INDEX

• Abbott, Robert, 48, 49, 317 (n. 50)
• Affirmative action, 21, 172, 211–12, 298–99, 305 (n. 36)
• Afonso Arinos Law of 1951, 177–78, 179, 239, 297
• Afoxés, 282–83
• A Frente Negra, 146–47, 328 (n. 139)
• Africa, 65, 230–32, 272–73
  • anthropology and, 66, 189, 220;
  • black Brazilian citizenship and, 272–81, 282, 295;
  • black press and, 46, 64–67, 188, 198, 220–21, 311–12 (n. 85);
  • Brazilian foreign policy and, 201, 236–42, 243, 251–54, 256, 257;
  • Brazilian leftists and, 270–71, 292, 347–48 (n. 79), 348 (n. 82);
  • Brazilian racial democracy and, 201, 233–36, 239, 241, 242, 287–89, 351 (n. 151);
  • Candomblé, ties with, 122–24, 150, 223, 224–28, 229, 242, 341 (n. 80);
  • decolonization, and black Brazilian discussions of, 233–36, 244, 246, 261–66, 284, 285, 295;
  • rejection of by black Paulistanos, 58, 65, 103, 107, 139–40, 141–42, 149–50, 187, 188, 189, 208, 220, 234
• African Americans. See São Paulo—black press of; United States
• African Embassy (carnival group), 118, 224–25
• Afro-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce, 251, 349 (n. 108)
• Afro-Brazilian Congresses (1934 and 1937), 125, 188, 191, 212
• Afro-Brazilian religions, 20, 31, 125, 127, 212
  • anthropology and, 182, 184;
  • rejection of by black Paulistanos, 141–42, 189. See also Candomblé; Salvador da Bahia
• Aguiar, Jayme de, 92, 165, 192, 290, 309 (n. 51)
  • Clarim d'Alvorada and, 35, 58, 59, 67, 89, 90, 91
• Akinpelu, Akinkunmi Oladepo, 240–41
• Albuquerque, Lucílio de, 145
• Alfinete (Pin), 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 309 (n. 46)
• Aliança Nacional Libertadora (ANL, or National Liberation Alliance), 136–37
• Alves, Castelo, 141
• Alves, Castro, 147
• Alves, Sebastião Rodrigues, 163, 219
• Alvorada (Dawn), 176, 184, 202, 337 (n. 147)
  • African American news and, 188–89, 336–37 (n. 131);
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 186;
  • politics and, 166, 168–69;
  • return of democracy in 1945 and, 151, 157, 169, 170
• Amado, Gilberto, 44
• Amado, Jorge, 113, 227, 243, 252
• Amaral, Raul Joviano do, 155, 156, 157, 184–85, 202, 203–4, 206, 290
• Andrews, George Reid, 25
• Angola, 140, 234, 251, 252, 270, 287, 288, 347–48 (n. 79)
• Anjos, Ascendino Bispo dos, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149
• Anthropology, 112, 182, 203, 204, 236
  • Africa and, 66, 189, 220;
  • Africanness of Salvador da Bahia and, 113, 116, 119, 121–22, 124–25, 147, 153;
  • Candomblé and, 119, 121, 122, 124, 126–27, 149, 223, 229;
  • indigenous people and, 11;
  • racial mixture and, 26–27, 78;
  • turning Afro-Brazilians into objects, 184, 187–88, 190–91, 193, 218
• Anti-Semitism, 134, 136, 174
• Argentina, 163, 251
• Arinos de Melo Franco, Afonso, 177, 239
• Associação Cultural do Negro (ACN, Black People's Cultural Association), 234, 249, 289
• Associação dos Homens de Cor, 293
• Associação do Negro Brasileiro (ANB, Association of Black Brazilians), 156–57, 167, 234
• Associação José do Patrocínio, 155, 167
• Assumpção, Maxwel de, 147, 149
• Athayde, Austregésilo de, 180, 184, 186–87
• Azevedo, Thales de, 148, 204, 224
• “Back to Africa” movement, 65
• Bahia. See Salvador da Bahia
• Bahianas, 116, 127
• Baker, Josephine, 128
• Baluarte (Bulwark), 24, 26, 29, 33, 36, 38, 45, 46, 170, 310 (n. 54)
• Bananére, Juó, 63
• Bandeirante (newspaper), 39, 40, 44, 309 (nn. 39, 47), 311 (n. 80)
• Bandeirantes, 39, 128, 138, 208–9
• Bandung Conference, 230, 257
• Bantu culture, 121, 127
• Baptista, Álvaro, 43, 44
• Barbosa, Aristides, 136, 157, 165, 168
• Barros, Adhemar de, 168
• Bastide, Roger, 178–79, 184, 192, 224, 335 (n. 97), 337 (n. 147)
• Bastos, Luiz, 190
• Batista, Mercedes, 221
• Benin, 123, 224, 242
• Berriel, Maria Maia, 257
• Bevilacqua, Clóvis, 50
• Bezerra, Andrade, 42, 44, 49
• Bilac, Olavo, 82–83
• Black Bahia, 284
• Black Brazilian Congress of 1950, 181, 191, 193, 215, 217, 218–19, 337 (n. 142)
• Black Brazilian National Convention of 1945, 164, 186, 205, 334 (n. 88);
• “Manifesto to the Brazilian Nation,” 172, 173, 174, 211, 212, 333 (n. 73)
• “Black Mother.” See Mãe Preta figure
• Black Movement. See Movimento Negro
• Black National Conference of 1949, 214, 221
• Black National Convention. See Black Brazilian National Convention of 1945
• Black press. See Rio de Janeiro—black press of; São Paulo—black press of
• “Black Rio,” 275–76, 284
• Blocos afro, 283, 284–87, 291
• Boas, Franz, 112, 322 (n. 4)
• Boletim do IPCN, 272, 273, 277, 280, 350 (n. 116)
• Bomfim, Martiniano do, 123, 124, 125, 127
• Booker (writer in Clarim d'Alvorada), 104
• Botucatu, 98
• Braga, Cincinnato, 42, 49
• Brasília, 2, 199, 244, 295, 297
• Brasilidade, 110–11, 122, 128, 129, 234
• Brazil: Africa, ties with during 1960s, 236–42, 243, 244, 251, 256, 257, 343 (nn. 115, 123, 125–26)
  • Africa, ties with during 1970s and 1980s, 14, 251–54, 257, 278, 287–89;
  • African influence on culture of, 14, 103–4, 252–54, 262–63, 346 (n. 46);
  • banning African Americans from settlement in, 42–44, 48, 49–51, 52–53, 65, 312 (nn. 92–93);
  • colonial period, 6–7, 18, 39, 134–35, 208–9, 274, 339 (n. 31);
  • Constitution of 1824, 8;
  • Constitution of 1891, 12, 24–25, 42, 120;
  • Constitution of 1946, 154, 166;
  • Constitution of 1988, 297;
  • economic development, 199–200, 258, 283, 284;
  • Estado Novo, 143, 150, 152, 153, 154–57, 163–64, 170, 190, 269, 329 (nn. 1, 13);
  • European immigrants in, 25, 27, 42;
  • First Republic, 10, 12, 23, 24–25, 28, 30, 41, 69–70, 79, 110, 122, 170, 208, 306 (n. 4), 311 (n. 71);
  • ideal of fraternity between blacks and whites and, 42–44, 48, 50, 53, 60–62, 69–70, 71, 73–74, 77, 138–39, 174, 327 (n. 110);
  • military dictatorship, 13, 243, 244, 245, 248–49, 253, 294, 300;
  • national identity as including blacks, 19, 69–70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 89, 90, 99–100, 105, 111, 122;
  • nationalism and, 70, 75, 78, 110–11, 116;
  • pretos and pardos of, 6, 8, 9, 169, 200, 268, 298, 305 (n. 27), 330 (n. 19), 352–53 (n. 7);
  • return of democracy in 1945, 143, 150, 151, 153–54, 196;
  • return of democracy in 1985, 297;
  • Second Republic, 151, 154, 170, 197, 200, 206, 243, 245, 329 (n. 1);
  • Vargas regime, 110–12, 113, 114–15, 116–17, 121, 122, 124, 131, 137, 143, 329 (n. 1);
  • “whitening ideal” and, 27, 79, 80, 110, 266;
  • “whitening” of, 10, 11, 27–28, 42, 73, 94, 114, 137–38. See also Indigenous people; Industrialization; Racial mixture of Brazil; Rio de Janeiro; Salvador da Bahia; São Paulo; Voting rights
• Brazilian American Colonization Syndicate, 42
• Brazilian Communist Party, 136, 137, 199, 212, 260, 261, 270, 326 (n. 102), 330 (n. 27), 332 (n. 53)
• Brazilian Congress: closing of, 249
  • Constituent Assembly of 1945–46, 154, 172, 173, 174, 211, 333 (nn. 74–75);
  • immigration debates, 42–44, 49–51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 65, 81, 147, 174, 205;
  • racial discrimination and, 177–78, 211–12, 333 (nn. 74–75), 339 (n. 39)
• Brazilians of African descent: African heritage, denying, 20, 21, 274
  • assertion of demographic black majority in 1960s and 1970s and, 266–68, 273, 280–81, 282, 298;
  • black lay brotherhoods and, 26, 87–88, 319 (n. 70);
  • education and, 25, 31, 34, 37, 38–39, 158, 167, 200–201, 329 (n. 17), 330 (n. 19);
  • European immigrants in São Paulo and, 56–64, 66, 105–6, 107, 133–34, 313 (n. 120), 314 (nn. 130–31), 321 (n. 112);
  • history of, 68, 129–30, 257–60, 272–73;
  • intellectuals among, 3–5, 12, 17–21, 242, 244, 246;
  • leftists among, 1930s, 132, 136–37, 326 (n. 102);
  • leftists among, 1960s and 70s, 264, 266, 347 (nn. 63–64);
  • among lower class in First Republic, 31, 32, 34;
  • mainstream newspapers and, 82, 83, 88, 317 (n. 45);
