Introduction
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Smoking Cessation. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Office on Smoking and Health, 2012, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/cessation/quitting/index.htm.
Chapter 1
1. Carl Hart’s book, High Price: A Neuroscientist’s Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society (HarperCollins, 2013), details the myths surrounding drugs, and particularly meth, whose uncontrollable, brain-destroying effects Hart’s research contests. Hart “even takes on ‘meth mouth,’ noting that the dry mouth symptoms that have been blamed for the terrible dental problems seen in some methamphetamine users also accompany the use of legal amphetamines and some antidepressant medications.” Maia Szalavitz, “Why the Myth of the Meth-Damaged Brain May Hinder Recovery,” Time Healthland, November 21, 2011, http://healthland.time.com/2011/11/21/why-the-myth-of-the-meth-damaged-brain-may-hinder-recovery.
Chapter 2
1. Hillel R. Alpert, Gregory N. Connolly, and Lois Biener, “A Prospective Cohort Study Challenging the Effectiveness of Population-Based Medical Intervention for Smoking Cessation,” Tobacco Control, January 10, 2012, http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2012/01/03/tobaccocontrol-2011–050129.abstract.
2. Jacqueline Detwiler, “The Ten Hardest Drugs to Quit,” The Fix, December 20, 2011, http://www.thefix.com/content/10-hardest-addictive-drugs-to-kick7055.
3. Stanton Peele, “Proof That Treating Addiction with Drugs Doesn’t Work,” Huffington Post, January 11, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stanton-peele/smoking-addiction_b_1195953.html.
4. Benedict Carey, “Nicotine Gum and Skin Patch Face New Doubt,” New York Times, January 9, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/health/study-finds-nicotine-gum-and-patches-dont-help-smokers-quit.html.
5. Lindsey F. Stead, Rafael Perera, Chris Bullen et al. “Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation,” The Cochrane Library, November 14, 2012, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub4/abstract.
6. Brad W. Lundahl, Chelsea Kunz, Cynthia Brownell et al., “A Meta-Analysis of Motivational Interviewing: Twenty-Five Years of Empirical Studies,” Research on Social Work Practice 20(2):137–160, 2010.
7. Stanton Peele, The Meaning of Addiction, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998); http://lifeprocessprogram.com/the-meaning-of-addiction-1-the-concept-of-addiction.
8. American Psychiatric Association, APA Corrects New York Times Article on Changes to DSM-5’s Substance Use Disorders (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2012).
9. Stanton Peele, “Addiction in Society: Blinded by Biochemistry,” Psychology Today, September 1, 2010, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201010/addiction-in-society-blinded-biochemistry.
10. See “The Amen Solution,” http://www.amenclinicscom/?p=5158&option=com_wordpress&Itemid=204.
11. Mika Brzezinski, Obsessed: America’s Food Addiction—And My Own (Philadelphia: Weinstein/Perseus, 2013).
12. Michael Moss, Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us (New York: Random House, 2013).
13. Stanton Peele with Archie Brodsky, Love and Addiction (New York: NAL/Signet, 1975).
14. James Burkett and Larry Young, “The Behavioral, Anatomical and Pharmacological Parallels Between Social Attachment, Love and Addiction,” Psychopharmacology 224(1):1–26, 2012, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22885871.
15. Lindsay Abrams, “‘Sex Addiction’ Redefined,” The Atlantic, October 19, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/10/sex-addiction-redefined/263873.
16. Pernille Gronkjaer (director), “‘Love Addict’ Movie Explores Love Addiction, ‘Fantasy Universe,’” Huffington Post, October 22, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/22/love-addict-movie-explore_n_2002775.html.
17. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, “Alcoholism Isn’t What It Used to Be,” NIAAA Spectrum, September 2009, http://www.spectrum.niaaa.nih.gov/media/pdf/NIAAA_Spectrum_Sept_09_tagged.pdf.
