‘Abbasid Caliphate, of Baghdad: capital of, 41
culture of, Hellenic influence on, 86
establishment of, 284
overthrow of, 5 , 17 , 30 ; see also ARAB CALIPHATE.
‘Abbasid Caliphate, of Cairo, as ghost of Baghdad Caliphate, 6 .
‘Abd-al-Malik, 46 .
Abyssinia, Portuguese, relations with, 217 .
Achaean League, 27 .
Achaeans, the, 122 , 134 , 136 , 137 , 141 , 142 .
Achaemenes, 40 .
Achaemenian Empire: administrative policy in, 22
Alexander the Great’s conquest of, 150 , 200 , 213
as Syriac universal state, 20 , 40 , 172
Babylonia, relations with, 16 , 20 ,40, 206
colonization policy of, 27
communications, system of, 22 , 48
culture of, 209
currency of, 61
educational policy of, 70
establishment of, 206
feudal system in, 28
geographical range of, 206
Greeks, relations with, 205 , 206 , 208 , 212 –14, 238
Imperial household, 70
languages and scripts in, 48 , 49
military system, 64
Phoenicians, relations with, 206
successor-states of, 17 , 20 , 40 .
Acoka Maurya, Emperor, 49 .
Actium, Battle of (31 B.C. ), 42 .
Adonis, worship of, 88 .
Adrianople, Battle of (A.D. 378), 274 .
Aerial communications, development of, 23 .
Aëtius, Roman general, 130 .
Afghanistan, 170 , 207 ; see also ANGLO -AFGHAN WARS.
Africa:
challenge to, from Western Civilization, 295 .
circumnavigation of, 168 .
North-West: French conquests, 168 , 169
Rīfī highlanders’ war, 127 .
‘Poor Whites’, 315 –16.
South: culture of, 229
Dutch Nationalism, 229
law, system of, 52
Union, establishment of, 229 .
Tropical, white settlement in, impossibility of, 318 .
Agamemnon, 136 .
Agriculture, 280 , 281 , 289 , 298 .
Aidôs, 134 –6.
Akbar, the Timurid Emperor, 25 , 165 .
Akkadian language, the, 48 , 49 .
Alboin, King of the Lombards, 142 .
Alcuin of York, 252 .
Alexander the Great: colonizing policy of, 27 –28, 202
conquests of, 213
Hellespont, crossing of, 150
vandalism of, 136 ; see also SELEUCUS I.
Alexandria, Jews in, 231 .
Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor, 194 .
Algeria, 229 .
‘Alī b. Abi Tālib, Caliph, 90 .
Alphabet, Aramaic, 49 .
Alsace Lorraine, 308 .
Amalungs, the, 5 .
Amānallāh, King of Afghanistan, 170 .
America: discovery of, 150
North, Indians: horses, use of, 125 , 126
— religion of, 179 , 180 ; see also UNITED STATES.
Amon-Re, worship of, 73 .
Anastasius, Roman Emperor, 5 .
Anchorites, origin of term, 110 .
Andean Civilization: breakdown of, 312
re-emergence of, possible, 180
Western Civilization, absorption into, 179
Anglo-Afghan Wars, 168 –9, 207 .
Anglo-Catholicism, 279 .
Anglo-Wazīrī War (A.D. 1919–23), 127 , 128 .
quoted, 197 –9.
Anthropology, science of, 266 .
Antimenidas, brother of Alcaeus, 205 .
Antioch, 190 .
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 277 , 278 .
Antony of Egypt, Saint, 81 .
Anwal, Spanish defeat at, 127 .
Arab Caliphate: aggression of, 214
as ‘melting pot’, 31 –33
as reintegration of Achaemenian Empire, 17 , 22
as Syriac universal state, 20 , 22 , 213
barbarians, pressure of, 64
break-up of, 52
colonization policy of. 31, 33
conductivity of, 13
establishment of, 40 , 41 , 213
geographical range of, 213
Islam, relation to, 144
law, system of, 53 –54
military system, 64
nomads, relation with, 84
non-Muslim subjects, position of, 51 , 53 ; see also ’ABBASID CALIPHATE, OF BAGHDAD; UMAYYAD CALIPHATE.
Arabic Muslim Civilization: breakdown of probable, 304 , 312
geographical range of, 167
Hindu Civilization, contact with, 165
intermingling of communities in, 172 –3
Syriac Civilization, affiliation to, 82 , 172
Western Civilization, contact with, 167 , 168 , 304 .
Arabs: as victims, 177 –8
conquests of, 4 i, S2–53, 156 , 172 , 174 , 189 , 191 , 213 , 214 , 259
—Maghribi, 189
eruption of, 121
êthos of, 135
social background of, 53 .
Aramaic language, the, 48 , 49 .
Archaism: apparentation and affiliation in relation to, 242
in Modern Western World, 152
in universal states, 11
religious, 93
self-defeat of, 11 -12
Western architecture of, 193
Zealotism of, 236 .
Arian Christianity, 123 , 173 .
Aristeides, P. Aelius: In Romam , quoted, 7 , 13 .
Aristotelian philosophy, the, 78 , 86 , 151 , 248 , 252 .
Armies, 64 , 129 –30, 205 –6, 213 ; see also under BARBARIANS
EUROPE, WESTERN
PRUSSIA
ROMAN EMPIRE; U.S.A.
WESTERN CIVILIZATION.
Arnold, Dr., of Rugby, 72 .
Arnold, Matthew, 260 .
Artaxerxes I, 44 .
Arts, visual, 199 , 241 , 255 –7; see also under ARCHITECTURE
ASSYRIA
BUDDHISM —Mahayana.
Ashtoreth, worship of, 279 .
Asia: Europe—dividing lines, 238 –9
— Hellenic theory of feud with, 212
South-Eastern, industrialization of, 223
Western Civilization, encounter with, 316 , 317 .
Asshurbanipal, King of Assyria, 250 .
Assyria: art of, 250
deportation policy of, 216
downfall of, 205
Astrology, 57 .
Astronomy, science of, 97 , 100 , 293 .
Ataturk, Mustafā Kemāl: régime of, 188
Westernizing policy, 170 , 227 .
Athanasius, St., 83 .
Atheno-Peloponnesian War, the (431–404 B.C. ), 96 , 208 , 292 .
Athens: citizen-body, assembly of, 109
defeat of, 96
economic revolution, 274 , 275
Olympieum, Hadrian’s, 293
Parthenon, date of construction, 293
public services in, 110
religious fanaticism in, 96 .
Atlantic Charter, the, 343 .
Atomic science, change caused by, 24 , 262 , 304 , 320 , 323 , 325 –8.
Attila, the Hun war-lord, 124 .
Attis, worship of, 88 .
Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo, 26 , 263 .
Augustus (C. Iulius Octavianus), Emperor, 22 , 36 , 68 , 69 , 337 .
Australia, 178 .
Average, law of, 268 –9.
Awrangzib, Timurid Emperor, 6 .
Ba’al, worship of, 279 .
Babylon, as capital city, 40 .
Babylonia: culture of, 20
deportation, policy of, 28 , 33 , 43 , 216
New Empire of: —alien religions in, 16 ;
—as Babylonic universal state, 16 ;
—êthos of, 28
—Greek mercenaries in, 205
—Judah, relations with, 206
—successor-states of, 16 ; see also HAMMURABI.
Babylonic Civilization, the: breakdown of, 88 , 312
dissolution of, 9
genesis of, 9
Hellenic Civilization, contact with, 201 , 213
proletariat, internal, 16
Sumeric Civilization, affiliation to, 141
Syriac Civilization—absorption into, 19 –20, 88 ;
—contact with, 172 , 216 , 218
time, measurement of, 55 .
Bacon, Francis: The Advancement of Learning , quoted, 347 .
Bacteriological warfare, 304 .
Bactrian Greek Empire: militarism of, 210
successor-states of, 202 .
Baghdad, sack of (A.D. 1258), 5 .
Balance of Power, 148 , 270 –1.
Baltic Barons, the, 152 .
Baluchīs, the, 124 .
Barbarians: adolescent characteristics of, 132 –3
alien cultural tinge, 2 , 131 –2, 139
army training, 124 –9
as founders of universal states, 38 , 40 –41
as heroes without a future, 19
assimilation of, by civilizations, 141
seqq.; break-through by, 19 , 121 –4, 131
seqq.; capital cities pillaged by, 43
poetry produced by, 139
psychological struggle of, 122 , 123 , 133
settlement of, 29
universal states, survival of, 41 , 127 ; see under ARAB CALIPHATE
EGYPT
GERMANY
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION
INDIA —
BRITISH RAJ
ROMAN EMPIRE
SINIC CIVILIZATION
TEUTONS
WESTERN CIVILIZATION.
Barnes, E. W.: The Rise of Christianity , quoted, 82 n .
Barrages, operation of, 121 –4, 130 .
Basil I, East Roman Emperor, 245 .
Bassett-Lowke, J. W., and Holland, G.: Ships and Men , quoted, 296 .
Bayeux Tapestry, 294 .
Behistan, inscription at, 48 .
Belloc, H.: Electric Light , quoted, 99 .
Benedict, St., 115 .
Benedictine Rule, the, 52 , 85 , 115 , 190 .
Bentham, Jeremy, 68 .
Beowulf, 133 .
Berchtesgaden, 243 .
Bergson, Henri: Les Deux Sources de la Morale et de la Religion , quoted, 105 –6.
Bible, origin of word, 110 .
Biology, science of, 100 .
Blake, William, 300 .
Boeke, Dr. J. H.: De Economische Theorie der Dualistische Samenleving ,. quoted, 224 .
Boëthius, A. M. S., 253 .
Bologna, law school at, 52 , 246 .
Boniface, St., 244 .
Boniface VIII, 247 .
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne: quoted, 11
Discours sur l’Histoire Universelle , cited, 263 -5.
Bridges, Robert: The Testament of Beauty , quoted, 137 .
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 346 .
British Commonwealth, transformation of British Empire into, 308 , 317 .
British East India Company, the, 38 , 71 –72, 163 , 337 .
Brunhild (legendary), 142 .
Bruno, Giordano, 249 .
