Practice Test II

ANSWER SHEET FOR SECTION I

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Practice Test II

Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions

Time: 60 Minutes

75 Questions

Directions: Each of the following questions is followed by five answer choices. Choose the one answer choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.

1. Which of the following items below is an absolute location?

(A) 10 miles east of Pittsburgh

(B) Washington

(C) 3 degrees south

(D) 479 Elm Street, Muncie, Indiana

(E) Prime Meridian

2. China and Vietnam’s dispute over the Spratley Islands is

(A) a positional dispute.

(B) a territorial dispute.

(C) a resource dispute.

(D) a functional dispute.

(E) a religious dispute.

3. Every country with a seacoast has an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Which one of the following statements regarding the Law of the Sea and the EEZ is NOT correct?

(A) The EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline.

(B) Countries have the right to exploit natural resources in their EEZ.

(C) Countries can exploit resources on the continental shelf extending up to 350 nautical miles (560 km) beyond their EEZ.

(D) A country does not have the right to exploit living resources in its EEZ.

(E) A country has the right to exploit nonliving resources in its EEZ.

4. A person who practices the Hindu religion would be most likely to

(A) visit a shrine built on the shore of a lake.

(B) pray five times a day.

(C) bathe in the Ganges River.

(D) make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

(E) make a pilgrimage to Mecca.

5. Which of the following is MOST likely to experience population pressure?

(A) An industrial society with abundant natural resources and large imports of food

(B) A society with a highly-mechanized agricultural sector

(C) A non-ecumene

(D) A society that uses fertilizers, biocides, and irrigation extensively

(E) A slash-and-burn agricultural society

6. The voluntary association of three of more countries willing to give up some measure of sovereignty is called

(A) nationalism.

(B) devolution.

(C) supranationalism.

(D) complementarity.

(E) transferability.

7. The idea that people, and not their environment, are the forces that create cultural development is called

(A) possibilism.

(B) animism.

(C) environmental determinism.

(D) cultural ecology.

(E) syncretism.

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Use the map above to answer questions 8–9.

8. Which region of China has the largest number of Tibeto-Burman speakers?

(A) A

(B) B

(C) C

(D) D

(E) E

9. Which religion is practiced by most inhabitants of Region A?

(A) Buddhism

(B) Shintoism

(C) Catholicism

(D) Hinduism

(E) Islam

10. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe transnational companies (TNCs)?

(A) Many TNCs operate in areas of electronics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and petroleum.

(B) Most TNCs produce and sell manufactured goods.

(C) Most TNCs are headquartered in the United States, Japan, and the European Union.

(D) TNCs actively make use of the principle of comparative advantage.

(E) TNCs are generally controlled by foreign governments.

11. Which one of the statements below correctly describes immigrants living in Europe?

(A) Most find citizenship easy to get in host countries.

(B) Muslims immigrants from North Africa are well integrated in France.

(C) Immigrants to European cities rarely bring their families.

(D) They are usually restricted to certain neighborhoods.

(E) They enjoy the same treatment as received by immigrants to the United States.

12. A strong movement away from all religions is called

(A) secularism.

(B) heathenism.

(C) sacrilege.

(D) nationalism.

(E) communism.

13. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a city in the developing world?

(A) Contains modern centers of commerce

(B) Has a well-developed infrastructure

(C) Experiences large in-migrations of rural people into the city

(D) Produces a large share of its country’s GDI

(E) Is surrounded by high-density squatter settlements

14. Shifting cultivation is most often practiced in

(A) alpine tundra.

(B) tropical forests.

(C) flood plains.

(D) deserts.

(E) boreal forests.

15. A rejection of or indifference to religion in a country is called

(A) polytheism.

(B) animism.

(C) secularism.

(D) monotheism.

(E) heathenism.

16. The first stage of the demographic transition exhibits

(A) high birth rates with high but fluctuating death rates.

(B) declining birth rates with continuing high death rates.

(C) low birth rates with continuing high death rates.

(D) high birth rates with declining death rates.

(E) high birth rates with low and stable death rates.

17. Which continent has the highest total fertility rates?

(A) Africa

(B) Asia

(C) South America

(D) Europe

(E) Australia

18. With what religion is the architecture shown above associated?

(A) Buddhism

(B) Judaism

(C) Christianity

(D) Hinduism

(E) Islam

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19. The Philippines and Indonesia are each an example of

(A) a perforated state.

(B) a fragmented state.

(C) an elongated state.

(D) a prorupt state.

(E) a compact state.

20. The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through economic, political, and cultural interaction is called

(A) culture.

(B) core-periphery.

(C) globalization.

(D) development.

(E) diffusion.

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21. Which of the following associations linking a US region to an industrial base is NOT correct?

(A) Gulf Coast of Texas—petroleum and natural gas

(B) United States–Mexico border—gold and silver mining

(C) Silicon Valley (San Francisco Bay area)—high-tech industries

(D) Southeast United States—textiles, tobacco, and furniture

(E) Ohio River Valley/Monongahela River Valley (Pittsburgh area)—advanced material processing and high-tech industries

22. Which one of the following statements is best supported by the map above?

(A) Potatoes are grown mostly in the Midwest.

(B) Potatoes are not grown in the Southwest because of a cultural preference for corn.

(C) Potatoes would be in the first ring of von Thünen’s model of agricultural location.

(D) Potatoes are most profitable when grown in cooler climates.

(E) Potatoes have overtaken bread as the staple of American life.

23. Which term describes the forces that unify and strengthen a country?

(A) Diffusion

(B) Centrifugal

(C) Centripetal

(D) Ethnocentric

(E) Naturalizing

24. The European Union (EU) replaced which of the following organizations?

(A) NATO

(B) EEC

(C) UN

(D) ASEAN

(E) NAFTA

25. A chief factor that contributed to the Second Agricultural Revolution was

(A) the Industrial Revolution.

(B) World War I.

(C) World War II.

(D) the discovery of the plow.

(E) the domestication of plants and animals.

26. Which stage of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth rates and high variable death rates?

(A) Stage 1

(B) Stage 2

(C) Stage 3

(D) Stage 4

(E) Stage 5

27. The largest Hindu temple complex ever constructed is found in

(A) Calcutta.

(B) Bombay.

(C) Cambodia.

(D) Bali.

(E) New York City.

28. Which country faces a serious trade disadvantage due to its location?

(A) Singapore

(B) Italy

(C) Spain

(D) Argentina

(E) Mongolia

29. A city that is more than twice as large as the next largest city in a country is called a

(A) global city.

(B) world leader city.

(C) megalopolis.

(D) primate city.

(E) metropolis.