  • middle-class men as orators, 33–34, 82, 92, 130, 309 (nn. 38–39);
  • poets of First Republic among, 37, 45, 64, 89–90, 157, 309 (n. 51);
  • poverty and, 25, 26, 71–72, 85, 160;
  • racist “dogmas” and, 26, 36, 40, 45;
  • “right to Rights” and, 171–72, 185, 194, 333 (n. 68), 336 (n. 123);
  • running for political office, 131, 166–67, 168–69, 179, 207, 331 (n. 51);
  • Second Republic and, 151, 154–55, 200;
  • as superior to African Americans, 52, 55;
  • today, 5, 299–302;
  • Vargas regime and, 128–30, 154–55, 157, 158, 166, 222, 260, 325 (n. 85). See also Foreignness; Fraternity ideal; Mãe Preta figure; Mãe Preta proposed statue in Rio; Race relations; Racism; Rio de Janeiro; Salvador da Bahia; São Paulo; Slavery; Social sciences; Voting rights; Wet-nurses of African descent; entries beginning with “Racial”
• Brizola, Leonel, 297
• Butler, Kim, 136, 144
• Cabral, João, 44
• Cadernos Negros, 287, 288
• Camargo, Adalberto, 251
• Camargo, Archimimo de, 53
• Camargo, Arnaldo de, 186
• Camargo, Jayme Baptista de, 84, 87, 318 (n. 65)
• Camargo, Oswaldo, 157, 289
• Camargo, Theophilo, 51–53, 54, 56, 65, 205, 312 (nn. 99–100), 313 (n. 101)
• Camargo, Yolanda de, 98
• Campinas, 2
  • Association for the Protection of Preto Brazilians and, 47
  • black press of, 24, 29, 33, 45–49, 67, 89, 163, 234, 309 (n. 38), 343 (n. 114)
  • Centro Literário dos Homens de Cor and, 29, 33, 311 (n. 71)
  • mainstream newspapers of, 26, 46, 61
  • middle-class men of color in, 23, 30–34;
  • racial discrimination and, 47, 57, 67
• Campos, Cândido de, and Mãe Preta campaign, 72–74, 76–77, 78–79, 80, 91, 146, 315 (n. 4)
  • black support for, 81–82, 83, 84, 87–88, 89, 92, 93, 317 (n. 49)
• Campos, Diva de, 98
• Camus, Albert, 220, 221
• Cândido Mendes University, 256, 259
• Candomblé, 31, 193, 194, 221, 253, 323 (n. 26)
  • Africa, contact with and, 122–24, 150, 223, 224–28, 229, 242, 341 (n. 80)
  • anthropology and, 119, 121, 122, 124, 126–27, 149, 223, 229
  • enunciation/repression of, 120, 142, 189, 190
  • Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá terreiro, 123, 124, 125
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 243, 285–86, 293
  • in Salvador da Bahia, 19, 111, 118–19, 120–21, 122–24, 125–27, 142, 145, 149–50, 198–99, 201
  • in Salvador da Bahia, post–World War II, 223–28, 229, 231–32, 241–42, 243, 247, 281–82, 285–86, 342 (n. 86)
  • in São Paulo, 142, 189, 293
• “Cannibalist Manifesto” (Andrade), 78
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 250, 298–99, 305 (n. 30)
• Cardoso, Hamilton, 288
• Carneiro, Édison, 124, 125, 191, 192, 326 (n. 102)
• Carnival: Afro-Bahian culture included in, 116–17, 118, 127
  • in Rio de Janeiro, 85, 86, 114–15, 116–17, 127
  • in Salvador da Bahia, 118, 224–25, 247, 282–83, 284–87, 291, 323 (n. 32)
• Casa-grande e senzala (Freyre), 112–13, 114, 115, 122, 141, 178, 182, 202, 275, 335 (n. 96)
• Castello Branco, Humberto de Alencar, 248–49, 251, 257
• Castro, Armando de, 166, 207
• Castro, David Rodolpho de, 97–98
• Castro, Olympio de, 88
• Catholic Church, 257
  • black lay brotherhoods and, 26, 87–88;
  • blacks of Salvador da Bahia and, 143, 147
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 89–90;
  • of São Paulo, conservative blacks and, 99, 132, 141
• Cavalcanti, Emiliano di, 209
• Caymmi, Dorival, 113
• Cendrars, Blaise, 222, 341 (n. 72)
• Census, 85, 119, 157, 330 (n. 21)
  • color categories and, 8, 11, 161, 200, 249–50, 266–68, 274, 278, 283, 298, 304 (n. 23), 307–8 (n. 19), 344 (n. 6), 352 (nn. 5–6)
  • “whitening” and, 13, 27, 28, 352–53 (n. 7)
• Center for Afro-Brazilian Culture, 212, 334 (n. 88)
• Centro Cívico Palmares (Palmares Civic Center), 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 129, 130, 131, 146
• Centro de Cultura e Arte Negra (CECAN, Center for Black Culture and Art), 287, 288, 289, 290, 291
• Centro de Estudos Afro-Asiáticos (CEAA, Center for Afro-Asian Studies): black activism in Rio and, 256, 257–60, 277, 287, 349 (n. 108)
  • IPCN and, 259–60, 271, 272, 278, 280
  • SINBA and, 261, 262, 268, 270, 271, 280
  • women and, 279, 281
• Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais (CEAO, Center for Afro-Oriental Studies), 229–32, 240–41, 242
• Centro Literário dos Homens de Cor (Literary Center of Men of Color), 29, 33, 311 (n. 71)
• Centro Operário (Workingman's Center), 144, 145, 146, 147, 148
• Centro Smart, 31, 33, 309 (n. 39)
• Césaire, Aimé, 220, 259
• Chibata (Whip), 132
• Chicago Defender, 48, 317 (n. 50)
• Civil Code of 1916, 50
• Clarim, 140
• Clarim d'Alvorada (Clarion of Dawn), 36, 47, 59, 67, 144, 165, 287, 308 (nn. 29, 33), 309 (n. 51)
  • Africa, debate about ties with, 104, 140, 141, 188, 190, 234, 236, 327 (n. 117)
  • call for confederation of black organizations and, 94–95;
  • debate over European immigrants in, 62–63, 99–100, 132
  • founding of, 35, 37, 58
  • Frente Negra Brasileira and, 129, 131–33, 142
  • history of negros, 68, 84
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 89–90, 92–94, 95–98, 101, 102, 103, 106–7, 139, 143, 145–46, 315 (n. 14), 320 (n. 90)
  • reestablishment of in Second Republic, 157
  • in Salvador da Bahia, 143, 146, 149
  • second phase of, 91, 95, 146
  • Vargas regime and, 129, 155–56, 329 (n. 13)
  • women and, 98. See also Alvorada (Dawn); Leite, José Correia
• Cleaver, Eldridge, 287
• Clube Jabaquara (Jabaquara Club), 155, 165, 207
• Clube Negro de Cultura Social (CNCS, Black Club for Social Culture), 142, 155–56
• Clube Renascença, 217
• Clube 220, 209, 211, 293
• Coelho, David Paulino, 82
• Coffee plantations, 7, 18, 28, 29, 100, 101, 162
• Communism, 156, 199, 212, 269, 292, 330 (n. 27), 332 (n. 53)
  • of 1960s and 70s, 260, 261, 264, 266, 270
  • São Paulo and, 134, 136, 137, 325–26 (n. 86), 326 (n. 102)
• Companhia Negra de Revistas, 88, 114
• Comte, Auguste, 79, 82, 83
• Conceição, João, 189
• Conceição, Romana da, 228, 242
• Conde (writer in Liberdade), 41
• Congo, 235, 252, 260
• Congress of Black Youth, 95, 99
• Congress of Brazilian Women, 279
• Conselho Federal de Cultura (CFC), 253
• Convenção Nacional do Negro Brasileiro. See Black Brazilian National Convention of 1945
• Correio Paulistano, 101
• Costa, Joaquim Brandão, 55, 57
• Costa e Silva, Artur da, 249
• Costa Lima, Vivaldo da, 231, 232
• Costallat, Benjamin, 75
• Costa Pinto, Luiz de Aguiar, 183, 184, 204, 217–19, 336 (n. 110)
• Cruzeiro, 224, 229
• Cuba, 17, 77, 78, 270, 347–48 (n. 79)
• Cultura, 140
• Cunha, Henrique, 290
• Cuti (Luiz Silva), 287, 290
• d'Alencastro, J., 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 51, 64, 65
• Damas, Léon, 220
• Dantas, Raymundo Souza, 239, 340 (n. 56), 343 (n. 126)
• Democracia racial, 178, 335 (n. 96). See also Racial democracy
• Democracy: black Brazilian thinkers and, 166, 168, 169–72, 179, 332 (nn. 52, 58), 333 (n. 68)
  • military dictatorship and, 245, 249
  • racial equality and, 25, 42, 151, 156–57, 170, 172, 175, 178, 311 (n. 73)
  • racism and, 12, 151–52, 170, 174, 334 (n. 88)
  • return of in 1945, 143, 150, 151, 153–54, 196
  • return of in 1985, 297. See also Racial democracy
• Democratic Labor Party, 297
• Departamento Autônomo de Ordem Política e Social (DOPS, Autonomous Department of Political and Social Order), 269
• Departamento Geral de Investigações Especiais (DGIE, General Department of Special Investigations), 269, 270, 271, 277
• Deus, Pedrina de, 280
• Diário Carioca, 196
• Diário de Notícias, 122, 328 (n. 127)
• Diário do Povo, 26, 46, 61
• Diário de São Paulo, 178, 335 (n. 97)
• Diário Nacional, 73, 99, 100, 132
• Diário Trabalhista, 173, 340 (nn. 53, 56)
• Dias, Henrique, 134–35, 137, 170
• Diggs, Irene, 175, 176, 177, 202
• Dramatic, Recreational, and Literary Society Elite da Liberdade. See Elite da Liberdade
• Dunham, Katherine, 175, 176, 177