Buddhism: Hīnayāna—birthplace of, 145
—language used by, 50
—Mahāyāna, relation to, 86
—personality, denial of, 89
Hinduism, relation to, 18
Mahāyāna —art of, 203
—as chrysalis, 82
Christianity, relation to, 26 , 89
—Confucianism, relations with, 247 –8
—cultural influence of, 86
—decline of, 113
—genesis of, 16 , 89 , 95 , 98 , 142 , 145 , 203 , 218
—gestative phase of, 84
—Han Empire, relations with, 17
—propagation of, 25 , 31 , 44 , 210
—routes followed by, to Far East, 25 , 31
—spiritual mission of, 85 –86
—success of, 84
—zenith of, 113 .
Burkitt, F. C: Early Eastern Christianity , quoted, 82 .
Bury, J. B.: Appendix from The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire in edition of Gibbon, quoted, 244 –5.
Butterfield, Herbert: Christianity and History , quoted, 266
The Origins of Modern Science , quoted, 249 .
Buwayhids, the, 5 .
Caesar-worship, 80 , 91 , 315 .
Caetani, L.: Studi di Storia Orientate , quoted, 121 .
Cain and Abel, struggle between, 305 .
Calchedon, Council of, 37 .
Caliph, depreciation of usage of title, 6 .
Caliphate, the, Western misconception of, 6 .
Calvinism, 279 .
Cambyses II, Egypt, conquest of, 206 .
Canaanite language, the, 49 , 54 .
Canada, social harmony, approach to, 339 .
Cantemir, Demetrius, Prince of Moldavia, 155 .
Capital cities, 21 , 37 –44; see under all empires.
Capraia, monks on, 76 .
Carolingian Empire: system of, 245
successor-states of, 232 ; see under CHARLEMAGNE.
Cartesian philosophy, the, 107 .
Carthaginian Empire: destruction of, by Romans, 208 , 213
Greeks, relations with, 206 , 208 –9.
Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius, 73 .
Caste, institution of, 160 , 165 , 230 –1, 233 . 316, 318 .
Castilian language, the, 228 .
Catholic Church, the: anchorites, 81 , 110
as chrysalis, 82 –83
‘dual citizenship’ in, 75
ecclesiastical and territorial organization of, 36 –37, 73 , 109 –10
Iconoclastic Decree, 259
influence of Roman institutions on, 66 –67
liturgy, features of, 110 -11
two aspects of God, views on, 300 –1.
Catullus, Q. Valerius: couplet quoted, 187 .
Cellini, Benvenuto: Autobiography , quoted, 256 .
Central American Civilization: disintegration, 179 –80
Western Civilization, absorption by, 20 , 180 .
Chadwick, H. M.: The Heroic Age , quoted, 132 .
Chain-reactions, psychological and physical, 212 seqq .
Challenge and Response: cultural radiation, 232
encounters between civilizations, 214 –18
exile and dispersion, 172
identical challenges, 287
internal and external challenges, 236
spiritual challenges, 298
successive challenges, 287 , 297
unpredictability of issue, 307 .
Charlemagne: as Roman Emperor, 243
death of, 136
religious policy, 259 .
Cherusci, the, 127 .
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 182 .
Ch’ien Lung, Emperor, 250 .
China: bourgeoisie , 185
Boxer Rising, the, 10
Christianity, attitude towards, 9 , 26 , 181 –3
civil service, 69 –73
communications, system of, 22
Confucian philosophy, 247 –8
contending states, 34 , 35 , 45 , 292
currency, 62
dynasties: Chou, 44
T’ang, 62
feudal system in, 34
Great Wall, the, 122
India, communications with, 210
languages and scripts in, 45 , 49 , 199
prospects for, 184
T’aip’ing movement, 9
Three Kingdoms, the, 274
U.S.S.R., relations with, 21 , 316 , 317
Western World, relations with, 9 , 20 –21, 179 –85, 251 –2, 317
Xenophobia in, 9 .
Christ: birth, date of, 56
imitation of, 108
ministry of, 118
Passion of, 118
prototypes of, 93 –94.
Christianity: as climax of spiritual importance, 88 , 117
Caesar-worship, conflict with, 91
conceptive phase, 83
Creeds, 97
Eucharist, the, in, 279
genesis of, 88 , 109 , 142 , 203
Judaism, relation to, 174 , 176 , 257 –60
persecution of, 18 , 19 , 33 , 66 , 91 , 110 , 181 , 348
reason and revelation, contest of, 96 –97
Sabbath, 260
scriptures of, 244 –5, 258 ; see also ARIAN
CATHOLIC
JAPAN
MONO-PHYSITE
NESTORIAN
ROMAN CATHOLIC
THEOLOGY.
Cistercian Order, the, 85 .
Civil services, 21 , 67 -74, 337 ; see under all empires.
Civilizations: absorption, 11 , 20
apparentation and affiliation, 1 , 141 , 146 , 242
as intelligible fields of study, 1 , 2 , 144
as regressions from higher religions, 111 seqq .
breakdowns of —as overtures to higher religions, 76 –81
—fratricidal warfare, 15 , 312 , 332
—slavery, 314
disintegrations of —challenge and response, 286 –7
—external proletariat, 120 –4, 140
—schism of the body social, 1 , 220 , 241 , 292
—schism in the soul, 319
embryonic, 145 –6
encounters —acceleration of, 295 , 320
—concatenation of, 212 –14
—Herodian theory of, 212
—cultural dichotomy, 231
—points of contact of higher religions, 144 –5
—psychological effects of, 227 –38
reactions to aggression, types of, 214 –18
—time-scale of, 150 –1, 284 , 293
generations of, 111 –13, 140 –1, 147 , 210 –11, 307 –8
geneses of —churches’ role, 82 seqq ., 87 , 109
regressions of, causes, 114 –17
rout-rally-relapse of, 2 , 6 ;
Times of Troubles of, 2 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 27 –29. 76, 83 , 328 , 332 seqq.; see also SOCIETIES, PRIMITIVE; under names of civilizations.
Class conflict, as disintegration symptom, 15 , 292 , 332 -3.
Claudius I, Emperor, 71 .
Clement of Rome, 66 .
Cleric, history of word, 109 -10.
Clovis I, the Merovingian, 5 .
Collingwood, R. G.: The Idea of History , quoted, 263 -4.
Collingwood, R. G., and Myres, J. N. L.: Roman Britain and the English Settlements , quoted, 130 .
Colonies, 21 , 27 –30; see under all empires.
Columbus, Christopher, 150 .
Communism, Marxian: as a religion, 184 , 216 , 315 , 339 , 340
Christianity, relation to, 148
êthos of, 339
propaganda, use of, 216
Western, origin of, 148 , 153 .
Confucianism, 34 , 35 , 70 , 72 , 247 -8, 250 .
Confucius, 96 .
Constantine I, the Great, Emperor, 18 , 283 .
Constantine V, Emperor, 244 .
Constantinople, 42 , 44 , 154 , 167 , 191 , 194 n., 246 , 257 , 293 .
Conversion, significance of word, 112 .
Copernican theory, 249 .
Corinth, 32 .
Cornwallis, C. C, Marquess, 163 , 164 , 165 .
Coronation, rite of, 244 .
Cossacks, the, 168 .
Croats, the, 47 .
Croesus, King of Lydia, 207 .
Crusades, the, 188 –200.
Culture, 19 –20, 120 –2, 170 , 220 –9, 236 –8; see under ARTS
CIVILIZATIONS—ENCOUNTERS
ECONOMICS
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION
INTELLIGENTSIAS
LANGUAGES
LITERATURE
RELIGIONS.
Cumae, Battle of (474 B.C.), 208 .
Cybele, worship of, 16 , 18 , 90 , 218 .
Cyclic theory, the, 55 –56, 186 , 262 –3, 269 –72, 280 –1, 284 , 289 , 334 .
Cyprian, Saint (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus), 67 .
Cyprus, 6 .
Cyrus II, the Achaemenid, the Great, 20 , 40 , 206 , 207 , 208 .
Czechoslovakia, 97 .
Darius I, the Achaemenid, 48 , 208 , 213 .
Dark Ages, the, 137 seqq ., 186 .
Darwin, Charles Robert, 266 .
David, King of Judah and Israel, 244 , 262 .
Davies, C. C: The Problem of the North-West Frontier , quoted, 124 –5.
Dawes, E., and Baynes, N. H.: Three Byzantine Saints , quoted, 81 .
Dawson, Christopher: Religion and the Rise of Western Culture , quoted, 245 –6, 248 –9.
Daylamis, the, 5 .
Decimal system, the, 59 –60.
Democracy, 165 , 166 , 222 , 243 , 309 , 313 , 314 , 341 see also NATIONALISM
PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT.
Déracinés , 217 .
Diaconus, Leo, 251 .
Diasporás, 217 -18.
Diocletian, Emperor, 65 , 69 , 70 .
Druses, the, 144 .
East Roman Empire, the: as ghost of Roman Empire, 6 , 85 , 156 , 189 , 199 , 243
autocracy in, 199 –200
breakup of, 190
Crusaders, encounter with, 188 , 191 , 194 , 195 , 214
expansion of, 189 –91
Holy Roman Empire, relations with, 195 seqq.;
relationships, 194
Zealotism and Herodianism, in, 233 .
Ecclesia , change in meaning of word, 109 .
Economics, world crisis in A.D. 1929, 184 .
Egypt: France, invasion by, 169
Great Britain, occupation by, 6
languages and scripts, 45 , 49
Middle Empire —as Egyptiac universal state, 16 ;
—Sumer and Akkad, relations with, 210
New Empire, —as restored Egyptiac universal state, 9
—barbarians, 64
—Hittites, 145
—military system, 64
Westernization of, 227
Xenophobia in, 9 .
Egyptiac Civilization: alien intrusion, 9
culture, 255
Sumeric influence, 210
duration of, 20
expansion of, 41
Hellenic Civilization, encounter with, 213 , 277
religion, syncretism, 73
Sumeric Civilization, 145
Syriac Civilization, 20
time-span of, 55 .
Egyptian language, the, 45 .
