Note: Page numbers in italic indicate figures. Page numbers followed by an ‘n’ indicate endnotes.
ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions), 125, 127, 131, 135, 139
Abraham (Little Abraham) (Tayorheasere, Teyarhasere, Tyorhansera, Tigoransera, Teirhenshsere) (Mohawk)
Albany conference (1775) and, 92
death of, 93
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 248
on settlers, 89
Adair, James, 17
Adams, John, 99
Adams, John Quincy, 147
Adams, Margaret (Fitzpatrick) (Wilmarth) (Wilmott) (Walking Woman) (Arapaho), 184, 197, 198, 210
adoptions, 13, 18, 47–48. see also kinship
agriculture
Blackfeet and, 180
Cherokees and, 122–23, 146, 233
“civilization” and, 114
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175, 226
Little Raven on, 210
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 10, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 209, 214, 234
in text of Medicine Lodge Treaty, 266, 267, 268, 270–71, 273, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282
New Echota Treaty and, 253
reservations and, 181
Ridges and, 128
Tananaica on, 222
Texas and, 165
women and, 18
AIM (American Indian Movement), 239
Alabama, 98, 115, 117, 122, 131, 268
Albany Congress (1754), 24, 44–45, 65, 67
alcohol. see liquor
Algonquian languages, 42, 175, 196
Algonquins, 40
alliances
captive and, 47
Chain of Friendship and, 24
Delawares and, 97
French and Indian, 1, 4, 57, 165
gifts and, 19–20
interpreters and, 31–32
kinship and, 12–13
Lewis and Clark and, 164–65, 168
Plains Indians and, 165, 171–72
Spaniards and, 98
treaties and, 48, 84, 98, 173, 174
writing and, 35
“amalgamation,” 138
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 125, 127, 131, 135, 139
American Indian Movement (AIM), 239
Americans. see settlers, American; entries beginning US …
annexation act of 1877, 241
annuities. see also appropriations
Blackfoot peace conference and, 180
Cherokees and, 138
corruption and, 230
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 84
Harrison and, 116
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183, 184
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 201, 202, 205, 208, 210, 214, 216
in text of Medicine Lodge Treaty, 265, 269, 274, 276, 280
New Echota Treaty and, 255, 256, 260
Potawatomis and, 139
US Congress and, 106
Anza, Juan Bautista de, 21, 166
Apaches. see also Plains Indians; individual Apaches
additional compensation, 238
attacks south of Rio Grande, 172
Cheyennes and, 171
Fort Atkinson Treaty and, 176
Jerome Commission and, 235–36, 237
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 193, 198
New Mexico and, 166
reservations, 163, 205, 214, 215
Spain and, 166
Texas and, 216
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
violence of, 220
Apiatan (Kiowa), 236
Appalachian Mountains, 54, 55, 81
appropriations, 214, 230–31, 269, 271, 280, 282. see also annuities
Arapahos. see also Plains Indians; individual Arapahos
alliances, 171
Black Kettle and, 183
Cheyennes and, 209–10
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175, 226
Fort Wise Treaty and, 176
gifts from, 206
Jerome Commission and, 235
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183, 184
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 189, 193, 194, 196, 209
as prisoners, 223
Red Cloud War and, 184–85
reservations, 163, 215, 217, 219
Sheridan and, 219
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
Arikaras, 167, 170, 172, 175. see also Plains Indians
Arizona, 227
Arizona Tax Commission, Warren Trading Post Co. v. (1965), 239–40
Arkansas, 33–34, 118, 158, 159, 169
Arkansas River Valley, 171, 201
“Articles of Government” (Cherokees), 124
artists, 224
Ash Hollow (Nebraska), 176
Assaryquoa (Assaraquoa) (long knife) (sword), 25, 29
Assiniboines, 175. see also Plains Indians
Athapaskan language, 197
Athens Courier (newspaper), 148
Atkin, Edmond, 14
Attakullakulla (Little Carpenter) (Cherokee), 63, 81, 91
Augooshaway (Egushawa) (Gushgushagwa) (Ottawa), 106, 113, 244
Augur, Christopher, 187, 187, 194, 221, 226, 229
Aupaumut, Hendrick (Mahican), 25, 108
Australia, 243
authority. see also legality; sovereignty
Botetort and, 81
British, 85
Cherokee land and, 143
Cherokee Nation and, 145, 155, 158, 249, 250
Indian, 17, 22, 34, 48, 60, 108, 239
Iroquois, 56, 62, 77, 80, 85, 98
Navajos and, 239
Peace Commission and, 185
treaties and, 231
US government, 4, 24, 98, 107, 132, 164, 230, 237–38
autonomy of bands, 120
Bannocks, 227
Bao (Cat) (Having Horns) (Kiowa), 196