18. Shari Roan, “You Can Cut Back,” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 2009, http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-alcohol16–2009nov16,0,3127580,full.story.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Smoking Cessation: Nicotine Dependence,” in Smoking & Tobacco Use, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/cessation/quitting/index.htm.
20. Stanton Peele, “This Is How People Quit Addictions,” Huffington Post, September 13, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stanton-peele/this-is-how-people-quit-a_b_949826.html.
21. I could fill this book, as I did my Addiction-Proof Your Child (Random House/Three Rivers Press, 2007), with examples and data demonstrating parental remission for alcoholics and drug addicts, like the woman who felt her baby kicking, put down her drink, and said, “I’ll never touch another drop,” and didn’t. Here are two more cases: While discussing Mika Brzezinski’s best-selling book on her eating disorder, Obsessed, fellow MSNBC host Al Sharpton described how he lost over one hundred pounds (and you think you have a tough addiction to quit?): “My youngest daughter said to me, ‘Daddy, why are you so fat?’” Meanwhile, I was at a dinner party with parents of young children. I asked the six parents present if any had smoked—all had. All had quit. I looked at one particularly attentive father of two young children, and said, “I bet you and your wife knew you would sooner kill yourself than not quit”—his wife nodded vigorously.
22. Stanton Peele, “The 7 Hardest Addictions to Quit—Love Is the Worst,” Psychology Today Blogs, December 15, 2008, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/addiction-in-society/200812/the-7-hardest-addictions-quit-love-is-the-worst.
23. Lizzie Crocker, “Mika Brzezinski on ‘Obsession,’ Her New Book About Food Addiction,” Women in the World, May 9, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/05/09/mika-brzezinski-on-obsession-her-new-book-about-food-addiction.html.
24. Keith S. Ditman, George G. Crawford, Edward W. Forby et al., “A Controlled Experiment on the Use of Court Probation for Drunk Arrests,” American Journal of Psychiatry 124:160–163, 1967.
25. Jeffrey Brandsma, Maxie Maultsby, and Richard J. Walsh, Outpatient Treatment of Alcoholism (Baltimore: University Park Press, 1980).
26. William R. Miller, Verner S. Westerberg, Richard J. Harris, and J. Scott Tonigan, “What Predicts Relapse? Prospective Testing of Antecedent Models,” Addiction 91(Supplement):155–171, 1996, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8997790.
27. Think New York City—and its population of immigrants—where Prohibition was largely ignored. Mark Lerner, Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
28. John Kobler, Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (New York: Putnam, 1973).
29. Stanton Peele, “Why Medicine for Addiction Will Make Our Problems Worse,” Huffington Post, July 20, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stanton-peele/addiction-medicine-research_b_896744.html.
30. These points were made in the exhibit “American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition,” at the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, based on Daniel Okrent’s Last Call, which also inspired Ken Burns and Lynn Novick’s 2011 PBS documentary, Prohibition. The exhibit examines “the patchwork of strange liquor laws that began after the repeal of Prohibition and persist to this day. In Oklahoma, no one under 21, not even a baby in its mother’s arms, can be in a liquor store; in Indiana, convenience stores can sell beer only at room temperature.” Edward Rothstein, “A Look at Prohibition, Hardly Dry,” New York Times, October 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/arts/design/american-spirits-at-the-national-constitution-center.html.
31. Stanton Peele, “Alcohol: The Good Side,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2010, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/opinion/la-oe-peele-alcohol-20100721.
32. Carl Hart, High Price: A Neuroscientist’s Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).
33. Douglas Quenqua, “Rethinking Addiction’s Roots, and Its Treatment,” New York Times, July 10, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/health/11addictions.html.
34. Stanton Peele, “Addiction in Society: Blinded by Biochemistry,” Psychology Today, September 1, 2010 http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201010/addiction-in-society-blinded-biochemistry.
35. Stanton Peele, “Reductionism in the Psychology of the Eighties: Can Biochemistry Eliminate Addiction, Mental Illness, and Pain?” American Psychologist 36:807–818, 1981, http://www.peele.net/lib/reduct.php.