30. Which one of the following statements below best describes an application of the S-curve?

(A) Graph of the Bantu migration

(B) Graph of the growth of human populations since their first appearance on Earth

(C) The chart showing how cities associate with one another based on their population sizes

(D) A model showing the decrease in population growth for several countries after they industrialize

(E) A case study explaining how countries gain stability and a sense of “openness” over time

31. Which one of the following organizations is NOT a supranational organization?

(A) UN

(B) NATO

(C) ASEAN

(D) NAFTA

(E) PLO

32. Which of the following is NOT used by geographers to determine absolute location?

(A) Longitude

(B) Latitude

(C) Equator

(D) Prime Meridian

(E) Distance to the nearest city

33. Which of the following is NOT a problem Europe currently faces today?

(A) Rising immigration

(B) Lack of population growth

(C) Environmental apathy

(D) Urban ethnic ghettos on the rise

(E) Lack of cultural activities

34. The most rapidly urbanizing area of the world is:

(A) Europe

(B) East Asia

(C) Sub-Saharan Africa

(D) South Asia

(E) Latin America

35. Which of the following supranational organizations is not an economic union?

(A) EU

(B) CARICOM

(C) NAFTA

(D) NATO

(E) MERCOSUR

36. In what country are the most Basque speakers found?

(A) Denmark

(B) Finland

(C) Luxembourg

(D) Spain

(E) Germany

37. Opponents of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are afraid that the GMOs

(A) will hinder global trade.

(B) make plants more resistant to disease.

(C) may cause irreversible changes in humans.

(D) make plants more resistant to drought.

(E) help clean up the environment.

38. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of world cities?

(A) World cities contain the headquarters of many transnational corporations.

(B) World cities are well connected to secondary-level world cities.

(C) World cities contain many offices of multinational organizations.

(D) World cities are found only in the northern and western hemispheres.

(E) World cities contain a concentration of legal, banking, and marketing services.

39. Which theorist(s) tried to explain the prices of farm products as they relate to patterns of land use?

(A) Rostow

(B) Ravenstein

(C) von Thünen

(D) Burgess

(E) Harris and Ullmann

40. Regions share all of these characteristics EXCEPT

(A) boundaries.

(B) common features.

(C) relative location.

(D) easily defined.

(E) spatial extent.

41. The rehabilitation of old, rundown inner-city neighborhoods by middle- and high-income people is called

(A) urbanization.

(B) gentrification.

(C) suburbanization.

(D) multiplier effect.

(E) home improvements.

42. Which term below best describes a religion that uses missionaries to spread its faith?

(A) Ethnic

(B) Universalizing

(C) Monotheistic

(D) Polytheistic

(E) Animistic

43. Which crop began the Third Agricultural Revolution?

(A) Rice

(B) Wheat

(C) Barley

(D) Millet

(E) Sorghum

44. The idea that you identify with, and give allegiance, to a nation state is

(A) regionalism.

(B) diffusion.

(C) iconography.

(D) ethnocentrism.

(E) nationalism.

45. The theory that most migration occurs over a short distance and in steps is attributed to

(A) Rostow.

(B) Ravenstein.

(C) von Thünen.

(D) Burgess.

(E) Harris and Ullmann.

46. The largest exporter of agricultural goods in the world is

(A) China.

(B) Mexico.

(C) Chile.

(D) France.

(E) the United States.

47. The multiplier effect is

(A) the addition of non-basic workers to an urban economy that has added more basic workers.

(B) a ratio of urban to rural workers in an economy.

(C) the ratio of city workers to farm workers in an economy.

(D) the addition of rural jobs created by the urban economy.

(E) the multiple jobs eliminated by foreign workers.

48. Which geographer viewed the US urban community of the 1920s as a set of concentric rings radiating outward from a central core?

(A) Rostow

(B) Ravenstein

(C) von Thünen

(D) Burgess

(E) Harris and Ullmann

49. Which of the following is NOT a key milestone reached by the EU?

(A) The introduction of a common currency used by many EU countries

(B) A customs union

(C) A single market

(D) A common European language

(E) Broad support of the Kyoto Protocol

50. Which pair of religions below share a long-held tradition of cremating their dead?

(A) Hindu and Buddhist

(B) Hindu and Muslim

(C) Muslim and Jewish

(D) Christian and Buddhist

(E) Christian and Jewish

51. Part of the boundary between the United States and Mexico is the Rio Grande, an example of

(A) a water divider.

(B) a watercourse.

(C) an artificial boundary.

(D) a natural boundary.

(E) a relict boundary.

52. Which of the following is NOT an important environmental factor influencing a country’s agriculture?

(A) Number of frost-free days per year

(B) Availability of sufficient rainfall

(C) Reliability of sufficient rainfall

(D) Amount of fertilizer produced in the country

(E) Existence of a 90-day-or-longer growing season

53. The key factor Thomas Malthus failed to recognize in his population theory was

(A) population is limited by their means of subsistence.

(B) all populations have the potential to increase more than the actual rate of increase.

(C) wars and famine inhibit population’s reproductive capacity.

(D) populations will always increase if the means of subsistence increase.

(E) technology’s ability to raise the earth’s carrying capacity.

54. What family do most European languages belong to?

(A) Ural-Altaic

(B) Basque

(C) Indo-European

(D) Phoenician

(E) Sino-Tibetan

55. The latitude and longitude coordinates of a place are an example of

(A) a formal region.

(B) a functional region.

(C) an absolute location.

(D) a relative location.

(E) a perceptual region.

56. All of the following are non-basic jobs in the city EXCEPT

(A) city firefighter.

(B) social worker.

(C) drycleaner.

(D) waitress.

(E) garment factory worker.

57. The theory that cities grow outward from a core utilizing several nodes of growth was proposed by

(A) Rostow.

(B) Ravenstein.

(C) Von Thünen.

(D) Burgess.

(E) Harris and Ullmann.

58. What was the primary reason the Green Revolution did NOT help Africa much?

(A) It targeted crops Africans don’t grow and eat.

(B) It required sophisticated machinery.

(C) Population growth has fallen so drastically that Africans don’t need the increased food production.

(D) African agricultural production went up without its help.

(E) Africans refused to use the Green Revolution’s farming techniques.

59. You are planning to move from your hometown to Pittsburgh. Along the way, you stop in Columbus, Ohio to visit a relative and fall in love with the city! You decide to stay and make Columbus your new home. This is an example of

(A) intervening opportunity.

(B) distance decay.

(C) involuntary migration.

(D) push-pull factors.

(E) transhumance.

60. What type of countries generally possesses a greater variety of climates, and resources than other countries?

(A) Perforated states

(B) Fragmented states

(C) Elongated states

(D) Prorupt states

(E) Compact states

61. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the “core” countries?

(A) They are technologically advanced.

(B) They are wealthy.

(C) They are powerful.