Barker, Joanne, 333n37
Barnitz, Alfred, 212
Barsh, Russell, 242
Battle of Beecher’s Island (1868), 218
Battle of Devil’s Hole (1763), 54
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), 110
Battle of Fort Niagara (1759), 54, 68
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka) (1814), 117, 118, 123
Battle of Lake George (1755), 51
Battle of Monongahela (1755), 57
Battle of Neches River (1839), 156
Battle of Oriskany (1777), 93
Battle of Point Pleasant, 90
Battle of Summit Springs (1869), 219
Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), 233
Battle of the Rosebud (1876), 233
Battle of the Washita (1868), 215
Battle of Tohopeka (Horseshoe Bend) (1814), 117, 118, 123
Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan, 96
Beech Tree (Oneyanha) (Oneida), 101
Bell, John, 157
Bell, Sarah Caroline (Watie), 157, 162, 163
Bent, Charles, 184
Bent, Charley, 189, 190, 196, 198
Bent, George
Custer’s raid and, 218
as interpreter, 219
Jerome Commission and, 235
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 196, 198, 211
photo, 190
Bent, Julia (Guerrier), 196, 197, 198
Bent, Robert, 190
Bent, William, 184, 189, 190, 196
Bent, Yellow Woman (Cheyenne), 184
Benton, Hart, 147
Biard, Pierre, 22
Big Tree (Seneca), 100–101, 220, 221, 223, 236
Bird Chief (Arapaho), 232
Black, Hugo, 239
Black Beaver (Delaware), 196
Black Buffalo (Brulé), 167
Black Elk (Oglala Lakota), 35
Blackfeet, 176, 179–80, 197. see also Plains Indians
Black Hawk (Oglala), 175
Black Hawk (Sauk), 115
Black Hills (SD), 226, 233–34, 240–41
Black Hoof (Shawnee), 113
Black Kettle (Cheyenne)
Custer and, 218
death of, 218
Dog Soldiers and, 195
kin, 190
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 193, 198, 205, 216
raids of, 183
Sand Creek massacre and, 177
Sheridan and, 218
Blacksnake (Seneca), 68
Bloody Fellow (Cherokee), 108
Blue Jacket (Shawnee), 113
Board of Trade (Britain), 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 81, 82
Bogy, Charles, 184
Boldt, George, 240
Boone, Daniel, 86–87
Boone, James, 87
Bosque Redondo (NM), 227
Botetort, Lord, 81
Boudinot, Delight, 154
Boudinot, Elias (Galagina) (Buck Watie) (Cherokee). see also Cherokee Phoenix (newspaper); Treaty Party
E. Butler on, 153
on Corn Tassel, 134
image, 207
Jackson and, 143
on leadership, 149
namesake of, 125
on New Echota Treaty, 147
New Echota Treaty and, 9, 144, 154
Ross on, 159
US Civil War and, 161–62
US government and, 159
wives and children, 126–27, 147, 162, 163
Boudinot, Elias Cornelius, 162–63, 233
boundaries. see also fences; reservations; specific treaties
AIM and, 239
Croghan and, 66
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 8, 9, 49–65, 71–77, 78, 80–82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 95, 245, 247, 251
Gage on, 80–81
Greenville Treaty and, 113
Hard Labor Treaty and, 81
Indian wars and, 99
indigenous, 12
W. Johnson and, 62–63, 71–73, 76
kinship and, 46–47
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 221, 277
Peace of Paris (1763) and, 54
Prairie du Chien Treaty and, 170
resistance to, 120
Revolutionary War and, 122
Tecumseh and, 116
US expansion and, 165, 172, 173, 174
US government and, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107, 109, 174
wars and, 170
Bouquet, Henry, 47
Bowles (Duwali) (Cherokee), 156
Bozeman Trail, 184–85, 226, 227
Braddock, Edward, 57
Bradford, William, 13–14, 19–20
Brainerd mission, 125
Brant, Joseph (Mohawk), 51–52, 57, 72, 92, 93, 108
Brant, Molly (Mary), 19, 51, 52, 57
Bray, Kingsley, 175
bribery, 107, 108, 115, 119, 123, 125, 139–40
Bridger, Jim, 174–75
Britain and the British. see also Irish traders; Paris, Peace of (1763, 1783); Privy Council (Britain); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)
Cherokees and, 122
colonial era and, 4
Covenant Chain and, 24
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 49, 77–78, 80
Indian culture and, 14
Iroquois and, 49–50, 53, 54, 85–86
Ohio River and Valley and, 45, 54, 65, 84
Revolutionary War and, 90
settlers, American, and, 92
southeast US and, 117
western frontier and, 55–57
Broken Hand (Thomas Fitzpatrick), 174, 175, 184, 197
“brother,” 24–25
Brothertown Indians, 153
Brown, George, 189
Brown, Hugh, 237
Brown, John (Cherokee), 154
Brulé Sioux, 167, 171, 176, 226
Buchanan, James, 198
Buffalo Chief (Cheyenne), 210–11
Buffalo Goad (Wichita), 232
Blackfoot peace conference and, 179–80
cattle and, 180
Cheyennes and, 209
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 226
