Chapter Seven: Intervention

  1. . The section about the “college bound” slogan draws on several articles in The Commercial Appeal: Dakarai I. Aarons, “Memphis City Schools Workers Get Psyched; Hear Sobering Warning,” August 10, 2006, as well as Dakarai I. Aarons, “Johnson Pushes College Message,” March 5, 2007, and Jane Roberts, “MCS Must Scramble to Delay Sign-ups; Open-enrollment Changes Never Approved by Board,” March 11, 2009.

  2. . Susan Saulny, “After Recession, More Young Adults Are Living on Street,” The New York Times, December 19, 2012.

  3. . Tamar Jacoby, “This Way Up: Mobility in America,” The Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2014.

  4. . Mark Hugo Lopez and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Women’s College Enrollment Gains Leave Men Behind (Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, March 6, 2014). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/03/06/womens-college-enrollment-gains-leave-men-behind/. See also Deborah A. Santiago, Emily Calderón Galdeano and Morgan Taylor, The Condition of Latinos in Education: 2015 Factbook Latino Males in Higher Education (Excelencia in Education), p. 18. http://www.edexcelencia.org/research/2015-latinos-higher-education

  5. . For more on this type of clinic, see my article “Filling a Void: Clinics Find Need, Profit by Serving Low-income Hispanics,” The Commercial Appeal, April 8, 2007.

  6. . “Revisions to the 2013 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) Counts,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2015, as well as my article “Construction Takeover: Hard Work, Unlawful Tactics Help Some Hispanic Builders Conquer Industry,” The Commercial Appeal, January 2, 2008, and my article “Job Deaths High For Hispanics” in the Birmingham Post-Herald, July 27, 2004.

  7. . Jaison R. Abel and Richard Deitz, “Do the Benefits of College Still Outweigh the Costs?” Federal Reserve of New York, Current Issues in Economics and Finance 20, no. 3 (2014). https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci20-3.html

  8. . Elizabeth Marquardt, David Blankenhorn, Robert I. Lerman, Linda Malone-Colón and W. Bradford Wilcox, “The President’s Marriage Agenda for the Forgotten Sixty Percent,” The State of Our Unions (Charlottesville, VA: National Marriage Project and Institute for American Values, 2012). http://www.stateofourunions.org/2012/SOOU2012.pdf

  9. . Health, United States, 2011: With Special Feature on Socioeconomic Status and Health (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2012), p. 37. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus11.pdf. See also Nanci Hellmich, “Higher Education Linked to Longer Life, CDC Report Shows,” USA Today, May 16, 2012.

  10. . The section on James J. Heckman’s work draws on Eduardo Porter, “Investments in Education May Be Misdirected,” The New York Times, April 2, 2013, as well as Heckman’s February 2013 presentation to the Nebraska Chamber of Commerce and Industry entitled “Schools, Skills, and Synapses.”

  11. . David Muphey, Lina Guzman and Alicia Torres, America’s Hispanic Children: Gaining Ground, Looking Forward (Child Trends Hispanic Institute, September 24, 2014). http://www.childtrends.org/?publications=americas-hispanic-children-gaining-ground-looking-forward

  12. . I was in the Ramos family home the night of the intervention along with photographer Karen Pulfer Focht. We mostly stayed quiet and observed, but our presence may have influenced the situation in some subtle way.