(D) They are less developed.

(E) They are more developed.

62. Which of the following statements best describes the United Nations?

(A) The UN operates a worldwide police force.

(B) Member states surrender sovereignty to the UN.

(C) World laws are enforced by the UN.

(D) UN membership includes all countries.

(E) The UN often practices interventionism in world conflicts.

63. Which pair of religions are both universalizing religions?

(A) Islam and Judaism

(B) Judaism and Buddhism

(C) Hinduism and Buddhism

(D) Christianity and Buddhism

(E) Islam and Hinduism

64. Olives, grapes, and chickpeas are staple crops of which type of farming?

(A) Pastoral nomadism

(B) Subsistence

(C) Plantation

(D) Mediterranean

(E) Commercial

65. Which one of the statements below is characteristic of most African cities?

(A) They have thriving, clean residential areas.

(B) There are jobs for most rural-to-urban migrants.

(C) They have three separate business districts.

(D) They have a well-developed infrastructure.

(E) They offer an adequate social welfare system.

66. The theory that every society develops economically according to a five-stage pattern of growth is attributed to

(A) Rostow.

(B) Ravenstein.

(C) von Thünen.

(D) Burgess.

(E) Harris and Ullmann.

67. A society in which two or more population groups coexist while maintaining their unique culture demonstrates

(A) racial segregation.

(B) miscegenation.

(C) cultural pluralism.

(D) cultural segregation.

(E) cultural integration.

68. In which of the following Asian countries would one find special economic zones (SEZs)?

(A) Japan

(B) South Korea

(C) China

(D) Vietnam

(E) North Vietnam

69. The practice of hiring a foreign third-party service provider to run an operation is called

(A) outsourcing.

(B) offshoring.

(C) maquiladoras.

(D) locational interdependence.

(E) Fordism.

70. The theory that the main purpose of a settlement or market town is to furnish goods and services to the surrounding market area is called the

(A) urban hierarchy theory.

(B) central place theory.

(C) concentric zone model.

(D) multiplier effect.

(E) rank-size rule.

71. When a country combines its religion with its government, it is called a

(A) dictatorship.

(B) theocracy.

(C) democracy.

(D) autocracy.

(E) oligarchy.

72. Which structure(s) traditionally occupies the center of a historic Asian city?

(A) A central market

(B) High-density housing

(C) A religious building

(D) Government office buildings

(E) Commercial buildings

73. Which of the following is a push factor?

(A) Dissatisfaction with current jobs

(B) Higher-paying jobs elsewhere

(C) An attractive retirement community elsewhere

(D) A pleasant climate

(E) Safer communities elsewhere

74. The influence of neo-Malthusianism can be seen in

(A) government programs for birth control and planning.

(B) famine relief.

(C) increased spending in social welfare programs.

(D) increased total fertility rates.

(E) pro-natalist policies.

75. What is the chief religion practiced in Europe?

(A) Christianity

(B) Islam

(C) Hinduism

(D) Animism

(E) Buddhism

END OF SECTION I

Section II

Time: 75 minutes

Section II Comprises 50% of Total AP Score

Directions: Answer each of the three questions below in the allotted time of 75 minutes. You should spend approximately 25 minutes on each question. Answers must be in essay form, not a list of facts or thoughts, although a formal essay (with an introduction and conclusion) is not required. Use substantive examples where appropriate. Make sure you answer all parts of each question and label each part of your answer to correspond with the part of the question you are answering. Feel free to make a short outline first to capture your thoughts but only the essay will be scored.

1. (A) Define separatism.

(B) Identify a separatist movement and explain the reason for this group’s activity.

(C) Discuss why this separatist movement operates on the periphery of the state and not within its national core.

2. (A) Define an ethnic enclave in an urban center.

(B) Identify an example of an ethnic enclave in a European city and describe the probable relative location of this enclave within the urban center.

(C) Discuss the problems of assimilation faced by residents of this ethnic enclave and explain why this assimilation process is problematic.

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3. (A) Using the map above, identify the charter group in this location.

(B) Identify the land survey pattern used by this charter group and explain why they used it wherever they settled.

(C) Compare and contrast the land survey pattern used in this map with the metes-and-bounds pattern of land survey used by other charter groups in North America.

END OF SECTION II

Answer Key: Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions)

1. D

2. C

3. D

4. C

5. E

6. C

7. A

8. E

9. E

10. E

11. D

12. A

13. B

14. B

15. C

16. A

17. A

18. E

19. B

20. C

21. B

22. D

23. C

24. B

25. A

26. A

27. C

28. E

29. D

30. D

31. E

32. E

33. C

34. C

35. D

36. D

37. C

38. D

39. C

40. D

41. B

42. B

43. A

44. E

45. B

46. E

47. A

48. D

49. D

50. A

51. D

52. D

53. E

54. C

55. C

56. E

57. E

58. A

59. A

60. C

61. D

62. E

63. D

64. D

65. C

66. A

67. C

68. C

69. B

70. B

71. B

72. C

73. A

74. A

75. A

Explanations for Section I (Multiple-Choice Questions)

1. D—This address is the only one of its kind; it is an absolute location and marks a specific place in terms of latitude and longitude coordinates. Three degrees south (C) and the Prime Meridian (E) are lines that run around the earth with multiple places along them. Ten miles east of Pittsburgh (A) changes depending on which part of Pittsburgh you depart from. Washington (B) is the name of several cities and a state.

2. C—This is a dispute caused primarily by the desire to harvest the oil and gas reserves beneath the sea surrounding the Spratley Islands in the South China Sea. Vietnam and China both claim ownership of the Spratly Islands and the history of prior settlement, foreign invasions, and wars have made the oil and gas-rich islands and their watery surroundings a source of much dispute between the two countries. A positional dispute (A) occurs when two countries disagree over the interpretation of treaties or other documents that concern their boundaries. Latin America has several ongoing boundary disputes today, many as a result of old colonial treaties and documents. A territorial dispute (B) is a dispute over the ownership of a particular region such as the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. Irredentist forces in a country often fuel these territorial disputes. A functional dispute (D) is generally about regulations affecting the boundary between two political states. For example, there are often functional disputes in Europe between countries over such issues as water use and pollution regarding rivers (Danube, Rhine, etc.) that form natural boundaries between states. There is no religious dispute (E) between the two countries relating to the islands.

3. D—Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, each country has the right to exploit all resources—both living and nonliving—within 200 nm of its coastline. This makes answer choice D an incorrect statement. All other choices are correct statements regarding EEZs and the Law of the Sea.

