Introduction
1. “IDC-Facebook Always Connected.pdf,” File Shared from Box (accessed Dec. 19, 2013), https://fb-public.app.box.com/s/3iq5x6uwnqtq7ki4q8wk.
2. “Survey Finds One-Third of Americans More Willing to Give Up Sex Than Their Mobile Phones,” TeleNav (accessed Dec. 19, 2013), http://www.telenav.com/about/pr-summer-travel/report-20110803.html.
3. Antti Oulasvirta, Tye Rattenbury, Lingyi Ma, and Eeva Raita, “Habits Make Smartphone Use More Pervasive,” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 16, no. 1 (Jan. 2012): 105–14, doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2.
4. Dusan Belic, “Tomi Ahonen: Average Users Looks at Their Phone 150 Times a Day!” IntoMobile (accessed Dec. 19, 2013), http://www.intomobile.com/2012/02/09/tomi-ahonen-average-users-looks-their-phone-150-times-day.
5. E. Morsella, J. A. Bargh, P. M. Gollwitzer, eds., Oxford Handbook of Human Action (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
6. For purposes of this book, I use the definition of habit formation as the process of learning new behaviors through repetition until they become automatic. I am grateful to Dr. Stephen Wendel for pointing out the spectrum of habits. For a framework describing other automatic behaviors, see: John A. Bargh, “The Four Horsemen of Automaticity: Awareness, Intention, Efficiency, and Control in Social Cognition.” Handbook of Social Cognition, vol. 1: Basic Processes; vol. 2: Applications (2nd ed.), eds. R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1994), 1–40.
7. Bas Verplanken and Wendy Wood, “Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits,” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 25, no. 1 (March 2006): 90–103, doi:10.1509/jppm.25.1.90.
8. W. Wood and D. T. Neal, “A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface,” Psychological Review 114, no. 4 (2007): 843–63.
9. “Pinterest,” Crunchbase, June 25, 2014. http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/pinterest.
10. “What Causes Behavior Change?” B. J. Fogg’s Behavior Model (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.behaviormodel.org.
11. “Robert Sapolsky: Are Humans Just Another Primate?” FORA.tv (accessed Dec. 19, 2013), http://fora.tv/2011/02/15/Robert_Sapolsky_Are_Humans_Just_Another_Primate.
12. Damien Brevers and Xavier Noël, “Pathological Gambling and the Loss of Willpower: A Neurocognitive Perspective,” Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 3, no. 2 (Sept. 2013), doi:10.3402/snp.v3i0.21592.
13. Paul Graham, “The Acceleration of Addictiveness,” (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.paulgraham.com/addiction.html.
14. Night of the Living Dead, IMDb, (accessed June 25, 2014), http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063350.
15. Richard H. Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein, and John P. Balz, “Choice Architecture” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY), Social Science Research Network (April 2, 2010), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1583509.
Chapter 1: The Habit Zone
1. Wendy Wood, Jeffrey M. Quinn, and Deborah A. Kashy, “Habits in Everyday Life: Thought, Emotion, and Action,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, no. 6 (Dec. 2002): 1281–97.
2. Henry H. and Barbara J. Knowlton, “The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Habit Formation,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, no. 6 (June 2006): 464–76, doi:10.1038/nrn1919.
3. A. Dickinson and B. Balleine, “The Role of Learning in the Operation of Motivational Systems,” in C. R. Gallistel (ed.), Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Motivation, and Emotion (New York: Wiley and Sons, 2002), 497–534.
4. “Notes from 2005 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting,” Tilson Funds (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.tilsonfunds.com/brkmtg05notes.pdf.
5. “Charlie Munger: Turning $2 Million Into $2 Trillion,” Mungerisms (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://mungerisms.blogspot.com/2010/04/charlie-munger-turning-2-million-into-2.html.
6. “Candy Crush: So Popular It’s Killing King’s IPO?” Yahoo Finance (accessed Dec. 16, 2013), http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/candy-crush-so-popular-it-s-smashing-interest-in-an-ipo-160523940.html.