Indians’ opinion and, 202
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 200, 201, 204, 211, 215, 216
railroads and, 186
Red Cloud War and, 185
Red River War and, 221
settlers and, 221–22
Sherman on, 217
Buffalo War (Red River War), 221, 222–23
Bull Bear (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 184, 193, 211, 212, 219
Bunt (Otsinoghiyata) (Onondaga), 68, 77, 89, 248
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian Office), 173, 229
Burnett, John G., 152–53
Burns, Robert Ignatius, 179
Bushyhead, Isaac, 157
Bushyhead, Jesse, 142
Butler, John, 68, 69, 92–93, 94
Butler, Richard, 94, 100, 102, 103
Butler, Thomas, 92
Butler, Walter, 92
Butrick, Daniel, 147
Cachupín, Tomás Vélez, 166
Caldwell, Billy (Sauganash) (Potawatomi), 139–40
California, 5, 172, 173–74, 180, 186
calumets. see pipes and smoking
Campbell, C., 175
Canada, 5, 31–32, 34, 54, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98, 168, 228, 233, 243
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 55
Canaghquieson (Oneida). see Conoghquieson
Canajoharie, 50
Canasatego (Onondaga), 23, 29, 36, 39, 43–44
Canonicus (Narragansett), 19–20, 290n39
Captain Bull (Delaware), 62
Captain John (Onondiyo) (Oneida), 110–11
captives, 47–48, 69, 167, 183, 206, 223
Carolina people (Americans), 108
Carroll, William, 145, 148, 248
Carter, Jimmy, 241
Cartier, Jacques, 40
Carver, Robert, 32–33
Cass, Lewis, 131, 135, 136, 138, 140, 145, 170, 171
Catawba (Kentucky) River, 81, 303n129
Cat (Bao) (Having Horns) (Kiowa), 196
Catherine (Mohawk), 57
Cattaraugus reservation, 120
cattle, 87, 122, 162, 180, 199, 270, 281
Cavalier, Robert, Sieur de La Salle, 33–34
Cayugas, 1, 24, 77, 101, 111, 248. see also Iroquois
Cayuses, 177
Central Pacific Railroad, 180
ceremonies, 16, 29. see also pipes and smoking; wampum
cession treaties (1817, 1819), 125
Chain of Friendship, 24
Champlain, Samuel de, 40
Charbonneau, Sakakawea (Shoshoni), 169
Charbonneau, Toussaint, 169
Charles (Prince), 10
Charles I, 14
“cheat like a white man,” 102
Chechebinquey (Alexander Robinson) (Potawatomi), 139–40
Cherokee Commission (Jerome Commission), 235–37
Cherokee constitution, 124, 128, 131, 133
Cherokee National Committee, 124, 151
Cherokee National Council
Arbuckle and, 157
Georgia and, 133
on land sales, 129
New Echota Treaty and, 145
Payne and, 141
removal and, 124–25, 136, 151, 154
slaves and, 123
Watie and, 161
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 134
Cherokee Phoenix (newspaper), 9, 129, 131, 136, 142
Cherokees. see also National Party; removal; Treaty of Hard Labor; Treaty of Lochaber (1770); Treaty of New Echota (Ridge’s Treaty) (1835); Treaty Party; individual Cherokees; entries beginning Cherokee …; subtribes
1731–1835, 121–34 (see also removal)
Arbuckle and, 157
Boone and, 87
Choctaws and, 25
“civilized,” 127
civil wars of, 153–63
Detroit conference and, 105
feathers and, 30
Fort Stanwix cessions and, 91
Holston Treaty and, 108
homelands, 122
Hopewell Treaty and, 103–4
Johnson on, 80–81
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182
number of treaties made, 5
renaissance of, 121–23
reservations and, 183
rights of, 121
Stuart and, 88
US Civil War and, 161–63
US Constitution and, 134–35
US government and, 146–47
Virginia and, 67
wampum and, 31
written treaties and, 128
Cherokee Strip, 163
Cherokee Tobacco case (1870), 233
Cheyennes. see also Plains Indians; individual Cheyennes
alliances, 171
Arapahos and, 209–10
artists, 224
G. Bent and, 332n26
Cimarron, 205, 209, 211, 222, 223–24
Crows and, 171
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175, 226
Fort Wise Treaty and, 176
gifts and, 171–72
Indian wars and, 199
Jerome Commission and, 235
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183, 184
Lone Horn and, 175
medals and, 167
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 189, 193, 194–95, 198, 200, 205, 209–10, 211–12
as prisoners, 223
Red Cloud War and, 184–85
reservations, 163, 215, 217, 219
Sheridan and, 219
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
US military and, 233
US sovereignty and, 170
Chicago newspapers, 188, 189, 209
Chickamauga Cherokees, 92
Chickasaws, 25, 34, 104, 114, 203, 235, 247
“chief,” 17
chief salaries, 107–8
Chinook Jargon, 240
Chisholm, Jesse, 196
Chivington, John, 177
Choctaws
Cherokees and, 25
Hopewell Treaty and, 103–5
Jackson and, 118
medals and, 21
Mount Dexter Treaty and, 115
Oklahoma and, 235
reservations and, 203
women, 120
Chouteau, Pierre, 169
Christianity