• Dutra, Eurico, 154, 175, 199, 332 (n. 58)
• Duvivier, Eduardo, 211
• Ébano, 235
• Ebony, 157
• Elite (Elite), 34, 51, 52, 53, 54
• Elite da Liberdade (Elite of Freedom), 31, 34, 51, 163
• Emancipation, 170–71, 306 (n. 3)
  • incompleteness of, 24, 25–26, 27, 46, 54, 170
• Engenho Velho terreiro, 123, 124
• Escorel de Moraes, Lauro, 240
• Esher, Couto, 73, 102
• Espírito Santo, Maria Bibiana do. See Mãe Senhora
• Essay on the Inequality of Human Races (Gobineau), 51
• Estado de São Paulo, 209
• Estado Novo, 143, 150, 152, 153, 154–57, 170, 269, 329 (nn. 1, 13)
  • black activism during, 155–57, 163–64, 190
• Ethiopia, 58, 64, 105, 140–41, 234, 321 (n. 126)
• Ethiopian Muse (Nascimento), 64
• Ethnic “cysts,” 49, 205, 231, 338 (n. 19)
• European immigrants, 25, 42, 135–36, 273
  • Brazilians of African descent in São Paulo and, 56–64, 66, 105–6, 107, 132, 133–34, 313 (n. 120), 314 (nn. 130–31), 321 (n. 112)
  • comparative lack of in Salvador da Bahia, 120
  • fascism and, 100, 140–41, 321 (n. 113)
  • labor activism of, 61, 70, 75, 101, 134
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 75, 101, 109
  • racism against black Brazilians by, 57–58, 59–64, 66, 99–100, 101, 309 (n. 42), 314 (n. 131)
  • in São Paulo, 18, 23, 24, 28, 29, 56–64, 84–85, 86, 99, 100, 128, 162, 209
  • Vargas regime and, 110, 111, 129, 133–34;
  • as “whitening” factor, 27, 28, 110
• Fanfulla, 99, 100
• Fanon, Frantz, 259, 262, 287, 288
• Fascism, 132, 134, 137
  • European immigrants and, 100, 140–41, 321 (n. 113)
  • Frente Negra Brasileira and, 135–36, 326 (n. 97). See also Integralism
• Federação, 84, 317 (n. 52)
• Federação dos Homens de Cor (FHC, Federation of Men of Color), 83–84, 87, 317 (n. 50), 318 (n. 65)
• Fernandes, Florestan, 84–85, 179, 250
  • race research and, 30, 36, 183, 184, 192, 204, 313 (n. 113)
  • racism as holdover from slavery and, 201, 203, 336 (n. 110)
• Ferrara, Miriam, 103
• Ferreira, Alexandrina, 98
• Ferreira, B. H., 59–61, 314 (n. 130)
• Ferreira, Vicente, 82–83, 87, 92, 130, 133, 290, 317 (n. 49), 319 (n. 87)
• Ferreira, Yedo, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 278, 292, 350 (n. 116)
• FESTAC II (Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture): Brazilian foreign policy and, 14, 252–53, 254, 262, 346 (n. 46)
  • Nascimento and, 14, 255–56, 262, 269, 300, 302, 345 (nn. 27–28)
• Figueiredo, João Baptista de Oliveira, 250
• Filhos de Gandhi, 282, 349 (n. 108)
• First World Festival of Black Arts, 255. See also FESTAC II
• Florencio, Benedito, 41, 51, 65, 67, 309 (n. 38), 311 (n. 71), 312 (n. 90)
  • Baluarte and, 24, 26, 29, 33, 38, 45, 46
  • Getulino and, 45, 46, 48–49, 89
  • incompleteness of emancipation and, 27, 46
  • racism and, 30, 38, 53–54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 66, 314 (n. 131)
• Folha da Noite, 173
• Folha do Rio, 215
• Fontenelle, Manoel Benício, 173, 174, 175, 333 (nn. 74–75)
• Foreign Affairs, 238
• Foreignness: European immigrants and, 56, 57, 60–62, 63–64, 66, 100, 101, 104, 111, 205, 314 (n. 131)
  • “foreigners in the land of their birth,” 23, 55, 56, 65, 69, 99, 110, 129, 313 (n. 113), 325 (n. 85)
  • pretos, as “foreigners,” 24, 56, 57, 58, 60–61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 134
• Fraternidade, 41
• Fraternity ideal: black press and, 40–45, 48, 53, 54–55, 60–61, 64, 69, 81, 91, 327 (n. 110)
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 70, 73–74, 77, 79, 80–81, 88, 91, 93, 108, 113, 138–39;
  • nationalism and, 69–70, 71, 73–74, 77, 93, 138–39, 151, 171, 172, 174, 327 (n. 110)
  • racial democracy and, 169, 194, 211, 248
  • racial harmony and, 42–44, 48, 50, 52, 53, 61–62, 70, 113, 138–39
• French Revolution, 40, 41, 42
• Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO, Liberation Front of Mozambique), 292
• Frente Negra Brasileira (Brazilian Black Front), 109, 165, 167, 192, 207, 247, 258, 259, 269
  • Africa, disavowing ties with, 139–40, 141, 149
  • attempt to revive, 1954, 160
  • black belonging and, 111, 129, 130, 134, 135, 137, 139
  • cultural groups after demise of, 155–56, 157
  • demise, 143, 150, 328 (n. 126)
  • early success of, 130–33;
  • formation of, 35, 111, 129
  • hymn of, 135, 326 (n. 93)
  • nationalism and, 137–38;
  • national politics and, 142–43, 146
  • in Recife, 212
  • in Rio de Janeiro, 163
  • in Salvador da Bahia, 130, 143, 146–49;
  • in São Paulo, 111, 129, 130–33, 134, 135–38, 139–41, 143, 146, 147, 149, 162, 163, 216
  • support for fascist regimes, 135–36, 326 (n. 97)
  • Vargas regime and, 111, 130, 134, 150, 154, 155, 329 (n. 5)
  • violence and, 135, 326 (n. 91)
  • women and, 135
• Freyre, Gilberto, 202, 253, 322 (n. 4)
  • Africa, ties with and, 103, 238, 240
  • Afro-Brazilian Congresses and, 125, 191, 212
  • antiracism of, 112, 174, 176, 177, 197, 333 (n. 75)
  • celebrating Africanness of Brazilian culture, 10–11, 112–16, 121, 122, 128, 141, 185, 322 (n. 7)
  • celebrating racial mixture of Brazil, 181–82, 197, 230, 275
  • racial democracy and, 178, 179, 180–81, 184, 197, 220, 335 (n. 96)
• FUNARTE (government art fund), 272
• Gama, Luiz, 9, 45, 67, 106, 137, 322 (n. 131)
• Garcia, Léa, 271, 279, 280
• Garvey, Marcus, 48, 65, 140, 141, 146, 188, 234, 236, 327 (n. 119)
• Gazeta, 54, 55, 56
• Geisel, Ernesto, 250
• Genocídio do negro brasileiro (The Genocide of Black Brazilians, Nascimento), 256
• Getulino, 45, 58, 89, 163, 309 (n. 51), 311 (n. 82)
  • Africa, ties with and, 66, 311–12 (n. 85)
  • African Americans, attitude toward, 48, 53, 311–12 (n. 85), 312 (n. 90)
  • black activism in First Republic and, 45–49, 53, 55, 61, 62, 67, 90, 103, 311 (n. 81), 313 (n. 114)
  • debate over European immigrants in, 56–57, 59–60, 100
  • immigration debates and, 50–51, 52, 53, 55
• Ghana, 239
• Globo, 196, 216
• Globo TV network, 271
• Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de, 50, 51, 83
• Góis, Fernando, 156, 157
• Gold and diamond mining, 7
• Gonçalves, Milton, 271
• Gonzalez, Lélia, 279, 280, 281, 282, 291, 292, 293
• Goulart, João, 200, 201, 237, 243, 248
• Gremio Recreativo Kosmos. See Kosmos Recreational Club
• Grieco, Francisco de Assis, 254
• Grupo Nêgo, 291
• Guarany Recreational Society, 98
• Guedes, Lino, 3, 61, 105, 157, 165, 306 (n. 3)
  • Getulino and, 45, 46, 47, 67, 89, 309 (n. 51)
• Guerra, Claudio, 65
• Guerreiro Ramos, Alberto, 152, 190, 191, 193, 216, 257, 340 (n. 53)
  • democracy and, 165, 172
  • negritude and, 221, 239
  • social science and race and, 215, 217, 218–19, 220, 340 (n. 59), 340–41 (n. 63)
• Guimarães, Antônio Sérgio Alfredo, 178, 179, 180
• Hadji Adeyemi II, 225
• Hasenbalg, Carlos, 29, 200, 201
• Haussmann, Georges Eugène, 71
• Helios (writer in Clarim d'Alvorada), 103, 104, 107
• Herskovits, Melville, 124, 225, 228, 229
• Hífen, 234, 235, 343 (n. 114)
• Himalaya: órgão de justiça social cristã (Himalaya: Organ of Christian Social Justice), 160, 166
• Hitler, Adolf, 135, 136
• Ianni, Octavio, 250, 305 (n. 30)
• Ilê Aiyê, 284–86, 300
• Ilê Axé Jitolu candomblé, 286
• Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé, 123, 124, 125, 223, 227
• Il Pasquino, 59–60, 314 (n. 130)
• Impact of African Culture on Brazil (Valladares), 252
• Indigenous people, 6, 7–8, 11, 78, 304 (n. 23)
  • left out of Brazilian racial identity, 21, 79, 112–13, 322 (n. 7)
• Industrialization, 110, 183, 189–90, 199–200, 237, 258
  • in Rio de Janeiro, 74, 158, 159
  • in Salvador da Bahia, 283, 284
  • in São Paulo, 18, 28–29, 74, 142, 157–58, 209
• Institutional Act 5, 249
• Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos Afro-Asiáticos (IBEAA, Brazilian Institute for Afro-Asian Studies), 240, 256, 257
• Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute), 266, 268, 298