4. C—Hindus practice ritual bathing as a purification before undertaking a ritual activity such as worship. Bathing in the “Mother Ganges” is considered the ultimate in cleansing impurities of the inner being. Buddhists (A) or Shintoists would likely visit shrines by the river. Muslims would pray five times daily (B) as part of the Five Pillars of Islam and are required to take a pilgrimage to Mecca (E) at least once during their lifetime. Jerusalem (D) is a holy city for Christians and Jews and also for Muslims.

5. E—A society that does not have a high carrying capacity, such as a slash-and-burn society, will have a difficult time feeding a growing population. The societies described in answer choices A, B, and D have higher carrying capacities so they can support a greater number of people per square unit of arable land. A non-ecumene (C) is a very sparsely inhabited area not likely to feel population pressure any time soon.

6. C—Supranationalism is the idea that three or more separate political states each give up some measure of national sovereignty to work with the others to achieve a common goal. Nationalism (A) is identification with and feeling a strong allegiance to a nation. Devolution (B) is the transfer of some central government powers to the regional government. Complementarity (D) occurs when two places or regions each produce a good or service that the other needs and wants with the mutual exchange of goods as the result. Transferability (E) is the cost of moving a product or commodity relative to its ability to afford the cost of the move.

7. A—Possibilism is the theory that humans have a choice in how they think, act, and live within a range of available possibilities given them by their physical environment. Animism (B) is the religious belief that things in nature (rocks, trees, lakes) contain spirits that can interact with humans. Environmental determinism (C) is the belief that our environment influences and controls our actions, lifestyle, and culture. Cultural ecology (D) is the study of a culture and its environment. Syncretism (E) is the development of a new culture trait through the fusing of two or more separate forms of the trait.

8. E—Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) is the region of China that contains the largest number of speakers of the Tibeto-Burman dialect—a part of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is also part of this language family. The Sino-Tibetan language family is second only to the Indo-European languages in terms of the number of native speakers.

9. E—The majority of the inhabitants of Region A (Xinjiang Autonomous Region) are Muslims and Islam has dominated the region since A.D. 984. The Uygur is the major ethnic group of the 47 ethnic groups calling this region home.

10. E—Most TNCs are private companies with branches in many nations. TNCs are common in the electronical, chemical, pharmaceutical, and petroleum industries (A). They are chiefly involved in making and selling manufactured goods (B). Nearly all TNCs are headquartered in the United States, Japan, or the EU (C). They use the principle of comparative advantage to ensure a high profit margin (D).

11. D—In practice, immigrants to Europe are often spatially restricted to certain neighborhoods and do not usually receive the same treatment as those coming to the United States (E). Citizenship (A) is very hard to obtain for an immigrant in Europe and most do not arrive in the host country expecting to permanently reside there. Most Muslim immigrants from North Africa (B) isolate themselves in bleak quarters on the outskirts of French cities. Many immigrants to Europe choose to bring their families with them (C).

12. A—Secularism (A) is dominant in Europe today as less than 21 percent claim to have an active belief in God. In the United States today, over 60 percent of Americans claim to have an active religious life and a strong belief in God. Heathenism (B) is a pre-Christian religion that comes under the umbrella religion of paganism. Sacrilege (C) is the intentional defamation of anything that is sacred. Nationalism (D) is the identification with a nation state. Communism (E) is a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy ruled by a single authoritarian political party that espouses that property and goods will be held equally by all.

13. B—A typical city in the developing world does not have adequate infrastructure to meet the demands of its rapidly growing population. The larger cities in the developing world have modern commercial areas (A) surrounded by large high-density areas of squatter settlements (E). The large numbers of rural migrants coming into the cities for jobs (C) overwhelm the social services and aging infrastructures of most cities in the Third World. A large share of a developing country’s GDI (gross domestic income) is generally produced in its cities (E). For example, Sao Paulo, Brazil, contributes 37 percent of Brazil’s GDI and Mumbai generates one-sixth of India’s GDI.

14. B—Shifting cultivation in which farmers rotate fields is mostly practiced in tropical rain forests where the heavy constant rainfalls and climate conditions produce soils that do not hold their fertility. The other answer choices are biomes where other forms of agriculture are more prevalent.

15. C—Secularism is a movement away from religion that either rejects religion or holds it to be of little importance. A polytheistic religion (A) involves the worship of many gods. An animistic religion (B) holds that rocks, rivers, mountains, animals, etc. all possess a soul and have the ability to help or hurt humans in life. Followers of a monotheistic religion (D) worship one supreme being that is the creator of all life. Heathenism (E) is a pre-Christian religion that comes under the umbrella religion of paganism.

16. A—During the first phase (which is not found in any country now), birth rates are high but high death rates prevent the population from growing. Diseases, wars, and famines cause death rates to fluctuate. As causes of early death are eradicated, death rates drop while birth rates remain high, and the population shoots forward in a growth spurt into the second phase of the demographic transition (D).

17. A—Africa continues to have the highest fertility rates in the world, but they are slowly declining. Population control pressures from the government and NGOs have also communicated a message that is starting to be heard by more Africans: “Fewer children are desirable now. Can you really afford to raise more children?”

18. E—The structures shown are minarets, or towers of a mosque from which the faithful are called to pray five times a day in the Muslim faith.

19. B—Fragmented states such as the Philippines and Indonesia have part or all of their territory represented by islands. A perforated state (A) is broken up by the existence of an independent country within its national boundaries; for example, the Republic of South Africa completely surrounds the independent country of Lesotho. An elongated state (C) is a long, narrow country like Chile or Vietnam. A prorupt state (D) is almost totally compact but also has an extension protruding from it; Myanmar and Thailand are both examples of a prorupt state. Compact states (E), such as Uruguay and Poland, are roughly circular in shape.

20. C—Globalization is the interconnectedness of various parts of the world through many avenues—communication, trade, supranational organizations, and culture. Culture (A) is the patterns of socialization, behavior, understandings, and beliefs of a people that are passed down from one generation to the next. Core-periphery (B) refers to a model of the global economic system in which underdeveloped countries and regions on the periphery are dependent on the countries of the central and dominant core region. Development (D) is the process of economic growth and expansion. Diffusion (E) refers to the spread of a culture trait such as new religion, idea, or technology over space or through time.

21. B—The United States–Mexico border region is the fastest-growing industrial zone in North America. It is noted for diversified assembly and manufacturing plants called maquiladoras, not gold and silver mining. The Gulf Coast of Texas (A) is home to a large petrochemical industry based on large oil and gas reserves. The Silicon Valley area around San Francisco (C) is home to a high-tech industrial cluster centered on the electronics and computer industries. The US Southeast (D) has an industrial base centered on agriculture—textiles, tobacco, and the harvesting of forests for furniture and wood products. The old steel-based industries of the Ohio/Mongahela River Valleys (Pittsburgh area) have diversified into fabrication and high-tech manufacturing (E).