36. Stanton Peele, “You’ve Got Your Nerves in My Depression,” Reason.com, April 30, 2013. Review of Edward Shorter, How Everyone Became Depressed (New York: Oxford, 2013), http://reason.com/archives/2013/04/30/youve-got-your-nerves-in-my-depression.
37. Stanton Peele, “The Search for Mental Illness in the Brain, Part I: The Disappointment of the Human Genome Project,” Huffington Post, May 17, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stanton-peele/obama-brain-initiative_b_3286288.html.
38. Abigail Zuger, “A General in the Drug War,” New York Times, June 13, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/science/14volkow.html.
39. Howard Markel, “The D.S.M. Gets Addiction Right,” New York Times, June 5, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/opinion/the-dsm-gets-addiction-right.html.
40. Ian Urbina, “Addiction Diagnoses May Rise Under Guideline Changes,” New York Times, May 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/us/dsm-revisions-may-sharply-increase-addiction-diagnoses.html.
41. Maia Szalavitz, “Naomi Wolf’s Vagina Aside, What Neuroscience Really Says About Female Desire,” Time, September 18, 2012, http://healthland.time.com/2012/09/18/what-neuroscience-really-says-about-the-vagina-and-female-desire/#ixzz29NoCjxPa.
42. Sam Anderson, “Angry Birds, Farmville and Other Hyperaddictive ‘Stupid Games,’” New York Times Magazine, April 4, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/magazine/angry-birds-farmville-and-other-hyperaddictive-stupid-games.html.
43. Claire Bates, “Why Only Some People Become Addicted to Drugs: Scans of Cocaine Users Reveal Brain Shape Could Be to Blame,” Mail Online, January 18, 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2264596/Why-people-addicted-drugs-Scans-cocaine-users-reveal-shape-brain-blame.html.
44. Fulton Timm Crews and Charlotte Ann Boettiger, “Impulsivity, Frontal Lobes and Risk for Addiction,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 93(3): 237–247, 2009.
45. Joseph LeDoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (New York: Penguin, 2003).
46. Maia Szalavitz, “Siblings Brain Study Sheds Light on Roots of Addiction,” Time, February 3, 2012, http://healthland.time.com/2012/02/03/siblings-brain-study-sheds-light-on-the-roots-of-addiction.
47. Marnia Robinson and Gary Wilson, “Guys Who Gave Up Porn: On Sex and Romance,” Psychology Today Blogs, February 1, 2012, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cupids-poisoned-arrow/201202/guys-who-gave-porn-sex-and-romance.
48. Rachael Rettner, “‘Sex Addiction’ Still Not an Official Disorder,” Livescience, December 6, 2012, http://www.livescience.com/25306-sex-addiction-disorder.html.
49. Maia Szalavitz, “My Name Is John and I Am a Sex Addict (Or Maybe Not),” Time, July 23, 2013, http://healthland.time.com/2013/07/23/my-name-is-john-and-i-am-a-sex-addict-or-maybe-not.
50. Marnia Robinson and Gary Wilson, “Was the Cowardly Lion Just Masturbating Too Much?” Psychology Today Blogs, January. 11, 2010, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cupids-poisoned-arrow/201001/was-the-cowardly-lion-just-masturbating-too-much.
51. Robinson and Wilson, “Guys Who Gave Up Porn: On Sex and Romance.”
52. Alan Leshner, “Addiction Is a Brain Disease, and It Matters,” Science, October 3, 278(5335):45–47, 1997.
54. Marc Lewis, “How I Quit. . . . At Least, How I Think I Quit,” http://www.memoirsofanaddictedbrain.com/connect/how-i-quit-at-least-how-i-think-i-quit.