• Instituto de Pesquisas das Culturas Negras (IPCN, Institute for Research in Black Cultures), 271–81, 300, 349 (n. 111)
  • African cultural traditions and, 274, 282, 286, 288
  • census color categories and, 266, 274, 278, 283, 298
  • formation of, 260
  • funding from Unites States and, 278, 349–50 (n. 114)
  • SINBA and, 260, 262, 268, 273, 275, 278–81, 286, 291, 349–50 (n. 114), 350 (n. 116)
  • women and, 278–80
• Instituto Nacional do Negro (Black National Institute), 215
• Integralism, 132, 135, 137, 162–63, 216, 266. See also Fascism
• Inter-American Foundation, 278
• International Negro Conference of 1920, 48
• Introdução à sociologia brasileira (Guerreiro Ramos), 219
• Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário e São Benedito dos Homens Pretos, 87, 88, 318 (n. 66)
• Irmandade de São Benedito, 26
• Irmandade de São Sebastião e Santa Ephigenia do Homem Preto, 87–88
• Isabel (princess), 7
• Itamaraty (Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 252, 253, 254, 255
• Ivan (writer in Getulino), 103
• Iyanaso, 226–27
• Japanese immigrants, 42, 174, 209, 338 (n. 19)
• Jazz, 74, 128, 130
• “Jesus no Himalaya,” 160
• João VI (king of Portugal), 7
• Jornal, 50, 218–19
• Jornal da Bahia, 241
• Jornal de São Paulo, 156
• Jornal do Brasil, 75, 271, 275
• Jornegro, 287, 288
• Kosmos, 51
• Kosmos Recreational Club, 34, 51, 52, 59, 163, 310 (n. 62), 312 (n. 100)
• Kubitschek, Juscelino, 199, 227, 237, 241
• Labor activism, 167, 199, 204
  • blacks in Rio and, 83, 86, 161
  • blacks in Salvador da Bahia and, 148, 282–83;
  • blacks in São Paulo and, 136–37, 148, 156, 326 (n. 102)
  • European immigrants and, 61, 70, 75, 101, 134
• Laboreiro, Simão de, 80–81
• Lacerda Werneck, José Inácio, 61–62
• Landes, Ruth, 113, 119, 124
• Lapouge, Georges Vacher de, 26–27, 50, 51
• Lasebikan, Ebenezer, 231, 232, 233
• Latin American intellectuals, Brazilians comparisons with other, 17, 77–78, 79
• Law of the Free Womb, 92, 186
• Leal, Péricles, 214
• Legião Negra (Black Legion), 133, 136, 139, 140
• Leite, José Correia, 83, 161, 168, 318 (n. 65)
  • activism after 1964, 249, 289
  • activism during Estado Novo, 155–56;
  • activism during First Republic, 89, 105–6, 146
  • activism during Second Republic, 157, 165, 166, 169, 170, 185–86, 202–3, 207, 217
  • Africa, debate about ties with, 109, 142, 188–89, 234, 235–36, 263, 327 (n. 119)
  • Afro-Brazilian religions and, 141, 149, 189
  • Clarim d'Alvorada and, 58–59, 67, 157, 165, 329 (n. 13)
  • early life, 36, 57–59, 162
  • debate over European immigrants and, 62–63, 64, 91, 105–6, 313 (n. 120)
  • Frente Negra Brasileira and, 131–33, 140, 142
  • history of black press and, 37, 209, 289–90, 309 (n. 51)
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 91–94, 95–96, 100, 106, 107, 139, 143, 186, 210–11, 293
  • social science and race and, 192, 193, 205–6, 217, 337 (n. 145), 338–39 (n. 23)
  • unified black identity and, 95, 169. See also Alvorada (Dawn); Clarim d'Alvorada (Clarion of Dawn); São Paulo—black press of
• Les élites de couleur dans une ville brésilienne (Azevedo), 224
• Lesser, Jeffrey, 106
• Liberdade, 34, 40, 41
• Liberia, 66, 104
• Lima, Geraldo de Heráclito, 14–15
• Literacy, 213, 215, 258
  • middle-class men of color and, 20, 23, 29, 31, 36–37, 38, 55
  • pretos and pardos and, 13, 20, 25, 36, 85, 111, 130, 146, 158, 164, 166, 167, 200–201, 330 (n. 19)
  • voting rights and, 23, 25, 38, 166, 167, 200, 248, 325 (n. 69)
• Lobato, Luiz, 155, 165, 169, 207
• Lucrécio, Francisco, 135, 140, 156, 165, 192, 207
• Lühning, Angela, 228, 229
• Luís, Washington, 73–74, 83, 93
• Lumumba, Patrice, 235, 260
• Lusotropicalism, 230
• Macalé, 284
• Machado, Alexandre Ribeiro Marcondes, 63
• Machado, Waldemar, 170, 184, 187
• Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria, 85
• Macumba, 31, 121, 189, 190, 213, 221, 281, 327–28 (n. 121)
• Mãe Aninha, 123–24, 125, 223, 227, 231, 232, 241
• Mãe Branca, 286
• Mãe Hilda, 285, 286
• Mãe Negra, 139, 315 (n. 14)
• Mãe Preta figure: Africa, association with, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108
  • artist renditions of, 95–96, 97, 144, 145, 320 (n. 101)
  • breasts of, sentimentalized, 90, 97–98, 101, 139, 319 (n. 79)
  • Candomblé and, 243, 285–86, 293
  • as celebrating Brazilians of African descent, 70–71, 72–73, 77, 78–79, 94, 101, 104, 105, 114, 293, 294
  • “Day of the Mãe Preta” holiday, 92–94, 100, 108, 139, 143, 146, 186, 293, 319 (n. 87), 320 (n. 90)
  • gender hierarchies and, 76, 98–99;
  • as ideal embodiment of the black “affective” race, 79, 80, 82, 83, 316 (n. 31)
  • ideal of fraternity between blacks and whites and, 70, 73–74, 77, 79, 80–81, 88, 91, 93, 108, 113, 138–39;
  • Madonna resemblance and, 89–90;
  • Mãe Senhora as embodiment of, 243, 285, 344 (n. 137)
  • nationalism and, 79, 82, 107, 111, 139
  • racial fusion and, 94, 101–3, 104, 108, 115, 145
  • in relation to own black son, 95–98, 101, 145
  • as representing new phase of claiming black Brazilian citizenship, 91–94, 100, 145
  • in Salvador da Bahia, 143–44, 145–46, 147, 243, 285–86, 328 (n. 127)
  • São Paulo and, 69, 70–71, 73, 87–88, 89, 91, 94, 98–99, 101, 106–8, 139, 145–46, 186–87, 207–8, 317 (n. 49), 319 (n. 83)
  • São Paulo statue of, 209–11, 293–94, 319 (n. 82)
  • subservience of, 74–77, 81, 89
  • as symbol of Brazil excluding European immigrants, 75, 101, 109
  • as symbol of debts owed to black race, 77, 84, 95, 101
  • as symbol of mixed race of Brazil, 78, 79, 80, 81, 101–3, 108
  • “transfusion” of blood and, 79, 80, 98
  • “two race” perspective and, 94, 101, 102, 103, 104, 138, 207–8;
  • women's views of, 98, 186
• Mãe Preta proposed statue in Rio, 209
  • Brazilians of African descent support for, 69, 70–71, 81–82, 83, 84, 87–88, 89–94, 95, 99, 102, 103, 139, 173, 317 (n. 49), 319 (n. 87)
  • campaign in São Paulo and, 69, 70–71, 87–88, 89–94, 99, 102, 103, 104, 106–8, 139, 318 (n. 66), 319 (n. 83), 320 (n. 90)
  • ideal of fraternity between blacks and whites and, 70, 73–74, 77
  • white Brazilian campaign for, 69, 72–74, 76–77, 78–79, 81–82, 83, 89, 91, 93–94, 109, 113, 114, 145, 315 (n. 4), 316 (n. 31)
• Mãe Senhora: Africa, ties with and, 224, 225, 226–28, 229, 231, 232, 233, 241, 242
  • Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé and, 223, 227
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 243, 285, 344 (n. 137)
• Maio, Marcos Chor, 182, 183, 216
• Mallozzi, Yolando, 106, 107
• “Manifesto in Defense of Democracy” (ANB), 156, 172
• “Manifesto to the Brazilian Nation” (Black Brazilian National Convention), 172, 173, 174, 211, 212, 333 (n. 73)
• Maria, Vanderlei José, 289
• Martí, José, 77
• Marxism, 155, 165, 183, 207, 251, 270, 289, 292
• Medeiros, Carlos Alberto, 258, 271, 275–76
• Médici, Emílio Garrastazu, 249
• Melo, Joviano Severino de, 159, 191–92
• Mendes de Almeida, Cândido, 256–57, 259
• Menelik, 35, 36, 37, 64, 140, 327 (n. 116)
• Menelik II (king of Ethiopia), 58, 64, 105, 118, 314 (n. 122)
• Mestiçagem, 49, 71, 78, 105
  • black celebration of, 180, 181, 184
  • as national ideology, 109, 112, 127, 137, 205, 242, 245, 247, 249–50, 254, 270, 276, 280
  • rejection of by blacks, 198, 208, 222, 233, 254, 255–56, 263, 268, 270, 280, 295, 301. See also Racial fusion; Racial mixture of Brazil
• Métraux, Alfred, 224
• Minas Gerais, 2, 7, 25, 28, 49, 110, 130, 131, 146, 303 (n. 8)
• Minka, Jamu, 288
• Mitchell, Michael, 136, 168
• Monarchism, 99, 132, 134, 326 (n. 88)
• Moraes, Evaristo de, 61, 85, 312 (n. 96)
• immigration debates and, 50–51, 52, 53, 55, 81
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 81–82, 87
• Moraes, Gervásio de, 45, 47, 53, 55, 56, 67, 89, 309 (n. 51)
• Morais, Vinícius de, 227
• Movimento Negro, 4, 13–14, 18, 167, 247, 295, 298, 299, 300, 301