22. D—This map shows where potatoes are raised for the wholesale food markets. The vast majority of potatoes raised in the United States are grown in Idaho, but nearby Washington State comes in second. Potatoes thrive in their hot days, cool nights, and rich volcanic soil. Significant areas of potato production are found in other northern states, which supports the statement that potatoes are best grown in cooler climates. Although potatoes are commercially grown in northern parts of the Midwest (A), this is not the chief potato-growing region of the United States. The map does not contain information about cultural preferences, but in fact, potatoes are not extensively farmed in the Southwest (B) because climate and soil conditions do not make their production economically feasible—not because of cultural preferences. Potatoes would be grown in the fifth ring of von Thünen’s model (C)—the extensive farming ring—because they can be stored easily and do not need to be grown close to market. The map does not contain information regarding American food consumption, but in fact, bread is still the chief staple of the American diet and throughout most of the world.

23. C—Centripetal forces unite the residents of a political state. A national school system, national religious institutions, and the armed forces are centripetal forces, as well as a strong, centralized national government and well-developed transportation and communication systems. Diffusion (A) refers to the spread of a culture trait such as a new religion, idea, or technology over space or through time. Centrifugal forces (B) are forces, such as religious conflicts and the struggle for autonomy by an ethnic minority, that pull the political state apart and cause strife and unrest. Ethnocentric (D) refers to the idea that one’s own race or ethnicity is superior to all others. Naturalizing (E) refers to the process of obtaining citizenship in a country by a person who was not a citizen of that country when he or she was born.

24. B—The European Union developed out of the EEC, or European Economic Community, as its interests and areas of power extended beyond purely economic matters.

25. A—The Industrial Revolution in England and Western Europe greatly increased the demand for food and spurred on the Second Agricultural Revolution, which had already begun. World Wars I and II (B and C) came in the twentieth century after the Second Agricultural Revolution. It was during the First Agricultural Revolution that the use of the plow (D) and the domestication of cereal grains and animals (E) replaced hunting and gathering as a way of life.

26. A—Stage 1 of the demographic transition model assumes both birth rates and death rates of a society will be high. Stage 2 (B), Stage 3 (C), Stage 4 (D), and Stage 5 (E) are the later stages that are marked by falling birth rates and/or death rates.

27. C—Angkor Wat, constructed by the Khmer Civilization in the twelfth century, is the largest Hindu temple complex ever constructed. In fact, the temple, located in northwestern Cambodia, is still the largest religious structure in the world (now serving as a Buddhist temple). Hindu temples are found in India, Bali, and the countries of Southeast Asia where Hinduism eventually spread.

28. E—Mongolia is located in the interior of a continent—landlocked, and far from any coastal areas and port facilities. This is a huge locational disadvantage in terms of trade, communication of new ideas, and interconnections in the global economy. Singapore (A) has a superb shipping and trade advantage because of its location on the Straits of Malacca. Italy (B) and Spain (C) are both peninsular countries with ample opportunities for trade and communication. Argentina (D) has a long extensive coast on the Atlantic Ocean and has excellent port facilities for trading with other countries.

29. D—A primate city is a city that is more than twice as large as any other city in the country. A global city (A), also called a world-leader city (B), is a city which sits at an intersection of financial, banking, and commercial markets. Megalopolis (C) is an almost 600-mile-long conurbation stretching from southern Maine to southern Virginia. A metropolis (E) is a large urban center.

30. D—The S-curve depicts the world’s population during the four stages of the demographic transition model. After a slow start, population levels expand dramatically and then slow down as scarce resources provide a natural “brake” on the process. Populations may even decrease at this time giving the model its name, S-curve. Choice C refers to the gravity model and choice E reflects the J-curve model.

31. E—The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is a political movement involving Palestinian Arabs who are fighting to create an independent state of Palestine. The PLO is made up of individuals supportive of this goal, not countries. The UN (United Nations) (A), NATO (North American Treaty Organization) (B), ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) (C), and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Alliance) (D) are all supranational organizations whose members are countries that have united under a common mission or set of goals.

32. E—Distance to the nearest city is not a part of determining an absolute location on the global grid. The other answer choices are all used in finding the intersection of lines of latitude and longitude.

33. C—Environmental apathy does not characterize Europe today. Europe is actively pursuing environmental awareness, especially in the member states of the EU Comenius, a teacher training and educational partnership program of the EU, stresses environmental education starting in the lower grades. All the other answer choices describe problems Europe faces.

34. C—Sub-Saharan Africa is the world’s fastest-urbanizing region and the majority of its population is predicted to live in urban centers by 2030. Sadly, economic growth is not keeping up with the rapid urban expansion and rates of natural increase found in most countries in this region.

35. D—NATO is a defensive alliance including the United States and a number of European countries that agree to stand united in the event of military aggression against any of NATO’s members. NATO has nothing to do with economics. All the other choices are economic unions. The EU (A) consists of European nations, CARICOM (B) is composed of Caribbean nations, NAFTA (C) includes North American nations (United States, Canada, and Mexico), and MERCOSUR (E) includes several South American nations.

36. D—The Basque language is spoken in the ethnic Basque region of the Pyrenees Mountains of Spain. Spain now permits the regional language to be taught in Basque schools. A smaller population of Basques is found in the adjacent part of France.

37. C—Research is continuing into the health effects of genetically modified foods. Opponents fear GMOs may cause developmental problems in children or harmful mutations in humans. Positive effects of GMOs are the stimulation of world trade in food commodities (A) and the increase in plant resistance to disease (B) and drought (D). The use of GMOs is not intended to clean up the environment (E) and it is unclear whether the net effect of GMOs on the environment will be positive or negative (E).

38. D—World cities are also found in the southern and eastern hemispheres, not just in the northern or western hemispheres. Sydney, Australia; Djakarta, Indonesia; and Johannesburg, South Africa are examples of world cities neither in the western or northern hemispheres. The other answer choices correctly describe characteristics for world cities.

39. C—Von Thünen proposed a model of agricultural land use that takes into account market prices as well as production and transportation costs. Farm products that were more costly to transport were grown closer to the central market and commanded a higher price, which caused this land to be more expensive. Those farm products that could be transported at lower cost were grown on less-expensive land farther from the central market. W. W. Rostow (A) developed a theory in 1960 that claims societies develop economically in a five-stage progression from take-off to postindustrial. E. G. Ravenstein (B) developed seven “laws of migration” in the late nineteenth century. Two of the laws are that most migrants only move a short distance and do it in a step-by-step fashion. Burgess’s concentric zone model (D) attempted to explain residential zone patterns of US cities in the 1920s. It details the invasion and succession movement that is ongoing as one zone stretches and invades the next outer zone. Harris and Ullman (E) developed an urban land-use model; they claimed that, instead of a single central business district, there are several CBDs. From these multiple nodes, growth occurs in a pattern that does not conform to the concentric or sector patterns of the other models.