55. Maia Szalavitz, “Why the Myth of the Meth-Damaged Brain May Hinder Recovery,” Time, November 21, 2011, http://healthland.time.com/2011/11/21/why-the-myth-of-the-meth-damaged-brain-may-hinder-recovery.
56. Vincent J. Felitti, “The Origins of Addiction: Evidence from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.” English version of the article published in Germany as “Ursprünge des Suchtverhaltens—Evidenzen aus einer Studie zu belastenden Kindheitserfahrungen,” Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 52:547–559, 2003, http://www.acestudy.org/files/OriginsofAddiction.pdf.
57. Norman Doidge, The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science (New York: Viking Books, 2007).
58. Stanton Peele, “Dr. Drew, Mindy McCready, and Me,” Psychology Today Blogs, March 15, 2013, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/addiction-in-society/201303/dr-drew-mindy-mccready-and-me.
59. This might be called “free will.” But, of course, today the idea that you direct your behavior and control yourself requires a neurological explanation. This has been provided by the iconoclastic but unimpeachable neurological psychologist, Elkhonon Goldberg, who proposes the brain’s frontal lobes as the executor of your free will. But Recover! is not a treatise in philosophy and neuroscience.
60. Andrew Newburg and Mark Robert Waldman, How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings from a Leading Neuroscientist (New York: Random House, Ballantine, 2010).
61. Kelly McGonigal, Maximum Willpower: How to Master the New Science of Self-Control (New York: Macmillan, 2012).
62. Health-care reform—which is absolutely necessary—coupled with parity legislation dictating that mental and addictive problems receive the same coverage as traditional illnesses will inevitably expand the rehab business. And, in the interests of disclosure, as the developer of a treatment program, I have received insurance payments and may well benefit from these further developments.
63. Thomas Rodgers, “Why Do College Students Love Getting Wasted?” Salon.com, August 28, 2011, http://www.salon.com/2011/08/28/college_drinking_interview.
64. http://www.hazelden.org/web/public/plymouth_mn_substance_abuse_treatment_center_youth.page
65. “Angelina Jolie: Humanitarian,” Time, May 14, 2013, http://entertainment.time.com/2013/05/14/angelina-jolie-humanitarian.
66. “Angelina Jolie Biography,” Scribe Town, December 30, 2011, http://www.scribe-town.com/angelina-jolie-biography.
67. Chris Laxamana, “#050: Dr. Adi Jaffe and Dr. Marc Kern,” DrDrew, May 17, 2013. In this remarkable podcast, Dr. Drew interviews two leading practitioners of harm reduction, including the idea that many former addicts can use substances safely again. Dr. Drew repeatedly asserts that he is “a scientist,” while trying to explain away the reality of the information provided by Drs. Jaffe and Kern, including their own life experiences. http://drdrew.com/050-dr-adi-jaffe-and-dr-marc-kern.
68. NIAAA, “Alcoholism Isn’t What It Used to Be.”
69. Deborah A. Dawson, Bridget F. Grant, Frederick S. Stinson, et al., “Recovery from DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence, United States, 2001–2002,” Addiction 100:281–292, 2005.
70. Bridget F. Grant and Deborah A. Dawson, “Introduction to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Publications, http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29–2/74–78.htm.
71. Effectiveness Bank Bulletin, “Findings,” October 30, 2013, http://findings.org.uk/docs/bulletins/Bull_30_10_13.php. This bulletin incorporated the following three studies: Catalina Lopez-Quintero, Deborah S. Hasin, José Pérez de los Cobos, et al. “Probability and Predictors of Remission from Life-Time Nicotine, Alcohol, Cannabis or Cocaine Dependence: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Addiction 106(3):657–669; Gene Heyman, “Quitting Drugs: Quantitative and Qualitative Features,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9:29–59, 2013; William L. White, Recovery/Remission from Substance Use Disorders: An Analysis of Reported Outcomes in 415 Scientific Reports, 1868–2011 (Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center, Philadelphia Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual Disability Services, and Northeast Addiction Technology Transfer Center, 2012).
72. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “Substance Dependence or Abuse in the Past Year, by Detailed Age Category: Percentages, 2011,” National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Table 5.3B, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2011SummNatFindDetTables/NSDUH-DetTabsPDFWHTML2011/2k11DetailedTabs/Web/HTML/NSDUH-DetTabsSect5peTabs1to56–2011.htm#Tab5.3B.
73. Stanton Peele, “Addiction: The Analgesic Experience,” Human Nature, September, 1978, http://www.peele.net/lib/analgesic.php.
74. Lee M. Robins et al., “Drug Use by U.S. Army Enlisted Men in Vietnam: A Follow-Up on Their Return Home,” American Journal of Epidemiology 99:235–249, 1974.
75. Harold Mulford, one of the great researchers and thinkers in the alcoholism/addiction field, said it first: “Contrary to the traditional clinical view of the alcoholism disease process, progress in the alcoholic process is neither inevitable nor irreversible. Eventually, the balance of natural forces shifts to decelerate progress in the alcoholic process and to accelerate the rehabilitation process.” “Rethinking the Alcohol Problem: A Natural Processes Model,” Journal of Drug Issues 14:38, 1984.
76. William R. Miller, Paula L. Wilbourne, and Jennifer E. Hettema, “What Works? A Summary of Alcohol Treatment Outcome Research,” in Reid K. Hester and William R. Miller, eds., Handbook of Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Effective Alternatives, 3rd ed. (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2003), pp. 13–63.
77. William R. Miller, Allen Zweben, and Bruce Johnson, “Evidence-Based Treatment,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 29:267–276, 2005, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311179.
78. Linda Brown et al., “Participant Perspectives on Mindfulness Meditation Training for Anxiety in Schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 13(3):224–242, 2010, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15487768.2010.501302.
79. Paula DeSanto, Effective Addiction Treatment: The Minnesota Alternative (Minnesota: Minnesota Alternatives, 2012), http://mnalternatives.com/products.
80. Sarah Bowen et al., “Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial,” Substance Abuse 30(4):295–305, 2009. This work is from Alan Marlatt’s group at the University of Washington. This book is dedicated to Alan’s memory.
Chapter 3
1. The HAMS (Harm Reduction for Alcohol) Network, under Kenneth Anderson, has developed valuable materials for assessing and going through withdrawal. HAMS regards the most medically risky withdrawal as occurring with alcohol and benzodiazapines (tranquilizers). “What Is Alcohol Withdrawal?” http://hamsnetwork.org/withdrawal. In the case of alcohol, major withdrawal (delirium tremens, which is marked by hallucinations) is most clearly life threatening, although the mid-level withdrawal Alex underwent is likewise medically challenging. “Less than 50% of alcohol-dependent persons develop any significant withdrawal symptoms that require pharmacologic treatment upon cessation of alcohol intake. The lifetime risk for developing delirium tremens (DTs) among chronic alcoholics is estimated at 5–10%. Only 5% of patients with ethanol withdrawal progress to delirium tremens.” “Delirium Tremens,” Medscape, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166032-overview#a0156. HAMS provides guidance on your likelihood of undergoing withdrawal. “The Odds of Going Through Alcohol Withdrawal,” http://hamsnetwork.org/odds. Whatever these risks, people undergo medically unsupervised alcohol withdrawal all the time. For people doing so, HAMS recommends tapering (drinking lesser amounts to suppress withdrawal—in medical settings, doctors nearly always administer benzodiazapines to accomplish the same purpose). “How To Taper Off Alcohol,” http://hamsnetwork.org/taper. And, of course, people need a backup plan should they begin to show serious withdrawal symptoms.
2. Jane Gross, “Plan to Become an Ex-Smoker for Good,” New York Times, November 12, 2012, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/plan-to-become-an-ex-smoker-for-good.