Cherokee Phoenix and, 129
Indian converts, 51, 136, 178, 223, 227, 228
prisoners and, 224
removal of Christian Indians, 153
treaties and, 95, 147, 227, 230
Cimarron Cheyennes, 205, 209, 211, 222, 223–24
Cincinnati newspapers, 189
“civilization”
agriculture and, 114, 122, 199
Boudinot on, 127
Indians’ opinion of, 202
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 185–86, 199, 204
New Echota Treaty and, 9
N. Taylor on, 181
treaties and, 230
US Department of Interior and, 173
US Indian Peace Commission and, 185
Clare, Lord, 61
Clark, George Rogers, 58, 102, 103, 169, 170
Clark, William, 5, 145, 164, 167–71
Chicago treaty and, 118–19
Fort Finney conference and, 102
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 71
Hendrick and, 51
W. Johnson and, 52
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 194, 196, 197–98, 202
Montour and, 69
19th century, 28
treaty and, 167
Wells and, 113
coercion
Cherokee commission and, 236
W. Clark and, 169
colonial era and, 4
Fort Pitt Treaty and, 97
Harrison and, 115
Indian government and, 17
Jackson and, 117
Jerome Commission and, 235
New Echota Treaty and, 143–44, 151
Shawnees and, 103
sign of consent and, 3
starvation and, 214
US commissioners and, 115
Yakama treaty and, 179
Coeur d’Alenes, 180
Cohen, Felix, 164
Colden, Cadwallader, 17, 42, 51
Colley, Samuel, 176
colonial era
British and, 56
Cherokees and, 122
diplomacy, 12–19
education of Indians and, 204
European treaties and, 4
gifts, 19–22
interpreters and go-betweens, 40–43
Iroquois and, 49
land, liquor, and captives, 43–48
motives, 7
power of words, 22–25
respect and, 243
wampum and pipes, 25–35
writing and memory, 35–40
Colorado
Arapahos and, 210, 215, 217, 270, 281 (see also Sand Creek massacre (1864))
Cheyenne attacks, 183
Fort Wise Treaty and, 176
Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty and, 172
map, 215
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 210–11
trade and, 184
violence and, 217
Colvilles, 180
Comanche-Kiowa treaty, 189
Comanches. see also Plains Indians; individual Comanches; specific bands; specific subtribes
additional compensation, 238
alliances, 171
attacks south of Rio Grande, 172
Black Kettle and, 183
Cheyennes and, 171
cholera and, 174
delegation to Washington, 221
as dominant power, 166
Fort Atkinson Treaty and, 176
Germans and, 5
horses and, 166
Jerome Commission and, 235–36, 237
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 163, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 210, 216
New Mexico and, 20, 21, 166–67
as prisoners, 223
reservations, 163, 183, 203, 205, 214, 215, 219
US Indian Peace Commission and, 182, 186
Coming to the Grove (Kiowa), 224
commissioners, 7, 16, 186. see also individual commissioners; specific treaties
image, 187
Compromises of 1820 and 1850, 176
condolence ceremony, 16
Conestogas, 55
confederacy, north of the Ohio, 108
confederacy, Shawnee, 86
confederacy, US, 5
confederated nations, 108
Confederate Indian Cavalry Brigade, 162
Confederation Congress, 98
conferences. see also entries beginning Treaty of …; specific conferences
conferences, Albany, 42
conference, Albany (1701), 2
conference, Albany (1714), 48
conference, Albany (1723), 33
conference, Albany (1725–26), 45
conference, Albany (1735), 34
conference, Albany (1746), 50
conference, Albany Congress (1754), 24, 31, 44–45, 65, 67
conference, Albany (1775), 91, 92
conference, Albany (Denniston’s Tavern) (1789), 101
conference, Aquokee Camp, 151
conference, Auglaize River (1792), 108
conference, Blackfoot peace (1855), 179–80
conference, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, (1753), 27
conference, Chota, Tennessee, (1776), 30–31, 91–92
conference, Detroit (1786), 105; (1812), 116
conference, Easton, Pennsylvania (1756), 39, 47; (1758), 20, 21
conference, Fort Benton (1855), 179
conference, Fort Duquesne (1758), 32
conference, Fort Finney (1786), 102–3, 106
conference, Fort Johnson (1755), 51; (1756), 20, 32
conference, Fort Laramie (1867), 189
conference, Fort Laramie (1868), 226
conference, Fort Larned (1867), 189
conference, Fort McIntosh (1785), 102
conference, Fort Pitt (1763), 68
conference, Fort Pitt (1765), 60
conference, Fort Pitt (1767), 61, 86
conference, Fort Pitt (1776), 90
conference, Fort Pitt (1778), 91
conference, German Flatts, New York, (1775), 24
conference, Illinois Campground (Tahlequah) (1839), 156
conference, Johnson Hall (1762), 19, 31, 52
conference, Johnson Hall (1765), 59–60
conference, Johnson Hall (1768), 63–65
