#BlackLivesMatter, 10, 13, 24–25, 28, 210, 219
#HandsUpDontShoot, 25
#HandsUpWalkOut, 21
accountability in journalism, 13, 198–204, 206, 210
Accuracy in Media (AIM), 88, 96, 149
Acham, Christine, 223
activism: against AIDS, 98, 112–16, 139; anti-lynching, 13, 48–49; anti-trans, 179, 189–90; antiwar, 75; Black Lives Matter, 20–33, 35–36, 193; to change news media, 13, 90, 107–8, 115, 206; columnists’ participation in, 58–59, 130–33; for gay rights, 102, 106, 110–11, 121; journalists’ participation in, 3, 51, 62, 84–85, 171; queer, 102, 117–18; relationship to objectivity, 16, 68, 120–29, 137; right wing, 97, 100, 147–50; transgender, 182–84. See also Black liberation; women’s rights; workers’ rights
ACT UP, 97–98
advocacy journalism, 96, 205, 228. See also activism
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), 6, 172
African American journalists. See Black journalists
age of consensus, 11, 70, 143, 147
AIDS: ACT UP activism, 97; conservative coverage of, 96, 139; coverage by gay journalists, 13, 102, 106, 110–16, 224; further reading, 216; and Hallin’s spheres, 11, 118; and Marlon Riggs’s death, 104
alcoholism, 57
Allied Media Conference, 199
All Things Considered, 88, 92, 98
alt-right, 172
Alyson Publications, 224
American Enterprise Institute, 148
American Newspaper Guild, 61–63, 222. See also Newspaper Guild
American Psychiatric Association, 182
American Spectator, 139–40, 144–45
Anderson, Ryan T., 179–80
And the Band Played On (Shilts), 115, 224
anti-Blackness: Charleston AME church massacre, 174–75; in coverage of Trump, 165–66; extractive journalism and, 198; in Ferguson, 28; as ideology in journalism, 168–69. See also Black liberation; white supremacy
anti-racism: backlash against, 209; in journalism, 13, 167–72, 175, 210; Lewis Wallace activism and, 5. See also racism; white supremacy
AP. See Associated Press
apartheid in South Africa, 3, 9, 96
Arnett, Peter, 70–75, 136, 222
Ashbrook, Tom, 137
Associated Press (AP): AIDS coverage, 113; anti-gay discrimination and, 106; foreign editor Wes Gallagher, 73; lynching coverage, 49; news judgment and, 15, 33; Peter Arnett’s Vietnam coverage for, 70–73; sued for firing a reporter over “objectivity,” 62
Associated Press v. National Labor Relations Board (1937), 63, 222
Backlund, Harry, 203
balance: appearance of, in journalism, 7, 51, 73, 100; in Black Lives Matter coverage, 21; climate coverage and, 215–16; as component of “objectivity,” 40–41; disinformation and, 159; false or fake, 135–36, 161, 210; and Hallin’s spheres, 8; as “Hitler’s opinion,” 107; lynching coverage and, 49, 221; newsroom diversity and, 81–82; “objectivity” in public broadcasting and, 87–88, 95–99; right-wing accusations of “liberal bias” and, 149; Vietnam coverage and, 72–73
Barnes, Fred, 96
Bates, Tiffany, 157
Beavercreek, OH, 15–16, 19, 24, 35–37
Beckett, Lois, 227
Begay, Jade, 199
Bell, Alicia, 228
Benjamin, Dr. Harry, 181
Bergler, Edmund, 106
bias: #MeToo movement and, 137; accusation used against labor organizers, 62–64, 122–24; in AIDS coverage, 114; Anita Hill’s analysis of, 152; attempts to acknowledge, 91, 186, 211; confirmation bias, 9; conflicts of interest and, 84, 123; diversity in newsrooms and, 84; double standards and, 4; firing of Lewis Wallace and, 3; gay journalism and, 118; liberalism and, 86; patriarchy and, 150; perceived, 84–85, 119, 135–36; in public media, 96, 100; relationship to disinformation, 140, 143, 157; relationship to “objectivity,” 7, 14, 53, 56, 161; right-wing accusations of, 11, 97–99, 148–49, 160, 212–13; role in news judgment, 91; in transgender coverage, 6, 179–80; in war coverage, 69–70, 73–75; white supremacy and whiteness and, 161, 169–72
Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News (Goldberg), 225
Biewen, John, 11, 169–72, 175, 227
binary thought, 74, 181, 213. See also gender binary
Black and White: Land, Labor and Politics in the South (Fortune), 220