3. Alan Marlatt and his colleagues have amply demonstrated this. See Mary E. Larimer, Rebekka S. Palmer, and G. Alan Marlatt, “Relapse Prevention: An Overview of Marlatt’s Cognitive-Behavioral Model,” Alcohol Research and Health 23(2):151–60, 1999, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10890810.
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “News Release: A Working Definition of ‘Recovery’ from Mental Disorders and Substance Use Disorders,” December 22, 2011, http://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/advisories/1112223420.aspx.
5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “Recovery Defined—A Unified Working Definition and Set of Principles,” May 20, 2011, http://blog.samhsa.gov/2011/05/20/recovery-defined-a-unified-working-definition-and-set-of-principles.
6. Alex Copello, Jim Orford, Ray Hodgson, and Gillian Tober, Social Behaviour and Network Therapy for Alcohol Problems (London: Routledge, 2009). In a trial, SBNT and motivational enhancement therapy were compared—the treatments had equal efficacy as measured by improved mental health and quality of life, decreased alcohol use and dependence, and fewer secondary problems. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/197/3/251.2.full.
7. Stanton Peele, “The 7 Hardest Addictions to Quit: Love Is the Worst!,” Psychology Today Blogs, December 15, 2008. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/addiction-in-society/200812/the-7-hardest-addictions-quit-love-is-the-worst.
8. Rachel Yoder, “Strung Out on Love and Checked In for Treatment,” New York Times, June 11, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/fashion/sundaystyles/11love.html.
9. Stanton Peele, The Meaning of Addiction (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1985; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998), http://www.peele.net/lib/moa1.php.
10. Pamela Druckerman, Bringing Up Bébé (New York, Penguin, 2012). See review by Susannah Meadows, “Raising the Perfect Child, with Time for Smoke Breaks,” New York Times, February 7, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/books/bringing-up-bebe-a-french-influenced-guide-by-pamela-druckerman.html.
11. Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength (New York: Penguin Books, 2012).
12. Sandra Aamodt and Sam Wang, “Building Self-Control, the American Way,” New York Times, February 17, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/opinion/sunday/building-self-control-the-american-way.html.
13. Kate Taylor, “Council Speaker Recounts Her Struggles with Bulimia and Alcoholism,” New York Times, May 14, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/nyregion/council-speaker-opens-up-about-her-struggles-against-bulimia-and-alcoholism.html.
14. Andrew Goldman, “Billy Joel on Not Working and Not Giving Up Drinking,” New York Times Magazine, May 26, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/magazine/billy-joel-on-not-working-and-not-giving-up-drinking.html.
15. Chris Laxamana, “#050: Dr. Adi Jaffe and Dr. Marc Kern,” DrDrew, May 17, 2013. In this remarkable podcast, Dr. Drew interviews two leading practitioners of harm reduction, including the idea that many former addicts can use substances safely again. Dr. Drew repeatedly asserts that he is “a scientist,” while trying to explain away the reality of the information provided by Drs. Jaffe and Kern, including their own life experiences. http://drdrew.com/050-dr-adi-jaffe-and-dr-marc-kern.
16. Kenneth Anderson, “First Do No Harm,” The Fix, March 27, 2013, http://thefix.com/content/harm-reduction-alcohol-HMAS-moderation-drinking8008.
17. Kenneth Anderson, “Alcohol Harm Reduction Compared to Harm Reduction for Other Drugs,” Presented at the Ninth National Harm Reduction Conference, Portland, OR, November 16, 2012, http://hamsnetwork.org/9th-conference/compared.pdf.
18. Megan McLemore, “A Step Backward for AIDS Prevention,” Huffington Post, August 28, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-mclemore/a-step-backward-for-aids-prevention_b_1831504.html.
19. Harm reduction therapy for even intense drug users has been spearheaded by Patt Denning, Jeannie Little, and Adina Glickman, Over the Influence: The Harm Reduction Guide for Managing Drugs and Alcohol (New York: Guilford, 2004).