conference, Johnson Hall (1774), 88–89
conference, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1744), 8, 23, 35, 41, 43–44, 45–46, 50, 81; (1748), 35
conference, Montreal (1701), 1–2, 8, 15; (1756) 20, 29–30, 49
conference, New Orleans (1769), 34–35
conference, Okmulgee (1870), 163
conference, Onondaga (1758), 19
conference, Philadelphia (1743), 45; (1758), 33
conference, Red Clay (1834), 138, (1835), 142, 143
conference, representation at, 17, 48
conference, Running Water (1834), 138; (1835), 141
conference, Sandusky (1793), 93, 108–9
conference, speeches, 23–24
conference, Susquehanna River (1706), 18
conference, Tahlequah (Illinois Campground) (1839), 156
conference, Tahlequah (1843), 156
conference, Takatoka (1839), 154
conference, Tremont House (Chicago), 229
conference, Walla Walla Valley (1855), 177–79
conference, Williamsburg (1721), 34
conference, Winchester (1753), 45
Connecticut, 61–62, 75, 125, 127
Connolly, John, 84
Conoghquieson (Canaghquieson) (Kanaghqweasea) (Kanaghwaes) (Kanongyweniyah) (“standing ears of corn”) (Oneida)
Albany conference and, 92
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 54, 68, 70–71, 73, 77, 85, 88–89, 248
on land sales, 53–54
on women, 19
Conquering Bear (Frightening Bear) (Sioux), 176
consent of the people, 17–18, 48
consequences of treaties, 8
Constitution Act of 1982 (Canada), 55
Constitution of the United Cherokee Nation, 156
constitutions, 128
Continental Congress, 92
Coodey, William (Cherokee), 157
Coosawatie district, 137
Corlaer, 25
Cornelius, Elias, 125
Cornplanter (Seneca), 100, 110, 113
Cornstalk (Shawnee), 90–91
Corn Tassel (Cherokee), 104
Corn Tassel, George (Cherokee), 133–34
Corps of Discovery, 164
corruption, 148. see also bribery
cotton industry, 117
Crawford, William, 83
Crazy Horse (Oglala), 233
Creek National Council, 125
Creeks (“Red Sticks”), 15, 48, 81. see also individual Creeks
American settlers and, 116–17
ceremonies and, 16
debt and, 114
Fort Jackson Treaty and, 118
Georgia and, 108
New York Treaty and, 107
Shawnees and, 86
Tahlequah conference and, 156
western, 139
Crine (Mohawk), 93
Crockett, Davy, 132
Croghan, George, 14, 40, 45, 66
authority and, 9
character of, 57–58
Connolly and, 84
Fort Pitt negotiations and, 60, 64–65
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 66, 68, 75–76, 77, 80
Indiana Company and, 66
Indian wars and, 89–90
Lydius and, 75
Mohawks and, 57
Montour and, 69
Peters on, 67
Revolutionary War and, 93–94
as speculator, 88
on Teedyuscung, 39–40
trip to England, 58–59
Washington and, 83
western frontier and, 57
western tribes and, 88
Croghan, William, 58
cross-cultural diplomacy, 12–19
cross-cultural interaction
colonial era and, 15–19
the Crow (Kiowa), 191
Crows, 171, 226. see also Plains Indians
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 174–75
Lone Horn and, 175–76
US sovereignty and, 170
Crow Treaty (1825), 171
Cuerno Verde (Green Horn) (Comanche), 166
Culbertson, H., 175
Culloden, 67
Cumberland, William Duke of, 67
Cumberland Gap, 67
Cumberland-Tennessee-Kentucky region, 77
Curler, Arent van, 25
Currey, Benjamin Franklin, 140, 141, 142, 147
Custer, George Armstrong, 185, 188, 193, 218–19, 233
Custer Died for Your Sins (Deloria), 239
Dagdoga (He Stands). see Watie, Stand
Daily Alta California (newspaper), 173
Dakotas, 174, xii. see also Plains Indians
Dartmouth, Earl of, 82
Davis, Edmund, 221
Dawes Act (General Allotment Act) (1887), 234, 236
Dean, James, 42
debt, 114–15
debts, 119
deeds, 44
Deerfield (MA), 26
deerskins, white, 30
Deganawidah the Peacemaker, 16
Delawares (Lenni Lenapes). see also individual Delawares
calumet and, 34
Detroit conference and, 105
Fort Pitt Treaty and, 96–97
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 65, 68, 75
Fort Wayne Treaty and, 116
Hurons and, 25
Jefferson and, 113–14
W. Johnson and, 76
Johnson Hall conference and, 59–60
Mahicans and, 25
Morgan and, 96
Ojibwes and, 25
T. Penn and, 38
Peters and, 68
reservations, 219
Susquehanna attack, 62
Tahlequah conference and, 156
treaty and, 47–48
wampum and, 30
White Eyes and, 97
women and, 18
Delaware State, 94
delegations to Washington, 98–99, 169, 175, 176, 221, 227, 231, 236–37
delegation to New York City, 231, 232
delegation to Philadelphia, 15
Deloria, Jr., Vine, 239
DeMallie, Raymond, 16–17
dependence, Indian, 99, 100, 134, 229
dependence, mutual, 19
De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 175, 189
Devil’s Horn. see Schermerhorn, John F.