Einstein, Albert, 266 .
Elamite language, the, 48 .
Elias, N.: Uber den Prozess der Zivilisation , quoted, 286 .
Elvira, Council of, 259 .
England: Jews, relations with, 175
Norman conquest, 233 .
English language, the, 46 .
‘English-speaking peoples, the’, 230 .
Enoch, son of Cain, 305 .
Epicureanism, 300 .
Esquimaux, the, 305 .
Ests, the, 191 .
Etherialization, 111 .
Etruscan language, the, 48 .
Europa, daughter of Agénôr, 212 .
Europe: Facts and Fancies, 238 –40
native ideals of, 77 –78
unification of, 309
Western, —war, aspects of, 323
—Welfare State, 340 .
Evil, 300 .
Ewing, Sir Alfred, quoted, 346 –7.
Far Eastern Civilization (main body): alien intrusion, 9
disintegration, 304
petrifaction of, 9
religions, 85
Sinic Civilization, affiliation to, 82
Western Civilization, contact with, 9 –10, 20 , 149 –50, 179 –85, 234 .
Far Eastern Civilization (Japanese branch): breakdown of, 312
disintegration, 304
Time of Trouble, 14
Western Civilization, contact with, 179 –85, 217 , 234 –5.
Finlay, George: A History of Greece B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864 , quoted, 154 .
Fisher, H. A. L.: A History of Europe , quoted, 267 .
Fitzgerald, C. P.: China, A Short Cultural History , quoted, 62 .
Flood, myth of the, 237 .
Florence, Council of (A.D. 1438–9), 154 .
Ford, Henry, 265 .
France: bourgeoisie —as heirs of monarchy, 186
—reversion to Catholicism, 283
Catholic ecclesiastical unity, struggle, 279
ecclesiastical map, 37
fall of (June 1940), 229
First Republic, era of, 56
Free Church Movement, 229
Great Power, status of, 270
Italy, relations with, 271
law system of, 50
race-feeling, absence of, 229 –30
Vichy Government in. 229
weights and measures in, 57 , 59
see also AFRICA, N.W.
Francis Xavier, Saint, 25 .
Franks, the: Salian guardians, 132 : see also CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE;
MEROVINGIAN EMPIRE.
Frazer, Sir J. G., 79 –81
The Golden Bough , quoted, 77 -78.
Fredegund, the Merovingian, 142 .
Frederick II Hohenstaufen (Stupor Mundi), Emperor, 112 , 200 , 243 .
Freedom: conditions of, 288
Justice, relation to, 340 seqq .
law of God in relation to, 263 , 299 –301.
Friends, the Society of, 226 .
Furnivall, J. S.: Progress and Welfare in South-East Asia , quoted, 224 .
Futurism, manifestations of, Herodianism, 236 .
Gandhi, Mahatma, 166 , 226 , 235 , 236 , 309 .
Gautama, Siddhārtha, the Buddha, teachings of, 49 , 89 , 98 .
Genoa, colonies, 167 .
Genseric, King of the Vandals, 136 .
Geography, patterns of, 238 –40.
Gepidae, the, 142 .
German language, the, 47 .
Germany: Allied occupation of, 321
bourgeoisie , views of, 308
Great Power, status of, 270
Jews, treatment of, 177
militarism of, 313
National Socialism: —barbarism, 140
—militarism of, 313
—occupied countries, treatment of, 329
—regime of, 188
—Third Reich, 321
—trade unions, 335
Western Powers, relations with, 321 .
Gilson, E.: The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosophy , quoted, 107 .
Global areas, for battle, 323 .
God: as Father, 262
as Saviour, 89
dying, 108
evil, in relation to, 300
incarnation of, 16 , 91 , 108 , 279
jealous, 91
Kingdom of, 119
man’s encounters, 237 , 292 , 300 –1
man’s personal communion with, 78 –81, 100 , 104 –8
omnipotence of, 107
suffering, 210
Goths, the, 4 , 137 see also OSTROGOTHS
VISIGOTHS.
Governments, raison d’être of, 55 .
Gratian, encyclopaedia of, Decretum , 246 .
Great Britain: bourgeoisie , 307 , 308 , 335
calendar changes, 59
civil service in, 68 –69
class changes, 283
educational system in, 72
General Election, 1945, 335
industrial revolutions, 269 , 275 , 309 , 319
Trade Unions, 334 –5
weights and measures, 60 .
Great Mother, the, worship of, 77 , 90 , 210 see also CYBELE
ISIS
ISHTAR
MARY.
Great Powers, the, 270 –1, 321 , 326 see also BALANCE OF POWER.
Greece, ancient: city states, warfare in, 208 –9
currency, 61
militarization of, 208
Phoenicians, relations with, 204 –6, 212
Scythians, relations with, 205
sea-power of, 204 –5
Greece, modern: middle class, development of, 185
Ottoman Empire, revolt against, 154 –9, 162
taxation, evasion of, 110
Western World, relations with, 155 –6
Westernization of, 185 .
Greek language, the, 47 –49, 110 –11, 199 , 240 .
Gregory I, Pope, 73 , 83 , 115 .
Gregory XIII, Pope, 58 .
Grönbech, V.: The Culture of the Teutons , quoted, 136 .
Gupta Empire, the, 18 , 20 , 56 .
Haberler, G.: Prosperity and Depression , quoted, 281 .
Hadrian I, Pope, 259 .
Haileybury College, 72 .
Hamlin, Cyrus, 257 .
Hammond, J. L. and Barbara: The Rise of Modern Industry , quoted, 68 –69.
Hammurabi, Emperor, 51 , 52 , 54 .
Han Empire, administration of, 35
capital city of, 44
religions in, 17 ; see under LIU PANG
SUI EMPIRE , T’ANG EMPIRE.
Hannibal, 27 .
Hapsburg Monarchy (Danubian): break-up of, 309
frontiers of, 221
Germans, position of, 157
languages, 47
Ottoman Empire, relations with, 155 , 156
successor-states of, 321 .
Hapsburg-Valois ‘Italian wars’, 271 . Haring, C. H.: The Spanish Empire in America , quoted, 29 .
Hastings, Battle of, 233 .
Hatshepsut, Pharoah (female), 297 .
Headlam-Morley, Sir James: The Cultural Unity of Western Europe , quoted, 309 -10.
Hebrew language, the, 49 .
Hebrew legislation, 54 .
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 26 .
Hellenic Civilization: aggressiveness of, 201 , 202 , 206 , 208 , 210 , 213 .
as overture to Christianity, 109 –11, 313 .
as universal state, 273 .
barbarians, 229 .
breakdown of, 9 , 79 , 88 , 174 .
culture —architecture, 151
—art, literature, 202 , 209 , 241 –2, 251 , 255
—Egyptiac influence on, 9
—preservation of, in Syria, 192 –3
—propagation of, by military conquest, 202
—radiation of, post-Alexandrine, 200 –2, 218 , 231 –2
pre-Alexandrine, 209 .
disintegration of, 77 –81, 84 .
dominant minority in, 232 .
encounters with contemporaries: concatenation of, 212 –14
Alexandrine, 144 , 150 , 151 , 200 –9.
expansion of, 231 seqq ., 277 .
genesis of, 135 .
Indic Civilization, contact with, 210 .
Minoan Civilization, affiliation to, 140 .
minorities, privileged, 8 .
political unity, 85 .
régime of, 275 .
religions of: alien religions, attitude towards, 201
fanaticism, 231
mysteries, 100
Olympian Pantheon, 201
Oriental influence, 203 , 218 .
Syriac Civilization: encounters with, 150 , 203 –9
Syriac reactions against, 232 .
Time of Troubles, 8 , 27 , 118 .
War and Peace cycles, 284 .
Henry IV, King of France, 283 .
Hêraklês, myth of, 133 , 258 .
Herod the Great, 231 .
Herodotus of Halicarnassus, 40
concatenations of encounters, theory of, 212 –13.
Heroic Ages: an intelligible field of study, 2
futility of, 136 seqq .
genesis of, 121
myths of, 134
standards of conduct in, 133 segg.
women, ascendancy of, 142 –3.
Herzl, Theodor, 177 .
Hesiod of Ascra: on races of men, 137 , 139 –40
Works and Days , quoted, 135 , 137 , 138 .
Heyerdahl, Thor (Kon-Tiki ), quoted, 327 .
Hideyoshi the Shogun, 14 , 181 , 225 .
Hilm , 134 –6.
Hindu Civilization: cultural background, 162 –3
êthos of, 163
Indic Civilization, affiliation to, 82
Iranic Civilization, contact with, 159 , 233
prospects of, 185 –6
Western Civilization: —absorption by, 21
—encounters with, 159 , 167 , 179 .
Hinduism: as chrysalises, 82
birthplace of, 145
Christianity and Islam, relation to, 26 , 163
ethos of, 84
Indic philosophy in relation to, 95 , 100
propagation of, 18
spiritual mission of, 89 .
Hindus, 228 .
Hindustani language, the, 47 .
History: data of, 268 –9
end of, Western assumption, 307 –8, 312
intelligible fields of study of, 2
Judaistic views of, 263
law and freedom, relation to, 299
meaning and value of, 106 –7
Western views of, 263 ,264–5.
Hitler, Adolf, 243 .
Hittite Civilization: culture, dissolution of, 204
genesis of, 9
Sumeric Civilization, affiliation to, 140 .
Hohenzollern, House of, 309 .
Holy Roman Empire: as ghost of Roman Empire, 6
Muslims, relations with, 190
Papacy, rival of, 246
revival of, 244 .
Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus): quoted, 4 , 7 .
Housman, A. E., quoted, 299 .
Hsiang Yü, 35 .
Hulagu, Il-Khan, 5 .
Human Affairs: amenability of, to laws of nature, 265 –93 passim
definition of, 261 , 265 , 280
statistical patterns, 268 .
Hungary: Protestants, relations with, 155 .
Huns, the: Western —downfall of, 136
—fraternization of, 124 .
Huxley, Julian: Evolutionary Ethics (printed in Evolution and Ethics 1893–1943 ), quoted, 301 .
Hyksos, the, Egypt, relations with, 210 .
