) | 7–20 | Urban | Philistine |
| Qabur el-Waleyide (E) | None | Nonurban | Philistineb |
| Qasile (E or L) | 1 | Nonurban | Philistine |
| Aphek (L) | <1 | Nonurban | Philistine |
| Khirbet Qeyafa (L) | None | Nonurban | Israelite?c |
| Tel Massos (E) | None | Nonurban | Israelite |
| Mount Ebal (E) | None | Nonurban /Ritual | Israelite |
| Beersheba (L) | None | Nonurban | Israelite |
| Shiloh (E) | <1 | Nonurban | Israelite |
| Khirbet Raddana (L) | <1 | Nonurban | Israelite |
| Izbet Sartah (E) | 1 | Nonurban | Israelite |
| Tel Dan (E&L) | None | Urban | Canaanite |
| Bet Shemesh (E&L) | <1 | Urban | Canaanite? |
| Tel Rehov (L) | 1 | Urban | Canaanite |
| Megiddo (E&L) | 1–2 | Urban | Canaanite |
| Tel Dor (E&L) | 1–2 | Urban | Sikil (Sea Peoples) |
Note: “E” indicates bones dating to Early Iron I (1200–1050 BC); “L” indicates bones dating to late Iron I (1050–950 BC). Values represent the proportion of pigs among the total number of identified livestock specimens (NISP).
a Sapir-Hen et al. (2013) include equids in their tally of livestock NISPs, which departs from my general calculation of pigs as a percentage of the combined total of sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs. However, the relative numbers of equid remains are very small; they do not alter the percentage of pigs by more than a few tenths of a percent.
b Pig remains from the Iron I Philistine village at Qabur el-Waleyide are unpublished but reported by Sapir-Hen et al (2013:fn. 32) as a personal communication from the site’s excavator, G. Lehmann, in 2012.
c Kh. Qeyafa is generally understood to be Israelite, but Garfinkel (2017) has questioned this designation.
Source: Data from Sapir-Hen et al. (2013), with additional data from Hesse and Fulton (forthcoming) and Lev-Tov (2012).
Table A.4 Pigs at Iron II Sites Within the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel
| Archaeological Site | Pigs (%)a | Political Affiliation |
| Iron IIA (950–780 BC) | ||
| Hazor | 3 | Kingdom of Israel |
| Tel Yoqneam | 1–2 | Kingdom of Israel |
| Megiddo | 1 | Kingdom of Israel |
| Lachish | <1 | Kingdom of Judah |
| Beersheba | 0–1 | Kingdom of Judah |
| Iron IIB (780–680 BC)b | ||
| Bet Shean | 8 | Kingdom of Israel |
| Megiddo | 8 | Kingdom of Israel |
| Tel Yoqneam | 5 | Kingdom of Israel |
| Hazor | 3 | Kingdom of Israel |
| Lachish | 1 | Kingdom of Judah |
| Beersheba | <1 | Kingdom of Judah |
| Jerusalem | <1 | Kingdom of Judah |
| Mosa | <1 | Kingdom of Judah |
| Tel Halif | None | Kingdom of Judah |
a Sapir-Hen et al. (2013) include equids, although they make up a small proportion of the faunal remains and do not significantly impact the percentage of pigs.
b Kingdom of Israel invaded by Assyria in 732 BC; fully conquered in 722 BC.
Source: Data from Sapir-Hen et al. 2013.
Table A.5 Pigs at Classical Period Sites in the Southern Levant Organized by Period and Settlement Type
| Archaeological Site | Pigs (%) | Site Type |
| Hellenistic (4th–2nd Century BC) | ||
| Tel Dor | 18 | Urban |
| Maresha | 11 | Urban |
| Tell Jemmeh | 1 | Urban |
| Tel Michal (Strata XIV–XII) | None | Urban |
| Tel Anafa | 13 | Military |
| Shaar Haamakim | 6 | Military |
| Roman (1st Century BC–3rd Century AD) | ||
| Umm Qais (Gadara) | 70 | Urban |
| Caesarea | 58 | Urban |
| Tel Hesban | 6 | Urban |
| Sepphoris | 5 | Urban |
| Petra | 3 | Urban |
| Jerusalem | None | Urban |
| Tel Anafa | 22 | Rural |
| Horvat Rimmon | 1 | Rural |
| Qumran | None | Rural |
| Lejjun | 3 | Military |
| Byzantine (4th–7th Century AD) | ||
| Caesarea | 51 | Urban |
| Pella | 11–39 | Urban |
| Petra | 28 | Urban |
| Sepphoris | 28 | Urban |
| Tell Hesban | 10 | Urban |
| Bab el Hawa | 7 | Rural |
| Horvat Rimmon | <1 | Rural |
| Dajaniya | 17 | Military |
| Upper Zohar | 13 | Military |
| Lejjun | 4 | Military |
Source: Data from summaries published by Horwitz and Studer (2005) and Perry-Gal et al. (2015a).