7. Stephen Shankland, “Evernote: ‘The Longer You Use It, the More Likely You Are to Pay,’” CNET (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-57339139-264/evernote-the-longer-you-use-it-the-more-likely-you-are-to-pay.
8. David H. Freedman, “Evernote: 2011 Company of the Year,” Inc. (accessed Nov. 14, 2013), http://www.inc.com/magazine/201112/evernote-2011-company-of-the-year.html.
9. David Skok, “Lessons Learned—Viral Marketing,” For Entrepreneurs (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.forentrepreneurs.com/lessons-learnt-viral-marketing.
10. John T. Gourville, “Eager Sellers and Stony Buyers: Understanding the Psychology of New-Product Adoption,” Harvard Business Review (accessed Nov, 12, 2013), http://hbr.org/product/eager-sellers-and-stony-buyers-understanding-the-p/an/R0606F-PDF-ENG.
11. Cecil Adams, “Was the QWERTY Keyboard Purposely Designed to Slow Typists?,” Straight Dope (Oct. 30, 1981), http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/221/was-the-qwerty-keyboard-purposely-designed-to-slow-typists.
12. Mark E. Bouton, “Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction,” Learning & Memory 11, no. 5 (Sept. 2004): 485–94, doi:10.1101/lm.78804.
13. Ari P. Kirshenbaum, Darlene M. Olsen, and Warren K. Bickel, “A Quantitative Review of the Ubiquitous Relapse Curve,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 36, no. 1 (Jan. 2009): 8–17, doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.04.001.
14. Robert W. Jeffery, Leonard H. Epstein, G. Terrence Wilson, Adam Drewnowski, Albert J. Stunkard, and Rena R. Wing, “Long-term Maintenance of Weight Loss: Current Status,” Health Psychology 19, no. 1, (2000): 5–16, doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.Suppl1.5.
15. Charles Duhigg, The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business (New York: Random House, 2012), 20.
16. G. Judah, B. Gardner, and R. Aunger, “Forming a Flossing Habit: An Exploratory Study of the Psychological Determinants of Habit Formation,” British Journal of Health Psychology 18 (2013): 338–53.
17. Matt Wallaert, “Bing Your Brain: Test, Then Test Again,” Bing Blogs (accessed Dec. 16, 2013), http://www.bing.com/blogs/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2013/02/06/bing-your-brain-test-then-test-again.aspx.
18. “comScore Releases September 2013 U.S. Search Engine Rankings.” comScore, Inc. (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2013/10/comScore_Releases_September_2013_US_Search_Engine_Rankings.
19. Amazon Product Ads, Amazon.com (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://services.amazon.com/content/product-ads-on-amazon.htm/ref=as_left_pads_apa1#!how-it-works.
20. Valerie Trifts and Gerald Häubl, “Information Availability and Consumer Preference: Can Online Retailers Benefit from Providing Access to Competitor Price Information?,” Journal of Consumer Psychology 2003, 149–59.
21. Nick Wingfield, “More Retailers at Risk of Amazon ‘Showrooming,’” Bits blog (accessed Dec. 16, 2013), http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/27/more-retailers-at-risk-of-amazon-showrooming/.
22. Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2013).
23. Phillipa Lally, Cornelia H. M. van Jaarsveld, Henry W. W. Potts, and Jane Wardle, “How Are Habits Formed: Modelling Habit Formation in the Real World,” European Journal of Social Psychology 40, no. 6 (2010): 998–1009, doi:10.1002/ejsp.674.
24. Paul A. Offit, “Don’t Take Your Vitamins,” New York Times (June 8, 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/opinion/sunday/dont-take-your-vitamins.html.
Chapter 2: Trigger
1. Accessed Nov. 12, 2013, http://instagram.com/press.
2. Somini Perlroth, Nicole Sengupta, and Jenna Wortham, “Instagram Founders Were Helped by Bay Area Connections,” New York Times (April 13, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/technology/instagram-founders-were-helped-by-bay-area-connections.html.
3. “Twitter ‘Tried to Buy Instagram before Facebook.’” Telegraph (April 16, 2012), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/9206312/Twitter-tried-to-buy-Instagram-before-Facebook.html.
4. Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice (New York: Ecco, 2004).
5. Blake Masters, “Peter Thiel’s CS183: Startup—Class 2 Notes Essay,” Blake Masters (April 6, 2012), http://blakemasters.com/post/20582845717/peter-thiels-cs183-startup-class-2-notes-essay.
6. R. Kotikalapudi, S. Chellappan, F. Montgomery, D. Wunsch, and K. Lutzen, “Associating Internet Usage with Depressive Behavior Among College Students,” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 31, no. 4 (2012): 73–80, doi:10.1109/MTS.2012.2225462.
7. Sriram Chellappan and Raghavendra Kotikalapudi, “How Depressed People Use the Internet,” New York Times (June 15, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/opinion/sunday/how-depressed-people-use-the-internet.html.
8. Ryan Tate, “Twitter Founder Reveals Secret Formula for Getting Rich Online,” Wired (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.wired.com/business/2013/09/ev-williams-xoxo.
9. Erika Hall, “How the ‘Failure’ Culture of Startups Is Killing Innovation,” Wired (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/09/why-do-research-when-you-can-fail-fast-pivot-and-act-out-other-popular-startup-cliches.
10. “The Power of User Narratives: Jack Dorsey (Square),” video, Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders Lecture (Stanford University, 2011), http://ecorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?mid=2644.
11. Eric Ries, “What Is Customer Development?,” Startup Lessons Learned (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.startuplessonslearned.com/2008/11/what-is-customer-development.html.
12. Rich Crandall, “Empathy Map,” the K12 Lab Wiki (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), https://dschool.stanford.edu/groups/k12/wiki/3d994/Empathy_Map.html.
13. Taiichi Ohno, Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-scale Production (Portland, OR: Productivity Press, 1988).
14. For more on the need for social belonging, see: Susan T. Fiske, Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology (Hoboken: Wiley, 2010).
Chapter 3: Action
1. “What Causes Behavior Change?,” B. J. Fogg’s Behavior Model (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://behaviormodel.org.
2. Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, “Self-determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health,” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49, no. 3 (2008): 182–85, doi:10.1037/a0012801.
3. Barack Obama “Hope” poster, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, November 5, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster&oldid=579742540.
4. Denis J. Hauptly, Something Really New: Three Simple Steps to Creating Truly Innovative Products (New York: AMACOM, 2007).
5. Ingrid Lunden, “Analyst: Twitter Passed 500M Users in June 2012, 140M of Them in US; Jakarta ‘Biggest Tweeting’ City,” TechCrunch (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/30/analyst-twitter-passed-500m-users-in-june-2012-140m-of-them-in-us-jakarta-biggest-tweeting-city.
6. “What Causes Behavior Change?,” B. J. Fogg’s Behavior Model (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.behaviormodel.org.
7. Leena Rao, “Twitter Seeing 90 Million Tweets Per Day, 25 Percent Contain Links,” TechCrunch (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/14/twitter-seeing-90-million-tweets-per-day.
8. Stephen Worchel, Jerry Lee, and Akanbi Adewole, “Effects of Supply and Demand on Ratings of Object Value,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32, no. 5 (1975): 906–14, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.906.
9. Gene Weingarten, “Pearls Before Breakfast,” Washington Post (April 8, 2007), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040401721.html.
10. Hilke Plassmann, John O’Doherty, Baba Shiv, and Antonio Rangel, “Marketing Actions Can Modulate Neural Representations of Experienced Pleasantness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 3 (Jan. 2008): 1050–54, doi:10.1073/pnas.0706929105.
11. Joseph Nunes and Xavier Dreze, “The Endowed Progress Effect: How Artificial Advancement Increases Effort” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, New York), Social Science Research Network (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=991962.
12. “List of Cognitive Biases,” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (accessed November 12, 2013), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases.
13. Stephen P. Anderson, Seductive Interaction Design: Creating Playful, Fun, and Effective User Experiences (Berkeley: New Riders, 2011).