Hypsilandi, Prince Alexander, 157 .
Ibn Khaldūn al-Hadramī, 263 .
Idolatry, nature of, 116 .
Idrisism, 98 .
Ikhnaton, 26 .
Images, 285 –6.
Inca Empire
capital city of, 39
communications system of, 22
educational policy of, 70
Imperial House, hold in, 70
languages, 49
script, absence of, 45 .
India: Banya caste, 160
British Raj: —administrative policy of, 33 , 160 –1, 165
—as reintegrated Hindu universal state, 160
as successive state of Mughal Empire, 207
—capital cities of, 38
—citizenship in, 74
—civil service of, 68 , 71 , 72 , 163 , 165 , 166 , 337
—economic system of, 160 –6, 226
—establishment of, 160 –1, 163 , 186
—Muslims, position of, 161
Mutiny (1857–8), 6
—political unity in, 161
—political unrest, 186
—race feeling in, 231
—successor states of, 21 , 162
—transfer to Crown, 72
industrialization of, 226
intelligentsia in, 160 –1, 163 , 185 , 186 , 218
languages used in, 46 , 49 , 160
Macedonian invasion of, 200
Westernization of, 186 , 317 , 319
Zealotism and Herodianism, 233 .
Indian Union, the, 161 –7, 223 .
Indic Civilization: breakdown of, 312
genesis of, 142
Indus culture, 140
philosophies of, 262
proletariat, internal, 141
religion of, 95
Sinic Civilization, contact with, 145 , 210
Syriac Civilization, contact with, 145
universal state, recurrence of, 19 .
Individuals, creative, 107 .
Indo-China, encounter with Western Community, 317 .
Indonesia, Arab influence, 167 .
Indus culture, extinction of, 9
Sumeric Civilization, 140 , 147 .
Industrial revolutions, 256 , 275 , 313 .
Industrialism: ‘drive’ imparted by, 215 –16
impact of, on non-Western World, 223 –4
increased power, 320 –38, 348 .
Innocent III, Pope, 246 .
Innocent IV, Pope, 247 .
Institutions: as carriers, 54
churches as, 116
nature of, 119 ; see also POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.
Intelligentsias: alien cultures in, 218
genesis of, 185 –6
revolt of, against dominant minority, 185 –8
spiritual malaise of, 163 .
Io, Hellenic goddess, 212 .
Iranic Muslim Civilization: breakdown of, 304 , 312
geographical range of, 167 –8
Orthodox Christian Civilization, contact with, 233
Orthodox Christian Civilization (Russian branch), contact with, 168
position of, at end of 15th century, 167
Syriac Civilization, affiliation to, 82
Time of Trouble, 173 .
‘Irāq, irrigation system in, 171 .
Irenaeus, Saint, 23 , 33 , 300 –1.
Ishtar, worship of, 26 , 88 , 211 .
Isis, worship of, 16 , 26 , 88 , 90 , 210 , 218 .
Islam: aniconism of, 259
as barbarians’ heresy, 144
as chrysalis, 82
Christianity, relation to, 189
conversions to: —Greek, 156
Monophysite and Nestorian Christians, 191
disintegration in a Syriac world, 84
die-hard spirit of, 98
exclusiveness of, 228
fetish worship, 90
Greek philosophy, presentation in terms of, 95
liturgical language of, 49
myths of, 84
political purposes, diversion to, 232
polytheistic tendencies, 279
race-feeling, absence of, 228 , 230 –1
religious appeal of, 57
Shari’ah, the, 54
spiritual merits of, 30 –31
spiritual message of, 89
Sunnah and Shi‘ah, feud between, 228
tolerant spirit of, 192 , 228 .
Islamic Civilization: competition in 20th century, 170 –1
intelligentsia in, 185
position of in 20th century, 171
Western Civilization, contact with, 167 seqq ., 214 .
establishment of, 223
Jewish diaspora, 178
Jewish title to, 235
prospects of, 179
war with Arab States (1948–9), 177 .
Israelites, 28 .
Italy: as education of Western Europe, 150 , 200 , 241 –2
autocracy in, 112
balance of power of, 200
Crusades, participation in, 190
Fascism: —as substitute for Christianity, 148
—Communist influence on, 188
—establishment of regime, 98
—foundation of Rome, 56
Florence, 154
Jews, treatment of, 175
law, systems of, 52
Lombards, conquest of, 52
political ability, lack of, 188
neo-paganism in, 79
Iuppiter Dolichênus, worship of, 31 .
Ivan IV, ‘the Terrible’, Tsar of Muscovy, 168 .
Japan: aggression by, 184
capital cities of, 42 –43
Christianity, attitude towards, 18 , 181 , 234
colonization policy, 184
Dutch relations with, 234
Imperial House, the, 235
intelligentsia, 185 –6
Meiji Revolution, 234
militarism of, 182
population, pressure of, 183
Portuguese, relation to, 181 –2, 217
position of, after Second World War, 183 –4
rearmament of, 316
Shintoism in, 417
United States, relations with, 182
Western World, relations with, 168 , 179 –84, 217 , 225 , 234 –5
Westernization in 19th century, 20
Xenophobia in, 181
Zealotism and Herodianism in, 234 –6; see under TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE.
Japanese language, 45 .
Jerome, Saint, 4 .
Jerusalem: as temple-state, 44 , 206
Crusaders’ Kingdom of, 190
Hellenization of, attempted, 277
siege of, 206 .
Jesuits: in China, 44
in Russian Orthodox Christendom, 151 .
Jevons, W. Stanley, 280 .
Jewishness, nature of, 178 –9.
Jews: the, as a peculiar people, 235 , 259 –60
as God’s chosen people, 258
as fossil of Syriac Society, 82 , 171 –2
assimilation of, to Gentiles, 176 –8
Babylonian captivity, 28 , 33 , 43 , 206 , 216 –17
causes of ill-treatment of, in Western World, 174 –5
diaspora, 172 seqq ., 178 , 186 , 217 , 222 , 232 , 260
Hellenization of, 231 –2
Herodians, 231 -2
Judaea, returns to, 28 , 56 , 206 , 235
Law, Mosaic, 52 , 54 , 178 , 245 , 260
militancy of, 65 –66
millet system, 173
Rome, relations with, 18 , 28 , 63 , 65 , 172 , 232 , 238
Seleucid Monarchy, relations with, 56 , 63 , 65 , 277
social coherence of, 172 , 178 , 259 –60
Western World, relation with, 171 –9, 186
Zionist movement, 169 , 177 –8, 235 .
Johanan ben Zakkai, Rabbi, 232 .
John, Patriarch of Alexandria (‘the Almsgiver’), 81 .
John of Salisbury, 248 .
Joseph II, Hapsburg Emperor,47,157.
Joseph, legend of, 290 .
Joshua-Jason, Jewish High Priest, 232 .
Judah, Kingdom of, 28 , 88 , 172 .
Judaism: aniconism of, 62
birthplace of, 144
essential truths of, 263
exclusiveness of, 89
monotheistic conception, 258 , 279
prophets, 262
renaissances of, 257 –9
Romans’ tolerant attitude towards, 18
scripture and liturgy, 245 , 258
Yahweh, as a jealous God, 91 .
Juggernaut, worship of, 285 .
Jugoslavia, U.S.S.R., relations with, 158 .
Julius Caesar: calendar adopted by, 58
colonization policy of, 27
ship for Atlantic, observed, 297 .
Justice: social, 340 -1.
Justinian I, Emperor, codification of laws by, 51 , 52 , 245 , 246 .
Ka’bah, the, 90 .
Kaiser Wilhelm II, 316 .
K’ang Hsi, Manchu Emperor, 250 .
Kantorowicz, E.: Frederick the Second , quoted, 112 .
Karadžic, Vuk, Serb man of letters, 156 .
Kashmir, Indian-Pakistani dispute, 162 .
Kassites, the, 52 .
Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovich, 187 .
Knowles, Dom, quoted, 115 .
Kon-Tiki , voyage of, 327 .
Koraïs, Adhamāndios, Greek man of letters, 156 .
Korean War (1950–3), 317 .
Kriemhild, legendary heroine, 142 .
Lactantius, L., 65 .
Laity, origin of term, 110 .
Lammens, Père H., S.J., Études sur la Règne du Calife Omaiyade Mo’-âvia Ier , quoted, 135 .
Lampert, E.: The Apocalypse of History , quoted, 299 .
Languages: lingua franca , 45 , 47 , 49
official, in universal states, 21 , 44 –50
Latin language: administrative use of, 47 –48
Christian church’s use of, 109 seqq .
Law, juridical, 50 –54, 244 –7, 261 –2.
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 107 .
Leisure, 345 –7.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 153 , 187 , 188 , 235 , 236 .
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, 341 .
Life: evolution of, 295
expectation of racial, 94 , 107 , 289
in Death, 8 –10
laws governing question of, 262
manifestations of, 83
mechanization as means of economizing energy, 348
nature of, 119
Light, invisible, 94 .
Literature, 48 –82, 241 , 250 –4; see also POETRY.
Liu Pang, Han Emperor, 34 -36, 61 , 69 ,70,74, 337 ; see also HAN EMPIRE.
Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona, 195 seqq .
Relatio de Legatione Constantinopolitand , quoted, 196 .
Livy (T. Livius), on immortality of Rome, 4 .
Love, as essential element in higher religions, 80 –81.
Loyang, religious role of, 44 .
Loyd, S. J. (Lord Overstone), 269 .
Luther, Martin, 259 .
Lydian Empire, 206 –9.
Lyons (Lugdunum), Roman colony at, 32 .
Macartney, George, Earl, 182 .
Macaulay, Lord: History , quoted, 83 .
Maccabaean Kingdom, the, 231 .
Macedon: independence of Greek city states abolished by, 208
colonies founded by, 202 .
Macedonians: cultural plasticity of, 34
economic exploitation of conquered countries by, 202
exhilaration produced by conquests, 200
Hellenic culture acquired by, 202
objectives of, 202
plunderers, 43 .
Magnesia, Battle of (190 B.C.), 58 .
Magyars, the, 190 .
Mahdism, Sudanese, 98 .