Black journalists: early development of “objectivity” and, 44–51, 210; excluded from journalism, 21, 29, 133; news judgment and, 10, 13; in public media, 92–93, 95–97. See also Cole, Desmond; Cooke, Marvel; Fortune, T. Thomas; Ghansah, Rachel Kaadzi; Holliday, Darryl; Kumanyika, Chenjerai; Lemon, Don; Lowery, Wesley; Nelson, Jill; Riggs, Marlon; Thrasher, Steven; Wells, Ida B.; Williams, Juan; Younge, Gary
Black Lives Matter: activism in Ferguson, 20–21, 24–26; activism in Ohio, 22–24, 35–36, 162; Chicago chapter and death of Chad Robertson, 29–31; death of Kevin Matthews in Detroit and, 194–95; further reading, 219; Lewis Wallace coverage of, 6, 10, 36, 51; media activism, 27–29, 37, 91, 193; as media organization, 34–35. See also anti-Blackness
Black press, 46–51, 60. See also Black journalists
Black Twitter, 25
Bland, Sandra, 33
Blasey Ford, Christine, 158
Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative (Brock), 143–44, 225
Block, Melissa, 164
blogging and bloggers, 1–3, 81, 130–31, 135, 147, 149. See also digital media
Blue’s Bar police raid, 109
Border Correspondent: Selected Writings, 1955–1970 (Salazar), 228
Boston After Dark, 76
Boston Globe, 76
Boston Herald, 76
Boston Phoenix, 76
Boyd, Rekia, 33
Boys Don’t Cry (film), 183
Brock, David: Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative (2002), 143; as conservative media activist, 143–47; further reading, 225–26; gay identity, 153; and “objectivity,” 12, 141, 150–53, 159; “The Real Anita Hill,” 139–40; The Real Anita Hill (book), 146; support from Richard Mellon Scaife, 149
Bronski, Michael, 224
Broun, Heywood, 10, 57–62, 222
Brown, Michael: and Black Lives Matter, 10, 19–21; and media activism, 28–29; and news judgment, 23–25, 37; in New York Times, 32
Browne, Malcolm, 71–72
Buckley, Kevin, 73
Bunk: The Rise of Hoaxes, Humbug, Plagiarists, Phonies, Post-Facts, and Fake News (Young), 141, 154–56, 213–14, 226
Calame, Byron, 128
capitalism: conservative activism for, 148; as ideology in journalism, 8, 13; opposition to, 86; postwar ideology and, 143
Cardona-Maguigad, Adriana, 83
CBS, 136
certainty, 80, 156. See also uncertainty
Charleston AME church massacre, 174–75
Chicago: City Bureau reporting on, 202–5; elevated train, 47; Lewis Wallace living in, 5, 34, 82–84, 208; police violence and, 16, 29–31; Trump campaign comments about, 166
Chicago Public Media. See WBEZ
Chicago Reader, 205
Cincinnati Afro-American, 47
City Bureau (Chicago), 203–5, 228
civil rights: Anita Hill connection to, 146; attacks on during the Trump era, 2; changing news judgment and, 20; coverage of, 103; for gay people, 107, 165; Kerry Gruson connection to, 75–76; protest movement, 68, 70; and T. Thomas Fortune, 47
Civil Rights Act, 90
climate change, 129, 135, 210, 215–16
Clinton, Hillary, 146, 149, 153, 166
Cole, Desmond, 10, 130–33, 136, 138, 224
Color of Change, 24
columnists. See Broun, Heywood; Cole, Desmond; editorial writing
communism, 8, 11, 73, 143, 147
conflicts of interest: #MeToo and, 137–38; activism and, 121–25; appearance of “objectivity” and, 119–20, 126; diversity in newsrooms and, 84–85, 126; financial and political, 211. See also bias; ethics policies
Congress, United States, 58, 66, 95, 97–98, 209
conservative media. See right-wing media
conservatives: abortion rights and, 190; culture wars and, 95–97; as sources, 171–72; support for Trump and, 162–68. See also right wing; right-wing media
Conway, Kellyanne, 2
Cooke, Marvel, 10, 59–61, 64–66, 210, 221
Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), 87–89, 93
Covering the Plague: AIDS and the American Media (Kinsella), 113–15, 124
Crawford, John, III, 16, 18–24, 32–33, 35–37, 196
Crisis, The, 60
Cuba, 95
Dakota War, 170
Dayton, OH, 17–18, 24, 35–36, 162–64, 167–68
decolonization, 199
democracy, role of journalism in, 13, 127
Democracy Now!, 4
Democrats, 8, 46, 50, 59, 98, 100, 166
detachment: as aspiration, 4; as component of “objectivity,” 7, 40–41, 43, 46, 69; distinct from nonpartisanship, 51; getting in the way of truth, 102, 116; as performance, 86; Peter Arnett describes loss of, 74. See also balance; nonpartisanship; objectivity