• Movimento Negro Unificado contra a Discriminação Racial (MNUCDR or MNU, Unified Black Movement against Racial Discrimination), 291–94, 297
• Mozambique, 140, 252, 270, 287, 292
• “Mulatto, The” (poem, Santos), 138
• Mulattos, 6, 9, 63, 73, 78, 91, 147, 148
  • Rio de Janeiro and, 76, 83, 85–86. See also Racial terminology
• Mundo Novo (New World), 151, 166, 179, 207, 235
• Museu de Arte Moderna (MAM, Museum of Modern Art), 272, 276–77, 349 (n. 104)
• Mussolini, Benito, 140
• Nabuco, Joaquim, 8–9
• Nação, 117, 119, 224
• Nacional: as derisive term for black, 57, 110, 313 (n. 116)
  • rehabilitation of term, 11, 129–30, 149–50
• Nagô culture, 117, 121, 123, 127. See also Yoruba culture
• Nascimento, Abdias do, 257, 258, 334 (n. 88)
  • early life, 162–64;
  • in exile, 14, 250, 255, 256, 261, 351 (n. 155)
  • FESTAC II and, 14, 255–56, 262, 269, 300, 302
  • political office and, 166, 168, 297, 331 (n. 51)
  • race-based organizations and, 198, 213, 215–16, 266
  • racial democracy and, 11–12, 14–15, 16, 179, 181, 193–94, 220, 255–56, 295, 300
  • racial discrimination and, 13, 15, 173, 175, 177, 178, 291, 332 (n. 53), 333 (n. 73), 345 (nn. 27–28)
  • racial discrimination and, approach to vs. Paulistas, 214, 215–16, 220, 340 (nn. 53, 55)
  • racial harmony and, 17, 198
  • “right to Rights” and, 171–72, 185
  • social science and race and, 190, 191, 193, 216, 219–20;
  • TEN and, 164–65, 171, 175, 213, 214, 215, 218, 221, 249, 255, 332 (n. 53)
• Nascimento, Beatriz do, 257, 272, 273–74, 277, 279, 348 (n. 89)
• Nascimento, Deocleciano, 35, 37, 64, 140
• National. See Nacional
• Navarro, Saul de, 89–90
• Negreiros, Aristides, 176–77
• Negreiros, Carlos, 272
• Negritude, 221–22, 239
• Négritude, 220–21
• Negro: defined, 22
  • early uses of term, 6, 44, 46, 47, 48, 308 (n. 25)
  • identifying openly as, 21, 30, 50, 81, 87, 143, 284, 285
  • proud use of term, 102, 119, 138, 144–45, 147, 148
  • as unified racial category, 94, 95, 111, 169, 208, 268, 276, 298, 352 (n. 5)
  • use of term in Rio, 162, 196
  • use of term in Salvador da Bahia, 145
  • use of term in São Paulo, 18, 57–58, 67, 85, 95, 119, 161, 162, 169, 208
  • use of term in São Paulo black press, 30, 42, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54–55, 56, 68, 91–92, 236. See also Racial terminology
• Negroes in Brazil (Pierson), 182
• Negro no Rio de Janeiro (Costa Pinto), 218
• Negro World, 140, 146, 188
• Neto, Antonio Agostinho, 259, 287
• Neto, H. M. Coelho, 91
• Niger, 234, 235, 236
• Nigeria, 240–41, 251, 273
  • Candomblé and, 123, 124, 225, 228, 231, 232, 233, 242, 341 (n. 80)
  • FESTAC II and, 14–15, 252–53, 254, 255–56, 269, 300, 302, 345 (nn. 27–28)
• Nina Rodrigues, Raymundo, 121, 124, 182, 184, 187, 188, 219
• Nkrumah, Kwame, 239, 259
• Nogueira, Hamilton, 174, 175, 176, 177, 211, 212, 215, 333 (n. 75), 339 (n. 39)
• Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos, 210, 293
• Notícia: Mãe Preta campaign and, 72, 76, 78–79, 91, 93, 113, 114, 145, 315 (n. 4)
  • people of color and, 82–84, 87, 88, 318 (n. 66)
• Notícias de ébano, 235
• Novo Horizonte (New Horizon), 165, 167, 168, 170, 180, 205, 289
  • Africa, ties with and, 187–88, 189, 190
  • founding of, 151, 157
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 186–87;
  • social science and race and, 184, 337 (n. 141)
• Ojelabi, Maria, 228
• Olinto, Antonio, 241–42, 344 (n. 137)
• Oliveira, Augusto, 35, 38, 42
• Oliveira, Eduardo de Oliveira e, 287, 289, 290
• Oliveira, Euclydes, 57, 62, 68, 325 (n. 85)
• Oliveira, Francisco José de, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 38
• Oliveira, Geraldo Campos de, 157, 165, 166, 176, 207
• Oliveira Vianna, Francisco José de, 27, 49
• Olorum Baba Mim, 262, 272
• O'Neill, Eugene, 164, 213
• Orixás, 118
• Orlando, Alberto, 89, 130, 133
• Ortiz, Fernando, 78
• Ortiz, Renato, 253
• Osório, Joaquim, 43, 44
• Oxum, 225, 341 (n. 80)
• Oyo, 225–27
• Paiz, 48, 75
• Palmares, 68, 89, 137, 140, 273–74
• Pan-Africanism, 65, 104, 109, 132, 140–41, 142, 149, 236, 259
• Pardos, 6, 8, 11, 22, 30, 48, 57. See also Racial terminology; Rio de Janeiro; Salvador da Bahia; São Paulo
• Paris, 71
• Partido Social Democrático (PSD, Social Democratic Party), 154
• Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB, Brazilian Labor Party), 168, 173, 175, 199, 333 (n. 74)
• Patrianovismo, 132
• Patrocínio, José do, 9, 67, 85, 137, 155
• Paulistanos (from city of São Paulo):
• African culture and, rejection of, 58, 65, 103, 107, 139–40, 141–42, 149–50, 187, 188, 189, 208, 220, 234
  • black associations of, 34–35;
  • black employment, 32, 35
  • black writers, 24, 306 (n. 1)
  • European immigrants as, 63
• Paulistas (from state of São Paulo): black writers among, 24, 36–37, 38–39, 187, 306 (n. 1)
  • educated men of color among, 31, 39–40, 310 (n. 64)
  • population of, whites vs. people of color, 28, 307–8 (n. 19)
  • resistance to Vargas regime, 116, 127–28, 138, 208
• Pedro I (emperor of Brazil), 7
• Pedro II (emperor of Brazil), 7, 96, 320 (n. 101)
• Peixoto, Afrânio, 49–50
• Penna, Belisário, 99
• Penteado Júnior, Frederico, 209, 210, 211, 294
• Pereira, Amauri Mendes, 257–58, 260, 261, 262, 263, 278, 279, 292, 350 (n. 116)
• Pereira, José Maria Nunes, 257, 270
• Pereira, Miguel, 99
• Pereira, Neusa, 288
• Pereira Passos, Francisco, 71, 159
• Pernambuco, 2, 42, 112, 113, 212
• Picchia, Paulo Menotti del, 103, 104, 107
• Pierson, Donald, 124–25, 182, 183, 191
• Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (state art museum), 290
• Pinto, Barreto, 175
• Pinto, Louis Inácio, 242
• Pires, Jurandir, 211
• Pittsburgh Courier, 175
• Portella, Eduardo, 238–39
• Portinari, Cândido, 209
• Portugal, 143, 179
  • African colonialism and, 230, 233, 237, 238, 246, 251, 252, 257, 270, 287, 295
• Portuguese in Brazil, 9, 11, 22, 39, 61–62, 134, 274
  • Brazilian independence and, 7, 78, 96, 303 (n. 9)
  • as immigrants, 25, 86
  • slavery and, 6–7, 11, 24, 306 (n. 3)
• Prandi, Reginaldo, 142
• Présence Africaine, 221
• Prestes, Júlio, 93
• Pretos, 22. See also Racial terminology; Rio de Janeiro; Salvador da Bahia; São Paulo
• Progresso, 97, 130
  • Africa, ties with and, 104, 234, 236
  • black activism in First Republic and, 105–6, 128, 327 (n. 117)
  • Vargas regime and, 128, 129
• Protectora, 47, 312 (n. 90), 313 (n. 114)
• Quadros, Jânio, 200, 201, 209, 248
  • Brazilian foreign policy and Africa and, 237–40, 243, 251, 256, 343 (n. 126)
• Querino, Manoel, 147
• Quilombo, 165–66, 170, 176
  • Africanness of Brazilian culture and, 189, 190–91, 197, 220, 341 (n. 72)
  • negritude and, 220–21, 239
  • party politics and, 168, 331 (n. 51), 332 (n. 52)
  • racial democracy and, 180, 194
  • racial discrimination and, 175, 214, 215, 340 (n. 56)
  • social science and race and, 184, 215
  • TEN and, 164, 171, 213, 214, 215, 220
• Quilombo (samba school), 262
• Race and Class in Rural Brazil (Wagley), 224
• Race relations, 16, 18, 21
  • social science research and, 12, 13, 152, 181–93, 203, 204, 217–20, 224, 250, 304 (n. 22), 305 (n. 30), 312 (n. 96)
• Racial democracy: Africa, ties with and, 201, 233–36, 239, 241, 242, 287–89, 351 (n. 151)
  • appearance of term, 21, 178–79, 335 (n. 96)
  • failure of, 178, 204, 211, 258, 276, 291
  • ideal of, 179–81, 298, 301
  • military dictatorship and, 15, 244, 245–46, 248, 250, 280
  • “myth” of, 13–14, 15, 16, 17, 49, 193–96, 246, 254–56, 264, 268, 277, 294, 295–96, 297, 300–301;
  • racial equality and, 42, 177, 179, 194, 197, 202, 203, 296
  • racial harmony and, 5, 153, 178, 182, 183, 184, 212, 300–301;
  • racial mixture and, 16, 179, 194, 220, 305 (n. 36)
  • after World War II, 11–12, 152
• Racial discrimination: affirmative action and, 21, 172, 211–12, 298–99, 305 (n. 36)
  • black activism after 1964 and, 15, 247, 289, 291–94, 297–98;