Mahsūds, the, 127 –8.
Majorian, Emperor, 294 .
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 342 , 344 .
Mamlüks, the, 313 .
Man: conflict, head and heart, 94 seqq ., 103 –8
environment, 99 , 100 –2, 288 , 298 , 320 , 333
evolution of, 285 , 291 , 294 , 295 . 320
relationship, fellow men, 99 , 101 –2, 104 –5. 341. 344
goal of endeavours of, 203 , 292
intellect of, 99 ,102,261–2, 265 –7
ignorance of, 201
nature of, 119
religion as essential faculty of, 98 , 106
social unity, 104 seqq.; spiritual perceptions of, 100
transcendence of Space and Time, 106 –8
true end of, 348 –9; see also GOD
HUMAN AFFAIRS
LIFE
SOCIETIES , HUMAN.
Manchu Empire: as Far Eastern universal state, 180
Cossacks, relations with, 168
establishment of, 181
population problem, 342 –4
revolts against, 9
Western World, contact with, 180 .
Manchu language, the, 49 .
Mansür, ‘Abbasid Caliph, 41 .
Manuel I Comnenus, Emperor, 194 .
Marāthā, successor state of Mughals, 161 .
Marāthās, the, 215 .
Marcion of Pontus, 300 .
Marco Polo, 191 .
Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), son of Creticus, 41 .
Marcus Aurelius Antonius, Emperor, quoted, 8 .
Ma’rib, dam of, 121 .
Maronites, Monothelete Christianity of, 144 .
Mary, Virgin, cult of, 90 , 279 .
Maurya Empire, the, 49 –50, 113 , 210 .
Maxwell, Sir Herbert, Sixty Years a Queen , 308 .
Mayan Civilization, 55 –56, 141 , 312 .
Medea, daughter of Aeëtes, King of Colchis, 212 .
Mediterranean Sea, the, 42 , 189 seqq. , 203 –5, 214 , 239 .
Medo-Persian language, the, 48 .
Mehmed ‘Ali Pasha, of Kavala: as Pasha of Egypt, 5
educational policy of, 227
Herodianism and Zealotism of, 227
military reforms of, 227
Ottoman Imperial Government, relations with, 5
Westernization of, 170 .
Mehmed II, ’Osmanli (the Conqueror), Sultan, 70 , 214 .
Merovingian Empire, the, 142 .
Messapian dialect of the Illyrian language, the, 48 .
Mexic Civilization: Mayan Civilization, affiliation to, 141 , breakdown of, 312 .
Mexico, 20 –21.
Migrating hordes, recklessness of, 222 .
Military virtues, the, 325 .
Millet systems, 223 .
Mills, F. C., 269 .
Milton, John: Ode on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity , quoted, 17 .
Mimesis: as social drill, 107
creativity of interplay with attraction, 120
dangers of, 107 –8
orientation of, 104 , 107 –8, 237
reversal of direction, 130
selective, by barbarians, 123 .
Ming Empire: currency policy of, 62
decline of, 181
Minoan Civilization: breakdown of, 312
culture, 141
external proletariat, 140 .
Minorities: leisure, 345 , 346 , 347
dominant —barbarians, relation with, 120 –42
—change of heart of, 28
—inhumanity of, 227
—position of, in universal states, 15 ,30, 74
—proletariat, alienation from, 108 , 220
—schools of philosophy created by, 1 , 15
—universal states, created by, 2 , 11 , 19 .
Minos, thalassocracy of: limes of, 121 –2
scripts used in, 46 .
Mithraism: genesis of, 218
worship of, 16 .
Mithras, 90 .
Moldavia, 155 .
Monarchy, enlightened, 156 , 157 , 161 , 223 , 341 .
Monasticism, 115 –16.
Mongol Empire, the: administrative policy of, 199
as Far Eastern universal state, 9
capital cities of, 39
geographical range of, 16
law system of, 50
missions to, from Western Europe, 44 , 191
Pax Nomadica under, 16
Mongols: as paramount nomad community, 39
Christianity, potential conversion to, 191
Crusades, potential participation in, 191 .
Monophysite Christianity: as a fossil of the Syriac Civilization, 172 , 191
as a reaction against Hellenism, 202
Hellenic influence on, 232
liturgical script and languages of, 49 .
Monothelete Christianity, birthplace of, 144 –5.
Moorman, J. R. H.: Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century , quoted, 115 –16.
Morea: chronicle of the, 199
Muslim minority, position of, 157
Ottoman conquest of in 15th century, 167
revolt in (1821), 157 .
Morgan, J. de, 51 .
Moscow, as ‘the Third Rome’, 42 ,152.
Mosaic root of Judaic Christianity, 88 .
Moses, leader of the Exodus, 117 .
Mu‘āwīyāh I, Umayyad Caliph: Hilm , practice of, 135
Hind, regard for, 142 .
Mughal Empire, the: as Hindu universal state, 38 , 159
break-up of, 71
Hindu subjects, relations with, 159 –160, 218 , 233
interregnum following, 207
languages used in, 46
Marāthās, relations with, 215
militarism of, 161
revolts against, 218 ,233
Sikhs, relations with, 187 , 215
social life of, 233
Western World, relations with, 159 –64.
Muhammad, the Prophet, 31 , 53 , 84 .
Murād Bey, Egyptian Mamluk warlord, 169 .
Murād II, ’Osmanli Sultan, 70 .
Murray, Gilbert (G. G. A.): The Rise of the Greek Epic , quoted, 134 .
Muscovite Empire, the, 151 , 152 , 168 .
Mycalê, Battle of (479 B.C.), 208 .
Napoleon: First and Second, 243
Third, 270 .
Napoleonic Empire, the, 50 .
Nationalism: linguistic, 222
operation of, 157 , 177 , 184 , 222 –3.
‘Natives’: humanity of, denied by colonizers, 230
Western attitude towards, 148 , 163 –5, 230 .
Navigation, art of, 167 –8.
Nebuchadnezzar, Neo-Babylonian Emperor, 33 , 43 , 205 .
Negroes, the, race-feeling in relation to, 171 .
Nehemiah, Jewish statesman, 44 .
Nemesis, 134 –6.
Nero, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman Emperor, 71 .
Nestorian Christianity, 24 n., 44 , 49 , 172 , 191 , 193 , 232 , 278 .
Netherlands, 52 , 176 , 181 , 186 , 229 .
Newton, Sir Isaac, 266 .
Nikiphóros II Phokas, Emperor, 196 seqq .
Nomads: from Steppe: —climatic cycles of, 280
—Primitive Muslim Arabs, 121
—Huns, 124
forests, defeat by, 126
horses, use of, 125 –6;
sedentary peoples, relations with, 230 .
Normans, the, 190 –4, 197 –200, 232 –3, 294 .
Numerals, Arabic, 46 .
Obrenovic, Milos, Serb patriot, 156 .
Oil, deposits of, in Islamic World, 171 .
‘Old Believers’, the, 152 .
‘Old Slavonic’ liturgical language, 158 .
Olney, Richard, dispatch from, quoted, 330 –1.
Olympias, daughter of King Neoptolemus, wife of King Philip II of Macedon, mother of Alexander the Great, 142 .
temple, 293 .
Orestes the Pannonian, father of Emperor Romulus ‘Augustus’, 124 .
Origen of Alexandria, 26 , 65 .
Orthodox Christian Church, Eastern (Greek)
asceticism in, 81
canon law of, 54
dating system of, 56
ecclesiastical factions, struggle between, 194 , 195
hierarchy, position of, 156
images, question of, 194 , 259
language, 45
missionary work of, 24 –25
position of, in 20th century, 37
Roman Catholic Church: —doctrine, questions of, 194 –5
—hostility, persistence of, 154
Russian Orthodox Church, relations with, 195
Zealotism in, 233 .
Orthodox Christian Church, Eastern (Russian): position of, 151
Roman Catholic Church, relations with, 151 , 154 , 233 .
Orthodox Christian Civilization, main body: breakdown of, 312
disintegration, 304
ecclesiastics, political activities of, 189
êthos of, 193 –4
Hellenic Civilization, affiliation to, 82 , 141 , 193 –4
prospects (13th century), 189
Scandinavians, relations with, 190
Syriac Civilization, encounters with, 213 , weakness of, 190
Western Civilization: encounters with—concatenations of, 213 , 214
—in Middle Ages, 188 –90
—in Modern Ages, 153 –9, 201 , 235
Zealotism and Herodianism, 233 : see also OTTOMAN EMPIRE.
Orthodox Christian Civilization, Russian Branch: cultural individuality of, 224
Hellenic Civilization, affiliation to, 82
Western Civilization, encounters with —in Middle Ages, 148 , 151 , 188
Zealotism and Herodianism, 233 .
Oscan language, the, 48 .
Oscans, the, 209 .
Osiris, worship of, 16 , 17 , 88 , 210 .
Ostrogoths, the, 5 .
Otto: I, 294
II, 195
III, 243 .
Ottoman Empire: as Orthodox Christian universal state, 39 , 154 , 159 –60
bourgeoisie in, 186
capital cities of, 39
civil service of, 67
colonization policy of, 28
education in, 70 –71
establishment of, 153 –4, 157 –8, 159 . 167. 173. 191, 214
Mamluks, 313
military system of —reforms, 169 , 186 , 215 , 227
—Western imitation of, 215
millet system, 162 , 173 , 223 , 233
Mughal Empire, comparison with, 159 –62
nationalism, effect of, 156 , 162 , 223
Navy of, 156
‘New ‘Osmanlis’, the, 170
Orthodox Christian population: —as ‘native Christians’, 230
—relations of, 154 –9, 173 , 218 , 233
—relations with West, 159 , 160 , 161
—response of, to challenge of being uprooted, 173
peasants, militarization of, 323 –4
Phanariots, the, 155 , 156 , 157 , 160 , 161
revolts against, 157 , 186 , 215 , 218
Russian Empire, relations with, 151 , 158 –9, 169
self-complacency of, 169
Slave-Household, the Pādishāh’s, 47 , 70 , 71 , 156 , 187
successor-states of, 5
Western World, encounters with, 71 , 153 –9, 161 , 214 , 215
Westernization of, 153 –4, 169 –70, 186 , 227
Zealotism and Herodianism in, 233 .