Chapter 4: Variable Reward
1. J. Olds and P. Milner, “Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of the septal area and other regions of rat brain,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 47 (1954), 419–27.
2. Brian Knutson, G. Elliott Wimmer, Camelia M. Kuhnen, and Piotr Winkielman, “Nucleus Accumbens Activation Mediates the Influence of Reward Cues on Financial Risk Taking,” Neuroreport 19, no. 5 (March 2008): 509–13, doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f85c01.
3. V. S. Ramachandran, A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Impostor Poodles to Purple Numbers (New York: Pi Press, 2004).
4. Mathias Pessiglione, Ben Seymour, Guillaume Flandin, Raymond J. Dolan, and Chris D. Frith, “Dopamine-Dependent Prediction Errors Underpin Reward-Seeking Behaviour in Humans,” Nature 442, no. 7106 (Aug. 2006): 1042–45, doi:10.1038/nature05051.
5. Charles B. Ferster and B. F. Skinner, Schedules of Reinforcement (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957).
6. G. S. Berns, S. M. McClure, G. Pagnoni, and P. R. Montague, “Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward,” Journal of Neuroscience 21, no. 8 (April 2001): 2793–98.
7. L. Aharon, N. Etcoff, D. Ariely, C. F. Habris, et al., “Beautiful Faces Have Variable Reward Value: fMRI and Behavioral Evidence,” Neuron 32, no. 3 (Nov. 2001): 537–551.
8. A. Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986).
9. A. Bandura, Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Self-Control (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1997).
10. “Why Humanizing Players and Developers Is Crucial for League of Legends” (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/36847/Why_Humanizing_Players_And_Developers_Is_Crucial_For_League_of_Legends.php.
11. Christian Nutt, “League of Legends: Changing Bad Player Behavior with Neuroscience,” Gamasutra (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/178650/League_of_Legends_Changing_bad_player_behavior_with_neuroscience.php#.URj5SVpdccs.
12. Katharine Milton, “A Hypothesis to Explain the Role of Meat-Eating in Human Evolution,” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 8, no. 1 (1999): 11–21, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:1<11::AID-EVAN6>3.0.CO;2-M.
13. Alok Jha, “Stone Me! Spears Show Early Human Species Was Sharper Than We Thought,” Guardian (Nov. 15, 2012), http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/15/stone-spear-early-human-species.
14. Robin McKie, “Humans Hunted for Meat 2 Million Years Ago,” Guardian (Sept. 22, 2012), http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/sep/23/human-hunting-evolution-2million-years.
15. Daniel Lieberman, “The Barefoot Professor: By Nature Video” (2010), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jrnj-7YKZE.
16. Gary Rivlin, “Slot Machines for the Young and Active,” New York Times (Dec. 10, 2007), http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/business/10slots.html.
17. Kara Swisher and Liz Gannes, “Pinterest Does Another Massive Funding—$225 Million at $3.8 Billion Valuation (Confirmed),” All Things Digital (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://allthingsd.com/20131023/pinterest-does-another-massive-funding-225-million-at-3-8-billion-valuation.
18. B. Zeigarnik, “Uber das Behalten yon erledigten und underledigten Handlungen.” Psychologische Forschung 9 (1927): 1–85.
19. Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, “Self-determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health,” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49, no. 3 (2008): 182–85, doi:10.1037/a0012801.
20. Alexia Tsotsis and Leena Rao, “Mailbox Cost Dropbox Around $100 Million,” TechCrunch (accessed Nov. 29, 2013), http://techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/mailbox-cost-dropbox-around-100-million.
21. Quantcast audience profile for mahalo.com (according to Jason Calcanis), Quantcast.com (accessed June 19, 2010), https://www.quantcast.com/mahalo.com.
22. Graham Cluley, “Creepy Quora Erodes Users’ Privacy, Reveals What You Have Read,” Naked Security (accessed Dec. 1, 2013), http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2012/08/09/creepy-quora-erodes-users-privacy-reveals-what-you-have-read.
23. Sandra Liu Huang, “Removing Feed Stories About Views,” Quora (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.quora.com/permalink/gG922bywy.