  • call for end of, Second Republic, 152, 156–57, 172, 173–75, 176–78, 179, 198, 200–202, 211–12, 333 (nn. 73–75), 334 (nn. 86, 88)
  • class and, 183, 204, 206–7, 212, 213, 330–31 (n. 33), 332 (n. 53), 336 (n. 110)
  • middle-class men of color and, 20, 21, 23, 29–30, 31, 35–37, 38, 46, 47–48, 52–57, 67–68, 309 (n. 45)
  • military dictatorship and, 249–50, 258, 264, 345 (nn. 27–28)
  • purported absence of extreme, 12–13;
  • reverse discrimination and, 202, 343 (n. 126)
  • in Rio de Janeiro, 85, 86, 158–59, 160, 174, 175–76, 177, 207, 318 (n. 58)
  • in Salvador da Bahia, 282, 283–84;
  • in São Paulo, 131, 150, 158, 162, 163, 177, 201–7, 214, 217, 290–92, 340 (n. 56)
  • in São Paulo, early twentieth century, 18, 23–24, 29–30, 31, 54–57, 68, 84, 85, 89, 99, 120, 318 (n. 58)
  • TEN's approach to fighting, 175, 214, 215–17, 219–20, 339 (n. 39), 340 (nn. 53, 59). See also South Africa; United States
• Racial equality, 179, 194, 202, 311 (n. 73)
  • democracy and, 25, 42, 151, 156–57, 170, 172, 175, 177, 178, 296
  • middle-class men of color and, 53, 54
  • racial harmony and, 3–5, 197
  • slavery having prevented, 201, 203, 336 (n. 110)
• Racial fusion, 109, 305 (n. 36)
  • black Brazilian thinkers and, 51, 102
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 94, 101–3, 104, 108, 115, 145
  • “one race” perspective and, 45, 62, 94, 115, 242
  • racial harmony and, 9, 12, 24, 44–45, 49–50, 54, 62, 275–76;
  • “two race” perspective and, 19, 102, 145, 242. See also Mestiçagem; Racial mixture of Brazil
• Racial harmony: black Brazilian thinkers and, 8, 9–10, 11–12, 24, 48–49
  • black Brazilian thinkers refuting existence of, 13–14, 15, 17, 198
  • dictatorship and, 249–50, 254–55, 256, 294, 295
  • erasure of black race through assimilation and, 9, 42, 45, 48–50;
  • in Latin America, 16–17;
  • military dictatorship and, 15, 245
  • and national identity, 10–11, 15, 112–15;
  • origins of idea of, 5–9, 202–3;
  • racial democracy and, 5, 153, 178, 182, 183, 184, 212, 300–301;
  • racial equality and, 3–5, 197
  • racial fusion and, 9, 12, 24, 44–45, 49–50, 51, 54, 62, 94
  • racial mixture and, 11, 114, 115, 230, 275
  • social scientific research and, 181–82, 183–84;
  • “two race” perspective and, 138, 207–8, 222, 266, 267, 291
  • “whitening ideal” and, 27, 42, 49–50, 51, 62, 114. See also Fraternity ideal
• Racial inclusion, 151, 246, 300
  • lack of, in First Republic, 20–21, 24, 25, 44, 45, 63
• Racial inclusiveness, 10, 14, 17, 71, 254, 295–96, 302
• Racial mixture of Brazil: after abolition of slavery, 3, 8, 10
  • Africanness of Brazilian culture and, 112–16, 230, 254, 255, 262, 281
  • black Brazilian thinkers and, 17–18, 51, 52
  • degeneration and, 26–27;
  • denying blacks racial identifcation, 14, 15, 16
  • Mãe Preta figure as symbol of, 78, 79, 80, 81, 101–3, 108
  • military dictatorship and, 275–76;
  • national identity and, 70, 71, 78–79, 122, 127, 128, 138
  • other Latin American countries and, 77–78;
  • purported absence of extreme discrimination and, 12–13;
  • racial democracy and, 16, 179, 194, 220, 305 (n. 36)
  • racial harmony and, 11, 114, 115, 230, 275
  • “two race” perspective and, 18, 19, 102, 104, 108, 148, 149
  • “whitening ideal” and, 10, 27, 79, 305 (n. 27). See also Mestiçagem; Racial fusion; Rio de Janeiro; Salvador da Bahia; São Paulo

• Racial terminology: “African” in Salvador da Bahia, 117–18, 119
  • “Afro-Brazilian,” 22, 236, 343 (n. 114)
  • color categories and, 8, 11, 22, 28, 161, 267–68, 274, 283, 298, 304 (n. 23), 307–8 (n. 19), 352–53 (n. 7)
  • European immigrant racial slurs, 57–58, 162
  • mulato/mulatto/mulata, 22, 30, 117, 208, 267, 313 (n. 116)
  • nacional, 57, 110, 129–30, 150, 313 (n. 116)
  • negro, 21, 22, 91–92, 120, 208, 236
  • negro, early uses of, 6, 44, 46, 47, 48, 308 (n. 25)
  • negro, proud use of, 102, 119, 138, 144–45, 147, 148
  • pardos, 6, 8, 11, 22, 110
  • preto and pardo vs. negro, 22, 30, 46, 48, 52, 64, 67, 85, 103
• Racism: antiracism of conservatives, 112, 174, 176, 177, 197
  • Aryan racial superiority and, 51, 83, 100
  • black Brazilian thinkers exposing, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 30, 38, 71, 203–4;
  • black organizations perceived as racist, 196, 197–98, 214, 216, 218, 270, 271, 273, 284, 337–38 (n. 1)
  • black thinkers comparing Brazil and South Africa, 263–64, 265, 295
  • in Brazil vs. in United States, 3, 15–16, 44, 53, 55, 77, 112, 175–76, 182, 202, 216, 275, 284, 334 (n. 88)
  • class and, 183, 184, 201, 203, 216, 336 (n. 110), 340 (n. 55)
  • democracy and, 12, 151–52, 170, 174, 334 (n. 88)
  • “dogmas” of, early twentieth-century, 26, 36, 40, 45
  • European immigrants and, 57–58, 59–64, 66, 99–100, 101, 309 (n. 42), 314 (n. 131)
  • fighting through example, not confrontation, 36–37, 41–42, 47–48, 52
  • as foreign to Brazilians, 62, 301, 339 (n. 39)
  • “scientifc” racism, 10, 26–27, 50–51, 55, 61, 80–81, 83, 151, 152–53;
  • slavery causing later, 201, 203, 336 (n. 110)
  • social sciences’ rejection of biological racism, 112, 152–53, 181, 182–83, 184, 185, 191, 193
  • “whiteness” and, 13, 23, 24, 27, 34–35. See also Racial discrimination
• Racismo às avessas, 202
• Ramos, Arthur, 113, 176, 205, 229, 337 (n. 147)
  • antiracist projects and, 182, 184, 187, 192
  • racial democracy and, 178, 179
  • Yoruba culture and, 121, 122, 124
• Raul (writer in Clarim d'Alvorada), 102
• Recife, 113, 125, 188, 191, 212
• Regionalist Manifesto (Freyre), 122
• Reis, Fidelis, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 65, 205, 312 (nn. 92–93)
• Reis, João José, 117
• “Resistência,” 83
• Rio de Janeiro, 2, 25
  • Afro-Brazilian popular culture and, 11, 86, 109, 114–15, 127, 161, 163–64, 236, 247, 262, 276, 281
  • Afro-Brazilian religions and, 121, 127, 142, 189, 213, 221, 281, 285
  • black Brazilian thinkers and, 18–19, 20, 81, 85–86, 152–53, 154
  • black lay brotherhoods and, 87–88;
  • Brazilians of African descent in, population of, 70, 71–72;
  • carnival in, 85, 86, 114–15, 116–17, 127
  • censorship and, 250, 259, 261
  • Christ the Redeemer statue, 72
  • military dictatorship and, 19, 260–81, 291
  • Federação dos Homens de Cor, 83–84, 87, 317 (n. 50), 318 (n. 65)
  • Frente Negra Brasileira and, 159, 160, 163
  • pretos and pardos of, 18, 28, 72, 76, 83, 84–86, 109, 119, 158–59, 161, 330 (nn. 19–21)
  • racial discrimination and, 85, 86, 158–59, 160, 174, 175–76, 177, 207, 318 (n. 58)
  • racial mixture and, 5, 10, 28, 78, 120, 127, 150, 208, 222–23, 242, 247, 268, 301
  • samba and, 86–87, 114–16, 128, 161, 213, 217, 221, 262, 276, 322 (n. 15)
  • secret police of, 250, 269–71, 272, 274, 275, 277–78, 348 (n. 82), 349 (nn. 100, 104, 108)
  • segregation and, 158–59, 276
  • slavery and, 7, 121, 303 (n. 8)
  • U.S. black soul music and, 275–78, 349 (nn. 100, 111–12)
  • urban renewal in, 71–72, 115, 159
  • Vargas regime and, 110, 111, 114, 116, 127, 158, 222
  • population of, whites vs. people of color, 119, 158, 307–8 (n. 19)
  • “whitening” of, 72, 115
• —black activism in: after 1964, 19, 247, 249, 256–81, 282, 287, 289, 291, 292, 349 (n. 108), 351 (n. 155)
  • after 1985, 297, 298
  • during Estado Novo, 163–64;
  • during First Republic, 46, 50–51, 82–83, 85–86, 317–18 (n. 53), 318 (n. 63)
  • during Second Republic, 151, 155, 172, 173, 197–98, 204, 211–23, 330–31 (n. 33), 333 (n. 73), 340 (nn. 53, 55–56)
• —black press of: activism, Second Republic, 165–66, 168, 170, 175–77, 194, 207
  • Africa, debate about ties with, 198, 220–22, 261–69, 271
  • lack of, 18, 19–20, 84–85, 87, 317–18 (n. 53)
  • racial democracy and, 179, 180–81;
  • racial discrimination and, 174, 175–76, 207
  • social science and race and, 181, 184, 189–91, 193, 221.