Diaquanda (Teyohaquende) (Onondaga), 68, 71, 89
diplomacy. see also negotiations; rituals
Lone Horn and, 175–76
Plains Indians and, 164–65, 171
“dirt king,” 104
diseases
Caddos and, 165
Iroquois League and, 1
Lone Wolf and, 224
power and, 13
treaty locations and, 15
venereal, 57
Dodge, Richard Irving, 221–22, 230
Doer of Justice (Saorghweyoghsta) (William Franklin), 70, 71, 77
Dog Soldiers (Cheyenne), 183, 193, 195, 209, 210–11, 222. see also individual Dog Soldiers
Dohate (Owl Prophet) (Maman-ti) (Touching the Sky) (Kiowa), 223, 224
Donelson, John, 81
Doolittle, James R., 185
Doublehead (Cherokee), 123
Douglas, Stephen, 176
Douglass, Henry, 196
Downing, Lewis (Cherokee), 232
Dragging Canoe (Cherokee), 91, 92
dress. see clothing
Drew, John (Cherokee), 161
drinking. see liquor
Duane, James, 99
Dunlap, R. G., 137
Dunmore, Governor (Lord) (James Murray), 90
Dunmore’s War, 90
Dutch language, 42
Dutch Reformed Church, 153
Duthu, N. Bruce (Houma), 242
Duwali (Bowles) (Cherokee), 156
Eastern Woodland Indians, 46, 114
Ecueracapa (Leather Shirt) (Iron Coat) (Comanche), 21
editing, 37
education, 125. see also schools
New Echota Treaty and, 145
Eel River tribes, 116
Eghnisera (Andrew Montour, Sattelihu), 69
Egushawa (Augooshaway) (Gushgushagwa) (Ottawa), 106, 113, 244
Elliott, Joel, 193, 213–14, 218, 230
Emlen, James, 110
English. see also specific colonies
calumet and, 32–33
captives and, 47
neutrality and, 2
wampum and, 31
western Indians and, 72
writing and, 35
English language, 42
Texas and, 156
Europeans. see also specific nationalities
colonial era and, 4
Indian culture and, 14
Osages and, 165
protocols and, 12
Evans, Lewis, 29
Evarts, Jeremiah (“William Penn”), 131–32
Everett, Edward, 132
extermination, 186
Fairfax, Thomas Lord, 45
Fallen Timbers campaign, 113
farming. see agriculture
feathers, 30, 34, 64, 102, 194, 197
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960), 239
Fetterman, William, 185
Fishermore (Kiowa), 194, 198, 205
fishing, 240
Fitzpatrick, Margaret (Adams) (Wilmarth) (Wilmott) (Walking Woman) (Arapaho), 184, 197, 198, 210
Fitzpatrick, Thomas (Broken Hand), 174, 175, 184, 197
Five Nations, 1. see also Iroquois (Iroquois League) (Six Nations); specific tribes
flags, 167
Flatheads (Salish), 169, 171, 179. see also Plains Indians
Forbes, John and Company, 114–15
force. see coercion; US military
Foreman, James, 157
Foreman, Tom (Cherokee), 138
Forks of the Ohio, 57, 58, 75–76
Forsythe, Thomas, 293n90
Fort Bent, 184
Fort Chartres, 84
Fort Duquesne (Fort Pitt) (Fort Dunmore), 57, 69, 84
Fort Johnson, 52
Fort Marion (FL), 224
Fort Pitt (Fort Duquesne) (Fort Dunmore), 57, 58, 69, 84, 85. see also Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)
Fort Randolph, 91
Fort Stanwix, 93. see also Treaties of Fort Stanwix (1768, 1784)
Fox Indians (Mesquakies), 34, 115, 170, 235
France and Frenchmen. see also Paris, Peace of (1763, 1783); individual Frenchmen
alliances, Indian, 1, 4, 57, 165
Indian culture and, 14
Indian support for, 37
as interpreters, 40
W. Johnson and, 53
Plains Indians and, 165–66
Texas and, 165
Virginia and, 81
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 189
Franklin, Benjamin, 6, 58, 60–61, 62, 63, 82, 83, 94
Franklin, William (Doer of Justice) (Saorghweyoghsta), 58, 66, 70, 71, 77, 81, 94, 248
fraud
Greenville Treaty and, 309n51
Henderson treaty (Sycamore Shoals Treaty) and, 104
Indian Springs Treaty and, 118
New Echota Treaty and, 148, 151
French and Indian Wars (1754–63), 4, 20, 22, 44, 47–48, 58, 65–66, 67
Frightening Bear (Conquering Bear) (Sioux), 176
Frontenac, Count, 31
Galagina (Buck Watie) (Cherokee). see Boudinot, Elias
Gap in the Woods (Howea) (Yamparika Comanche), 236
Gardner, Alexander, 195
Gaustrax (Seneca), 77
General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) (1887), 234
Georgia. see also individual governors
Cherokee homelands and, 122, 135, 137, 141
Cherokees and, 118, 121, 129, 131, 134–35, 136
Corn Tassel and, 134
Creeks and, 118
Creeks and Cherokees and, 108
Hopewell Treaty and, 104
Indian Removal Act and, 133
Jackson and, 117
land claims by, 98
Georgia, Cherokee Nation v., 134
Georgia, Worcester v. (1832), 134
German, John and Lydia, 222–23
Germans, 5, 42, 57. see also individual Germans
germ warfare, 54
gifts. see also specific gifts
Buffalo Chief on, 210
Cheyenne-Kiowa alliance and, 171–72
colonial era and, 19–22, 290n39
Fort Laramie Treaty, 175
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 66, 71, 76, 77
as inducements, 46
Lewis and Clark and, 167
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 194, 202, 205–6, 327n66
New Mexico and, 166
treaty and, 167
US commissioners and, 98
writing versus, 35
Gillet, Ransom H., 119
Gilmer, George, 150
Girty, Simon, 108–9
Gist, George (Sequoyah), 128
Given, Joshua (Givens), 236
Glen, (governor of SC), 35
Godfrey, Edward, 202, 218, 324n29
Gold, Harriet Ruggles, 126–27
Good Peter (Oneida), 93, 101, 102
gorgets, 21
governments, 17
Grant, Ulysses S., 219, 229, 231
Grattan, John, 176
Gray Head (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 195
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 198
“Great Councillor of the Thirteen Fires.” see Washington, George
Great Lakes tribes, 54, 61, 240. see also specific tribes
Great Mountain (Onontio) (Chevalier de Montmagny), 25
Great Peace of 1840, 5, 172, 197
Great Peace of Montreal (1701), 1–2, 8, 15, 49
“Great Warriors’ Path,” 63
Greenbrier Company, 67
Greene, David, 135
Green Horn (Cuerno Verde) (Comanche), 166
Grey Beard (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 205, 222, 223–24
Griffin, Patrick, 88
Grinnell, George Bird, 332n26
Gros Ventres, 175
Guastrax (Genesee Seneca), 68, 248
Guerrier, Julia (Bent), 196, 197, 198
Guipahko (Lone Wolf) (Kiowa), 183
Gun Merchant (Upper Creek), 48
Gunter, John, 144
Gushgushagwa (Augooshaway) (Egushawa) (Ottawa), 106, 113, 244
Gus-Wen-Tah (Kaswentha). see wampum
Guyasuta (Kayusuta) (Seneca), 54
Haldimand, Frederick, 95
Half Town (Seneca), 100–101
Hall, S.F., 189
Hallowing King (Creek), 97–98
Hamilton, Louis, 218
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 185, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 209
Harney, William S. (Winyan Wicakte) (Woman Killer)
Brulé village destruction and, 176
Fort Laramie Treaty (1867) and, 226, 227
Fort Smith Treaty and, 162
image, 187
life history and character of, 187–88
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 186, 192, 194, 195, 200, 205, 264, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 282
US Commission and, 229
Harper’s Weekly (newspaper), 189, 198
Harrison, William Henry, 114, 115–16, 157
Hauptman, Laurence, 161
Having Horns (Bao) (Cat) (Kiowa), 196
Hawkins, Benjamin, 103–4
healing, 243
Heap of Birds (Cheyenne), 223
Hears the Sunrise (Tananaica) (Voice of the Sunrise) (Yamparika Comanche), 222
Heckewelder, John, 25–26, 27, 30, 40
Heizer, Robert, 174
Henderson, James Youngblood, 242
Henderson, John B.