Oxus-Jaxartes Basin, the, 144 seqq .
Painting: Byzantine, 257
pre-Raphaelite, 257 .
Pakistan: establishment of, 161 , 223 ;
heritage of, from British Raj, 72 , 127 ,
Palestine: Arabs as victims, 177 –8
Jews, aggression by, 177 –8
partition of, after Second World War, 223
population, composition of, 179
Russian policy regarding, 179
U.S. policy regarding, 179 .
Panjab, the, 171 .
Papacy, the: conservatism of, 26
ecclesiastical domain of, 36 , 37
legacy, vested interests, 93
Orthodox Christian attitude towards, 194 –5
Respublica Christiana : —as response to challenge of anarchy, 275
—benefits offered by, 85
—downfall of, 247
—eruption of modern Western secular civilization, 85 -86, 112 , 113
—rival of, 246 .
Paris, son of Priam, 142 .
Parliamentary Government, 186 –7.
Parsees, the, 83 , 164 , 172 .
Pathans, the, 124 –5.
Patriarchate: —Oecumenical, 44 , 156
—of Alexandria, 36
—of Antioch, 36
—of Constantinople, 36
—of Moscow, 152 .
Paul of Tarsus, Saint, 22 , 24 , 26 , 32 , 53 , 66 , 238 , 260 .
Peasantry, 165 , 173 , 183 –5, 186 , 189 .
Pehlevi language, the, 46 , 49 .
Pepin, son of Charles Martel, 244 .
Perry, Commodore M. C, 182 .
Perseus, myth of, 133 .
Persia, 171 .
Persian language, the, 46 –47, 48 .
Peru, 228 .
Peter, Saint, 44 .
Peter I Romanov, the Great, Emperor of Russia, 42 , 68 , 70 , 152 –3, 154 , 156 , 160 , 169 , 170 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 191 , 215 , 227 .
Philip II, son of Amyntas, King of Macedon, 213 .
Philip II, King of Spain, 271 .
Philippine Islands, the, 181 , 228 .
Philistines, the, 172 .
Philosophies: as expression of dominant minority, 1 , 15
renaissance of, 248
science, relation to, 101
theology, relation to, 101 : see also ARISTOTELIANISM
ASTROLOGY , CARTESIAN
CONFUCIANISM
EPICURIAN-ISM
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION
HINDUISM
NEOPLATONISM
PLATONISM
TAOISM.
Phoenicians, the, 204 –6, 212 .
Pilate, Pontius, 63 .
Plataea, Battle of (479 B.C. ), 208 .
Plato, on stability of Egyptiac culture, 9 .
Platonism, 304 –5.
Pliny the Elder, 13 .
Pliny the Younger, 150 .
Poetry: heroic —Arabic, 123
—as distinctive achievement of barbarians, 19 , 121 , 123
—fascination of, 139 –40
—French, 233
—Greek medieval and modern, 199
—historical fact in relation to, 136 , 139 , 141
—Teutonic, 133 , 139 –40, 141 .
Poland-Lithuania, 151 , 176 , 222 –3.
Poles, the, 190 .
Police and intelligence systems in universal states, 22 .
Political institutions, 242 –5.
Population, 28 , 29 , 166 ; see also PEASANTRY.
Porphyrogenitus, Constantine, 250 .
Portugal, 167 –8, 174 –6, 200 , 217 , 228 .
Postal systems in universal states, 22 seqq .
Pride, sin of, 104 .
Printing, invention of, 25 , 62 .
Proletariats, external and internal, 1 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 19 , 120 –4, 128 , 130 , 139 seqq ., 221 .
Promiscuity, sense of, 12 .
Protestant churches, 37 , 175 –6, 178 , 182 , 230 –1, 283 ; see also BIBLE CHRISTIANS
CALVINISM
HUNGARY.
Protestant Reformation, 37 , 116 , 175 .
Provinces, function of, in universal states, 33 –37.
Prussia, 313 .
Prussians, the, 191 .
Psammetichus I, Pharoah, 205 .
Psychology, science of, 100 , 101 , 285 –8.
Ptolemy, astronomer, 97 .
Pydna, Battle of (168 B.C. ), 58 .
Qāra George, Serb patriot, 156 .
Qaraqorum, religious role of, 44 .
Qūbilāy, Mongol Khāqān, 39 .
Quebec, 295 .
Quichuan language, the, 49 .
Race-feeling, 230 –1; see also ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
WESTERN CIVILIZATION.
Radio communication, 23 .
Railways, construction of, 23 .
Rationalism, 95 seqq .
Reckoning, systems of, 59 –60.
Religions: fancy, 15
Higher: anti-social nature of, 76 seqq.;
as beneficiaries, 16 –19, 23 , 24 –26, 30 –33, 36 –37, 43 , 44 , 49 , 54 . 58–59. 64–67, 73 –74, 75
as chrysalises, 81 –86, 87 , 117 , 140 –2
as intelligible fields of study, 2 , 146
birthplaces of, 144 –5
Church and State, relations between, 85 seqq ., 91
seqq. ,112–13
degeneration of, 99
diversion of, to political purposes, 232
diversity, need for, 91 –92, 118 –19
encounters between, 25 , 26 , 203
essence of, 25 , 81 , 90 , 94 seqq. , 104
exclusiveness, problem of, 89 seqq.;
geneses of, 54 , 76 , 88 , 111 , 140 –2, 144 , 202 –4, 218 ;
gestative phase of, 83 –84
ideologies as substitutes for, 98
institutional aspect of, 114
intellectin relation to, 100 , 101
languages used by, 49 –50
monotheism and polytheism, struggle between, 279
parochial states as, 90 ;
philosophies in relation to, 95 , 100 , 101
primitive elements in, 79 , 93 . 94. 96, 100 , 104
propagation of, 15 seqq.;
prophets, part played by, 96 , 97
prospects of, 90
seqq. ,94, 98
seqq. ,117
seqq.; psychological types in relation to, 92 , 118
raison d’être of, 114 ;
renaissances of, 257 -60
rudimentary, 88 , 111 , 141 , 203 , 211 ;
social and spiritual relations to, 115 , 117 , 118
time-span of, 103 –4
universality of, potential, 228 ;
Western technology, effect of, 24 –26.
Oriental, 77 , 78 , 79 , 203 .
Renaissances: apparentation and affiliation, 146
as regression, 113
Italian, 194
Languages and Literature, 250 –5
Law, 244 –7
Orthodox Christian, 86
Philosophies, 247 –9
Political Ideas and Institutions, 242 –4
Religious Ideals and Institutions, 257 –60
Visual Arts, 255 –7.
Ricci, Father Matteo, S.J., 25 .
Rivers, importance of, in universal states, 22 .
Robert of Sorbonne, theologian, 248 .
Roman Catholic Church: as carapace, 117 n.
Augustine, Saint, influence of, 263
Communism, attitude towards, 117 n.
institutional aspect of, 116
intolerance of, 33
missionary work of, 16 , 23 , 26 , 37 , 44 , 49 , 151 , 152 , 163 , 179 , 180 , 182
monasticism, 190
Ottoman Empire, relations with, 156
race-feeling, absence of, 228
science, attitude towards, 97
universality of, potential, 228 ; see also PAPACY.
Roman Empire, the: administration, 12 , 22 , 348
annexations policy, 33
Antonines, age of, 77
Arabs, relations with, 213
as federation of city states, 58
as framework of higher religions, 16 , 22 , 144
as Hellenic universal state, 4
barbarians, 19 , 28 –29, 66 , 121 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 130 , 133 , 136 , 173 –4, 190 , 192 , 229
break-up of, 6 , 36 –37, 52 , 64 , 66 , 84 , 114 –15, 195
citizenship policy, 27 , 51 , 74 –75
city states in, 12 , 28 , 29 , 36 , 109
civil service, 67 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 113
colonization policy, 27 –33, 132
decline of, 77 –78
Emperors, household of, 70 , 71
expansion of, 28 , 32 , 41 , 202 , 209
Hellenization, policy of, 28 , 202 , 209
Herodianism in, 232
immortality, illusion of, 4 , 7
law, 51 , 52 , 54 , 77 –78, 174
military system of, 28 , 30 –32. 47. 64–67, 129 –30
provinces, administration of, 33 , 36 , 37 , 47
successor-states, 5 , 174 , 213
Zealotism and Herodianism in, 232 .
Roman State, the: as march-state, 42
campaigning season for, 58
city states, restoration of, 27
colonization policy of, 27
dating system of, 56
Equestrian Order, 71
Hellenization of, 209
languages used in, 48
official years current in, 57
piracy, 22
Praetor Urbanus, 51
religious persecution, 18 , 77 –78
slave insurrection, 232 .
Romano-Macedonian Wars, 58 .
Romano-Punic War, 206 .
Romano-Seleucid war, 58 .
Rome: as capital of universal state, 43 , 44
foundation of, 56
geographical situation of, 42
religious role of, 23 , 43 –44
Romulus Augustulus, Roman Emperor, 124 .
Roosevelt, President, 343 .
Rosamund, daughter of Cunimund, 142 .
Rosenberg, Alfred, 79 .
Rumelia, Eastern, 5 .
Russia: belief in own destiny, 152 –3
capital cities of, 42
endurance of people, 324
‘European’ and ‘Asiatic’, 238 –40
independence, will to, 152 seqq.;
intelligentsia in, 185 –8
Old Believers, the, 152
responses of, to challenge from the West, 152
Scandinavian regime in, 190 , 233
Western aggression against, 151 –4
Zealotism and Herodianism, 235 –6.
Russian Empire (Petrine): aristocracy in, 68
cultural influence on Western, 151 —3
Decembrists’ revolt in, 186 , 227
decline of, 42 –43
educational policy, 70
‘enlightenment’, Western, effects of, 223
Jews in, 176
non-Russian Orthodox Christians, relation with, 156
Panslav movement, 159
parliamentary government, failure of, 187
revolutions, 186 , 187 , 227 , 324
Serbia, relations with, 158
Sweden, relations with, 215
technological race with the West, 215
Westernization of, 42 –43, 68 , 148 , 152 , 159 , 160 , 169 , 185 –6, 215 , 227 .