20. Nick Heather and Ian Robertson, Controlled Drinking (New York: Routledge, 1984).
Chapter 4
1. Ellen J. Langer, Mindfulness (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 1989).
2. U.C.L.A. Mindful Awareness Center, http://marc.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=19; University of Massachusetts Medical School Center for Mindfulness, http://w3.umassmed.edu/MBSR/public/searchmember.aspx.
3. National Cancer Institute, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph Series #15: Those Who Continue to Smoke (Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 2003), http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/monographs/15/index.html.
4. Sarah Bowen, Neha Chawla, and G. Alan Marlatt, Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: A Clinician’s Guide (New York: Guilford, 2011).
5. Pavel Somov, Eating the Moment: 141 Mindful Practices to Overcome Overeating One Meal at a Time (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2008).
6. Abby Ellin, “Fat and Thin Find Common Ground,” New York Times, October 10, 2013 http://www.well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/can-the-fat-and-thin-just-get-along.
7. Stanton Peele, “Addiction in Society: Blinded by Biochemistry,” Psychology Today, September 1, 2010 http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201010/addiction-in-society-blinded-biochemistry.
8. Sarah Bowen et al., “Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial,” Substance Abuse 30:205–305, 2009.
Chapter 5
1. Maia Szalavitz, “Being Ashamed of Drinking Prompts Relapse, Not Recovery,” Time, February 7, 2013, http://healthland.time.com/2013/02/07/being-ashamed-of-drinking-prompts-relapse-not-recovery.
2. William L. White and William R. Miller, “The Use of Confrontation in Addiction Treatment: History, Science and Time for Change,” Counselor 8(4): 12–30, 2007.
3. Alcoholics Anonymous World Organization, Step One: “We admitted we were powerless over alcohol.” New York: AA World Services, www.aa.org/twelveandtwelve/en_pdfs/en_step1.pdf.
4. National Center for Mental Health Checkups, Columbia University, Teens and Eating Disorders (New York: Columbia University, 2013), http://www.teenscreen.org/resources/eating-disorders.
5. Ken Anderson, “First Do No Harm,” The Fix, March 27, 2013, http://thefix.com/content/harm-reduction-alcohol-HMAS-moderation-drinking8008.
6. James Robert Milam and Katherine Ketchum, Under the Influence (New York: Bantam, 1981).
7. Bob Egelko, “Appeals Court Says Requirement to Attend AA Unconstitutional,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 7, 2007, http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Appeals-court-says-requirement-to-attend-AA-2542005.php#ixzz2UKKobB00.
8. Helen Y. Yang, Andrew S. Fox, Alexander J. Shackman et al., “Compassion Training Alters Altruism and Neural Responses to Suffering,” Psychological Science, May 21, 2013, http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/20/0956797612469537.abstract.
9. Kelly McGonigal, The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do to Get More of It (New York: Penguin, 2012).
10. Alex Witchel, “How Jeannette Walls Spins Good Stories Out of Bad Memories,” New York Times, May 24, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/magazine/how-jeannette-walls-spins-good-stories-out-of-bad-memories.html.
1. Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength (New York: Penguin Books, 2012). The book is filled with complicated brain, neurochemical, and evolutionary psychology analyses—indeed, the book stands as an illustration of how speculative and unhelpful such notions are when applied to a common-sense idea.
2. James O. Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente, The Transtheoretical Approach: Towards a Systematic Eclectic Framework (Homewood, IL: Dow Jones Irwin, 1984).
Chapter 7
1. G. Alan Marlatt and Dennis M. Donovan, Relapse Prevention, Second Edition: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors (New York: Guilford, 2005).
2. Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength (New York: Penguin Books, 2012).
3. John Tierney, “Why You Won’t Be the Person You Expect to Be,” New York Times, January 3, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/science/study-in-science-shows-end-of-history-illusion.html.
4. Alex Copello, Jim Orford, Ray Hodgson et al., “Social Behaviour and Network Therapy: Basic Principles and Early Experience,” Addictive Behaviors 27(3):345–366, 2002.