24. Christopher J. Carpenter, “A Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of the ‘But You Are Free’ Compliance-Gaining Technique,” Communication Studies 64, no. 1 (2013): 6–17, doi:10.1080/10510974.2012.727941.
25. Juho Hamari, “Social Aspects Play an Important Role in Gamification,” Gamification Research Network (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://gamification-research.org/2013/07/social-aspects.
26. Josef Adalian, “Breaking Bad Returns to Its Biggest Ratings Ever,” Vulture (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/breaking-bad-returns-to-its-biggest-ratings-ever.html.
27. Mike Janela, “Breaking Bad Cooks up Record-breaking Formula for Guinness World Records 2014 Edition,” Guinness World Records (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/9/breaking-bad-cooks-up-record-breaking-formula-for-guinness-world-records-2014-edition-51000.
28. Geoff F. Kaufman and Lisa K. Libby, “Changing Beliefs and Behavior through Experience-Taking,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 1 (July 2012): 1–19, doi:10.1037/a0027525.
29. C. J. Arlotta, “CityVille Tops FarmVille’s Highest Peak of Monthly Users,” SocialTimes (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://socialtimes.com/cityville-tops-farmvilles-highest-peak-of-monthly-users_b33272.
30. Zynga, Inc., Form 10-K Annual Report, 2011 (San Francisco: filed Feb. 28, 2012), http://investor.zynga.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-12-85761&CIK=1439404.
31. Luke Karmali, “Mists of Pandaria Pushes Warcraft Subs over 10 Million,” IGN (Oct. 4, 2012), http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/10/04/mists-of-pandaria-pushes-warcraft-subs-over-10-million.
Chapter 5: Investment
1. “Taiwan Teen Dies After Gaming for 40 Hours,” The Australian (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/taiwan-teen-dies-after-gaming-for-40-hours/story-fn3dxix6-1226428437223.
2. James Gregory Lord, The Raising of Money: 35 Essentials Trustees Are Using to Make a Difference (Seattle: New Futures Press, 2010).
3. Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (New York: HarperCollins, 2007).
4. Michael I. Norton, Daniel Mochon, and Dan Ariely, The “IKEA Effect”: When Labor Leads to Love (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY), Social Science Research Network. (March 4, 2011), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1777100.
5. J. L. Freedman and S. C. Fraser, “Compliance Without Pressure: The Foot-in-the-Door Technique,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4, no. 2 (1966): 196–202.
6. “Jesse Schell @ DICE2010 (Part 2),” (2010), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPfaSxU6jyY.
7. B. J. Fogg and C. Nass, “How Users Reciprocate to Computers: An Experiment That Demonstrates Behavior Change,” in Proceedings of CHI (ACM Press, 1997), 331–32.
8. Jonathan Libov, “On Bloomberg: ‘You could code Twitter in a day. Then you’d just need to build the network and infrastructure.’ Didn’t know it was so easy!,” Twitter, @libovness (Nov. 7, 2013), https://twitter.com/libovness/status/398451464907259904.
9. Andrew Min, “First Impressions Matter! 2690 of Apps Downloaded in 2010 were used Just Once,” Localytics (accessed July 23, 2014), http://www.localytics.com/blog/2011/first-impressions-matter-26-percent-of-apps-downloaded-used-just-once.
10. Peter Farago, “App Engagement: The Matrix Reloaded,” Flurry (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://blog.flurry.com/bid/90743/App-Engagement-The-Matrix-Reloaded.
11. Anthony Ha, “Tinder’s Sean Rad Hints at a Future Beyond Dating, Says the App Sees 350M Swipes a Day,” TechCrunch (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/29/sean-rad-disrupt.
12. Stuart Dredge, “Snapchat: Self-destructing Messaging App Raises $60M in Funding,” Guardian (June 25, 2013), http://www.theguardian.com/technology/appsblog/2013/jun/25/snapchat-app-self-destructing-messaging.