40. D—Regions are not easily defined, but there are patterns of spatial similarities that help us generalize and group places into regions. All regions have the following characteristics of boundaries (A), common features (B) such as shared physical or cultural characteristics, a relative location (C), and spatial extent (an amount of space a region occupies) (E).

41. B—Gentrification is the process whereby middle-and upper-income residents move into older, rundown urban neighborhoods and renovate them. Urbanization (A) is the process of creation and expansion of cities. Suburbanization (C) is the growth of residential areas on the outskirts of cities and the process through which city residents move out into these areas. The multiplier effect (D) means that for every basic worker the city employs, several new non-basic jobs will also be created as additional workers are needed to provide services such as parking, food preparation, drycleaning, etc. services for the basic worker. Home improvements are improvements made by homeowners on their houses.

42. B—Followers of a universalizing religion believe it is designed for all mankind so they proselytize and actively seek new converts. One way to do this is by sending missionaries into other countries to convert others. An ethnic religion (A) is a religion practiced by an ethnic group; adherents of this type of religion usually do not seek converts. A monotheistic religion (C) is based on the worship of one supreme being that is the creator of all life, and a polytheistic religion (D) involves the worship of many gods, but these beliefs are unrelated to whether or not missionaries are used to spread the religion. An animistic religion (E) believes rocks, rivers, mountains, animals, etc. all possess a soul and have the ability to help or hurt humans in life, and adherents of this type of religion generally do not use missionaries to seek converts.

43. A—Rice was developed in the 1960s for growth in drier climates, making it able to be grown in a wider variety of climates for a larger world harvest.

44. E—Nationalism is the idea of identifying with a particular people or nation state. Regionalism (A) occurs when a minority group identifies with—and gives its allegiance to—a region more than the nation as a whole. Most separatist movements occur when ethnic groups owe more allegiance to their ethnic region than to the country as a whole. Devolution (B) is the transfer of some central government powers to the regional government. Iconography (C) refers to the study of symbols that unite people. Examples of these symbols include a national sports team, flag, or national holiday. Ethnocentrism (D) is the belief that one’s own race or ethnicity is superior to all others.

45. B—E. G. Ravenstein developed seven “laws of migration” in the late nineteenth century. Two of the laws are that most migrants only move a short distance and do it in a step-by-step fashion. W. W. Rostow (A) developed a theory in 1960 that claims societies develop economically in a five-stage progression from take-off to postindustrial. Von Thünen (C) suggested a model of agricultural land use based on concentric circles of crops radiating outward from an urban central market. Burgess’s concentric zone model (D) attempted to explain residential zone patterns of US cities in the 1920s. It details the invasion and succession movement that is ongoing as one zone stretches and invades the next outer zone. Harris and Ullman (E) developed an urban land-use model that claimed that, instead of a single central business district, there are several CBDs. From these multiple nodes, growth occurs in a pattern that does not conform to the concentric or sector patterns of the other models.

46. E—The United States exports more food than any other country in the world. It is also the largest exporter of foods produced from genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

47. A—The multiplier effect means that for every basic worker employed in a city’s economy, several new non-basic jobs will also be created as additional workers are needed to provide services such as parking, food preparation, dry cleaning, etc. for the basic worker. In other words, added basic jobs “multiply” the number of jobs in the urban economy.

48. D—Burgess’s concentric zone model attempted to explain residential zone patterns of US cities in the 1920s. It details the invasion and succession movement that is ongoing as one zone stretches and invades the next outer zone. W. W. Rostow (A) developed a theory in 1960 that holds that societies develop economically in a five-stage progression from take-off to postindustrial. E. G. Ravenstein (B) developed seven “laws of migration” in the late nineteenth century. Two of the laws are that most migrants only move a short distance and that they do it in a step-by-step fashion. Von Thünen (C) proposed a model of agricultural land use based on concentric circles of crops radiating outward from an urban central market. Harris and Ullman (E) developed an urban land-use model but they held that, instead of a single central business district, there are several CBDs. From these multiple nodes, growth occurs in a pattern that does not conform to the concentric or sector patterns of the other models.

49. D—A common language is not being considered as a key milestone, or goal, of the European Union (EU). All the other responses are key milestones, which have already been achieved to some degree.

50. A—Both Hindu and Buddhist faiths cremate their dead and do not bury the deceased in graveyards or cemeteries. Muslim (B), Jewish (C), Christian (D), and most animists (E) bury their dead in graveyards and cemeteries laid aside for that purpose.

51. D—A natural boundary is a physical feature of the landscape such as a river that is used to mark a boundary between political states. However, since they often change course, rivers are usually not good choices as boundaries. Water divider (A) and watercourse (B) are not valid geographical terms used to describe boundaries. An artificial boundary (C), also called a geometric boundary, is usually a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude that is used because detailed geographic knowledge of the area being outlined is limited. A relict boundary (E) is an abandoned boundary that is no longer used as a boundary.

52. D—The amount of fertilizer produced in a country is not an environmental variable (something that is part of the natural environment such as average amount of annual rainfall or average yearly temperatures). The other answer choices are all environmental factors that have a direct impact on the agricultural sector of an economy.

53. E—Generally, advancing technology has improved the Earth’s ability to sustain larger populations. All the other answer choices are all important factors mentioned in Malthus’s thesis.

54. C—The Indo-European language family is the largest of world language families. Approximately one-half of the world speaks languages from this family. Most European languages and many Asian languages are part of the Indo-European family.

55. C—Absolute location is the unique location of a place. Latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates are often used to represent absolute location. A formal region (A) is a region that is uniform in one or more physical or cultural specifics. The Corn Belt is a formal region that shows the states producing the required amount of corn to be included in the definition of a Corn Belt state. A functional region (B) has a core and a periphery and all parts are connected and function together as a unit. Relative location (D) is the position of a place spatially as it relates to other places nearby. If you described the relative location of your home, you would probably talk about its proximity to your school, the store, and perhaps a nearby park. A perceptual region (E) is a region defined by feelings and prejudices that may or may not be true.

56. E—A garment factory worker performs a basic economic function because he or she produces a product that generates an income flow into the city. The other responses are all non-basic jobs that provide services to the city workers but do not generate an income flow into the city.