5. In the interest of a spouse or loved one’s not only getting out of the way, but being a support for overcoming addiction, PERFECT opposes current 12-step thinking. AA and its derivatives have complex differences in how they view spouses of alcoholics. Alanon is a group for spouses (nearly always meaning wives) of alcoholics that is famous for telling members it’s the alcoholic’s problem and the wife’s only chance to survive is by understanding that her husband is diseased. “You can’t control your alcoholic spouse” is the Alanon mantra. “Don’t try.” By Alanon’s lights, William should leave Sabrina to her own devices (meaning she had better go to AA) and look out for himself. More recently, however, has come the idea of codependence (distantly related to the idea of love addiction I have developed). Codependents—again, usually women—have a disease just like the alcoholic or drug addict—only the object of their disease is the addicted person. In codependence terms, Sabrina and William have equivalent, supporting diseases against which each of them must struggle by working the 12 steps!
6. The indexes for both Tools and Truth list a number of places where the community reinforcement approach (CRA)—including reciprocity marital counseling—is discussed.
7. Pavel Somov, Present Perfect: A Mindfulness Approach to Letting Go of Perfectionism and the Need for Control (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2010).
8. Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Picador, 2003).
9. Warren St. John, “Sorrow So Sweet,” New York Times, August 24, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/08/24/arts/sorrow-so-sweet-a-guilty-pleasure-in-another-s-woe.html.
10. William L. White and William R. Miller, “The Use of Confrontation in Addiction Treatment: History, Science and Time for Change,” Counselor 8(4):12–30, 2007.
11. Maia Szalavitz, Help at Any Cost: How the Troubled-Teen Industry Cons Parents and Hurts Kids (New York: Riverhead, 2006).
12. Robert J. Meyers and Brenda L. Wolfe, Get Your Loved One Sober: Alternatives to Nagging, Pleading, and Threatening (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2004).
13. Maia Szalavitz, “Is Dr. Drew Too Dangerous for Prime Time?” The Fix, February 25, 2012, http://www.salon.com/2013/02/25/is_dr_drew_too_dangerous_for_prime_time.
14. Stanton Peele and Alan Cudmore, “Intervene This,” Huffington Post, January 23, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stanton-peele/addiction-intervention_b_1220753.html.
15. William R. Miller, Robert J. Meyers, and J. Scott Tonigan, “Engaging the Unmotivated in Treatment for Alcohol Problems: A Comparison of Three Strategies for Intervention Through Family Members,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67: 688–97, 1999.
16. William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing, Third Edition: Helping People Change (New York: Guilford Press, 2013).
Chapter 8
1. Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength (New York: Penguin Books, 2012).
2. The best book about assessing potential addiction treatment facilities and therapists is Anne M. Fletcher, Inside Rehab: The Surprising Truth About Addiction Treatment—And How to Get Help That Works (New York: Viking, 2013).
3. G. Alan Marlatt, ed., Harm Reduction: Pragmatic Strategies for Managing High-Risk Behaviors, 2nd ed. (New York: Guilford, 1998).
4. Stanton Peele and Bruce K. Alexander, “Theories of Addiction,” in Stanton Peele, The Meaning of Addiction, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998), pp. 47–72; http://lifeprocessprogram.com/the-meaning-of-addiction-3-theories-of-addiction.
5. Sarah Bowen, Neha Chawla, and G. Alan Marlatt, Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: A Clinician’s Guide (New York: Guilford, 2011).
6. There are now many books and programs on this topic. See Thich Nht Hanh and Lilian Cheung, Savor: Mindful Eating, Mindful Life (New York: Harper, 2011).
1. Maia Szalavitz, “Being Ashamed of Drinking Prompts Relapse, Not Recovery,” Time, February 7, 2013, http://healthland.time.com/2013/02/07/being-ashamed-of-drinking-prompts-relapse-not-recovery.