• —mainstream newspapers of, 88, 224, 271
  • black organizations perceived as racist and, 196
  • black writers and, 18–19, 69, 173, 215–16;
  • carnival and, 85, 317 (n. 45)
  • immigration debates and, 48, 50
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 74, 75, 80, 82, 83, 87, 91. See also Notícia See also Teatro Experimental do Negro; União dos Homens de Cor
• Rio Grande do Sul, 43, 130, 159, 160
• Rocha Miranda, Edgard da, 175
• Rodrigues, Liberato José, 82
• Roquette-Pinto, Edgard, 78
• Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 143, 230, 251
• Salvador da Bahia, 2, 20, 99, 140, 236
  • African cultural traditions and, 19, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119–27, 145, 184, 231–33, 241, 243–44, 285
  • Afro-Brazilian Congresses and, 125, 188, 191
  • Afro-Brazilian religions and, 111, 118–19, 120–21, 145, 190, 199
  • “Afro” carnival groups of, 283, 284–87, 291
  • anthropology and, 113, 116, 119, 121–22, 124–25, 147, 153
  • anti-African sentiment in, 19, 118, 120, 121, 122, 145, 314 (n. 122), 323 (nn. 32, 39)
  • black activism in, 19, 147, 148–50, 198–99, 247, 281–87, 291, 293, 349 (n. 108)
  • blocos afro and, 283, 284–87, 291
  • carnival in, 118, 224–25, 247, 282–83, 284–87, 291, 323 (n. 32)
  • Catholic black Brazilians of, 143, 147
  • Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais and, 229–32, 240–41, 242, 344 (n. 133)
  • containing essence of Brazilianness, 113, 116, 121–22;
  • Frente Negra Brasileira and, 130, 143, 146–49;
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 143–44, 145–46, 147, 243, 285–86, 328 (n. 127)
  • mainstream newspapers of, 122, 144–45, 146, 314 (n. 122), 323 (n. 32)
  • majority black population and, 5, 19, 111, 119, 148, 198, 216
  • pretos and pardos of, 19, 119–20, 144–45, 147, 148, 282–84;
  • race relations and social science and, 182, 183, 201, 224
  • racial mixture and, 5, 111–12, 307–8 (n. 19)
  • slavery and, 7, 19, 117–18, 119, 121, 122
  • soul and funk music and, 284, 350 (n. 131)
  • Vargas regime and, 112, 116, 121, 199. See also Candomblé; Yoruba culture
• Samba, 86–87, 114–16, 128, 161, 213, 217, 221, 262, 276, 322 (n. 15)
• Santana, Joaquim Guaraná de, 133, 139
• Santos, 2, 136, 146, 187, 207
• Santos, Antonio Carlos dos. See Vovô
• Santos, Arlindo J. Veiga dos, 290, 326 (n. 88)
  • African culture, rejection of by, 103, 107, 139–40, 141
  • Centro Cívico Palmares and, 89, 95
  • Clarim d'Alvorada and, 35, 95, 99–100, 132
  • communism and, 134, 325–26 (n. 86)
  • Congress of Black Youth and, 95, 99
  • Frente Negra Brasileira and, 35, 109, 129–30, 131, 132–33, 134–36, 137, 138, 139, 146, 165
  • increasing conservatism of, 109, 132–36, 139–40, 325 (n. 79), 326 (n. 91)
  • racial activism of, 99–100, 103, 105, 138–39, 147, 149
• Santos, Deoscóredes M. dos, 227
• Santos, Eugenia Anna dos. See Mãe Aninha
• Santos, Isaltino Veiga dos, 89, 131, 132, 134, 136, 146, 147, 160, 165, 325–26 (n. 86)
• Santos, José Olympio dos, 82
• Santos, Marcos Rodrigues dos, 146, 147
• Santos, Paulo Roberto dos, 268, 271, 276
• Santos, Suzete P. dos, 279, 280
• São Paulo: Africa, non-acceptance of and, 58, 65, 103, 107, 139–40, 141, 149–50, 208, 220, 234
  • African cultural traditions, acceptance of, 292–93;
  • Afro-Brazilian religions and, 142, 189, 327–28 (n. 121)
  • Bexiga neighborhood, 59, 287
  • Black Brazilian National Convention and, 164, 172, 173, 186, 205
  • black Brazilian thinkers of, 19, 78, 152–53, 154
  • black lay brotherhoods of, 88, 210, 293, 319 (n. 70)
  • call for confederation of black organizations in, 94–95, 99
  • Candomblé and, 142, 189, 293
  • celebration of 400th anniversary of founding, 208–9, 210
  • Centro Cívico Palmares, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 129, 130, 131, 146
  • Civil Guard, 31, 89, 131
  • colonial period of, 18, 39, 208–9, 339 (n. 31)
  • communism and, 134, 136, 137, 325–26 (n. 86), 326 (n. 102)
  • conservative black Catholics of, 99, 132, 141
  • constitutionalist uprising, 116, 127–28, 133, 138, 208, 209
  • elite of, 25, 28, 86, 110, 208
  • European immigrants in, 18, 23, 24, 28, 29, 56–64, 84–85, 86, 99, 100, 128, 162, 209
  • Federação dos Homens de Cor, 84, 87, 317 (n. 50), 318 (n. 65)
  • mainstream newspapers, 33, 37, 54, 55, 63, 69, 73, 92–93, 100–101, 132, 173, 208, 209, 310 (n. 54), 320 (n. 90)
  • middle-class men of color in, 23–24, 30–40, 87, 90, 308 (n. 29), 309 (n. 38)
  • population of, whites vs. people of color, 28–29, 31, 111, 119, 157, 160, 208, 307–8 (n. 19)
  • pretos and pardos of, 28, 29–30, 31, 47, 54–57, 58, 84–85, 111, 119, 157–58, 161, 290, 307–8 (n. 19), 329 (n. 17)
  • racial discrimination and, 131, 150, 158, 162, 163, 177, 201–7, 214, 217, 290–92, 294, 340 (n. 56)
  • racial discrimination and, early twentieth century, 18, 23–24, 29–30, 31, 54–57, 68, 84, 85, 89, 99, 120, 318 (n. 58)
  • racial mixture and, 5, 10, 28, 111–12, 222
  • Second Republic and, 289
  • segregation and, 31, 131, 158
  • slavery and, 7, 23, 28, 208, 209, 303 (n. 8), 339 (n. 31)
  • state vs. city of, 2, 24, 28, 306 (n. 1)
  • Syrio-Lebanese community of, 105–6, 107, 128, 209, 322 (n. 131)
  • Vargas regime and, 110, 111–12, 116, 127–30, 133, 142, 163, 208
  • “whitening ideal” and, 23, 128, 137–38, 209
  • “whitening” of, 28–29, 70, 71, 100
• —black activism in: after 1964, 246–47, 249, 274, 281, 287–94, 349 (n. 108), 351 (n. 151)
  • during Estado Novo, 155–56, 157, 163, 164
  • during Second Republic, 156–57, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 172, 173, 192, 197–98, 201–11, 213
  • through Frente Negra Brasileira, 111, 129, 130–33, 134, 135–38, 139–41, 143, 146, 147, 149, 162, 163, 216
• —black press of, 19, 20
  • activism, after 1964, 287–90;
  • activism, First Republic, 30, 45–64, 67–68, 84–85, 89–101, 105–9, 311 (n. 81), 312 (nn. 99–100), 313 (n. 101), 317 (n. 52)
  • activism, Second Republic, 151, 157, 164–65, 166, 168–72, 176–77, 211
  • Africa, First Republic debate about ties with, 64–67, 104–5, 321 (n. 126)
  • Africa, Second Republic debate about ties with, 188–90, 198, 208, 234–36;
  • Africa, 1930s debate about ties with, 139–41, 142, 149, 327 (nn. 116–17, 119–20)
  • Africa, 1960s and 70s debate about ties with, 263, 281, 288–89;
  • African Americans, news about, 46, 48, 208, 311–12 (n. 85), 312 (n. 90), 336–37 (n. 131)
  • Africanness of Brazilian culture and, 86, 87, 94, 128, 137, 141–42, 327–28 (n. 121)
  • call for confederation of black organizations, 94–95, 99
  • coverage of people of color abroad, 46, 66, 311–12 (n. 85), 336–37 (n. 131)
  • emergence of, early twentieth century, 18, 24, 29, 34–40;
  • European immigrants, debate over in, 56–57, 59–64, 99–100, 109, 110, 129, 132, 133–34, 135–36, 309 (n. 42), 314 (nn. 130–31), 321 (n. 112)
  • exhorting improvement in blacks, 38–40, 41, 46–47, 86
  • gossip columns, 33, 40, 46, 310 (n. 68)
  • history and archiving of, 209, 290, 308 (n. 35)
  • ideal of fraternity between blacks and whites and, 40–45, 48, 53, 54–55, 60–61, 64, 69, 81, 91, 327 (n. 110)
  • incompleteness of emancipation and, 26, 27, 46, 54
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 69, 70–71, 88, 89–94, 95–99, 100, 101–3, 106–7, 143, 145–46, 186–87, 207–8, 210–11, 319 (n. 83), 320 (n. 101)
  • mainstream papers and, 37, 310 (n. 54)
  • nationalism and, 91, 105, 129, 137
  • negro, use of term in, 30, 42, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54–55, 56, 68, 91–92, 236
  • photographs of blacks in, 31, 308 (n. 29), 310 (n. 56)
  • racial democracy and, 179–81, 202–3;
  • racial discrimination and, 52–57, 68, 89, 99, 174, 202–7, 325 (n. 85)
  • racial mixture and, 48, 51, 52, 101–3, 128, 180
  • racist “dogmas” and, 26, 36, 40
  • smallness of, 24, 33, 308 (n. 33)
  • social science and race and, 181, 184–86, 187–88, 189–90, 191–93, 203–6, 217, 337 (nn. 145, 147)
  • statues for black historical figures and, 106, 322 (n. 131)
  • “two race” perspective and, 18, 19, 94, 101, 102, 103, 104, 138, 149, 207–8, 222
  • “whitening ideal” and, 50–51, 137–38, 208
  • women and, 38, 98, 186, 308 (n. 29), 310 (nn. 56, 58). See also Mãe Preta figure
  • Mãe Preta proposed statue in Rio
• Saraiva, José Flávio Sombra, 238, 251, 252
• Sartre, Jean-Paul, 220, 221
• Schuyler, George, 175
• “Second Abolition,” 170, 178, 332–33 (n. 65)
• Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture. See FESTAC II
• Selassie, Haile, 105, 141, 321 (n. 126)
• Semana de Arte Moderna (Modern Art Week), 78
• Semog, Éle, 277
• Senegal, 242, 255, 346 (n. 41)
• Senghor, Henri, 242
• Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 220