57. E—Harris and Ullman developed an urban land-use model that states that, instead of a single central business district, there are several CBDs. From these multiple nodes, growth occurs in a pattern that does not conform to the concentric or sector patterns of the other models. W. W. Rostow (A) developed a theory in 1960 that claims societies develop economically in a five-stage progression from take-off to postindustrial. E. G. Ravenstein (B) developed seven “laws of migration” in the late nineteenth century. Two of the laws are that most migrants only move a short distance and do it in a step-by-step fashion. Von Thünen (C) proposed a model of agricultural land use based on concentric circles of crops radiating outward from a urban central market. Burgess’s concentric zone model (D) attempted to explain residential zone patterns of US cities in the 1920s. It details the invasion and succession movement that is ongoing as one zone stretches and invades the next outer zone.

58. A—The Green Revolution revolutionized rice, maize, and wheat farming primarily in Asia during the latter part of the twentieth century. This “high-input/high-yield” agriculture emphasized the use of hybrid seeds developed to grow faster and produce higher yields (if given lots of water and expensive fertilizer and treated with expensive pesticides). However, Africa’s chief cereal crops—millet, sorghum, peanuts, yams, and cassava—were crops not addressed in the Green Revolution. Answer choice B is not the chief reason why the Green Revolution failed the African farmer, although poor African farmers are unable to afford the expensive inputs required for raising hybrid crops successfully and lack the money for the expensive machinery required for commercial monoculture. The population of Africa is increasing rapidly, not falling (C). Farm production cannot meet the demands of Africa’s growing population (D). Willingness to participate (E) was not an issue; the Green Revolution simply focused on crops African farmers did not grow. Even if it had focused on millet and sorghum, most African farmers could not afford to participate.

59. A—You have responded to an intervening opportunity when you stop in Columbus and fall in love with the amenities of this new place. Distance decay (B) refers to the drop-off of an activity the farther it gets from its place of origin. Involuntary migration (C) is the forced movement of individuals without their consent from one location to another. Push-pull factors (D) of migration are the forces that either “pull” people to a new place or “push” them from their old place. Transhumance (E) is the movements of herds and flocks to new pastures based on the location of the best pastures for each season of the year.

60. C—An elongated state usually spans more climate zones giving it the ability to raise a more diverse array of crops and livestock and exploit more resources. A perforated state (A) is broken up by the existence of an independent country within its national boundaries; for example, the Republic of South Africa completely surrounds the independent country of Lesotho. Fragmented states (B) such as the Philippines and Indonesia have part or all of their territory represented by islands. A prorupt state (D), such as Thailand, is almost totally compact but also has an extension protruding from it. Compact states (E), such as Uruguay and Poland, are roughly circular in shape.

61. D—The core countries are the more developed countries (E) that are more technologically advanced (A), wealthy (B), and powerful (C).

62. E—The UN increasingly intervenes in situations where human rights are blatantly violated by sovereign states or conflicts erupt within or between states. None of the other answer choices are true statements about the United Nations. There is no worldwide police force operated by the UN (A), and member states retain their sovereignty (B). The UN does not make or enforce world laws (C), although it often encourages countries to negotiate treaties and work together to solve international problems. A few countries, such as Switzerland, have chosen not to join the UN (D).

63. D—Both Christianity and Buddhism actively seek converts and thus are universalizing religions. Both religions believe they are applicable to all humans. Islam is also universalizing, but all the other answer choices contain a non-universalizing religion, which makes those selections incorrect.

64. D—The climate around the Mediterranean Sea with its hot, dry summers and its mild, rainy winters is ideal for the production of olives, grapes, and chickpeas. Pastoral nomadism (A) is the continual movement of people with their herds in search of pastures. Subsistence farming (B) is a system of agriculture where everything that is produced is consumed by the farmer. Plantation farming (C) is growing a single specialty crop, such as pineapples or sugar for the market. Commercial farming (E) is a system of farming where farmers produce products chiefly for the market.

65. C—African cities often have three central business districts (CBDs). The CBD established in the colonial era served as the headquarters for the colonial administration. Banks and other commercial ventures are found in the traditional CBD and the third CBD serves as a lively market zone with buying and selling taking place. Most African cities include many residents living in grave poverty in slums and squatter settlements that lack even the most basic amenities (A). Rural migrants flock to the urban centers in search of work but many do not find jobs and add to the underground economy to survive the best they can (B). Infrastructure in many cities is an antiquated remnant of the colonial past and government spending on roads and adequate water and sanitation systems is sadly lacking (D). Social welfare systems (E) are also under-funded and depend heavily on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and religious groups to assist their residents.

66. A—W. W. Rostow developed a theory in 1960 which holds that societies develop economically in a five-stage progression from take-off to postindustrial. E. G. Ravenstein (B) developed seven “laws of migration” in the late nineteenth century. Two of the laws are that most migrants only move a short distance and do it in a step-by-step fashion. Von Thünen (C) proposed a model of agricultural land use based on concentric circles of crops radiating outward from an urban central market. Burgess’s concentric zone model (D) attempted to explain residential zone patterns of US cities in the 1920s. It details the invasion and succession movement that is ongoing as one zone stretches and invades the next outer zone. Harris and Ullman (E) also developed an urban land-use model, but they stated that, instead of a single central business district, there are several CBDs. From these multiple nodes, growth occurs in a pattern that does not conform to the concentric or sector patterns of the other models.

67. C—Cultural pluralism is the condition in which two or more distinct cultural groups exist together in a country while maintaining their distinct cultural identities. The United States is a country in which cultural pluralism exists. Racial segregation (A) is the practice of separating people by race in their use of space, housing, schools, etc. Miscegenation (B) is the marriage of people from two different races. In some countries this racial mixing is culturally taboo, or forbidden, and in some cases even illegal. Misegenation was against the law in several US states until 1967. Cultural segregation (D) is the separation of people based on their culture. Cultural integration (E) is the blending of cultural traits. Sometimes this creates something new such as happened with Buddhism. Buddhism was birthed in India but spread throughout Asia, merging with elements of animism, shamanism, Confucianism, and Shintoism to form a new version of Buddhism. Today there are not many Buddhists living in India, but elements of Buddhism have merged with Hinduism.

68. C—China established four special economic zones (SEZs) along its eastern coast in 1979 and added Hainan island in 1988. These SEZs fueled China’s economy by welcoming foreign dollars for investment. China provided inexpensive labor, tax breaks, low export tariffs, and other economic incentives to spur foreign investment in products for export.

69. B—Offshoring involves contracting with a foreign company to provide products or services formerly produced domestically. Outsourcing (A) is the practice of hiring an outside company—domestic or foreign—to produce products or services formerly produced by the company itself. A maquiladora (C) is a foreign-owned (usually US) plant in Mexico. Locational interdependence (D) is the situation in which a company’s locational decisions are based on the location of its competition. Fordism (E) is the concept of assembly-line mass production and mass consumption of goods named for its chief innovator, Henry Ford.