on G. Bent, 184
on buffalo, 202
Cheyennes and, 209
on Indians, 180
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 193–94, 198, 201, 202, 205, 209, 210–11, 226, 229
Hendrick (Mohawk), 24, 44, 51, 52
Henry, Patrick, 89
Herring, Elbert, 143
He Stands (Dagdoga). see Watie, Stand
Hiawatha, 16
Hicks, Elijah, 157
Hidatsas, 172, 175. see also Plains Indians
Hillsborough, Lord, 63, 82, 86
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 237
Hitchcock, Lone Wolf v., 238
Hoag, Enoch, 214
Holton, Woody, 89
homelands
Oneida, 110–11
war and treaties and, 2
Honey Eaters (Peneteka Comanches), 183, 200, 204, 214–15
horses, 165–66, 167, 171, 172, 214, 222
houses of elite Indians, 128
Howea (Gap in the Woods) (Yamparika Comanche), 236
Howling Wolf (Cheyenne), 198, 224
humanitarianism, 182
human rights, international, 243
Hunkpapas, 176
hunting. see also buffalos
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 91
Iroquois and, 1
Jefferson on, 114
rights, 75
settlers and, 87
US expansion and, 107
Hurons, 15, 22, 25, 28, 40, 105. see also individual Hurons
Hyde, George, 332n26
Idaho, 177
ideology, 42
Illinois, 60, 61, 105, 115, 119
“Indian” (“Native American”), xii
Indiana Company, 66
Indian appropriations bill (1871), 231, 233
Indian Claims Commission, 235, 238, 241
“Indian country,” 172
Indian department (Britain), 56
Indian Industrial School (PA), 224
Indian negotiators, 7
Indian Office (Bureau of Indian Affairs), 173, 229
Indian Removal Act of 1830, 9, 132, 133
Indian Rights Association, 237
Indian Territory
Boudinot and, 233
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182
reservations, 183
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (1790), 107, 241
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (1834), 172
Indian wars. see also violence and retaliation; specific battles; specific massacres
Auglaize River conference and, 108
boundaries and, 99
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 86
Jefferson and, 114
Logan and, 88
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 198–99, 217
military and, 229
misunderstandings and, 212
right of conquest and, 105
Stanley on, 212
US power and, 108
industrial revolution, 180
intermarriages, 18, 103, 126–27, 167, 176, 184, 196–97. see also Métis (mixed heritage people)
Internal Revenue Act of 1868, 233
interpretation, 238
interpreters and go-betweens
accuracy and, 37
bribery of, 108
Caddo, 165
colonial era and, 40–43
Comanche, 167
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175
Fort Pitt Treaty and, 97
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 68
Greenville Treaty and, 113
Lancaster Treaty and, 41
Lewis and Clark and, 169
mediators, 13
Pickering on, 111
Sandusky conference and, 108–9
Teedyuscung and, 39
Irish traders, 9. see also individual Irish traders
Iron Coat (Leather Shirt) (Ecueracapa) (Comanche), 21
Iroquois Chain of Friendship, 24
Iroquois (Iroquois League) (Six Nations). see also member nations; sub-tribes; individual representatives
Albany conference, 92
boundaries and, 72
British and, 49–50, 53, 54, 85–86
calumet and, 34
Canandaigua Treaty and, 110–11
claims of, 9
cross-cultural interactions and, 16
Detroit conference and, 105
elder/younger brothers of, 24
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 45, 50, 66, 68, 74–80, 79–80, 85, 89, 100
gifts and, 20–21
government of, 17
Indiana Company and, 66
W. Johnson and, 51, 52, 56, 59, 62, 64, 88
Johnson Hall conference and, 59–60
Kayaderosseras patent and, 65
kinship and, 24–25
Lydius and, 75
memory and, 36
Montour and, 69
Morgan and, 96
names and, 25
negotiation and, 7
19th century and, 119
Ohio country and, 54
Ohio Indians and, 77
other peoples’ lands and, 49–50, 54, 60, 77, 80, 86
Peace of Montreal and, 1–2, 286n3
Peace of Paris and, 100
Pickering and, 110
ratification and, 48
rights of, 43–44
Schermerhorn and, 139
settlers and, 119
stories and, 23
Susquehanna attack, 62
trade and, 12
treaty cloth and, 11
US and, 6
violence of, 1
Virginia and, 81
on writing, 40
Isawanhonhi, Nicolas Vincent (Huron), 28
I-See-O (Kiowa), 225