• Senzala (Slave Quarters), 164, 166, 169, 189, 205, 207
• Shammas, Elias, 209
• Sheriff, Robin, 301
• Silva, Claudino José da, 212, 339 (n. 39)
• Silva, George Agostinho da, 229, 230–31, 240, 257
• Silva, José Bernardo da, 159, 160, 161, 166, 191, 192, 330 (n. 27), 337 (n. 142)
• Silva, Luis Inácio (Lula) da, 299
• Silva, Luiz, 287, 290
• Silva, Presciliano, 144
• Silva, W. D., 187–88
• SINBA. See Sociedade de Intercâmbio Brasil-África
• SINBA, 261–69, 276, 287, 288, 346 (n. 41)
  • secret police and, 270, 271, 277
  • South Africa and, 263–64, 265
  • women and, 279–80
• Slavery: abolition, 3, 5, 7, 10, 170, 173, 176
  • abolition, people of color's responses to, 8–9, 24–25, 43, 82, 306 (n. 3)
  • abolition anniversary, 41, 67, 86, 143, 147, 174, 180, 211, 243, 274, 290, 291, 293, 294, 297
  • African slaves, 6–7, 11, 19, 303 (n. 8), 306 (n. 3)
  • bandeirantes and, 39, 138, 208–9;
  • black celebration of history of, 68, 272–73;
  • former slaves, 8–9, 23, 25, 28, 60
  • freed slaves, 6, 28, 117, 122–23, 134, 162, 260, 303 (n. 6), 306 (n. 3)
  • indigenous people and, 6
  • nação and, 117, 119, 224
  • nostalgia for, 74, 77, 90, 108, 113, 315 (n. 14), 316 (n. 17)
  • Palmares slave community, 68, 89, 137, 140, 273–74;
  • quilombo runaway communities, 68, 164
  • racial inequality as holdover from, 201, 203, 336 (n. 110)
  • “Second Abolition” of, Second Republic, 170, 178, 332–33 (n. 65)
  • slave trade, 7, 204, 229, 237
  • strong black laborer and, 99, 100, 101, 186, 277
  • women as wet-nurses and, 74–75, 95–99, 320 (n. 101). See also Rio de Janeiro; Salvador da Bahia; São Paulo
• Soares, Sebastião, 271
• Socialism, 132
• Socialist Black Front, 136
• Socialist Convergence, 288
• Socialist Party, 136, 207
• Social sciences: antiracism and, 182–83, 184, 187, 192, 196, 197, 198, 201, 203, 217–18, 219, 224, 333 (n. 75), 337 (n. 145)
  • black activism and, 203–6, 214, 215, 216, 217, 223
  • race relations and, 12, 153, 203, 204, 217–20;
  • race research and, 11, 13, 181–93, 201, 216, 250, 304 (n. 22), 305 (n. 30)
  • racial data and, 267, 347 (n. 69)
  • refuting scientific racism, 112, 152–53, 181, 182–83, 184, 185, 191, 193
  • turning African-descended Brazilians into objects, 218, 219
• Sociedade de Intercâmbio Brasil-África (SINBA, Society for Brazilian-African Exchange), 260–69, 282, 285, 288, 292, 300, 349 (n. 112)
  • CEAA and, 261, 262, 268, 270, 271, 280
  • census color categories and, 267–68, 274, 278, 283
  • IPCN and, 260, 262, 268, 271, 273, 275, 278–81, 286, 291, 349–50 (n. 114), 350 (n. 116)
  • secret police and, 277
  • women and, 278–80
• Sociedade Protectora dos Desvalidos, 144, 148
• Soul on Ice (Cleaver), 287
• Sousa, Luis de, 99
• South Africa, 12, 14, 290, 299, 301–2
  • apartheid and, 251, 263–64, 265, 278, 348 (n. 82)
  • Brazilian foreign policy and, 251, 252, 264
  • racial discrimination and, 234, 246
• Souza, Frederico Baptista de, 33–35, 36, 59, 309 (nn. 39, 42)
• Sugar plantations, 7, 11, 112, 114
• Tafari, Ras. See Selassie, Haile
• Teatro del Pueblo, 163
• Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN, Black Experimental Theater), 165, 259, 269, 282, 332 (n. 53), 334 (n. 88)
  • Africa, acceptance of heritage of and, 164, 221, 222, 236, 243, 254
  • characterized as elitist, 167, 191, 218, 222
  • as leading black organization in Rio, 213–14, 217
  • military dictatorship and, 249, 250, 255
  • Quilombo and, 164, 171, 220
  • racial discrimination and, 175, 215–17, 219–20, 339 (n. 39), 340 (nn. 53, 59)
  • racial mixture and, 254, 281
  • social science and race and, 192, 217, 218, 219
  • Trinidade and, 212–13;
  • women and, 167, 271, 279
• Teatro Popular Brasileiro, 213, 222
• Teixeira, Cid, 144
• Teixeira, Sofia Campos, 186, 207
• Teixeira Mendes, Raimundo, 83
• Telles, Edward, 13
• Torres, Antonio, 76, 79
• Tribuna Negra, 140
• Trinidade, Solano, 212–13, 222, 257, 334 (n. 88)
• Truman, Harry S., 177, 334 (n. 88)
• Tudo Preto (revue), 88, 114
• Tupí people, 8, 78
• U. C. (writer in Getulino), 62
• União Democrática Nacional (UDN, National Democratic Union), 153, 174
• União dos Homens de Cor (UHC, Union of Men of Color), 159–61, 176, 330 (n. 29), 330–31 (n. 33)
  • racial discrimination and class and, 159–60, 161–62, 167, 170, 212
  • social science and race and, 191, 192, 193
• Union of Afro-Brazilian Sects, 125
• United Nations, 264
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 176, 180, 182
  • women and, 279
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 12, 243
  • antiracist projects, 182–83, 201, 203, 217–18, 219, 224, 337 (n. 145)
  • Department of Social Sciences, 182
• United States: black identity in, 208, 216
  • censorship of movies of, 250
  • civil rights in, 15–16, 284, 349 (n. 112)
  • individualism and materialism of, 79, 82
  • proposed mass migration of African Americans to Brazil, 42, 48, 52–53, 65
  • racial discrimination and, 65, 217, 340 (n. 56)
  • racism of, vs. Brazil, 3, 15–16, 44, 53, 55, 77, 112, 175–76, 182, 202, 216, 275, 284, 334 (n. 88)
  • segregation and, 10, 12, 41, 42, 55, 299
  • soul music of, 275–78, 284, 349 (nn. 100, 111–12)
  • as world power, 77
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 176, 180, 182
• Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 260, 271
• Universidade Federal Fluminense, 257, 271
• University of Chicago, 182
• University of São Paulo, 184, 250
• Vagrancy, and racism, 26, 40
• Valladares, Clarival do Prado, 252–53, 254, 256, 262
• Vamos cantar a Bahia (radio program), 228
• Vanguarda, 80
• Vanguarda Socialista, 207
• Vargas, Getúlio, 11, 109, 112, 168, 173, 200
  • end of regime of, 143, 151, 153–54, 329 (n. 1)
  • as “father” of nation, 110, 139, 154
  • increasing authoritarianism of, 111, 137, 143, 269
  • institutionalizing carnival, 115, 127
  • modernizing policies of, 113, 114, 124
  • return of, 199
  • revolt against, in São Paulo, 116, 127–28, 133, 138, 208, 209
  • “two-thirds” law and, 129, 260, 346 (n. 38)
  • women's suffrage and, 131, 153, 325 (n. 69)
• Vasconcelos, José, 77
• Vasconcelos, Mário, 140, 146
• Verger, Pierre, 223–24, 225–26, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 241, 242, 243, 341 (n. 77)
• Versus, 288, 290, 294, 345 (n. 27)
• Vianna, Bernardo, 54, 57, 318 (n. 58)
• Vianna, Hermano, 222
• Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 128
• Voting rights, 23, 24–25, 31, 38, 153, 166–67, 199, 200, 248, 306 (n. 4), 325 (n. 69)
• Vovô, 284, 285, 286
• Voz da Negritude, 191
• Voz da Raça (Voice of the Race), 134, 135, 327 (n. 110)
  • Africa, disavowing ties with, 140, 327 (n. 116)
  • African culture, rejection of by, 141, 327–28 (n. 121)
  • celebrating Brazilians of African descent, 137, 138
  • Frente Negra Brasileira and, 130, 133, 136, 160, 165
• Wagley, Charles, 224
• Wanderley, Argentino Celso, 105
• Wattstax (movie), 276–77
• Weinstein, Barbara, 127
• Wet-nurses of African descent, 68, 162, 186
  • artist renditions during time of slavery, 95–96, 97, 144, 145, 320 (n. 101)
  • blood and milk of, 54, 80, 90, 98, 139
  • ideal of fraternity between blacks and whites and, 54–55, 113
  • Mãe Preta proposed statue honoring, 69, 74, 84
  • Mãe Preta statue honoring, 210
  • nostalgia for, 74–75, 90, 315 (n. 14), 316 (n. 17)
  • in relation to own black son, 95–98, 101, 145
  • slavery and, 74–75, 95–99, 315 (n. 14), 320 (n. 101)
  • subservience of, 74–77;
  • white Brazilian view of, 72–73, 74–77, 97
• White Brazilians: black press and, 37
  • ideal of fraternity between blacks and whites and, 61–62, 108, 171, 172
  • Mãe Preta figure and, 69, 70, 72–74, 75–77, 78–81, 90, 93–94, 97, 101, 102, 103, 108
  • official view of Brazilian racial identity and, 112–17, 122
  • Paulistas against Vargas, 116, 127–28, 138, 208. See also Wet-nurses of African descent
• Women, 21, 39–40, 74–75, 76, 155
  • Bahianas, 116, 127
  • black activism and, 135, 167, 271, 278–80;
  • black press and, 38, 98, 186, 308 (n. 29), 310 (nn. 56, 58)
  • cross-racial sexual intimacies and, 6–7, 11, 76, 80, 90, 113, 255
  • suffrage, 131, 153, 325 (n. 69). See also Candomblé; Wet-nurses of African descent
• Worker's Party, 299
• World Conference on Racism (2001), 301–2
• World War I, 77, 83
• World War II, 151, 153, 164, 182
• Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 259, 287
• Xangô, 225, 226
• Yoruba culture, 117, 263, 293
  • African contact and, 224, 225, 226–27, 236
  • anthropology and, 121, 122, 124
  • Candomblé ritual and, 119, 123–24, 125, 126, 127
  • FESTAC II and, 252, 253
  • Ilê Aiyê carnival group and, 284, 285
  • superiority and purity of, 123, 127
  • teaching of, 231, 232
• Zumbi, 137, 140, 273, 274