13. Kara Swisher and Liz Gannes, “Pinterest Does Another Massive Funding—$225 Million at $3.8 Billion Valuation (Confirmed),” All Things Digital (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://allthingsd.com/20131023/pinterest-does-another-massive-funding-225-million-at-3-8-billion-valuation/.
Chapter 6: What Are You Going to Do with This?
1. For further thoughts on the morality of designing behavior, see: Richard H. Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein, and John P. Balz, “Choice Architecture” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, New York), Social Science Research Network, (April 2, 2010), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1583509.
2. Charlie White, “Survey: Cellphones vs. Sex—Which Wins?,” Mashable (accessed), http://mashable.com/2011/08/03/telenav-cellphone-infographic.
3. Ian Bogost, “The Cigarette of This Century,” Atlantic (June 6, 2012), http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/06/the-cigarette-of-this-century/258092/.
4. David H. Freedman, “The Perfected Self,” Atlantic (June 2012), http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/06/the-perfected-self/308970/.
5. Paul Graham,“The Acceleration of Addictiveness,” Paul Graham (July 2010; accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.paulgraham.com/addiction.html.
6. Gary Bunker, “The Ethical Line in User Experience Research,” mUmBRELLA (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://mumbrella.com.au/the-ethical-line-in-user-experience-research-163114.
7. Chris Nodder, “How Deceptive Is Your Persuasive Design?” UX Magazine (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), https://uxmag.com/articles/how-deceptive-is-your-persuasive-design.
8. “Nurturing Self-help Among Kenyan Farmers,” GSB in Brief (accessed Dec. 1, 2013), http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0911/ss-kenyan.html.
9. David Stewart, Demystifying Slot Machines and Their Impact in the United States, American Gaming Association (May 26, 2010), http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/whitepapers/demystifying_slot_machines_and_their_impact.pdf.
10. Michael Shermer, “How We Opt Out of Overoptimism: Our Habit of Ignoring What Is Real Is a Double-Edged Sword,” Scientific American (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=opting-out-of-overoptimism.
11. Jason Tanz, “The Curse of Cow Clicker: How a Cheeky Satire Became a Videogame Hit,” Wired (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/12/ff_cowclicker.
12. Ian Bogost, “Cowpocalypse Now: The Cows Have Been Raptured,” Bogost.com (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://www.bogost.com/blog/cowpocalypse_now.shtml
Chapter 7: Case Study: The Bible App
1. “On Fifth Anniversary of Apple iTunes Store, YouVersion Bible App Reaches 100 Million Downloads: First-Ever Survey Shows How App Is Truly Changing Bible Engagement,” PRWeb (July 8, 2013), http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/7/prweb10905595.htm.
2. Alexia Tsotsis,“Snapchat Snaps Up a $80M Series B Led by IVP at an $800M Valuation,” TechCrunch (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://techcrunch.com/2013/06/22/source-snapchat-snaps-up-80m-from-ivp-at-a-800m-valuation.
3. YouVersion infographics (accessed Nov. 13, 2013), http://blog.youversion.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/themobilebible1.jpg.
4. Henry Alford, “If I Do Humblebrag So Myself,” New York Times (Nov. 30, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/fashion/bah-humblebrag-the-unfortunate-rise-of-false-humility.html.
5. Diana I. Tamir and Jason P. Mitchell, “Disclosing Information About the Self Is Intrinsically Rewarding,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (May 7, 2012): 201202129, doi:10.1073/pnas.1202129109.
Chapter 8: Habit Testing and Where to Look for Habit-Forming Opportunities
1. Mattan Griffel, “Discovering Your Aha! Moment,” GrowHack (Dec. 4, 2012), http://www.growhack.com/2012/12/04/discovering-your-aha-moment.
2. Paul Graham, “Schlep Blindness,” Paul Graham (Jan. 2012), http://paulgraham.com/schlep.html.
3. Joel Gascoigne, “Buffer October Update: $2,388,000 Annual Revenue Run Rate, 1,123,000 Users,” Buffer (Nov. 7, 2013), http://open.bufferapp.com/buffer-october-update-2388000-run-rate-1123000-users.
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