Russian language, the, 45 .
Russians, White, the, 151 .
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 184 , 324 .
Russo-Turkish War (1768–74), 169 , 170 , 186 .
Russo-Turkish War (1877–8), 158 .
Rutilius Namatianus, Claudius, 4 , 76 ;
De Reditu Suo , quoted, 76 –77.
Rycaut, Sir Paul: The Present State of the Ottoman Empire , quoted, 155 .
Sacrament, origin of the word, 111 .
Sadduces, the, 118 .
Safawī Empire, Qyzylbash fraternity, 187 .
Saladin, 214 .
Salamis, Battle of, 208 .
Saljüqs, the, Syria invasion of, 192 , 193 .
Salonica, Jews in, 174 .
Samaritans, the, 144 .
Sansom, Sir George (G. B.): Japan: A Short Cultural History , quoted, 14 .
Sanüsās, the, 98 .
Sarmatians, the, 29 .
Sasanian Empire, the, 73 , 202 .
Saxons, the medieval continental, 196 .
Scandinavian countries, social democracy, 340 .
Scandinavians: colonization by, 232 –3
culture of, 232 –3
Italian renaissance’s influence on, 295
raids by, into Western Europe, 125 , 190 , 252
religion, conversion to Christianity, 190 , 232 –3
Westernization of, 190 , 295 .
Schism: in the Body Social, 1 –2, 242 .
Schmalkald, League of Protestant princes, 272 .
Schumpeter, J. A.: Business Cycles , quoted, 338 .
Science: Medieval Western, 193 , 249
Modern Western —empirical methods of, 101
— history in relation to, 265
— intellectual heroes of, 266
— intellectual honesty in relation to, 100
— moral issue raised by, 99 –100
— provinces of knowledge captured by, 98 –100, 265 –6
— study of, prohibited in Japan under Tokugawa Shogunate, 234
theological bases of, 84 –85.
Arabic, 46
Brahmi, 49
Chinese, 45
Elamite, 48
Greek, 45
in universal states, 45 –49
Medo-Persian, 48
Minoan, 46
Pehlevi, 46
Slavonic, 45 .
Scyths (Scythians), the, 205 .
Seleucid Monarchy, the, 17 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 56 , 277 –8.
Seleucus I Nîcâtôr, 39 –40, 42 , 56 .
Selim I, ‘Osmanli, 156 .
Selim III, ‘Osmanli, 170 .
Sellar, W. C: 1066 and All That , quoted, 308 .
Sennacherib, King of Assyria, 205 .
Serbia: successor-state of Ottoman Empire, 157
territorial aspirations of, 158 .
Serbs, the, relations to Western World, 154 , 155 , 158 .
Severus, Marcus Aurelius Alexander, Emperor, 25 .
Shang culture, the, Sinic Civilization, relation to, 147 .
Shepherds, as symbolizing the recuperating power of society, 305 .
Shi‘ism: birthplace of, 144
Druse form of, 144 .
Ships: risks to, diminution of, 289
Man’s control of laws of nature in sailing of, 293
Modern Western, 23 .
Si Ngan, Confucian classics engraved on stone at, 250 .
Sicily: Carthaginian attack, 208
Greek colonies in, 208 –9
Phoenician settlements in, 208 .
Siegfried, myth of, 133 .
Sikhism: Khalsa militancy in, 187
persecution of, by Mughal Raj, 215 .
Sikhs, as successor-state of Mughal Empire, 161 .
Sin, original, 117 , 119 , 171 .
Sinic Civilization: barbarians, relations with, 34 , 229
breakdown of, 312
culture of: literature, revolt against in China, 199
parochial states, 34
public services, 337
Time of Troubles, 45
war and peace cycles, 284 .
Skinner, Martyn: Letters to Malaya , quoted, 101 –2, 304 .
Slavery: abolition of, 295 , 314
in New World, 171
Primitive Christian attitude towards, 65 .
Slavonic languages, the, 45 .
Social changes, 294 , 295 , 320 .
Societies, human: as successive types of, 141 , 303
‘closed’ and ‘open’, 105
potential universality of, 105
serial order of, 87 –88, 141 .
Societies, primitive: achievements, 99
civilizations —impact of, 214
discipline of, 131
‘drive’, absence of, 92
family, worship of, 344
Western impact on, 148 .
Society, nature of, 79 –80, 119
Sothic astronomical cycle, the, 55 .
Spain, Christian marchmen, barbarism of, 179 –80
colonial policy of, 29
Iberian peninsular, 190 –2
Jews, treatment of, 174 .
Spanish Empire, New World: capital cities of, 39
citizenship of, 74
city states in, 29
colonizing policy, 29 , 179 –80
economic policy, 179 –80
effect of conquests on Western economy, 43
expansion, 181
race-feeling, absence of, 228
religious policy of, 179 –80, 228 .
Spartan expansion, 274 .
Spear, T. G. P.: The Nabobs , quoted, 164 -5.
Spengler, Oswald, 261 , 277 , 311 .
Sse-ma Ts’ien, Sinic historian, 34 .
States: buffer-, 132 .
low place of in hierarchy of human institutions, 11 .
parochial—, 15 , 19 , 83 , 292 , 312 –13
totalitarian—, 91 .
universal —as intelligible fields of study, 2
as means to ends beyond themselves, 2
as ‘melting pots’, 30
as parts of a larger whole, 2
as phase in process of disintegration, 2 , 3 , 11 , 33
beneficiaries, 11 , 21 , 22 –26, 36 –37, 43 –44. 49. 51–54. 62–64, 72 –74, 75 , 76
co-existence, 326
conductivity of, 11 –14
conquests of, by alien ‘civilized’ conquerors, 19 –21
craving for life displayed by, 3 , 4
endings, diverse types of, 2 –3
founders of, 37 , 38 –41, 159 –60;
— loss of zest by, 30
— metropolitan, 38
— motives of, 37 –38
— receptivity, 13
— relations of with dominant minority, 15
frustration of subject peoples under, 83
geneses of, 1 –2, 15 , 74 , 83 , 274
ghosts of, 6
immortality, illusion of, 4 , 8 , 10
institutions of, 21 –75
intolerant spirit, 17
legitimization of de facto rulers by, 85
military system of, 27 , 29 –30, 64 –67
negativeness of, 2
parochial states —heritage from, 50 ;
— relation to, 33
prestige of, 6 –7
psychological disarmament in, 15 , 19
raison d’étre of, 11 , 15 , 19 , 33
sense of unity expressed in, 7
successor-states, barbarian, 130 –2
legacies to, 72
tolerant spirit in, 15 –18.
Steppes: conductivity of, 13 , 22 , 145
conquest of, 126
Eurasian —range of, 39
Stilicho, Vandal, 130 .
Straits of Dardanelles, Bosphorus, and Kerch, as barrier between Europe and Asia, 239 , 240 .
Subconscious Psyche, the: aesthetic faculties in relation to, 102
conscious personality, relation to, 102 –3, 287 , 288
harmony with God, 102 , 103 , 104
idolization of, 102
racial, 285
spiritual character of, 102 –3
time-scale of, 344
Western rediscovery of, 102 .
Subman, sociality of, 99 .
Sui Empire: as ghost of Han Empire, 6 , 85
political achievement of, 113 .
Suleymān I, ‘Osmanli, Sultan, 156 .
Sumer and Akkad, Empire of: as Sumeric universal state, 210
Babylonian restoration of, 52
communications, system in, 22
culture, literature, 250 –1
geographical range of, 145
languages of, 48
postal services in, 22
successor-states of, 54 .
Sumeric Civilization: apparentation to other civilizations, 9 , 147
dissolution of, 9
proletariat, external, 140
weights and measures, metric system, 59 –60.
Sun Yat-sen, Madame, 182 .
Sung Empire: currency, 62
Mongol conquest of, 39 .
Susa, history of, 40 .
Swift, Jonathan, 254 .
Symeon Stylites, Saint, 81 .
Symmachus, Q. Aurelius, 91 .
Syria, as meeting ground for civilizations, 144 –5.
Syriac Civilization: Assyrian impact on, 173
breakdown of, 312
communal structure of society, 173 , 191
culture —Hellenic influence on, 193 , 202 , 203
— Indic influence on, 193
— radiation of, 216
encounters —concatenations of, 212 –13
Hellenic intrusion on, 17 , 20 , 144 , 150 , 180
universal state: re-establishment of indigenous, 19
Western Civilization, contact with, 191 , 214 , 215
Syriac language, the, 202 .
T’ai Tsung, T’ang Emperor, educational policy of, 72 .
Taillefer, 233 .
Tammuz, worship of, 26 , 88 , 211 .
T’ang Empire: as ghost of Han Empire, 6
civil service of, 72
currency policy of, 62
renaissance of, 85
revival of, 113 .
Taoism: position of, in Han Empire, 17
Sinic proletarian religion, 16
tenets of, 247 –8.
Telegraphs and telephones, 22 , 23 .
Television, 347 .
Tennyson, Alfred, Baron: In Memoriam , quoted, 299 .
Tertullian, 65 .
Teutoburger Wald, Roman defeat in (A.D. 9), 126 , 127 .
Teutonic Order of Knighthood, the, 191 .
Teutons, the: as ‘reservoir’ barbarians, 122
religion of, 123 .
Theology: as an accommodation between Religion and Philosophy, 95
as an attempt to reconcile two kinds of Truth, 97 .
Thompson, J. M.: The French Revolution , quoted, 57 .
Thorp, W. L., 269 .
Tibullus, Albius: Carmina , quoted, 4 .
Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria, 313 .
Tithonus, 8 .
Tokugawa Shogunate: as Japanese Far Eastern universal state, 13 , 180
cultural homogeneity of, 14
economic position under, 14
insecurity of, in its early days, 181
overthrow of, 182 –3
zealotism of, 234 .
Torrigiani, Pietro, 256 .
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph: visit to Troy, N.Y., 281 –3
works: A Study of History: how it came to be written, 350 –4
The Legacy of Greece , contribution to, quoted, 13 .
Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C.: Roman Medallions , quoted, 63 –64.
Trajan (M. Ulpius Traianus), Roman Emperor: Pliny the Younger, correspondence with, 150
religious policy of, 150 .
Trent, Council of, 117 n.
Trojan War, the, 212 , 238 –9.
Truth, two kinds of, 97 , 102 .
Ts’in Empire (221–207 B.C. ): administrative policy of, 34
as Sinic universal state, 34
communications, system of, 22
language and script used in, 45
law, system of, 50
overthrow of, 34
police system in, 22
revolts against, 34 .
Ts’in She Hwang-ti: administrative policy of, 34 , 35
as first founder of Sinic universal state, 22 , 34
commercial system developed by, 22
language, solution by, 45
salvaging of his work by Han Liu Pang, 69 .
Turkey: as land power, 240
totalitarianism in, 188
Westernization of, 170 , 188 , 304 .
Ukrainians, 223 .
Umayyad Caliphate, the: Hilm , practice of, 135 , 136
Jews, position of, 174
military system in, 30
scripts and languages used in, 46
social structure of, 174 , 284
tolerant spirit of, 192 –3
Western World, relations with, 192 –3.
Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia: Atlantic seaboard of, 167
Christians, relations with: —subjects of Caliphate, 193
— trans-frontier, 189 –90, 192
collapse of, 174
culture of, 256
Granada as last surviving successor-state of, 191 .
Umbrian language, the, 48 .
Uniate churches, the, 151 , 193 .
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the: aspolitical heir of Petrine Russian Empire, 148
as centre of communications, 171 , as ‘sated’ power, 321
class elimination, 339
Communism, role of, 148 –9, 153 , 187 , 316
Communist propaganda, use of: 215–16
competition with West, 153 , 187 –8, 215 –16, 303 , 326
industrialization of, 187 , 215 , 216
non-Russian Orthodox Christian peoples, relations with, 157 –8
oil needs, 170 –1
oil fields, 171
peasantry submissiveness, 323
policy of, 166 –7
political structure of, 187 –8
population trend in, 317
regimentation, 335
reparations policy, 330
Satellite States, 158
trade unions in, 335
Ukrainians in, 151
U.S.A., relations with: —competition for world power, 148 –9, 322
— isolation made impossible, 340
— political propaganda, 216
— psychological considerations, 323
— wars of religion analogy, 326
ideological differences, 148 –9
Marshall Aid, 330
partition of World between two powers, 326 , 329
Western World, relations with, 153 , 170 –1, 321 .
United Nations Organization, the, 162 , 177 –8, 292 , 328 , 329 .
United States of America: as ‘sated’ power, 321
Civil War (1861–5), 325
democracy, word, 341
economic depression, 302
effect of World Wars on, 321 , 322 , 325
generosity of, 329
idealism of, 339
immigration policy, 221
Jews in, 179
Marshall Plan, 330
militarism, absence of, 324 –5
Munro Doctrine, 321
oil, 171
‘Poor Whites’, 316
protectorates of, 321
standard of living in, 339
Truman Doctrine, 304
World Government, 328 seqq .
Unity, sense of in universal state, 7 , 13 .
Universe, as a work of God’s power, 262 ; see also under WORLD.
Universities, Western, origin of, 86 .
Urdu language, the, 47 .
Valery, Paul, 310 .
Vandals, the, 136 .
Venetian dialect of Illyrian, the, 48 .
Venice: colonial control, 155
Vienna, Ottoman sieges of, in A.D. 1682–3, 148 .
Virgil: Aeneid , quoted, 4 .
Visigothia: Arab conquest of, 213
coronation rite in, 244
Jews, treatment of, 173 –6, 222 .
Visigoths, the Christianity of, 174 seqq .
legislation of, 174 .
Vision, the Beatific, 92 , 102 , 116 , 118 , 262 .
Volney, C. F., 351 .
Wahhābīs, the: Westernization, opposition to, 98 .
Wall Street, New York: economic blizzard, 1929, 184
typists’ strike on, 336 .
War: abolition of, 326
art of, radiation of, 124 –5
as cancer of civilization, 314
cult of, 313
differences in attitude towards, 129
idealogical, or ‘cold’, 215 –16
technology, effects of, 215 .
Wars: Hellenic: Atheno-Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C. ), 208 , 292 .
Western: General (A.D. 1792–1815), 308
Hapsburg-Valois ‘Italian wars’, 271 .
World: First (A.D. 1914–18), 169 , 222 –3, 270 , 324
Second (A.D. 1939–45). 148. 151. 184, 229
Third: avoidance of, 188
danger of, 304
outcome of, possible, 326 seqq .
Weights and measures, 21 , 57 , 59 –60.
Wellesley.R. C, Marquess, Governor-General of India, 38 .
Western Civilization:
absolutism, Hellenic: revival of, 112 –13, 199 –200
first attempt at, by Saxon Emperors, rejected, 243 .
advertisement, use of, 216 .
aggressiveness of, 188 , 190 –1, 200 –1, 214 .
Arabs, relations with, 189 .
barbarians, surviving in postmodern World, 126 .
birthplace of, 174 .
bourgeoisie , the: intelligentsia, relation to, 185
Jews, relation to, 173 –7, 186 .
centre of gravity of, 271 .
challenges presented to, 275 seqq .
Christian origin of, 111 .
city state cosmos, abortive: autocracy in, 200
differentiation of, from main body of Western Christendom, 191
‘modern’ character of, 185 .
communications, system of, 23 .
cultural changes, tempo of, 293 –4.
culture: arts: Ancient and Modern, contest between, 254
architecture, 193
arts, visual, 255 –7
Byzantine influence on, 199
Far Eastern influence on, 181
Hellenic influence on, 82 , 193 , 199 , 201 , 241 , 255
literature, 250 –4
low level of in 10th century, 189
medieval, 193
philosophy, 247 –9
radiation of, 156 , 201 , 221 –2, 225 –7, 233
secularization, 163 , 201 , 216 , 226
ecclesiastical terminology, 112 .
economic system: founded by monastic orders, 85 , 115
in Middle Ages, 189
techniques, diffusion of, 223 –4, 226
trade cycles, 269 .
egocentric illusions of, 148 .
encounters, concatenations of, in Middle Ages, 188 –200, 213 –14
in Modern Age, 148 –50, 151 –88, 201 , 202 –3.
‘enlightenment’, age of, 155 , 161 , 223 , 265 .
êthos of, 194 .
expansion of, overland, 188 , 190 , 191 , 214
overseas, 38 , 147 , 149 –50, 167 –8, 179 seqq. ,184, 230
world-wide range of, 105 , 118 , 188 , 214 , 304 , 316 , 317 , 319 , 321 , 323 .
genesis of, 82 , 84 , 201 , 222 .
geographical range of, in Modern Age, 200 , 239 .
‘Golden Age’ of, 309 .
Hellenic Civilization: affiliation to, 82 , 141 , 191
relation to, 238 –40.
history of, not illuminating, 202 –3, 263 –4
unparalleled features, 319 –20.
homogeneity, social, ideal of, 173 , 174 , 222 .
Italianization of, 150 , 200 .
Jews, relations with, 171 –9.
Law of God, 263 .
Liberalism in, 148 , 153 , 177 .
Middle Ages, differentiation of Modern Age from, 149 , 150 .
militarism in, 323 –5.
military system in, 215 .
‘Modern Age’, opening of, 111 , 112 , 149 –51. 173, 185 , 200 .
nadir of, 188 –90.
Neobarbarism in, 140 .
Ocean, conquest of, 147 , 150 , 167 –8, 179 , 200 , 214 , 228 , 296 –8.
parochial states, 85 , 173 , 246 , 312 .
physical environment, control of, 320 .
political ideas, diffusion of, 222 , 226 .
population, 342 –4.
proletariat, 316
internal, 99 , 180 , 221 , 315
religious creativity, 203 .
prospects of, 302 –8
capitalism v . Communism, 326
— essence of, 338
communication system, 23
Gibbon’s observations, 309
in 10th and nth centuries, 189 –90
peaceful change, British examples of, 340
metamorphosis of middle class, 337 –8
uncertainty of, 20 , 23 , 90 , 105 , 119 , 150 , 203
Valery’s views on, 310
World government, 328 .
race-feeling in, 171 , 230 –1, 318 .
religion: Christianity, influence of, 85 , 226 , 238 , 318
competition between rival faiths, 90
ideological substitute for, 148
new faiths, emergence of, 150
spiritual vacuum, 216 .
shipbuilding and navigation, 296 .
social reforms in Middle Ages, 190
social welfare, 318 –20.
technology of, 23 , 99 , 105 , 126 , 127 , 152 –3, 166 , 180 , 181 , 188 , 215 , 226 , 261 –2.
unification of, 23 –24, 90 , 105 , 318 –19, 326 –7.
urbanization of, 173 , 185 –6.
war and peace cycles of, 271 –3, 284 .
Wight, Martin: comments by: on Christian conservatism, 93 –94
on Roman Catholic Church’s prospects, 116 n,–117 n.
William I, King of England, 233 .
Women, position of in Heroic Ages, 142 –3.
World: coalescence of, 322
contraction in scale of, 322 –3
creation of, 56 –57
material resources, 333 ; see also UNIVERSE.
World Order: economics for, 332 , 333 , 338
federal union in relation to, 328 –30
future for, 320 ,326
leisure, employment of, 332 , 345 –7
Wuti, Han Emperor, 70 .
Xerxes, the Achaemenid, Greece, expedition against, 213 –14.
Yahweh, worship of, 16 , 91 , 279 .
Yin and Yang, n, 104 , 107 , 345 .
Yucatec, 312 .
Yulan, Fung: A Short History of Chinese Philosophy , quoted, 248 .
Yung Lo, Emperor, 250 ,251.
Zacharias, 244 .
Zealotism, 225 , 227 , 231 –7.
Zoroastrianism, 16 , 17 , 49 –50, 73 , 88 , 171 , 172 , 218 , 228 , 232 .
Zosimus, Greek historian: Historiae , quoted, 129 .