70. B—Central place theory was developed by German geographer Walter Christaller in 1933 to explain the patterns and distributions of settlements as they are interconnected with their surrounding hinterlands. Urban hierarchy (A) is a ranking of cities based on size and function. The concentric zone model (C) depicts the city as a set of rings radiating out to form the CBD; it was developed to explain the social patterns of American cities in the 1920s. The multiplier effect (D) refers to the fact that, for every basic worker the city employs, several new non-basic jobs will also be created as additional workers are needed to provide services such as parking, food preparation, drycleaning, etc., for the basic worker. The rank-size rule (E) states that the nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the largest city in a political state or national system of cities.

71. B—A theocracy incorporates its religious laws and rules into its government structure. An example is Iran, which is a Shi’ite theocracy and ruled by Islamic clerics, or mullahs. A dictatorship (A) is an autocratic form of government (D) in which a state is ruled by one person who has absolute power and control. A democracy (C) is a form of government in which citizens are governed by their elected representatives. An oligarchy (E) is a form of government in which a small select group of people (usually the wealthy, powerful, or royalty) rule the state.

72. C—Traditionally, Asian cities have some type of religious monument in their urban center instead of the government and commercial buildings most often found in other world regions, although this is changing as Asian cities modernize.

73. A—Push factors are situations that help to cause a person to move from a location. They could be dissatisfaction with a job, rising crime in the neighborhood, or even a war. If higher paying jobs (B), more attractive retirement communities (C), a more pleasant climate (D), or a safer community environment (E) can be found elsewhere, these are all pull factors that draw, or pull, a person to another location.

74. A—Generally, the Neo-Malthusians believe that improved living standards for each person without reducing capital investment is only feasible by reducing the number of persons. Famine relief (B), increased total fertility rates (D), and policies that encourage childbearing (E) usually result in increased fertility rates and growing populations. More spending on social welfare programs (C) diverts important scarce resources away from capital investment.

75. A—Christianity is Europe’s main religion today but Islam is growing rapidly there due to immigration and high birth rates.

Explanations for Section II (Free-Response Questions)

Question 1 (6 points total)

1A. (2 points)

Separatism is the goal of a minority group to separate from the country or state in which it resides. Separatism is synonymous with autonomous nationalism or regional autonomy.

1B. (2 points)

There are a number of separatist movements that can be named in a response to 1B, including:

• Quebec has continually threatened to secede from Canada and become a separate country in an effort to protect and develop its strong French cultural identity.

• The Basques of north central Spain have a unique language and culture. A Basque separatist movement has existed for many years with the goal of creating a separate Basque nation.

• Some Bretons of Brittany (northwest France) desire to separate from France and become an independent nation. Historically, Brittany has had a different language and culture than France and struggled to maintain a separate identity.

• Religious, linguistic, and cultural differences separate the Hindu Tamil-speaking residents of northern Sri Lanka from the Buddhist Sinhalese-speaking majority which dominates the state. A long civil war ended in 2009 with the defeat of separatist Tamil military forces; however, separatist sentiment remains strong among many Tamils.

• The Moros of the Philippines are a Muslim minority in the predominantly Christian nation of the Philippines. A Moro separatist movement seeks to form a separate nation in southern areas of the Philippines in which Moros comprise a majority.

• A separatist movement of Sikhs in the Punjab region of India seeks the creation of a separate Punjabi-speaking, Sikh-majority state in the western region of India bordering on Pakistan. The Sikhs’ religion is a mix of Islam and Hinduism.

1C. (2 points)

Note: Your answer must specifically discuss the separatist group you have identified. The discussion below is not intended to be an answer but only to provide a general starting point for your response.

Separatist movements often operate on the periphery of a country because they are usually isolated minority groups living in rural parts of the country. Because of the distance from the national core and its strong governmental influence, separatist groups feel disenfranchised and alienated, excluded from the rest of the country. The dominant group in a country is viewed as exploitive and ready to steal the separatist group’s language, religious freedom, power to govern, and economic resources.

Question 2 (6 points total)

2A. (2 points)

An ethnic enclave in an urban area is a neighborhood or small area that is occupied by an ethnic minority group.

2B. (2 points)

Some examples of ethnic enclaves in European cities and of their location within the urban center include:

Enclaves of Caribbean and Asian ethnic minorities in London: There is a deep divide between whites and Caribbean and Asian ethnic minorities who live in racially segregated enclaves in the old, inner-city areas that are run-down and decrepit.

Enclaves of Muslim minorities from North Africa in Paris and most other French cities: Muslim minorities live in poor ethnic neighborhoods on the distant outskirts of the city while existing on the periphery of the mainstream Western culture of the city.

Ethnic enclaves of Muslims from Turkey in German cities: Muslims from Turkey choose to stay to themselves in densely clustered residential areas of German cities. These ethnic enclaves are usually found in the old working-class neighborhoods and are limited to certain districts within the city. Most Muslims from Turkey isolate themselves from the mainstream German society due to a rejection of Western culture and religion. They do not want to acculturate, or assimilate, and are there to work only. It is extremely difficult for them to become citizens and even their German-born children are considered aliens.

2C. (2 points)

Note: Your answer must specifically discuss the ethnic enclave you have identified. The discussion below is not intended to be an answer but only to provide a general starting point for consideration of your response.

Assimilation is generally affected by both external controls such as the charter group’s attitudes towards the ethnic minority and internal controls such as the ethnic minority’s rejection of mainstream culture, chain migration, voluntary and involuntary residential segregation, and a strong sense of immigrant ethnic self-identity. Many problems of assimilation are a result of an ethnic community’s self-segregation, which is based on cultural norms that differ from those of the receiving culture (for example, prohibitions of equality for women, drinking, and freedom of expression). In addition, many European countries impose severe restrictions on immigrants’ abilities to become citizens, participate in government, access higher quality housing, etc.

Question 3 (6 points total)

3A. (2 points)

The French were the charter group to settle the area shown in the map.

3B. (2 points)

The French settlers usually used the long-lot system of land survey because it was easy and inexpensive to use. It gave each farm access to the river or road, as well as equal amounts of each kind of soil on the floodplain of the river or lake. Each family could live on its own farm but still be close to neighbors.

3C. (2 points)

The metes-and-bounds pattern of land survey was used by the English charter groups in Pennsylvania and other eastern US states where land was obtained by royal land grant. This survey method utilized features in the natural landscape (mountains, rivers, large trees, etc.) to mark and define property boundaries in an allotment of otherwise unsurveyed land. Because of the topography, this system led to lots of boundary disputes as rivers changed course, trees were cut down, and other changes occurred to these natural boundary markers. The French long-lot survey system was more exact but boundary disputes often arose in the bends of rivers where lots became spatially distorted. Also, as the French (who had large families) subdivided their family landholdings, the long lots became extremely narrow and difficult to farm.