Isenberg, Andrew, 221
Jackson, Andrew
Cherokees and, 125, 129–30, 129–33, 135, 137, 138, 140, 148
Choctaws and, 118
Fort Jackson Treaty and, 117
Georgia and, 135
New Echota Treaty and, 148
on reservations, 144
Schermerhorn and, 139
on treaties, 132–33
Jacobites, 67
Jacobs, Wilbur, 86
James (King), 14
Jamestown, 13
Jefferson, Thomas. see also Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether
acquisition of Indian lands and, 113–14, 180
Cherokees and, 133
on Indians, 130
Lewis and Clark and, 169
Logan and, 88
as speculator, 89
Walker and, 67
western tribes and, 164
Jerome Commission (Cherokee Commission), 235–37
John Forbes and Company, 114–15
Johnson, Guy, 57, 65, 66, 68, 78, 92, 93
Johnson, Molly (Mary) (Brant), 19, 51, 52, 57
Johnson, William (Sir William) (Warraghiyagey)
authority of, 9
Board of Trade and, 82
British and, 60
calumet and, 34
captives and, 47
Conoghquieson and, 46
Croghan and, 59
on Fort Stanwix Treaty, 88
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 62–63, 65–66, 69–72, 76, 77, 80, 246, 248
Franklin and, 60–61
on gifts, 22
gifts and, 20
Hudson Valley conference, 37
image, 50
Iroquois and, 9, 50, 52, 53, 60, 64, 88
Kayaderosseras patent and, 65
kinship and, 57
life history, 50–53
Lydius and, 75
Mohawk language and, 68–69
New York lands of, 76
Niagara conference and, 55
Ohio nations and, 77
Oneidas and, 73–74
Onondagas and, 62
Senecas and, 54
on settlers, 89
on transactions with Indians, 12
western frontier and, 56
Johnson Hall, 92. see also conference, Johnson Hall (1762, ‘65, ‘68, ‘72)
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), 5, 109
Jones, Dorothy, 14, 84, 90, 98
Jones, Douglas, 194, 202, 210, 213
Joseph, Chief (Nez Perce), 228
journalists. see newspapers (press); individual journalists
justice, 243
Justice, Daniel Heath, 144
Kagama, US v. (1886, 1903), 237–38
Kahmungdaclageh (The Ridge) (Cherokee). see The Ridge
Kamiakin (Yakama), 179
Kanaghqweasea (Canaghquieson) (Kanaghwaes) (Kanongyweniyah) (“standing ears of corn”) (Oneida). see Conoghquieson
Kanawha River, 62, 63, 66, 72, 77, 81, 87, 90, 91
Kanien’kehaka (Mohawk), xii
Kansa Indians (Kaws), 170–71, 216
Kansas
Arapahos and Cheyennes and, 183
Cherokee lands, 163
Indian raids and, 183
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
map, 215
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 210–11, 216
non-Indians and, 176
reservations, 183
Senecas and, 119
violence and, 217
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 176
Kansas Pacific Railroad, 184, 186
Kaswentha (Gus-Wen-Tah) (wampum belt), 3. see also wampum belts
Katsienkos (Koietsenkos) (Qóichégàus) (Real/Principal Dogs) (Sentinel Horses) (Kiowas), 191, 197, 207
Kaws (Kansa Indians), 170–71, 216
Kayaderosseras patent, 65
Kayusuta (Guyasuta) (Seneca), 54
Keeper of the Sacred Arrows (Medicine Arrows) (Stone Forehead) (Cheyenne), 211, 216
Kentucky
Boone and, 87
Fort Stanwix cession and, 90
Henderson and, 104
Kentucky (Catawba) River, 81, 303n129
Kicking Bird (Teneangopte) (Tonaenko) (Kiowa)
assassination of, 223
gifts from, 206
image, 203
medals and, 212
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 183, 194, 197, 198, 202, 205
Sheridan and, 218
Warren Wagon Train Massacre and, 220
King, Thomas (Oneida), 64
King George’s War (1744–48), 20, 24
kinship
boundaries and, 46–47
calumet and, 33
captives and, 47–48
Cherokees and, 123
Croghan and, 58
French and, 287n9
Iroquois and, 24–25
metaphors, 99
Plains Indians and, 165
protests and, 120
trade and, 167
women and, 18
Kinzua Dam, 10–11
Kiowas. see also Plains Indians; individual Kiowas
additional compensation, 238
alliances, 171
artists, 224
attacks south of Rio Grande, 172
Black Kettle and, 183
Cheyennes and, 5, 171, 197, 210
Fort Atkinson Treaty and, 176
Jerome Commission and, 235–36, 237
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 193, 194, 197, 201, 205, 206, 209, 210, 215–16
as prisoners, 223
reservations, 163, 183, 203, 205, 214, 215, 219, 238
resistance by, 184
Texas and, 184
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186