Detroit: Allied Media Conference held in, 199; Latino public television activism in, 90–91; Lewis Wallace coverage for Marketplace, 194–97; as Lewis Wallace’s former home, 24; Outlier Media founded in, 200–202
Detroit Free Press, 90
DeWine, Mike (Ohio attorney general), 19, 22
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 182
Diallo, Amadou, 26
Dicken-Garcia, Hazel, 220
digital media: certainty and, 80; changing standards in journalism and, 12, 14, 213; influence on the spread of news, 20–25, 30, 117, 149; as threat to “objectivity,” 40, 154
Dine tribe, 199
disability: 10, 67, 78, 194–96
Discovering the News (Schudson), 56–57, 219, 222
discrimination: affirmative action and, 94; in broadcast media, 90, 99; exclusion from journalism because of, 13, 126; against LGBTQ people, 34, 106, 110, 121–22, 186; Lewis Wallace reporting on, 85; political activity of journalists and, 122. See also homophobia; racism; white supremacy
diversity: coverage of Black communities and, 20–21, 29, 132, 198; early development of “objectivity” and, 57; fear of, 212–13; fellowship at WBEZ, 5; future of journalism and, 207; gay representation in newsrooms, 107; at NPR, 93; in public media, 81, 84–86, 91–95, 98–100; term banned by Centers for Disease Control, 190; at the Toronto Star, 132
DNAinfo, 203
double standards, 4, 8, 122, 131, 138
doubt: “colonization of doubt,” 141, 156, 158, 213; and Vietnam War coverage, 72. See also uncertainty
Dreger, Alice, 227
Drudge Manifesto, 225
DuBois, W. E. B., 60
Editor and Publisher, 62
editorial writing: Desmond Cole’s activism for Black liberation and, 130–31; Heywood Broun and, 57–62; Horace Greeley and, 43; against lynching, 48–49; in the New York Native, 108; New York Times on Ida B. Wells, 50; New York Times public editor on conflicts of interest, 128; separation from factual reporting, 41–43; T. Thomas Fortune and, 46–47
Eisele, Sally, 83
empathy, 77, 167, 197–98, 200, 216
empiricism, 41, 44, 50, 55, 188
engagement journalism, 14, 202–5
English, Kathy, 131–32
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 140–41
Ethics of Journalism (Crawford), 54–56, 220
ethics policies: applied to freelancers, 134; conflicts of interest and, 84, 121–22, 128–29, 131–32; future of, 211, 228; history of, 54–56, 222; in journalism training, 54; “objectivity” and 7. See also conflicts of interest
evidence: in coverage of Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas, 145–46, 157–58, 226; in coverage of racism, 171; in coverage of trans people, 180, 189; subjectivity of, 185–88. See also video evidence
evidence-based, as term, 190
extractive journalism, 196–99, 202–7, 210
Faas, Horst, 73
Facebook, 14, 20–21, 84, 117, 213
facts: accusations of bias and, 97, 118; in AIDS coverage, 106; “alternative facts,” 2, 154, 213–14; ambiguity of, 70–74, 151; checking of, 153, 211; cynicism about, 12, 139; distortion of, 140–41, 143–47, 149–50, 154–59, 161–62; as element of “objectivity,” 7, 13, 40–41, 44, 54–56, 69, 120, 148; extractive journalism and, 199; in lynching coverage, 48–50; in police coverage, 27, 30–31; in “post-fact” era, 4, 14; as purpose of journalism, 205, 209, 216; separation from editorial pages, 41; subjectivity of, 188–89; trans identity and, 179–84. See also truth
fake news: cynicism about, 214; Lost Cause narrative of Civil War and, 161–62; relationship to “objectivity,” 140–41, 156–59; role of racism in the spread of, 154–55; Trump accusations of, 80, 160, 213. See also Bunk: The Rise of Hoaxes, Humbug, Plagiarists, Phonies, Post-Facts, and Fake News (Young); facts; misinformation
Fanon, Frantz, 5
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 88
feminism. See women journalists; women’s rights
Ferguson, MO, 19–21, 24–29, 31–32, 35, 219
First Amendment. See freedom of speech
Folkenflik, David, 128
foreclosure. See home foreclosure
Fortune, T. (Timothy) Thomas, 10, 44–51, 210, 220–21
Fox News, 11, 74, 100, 137, 155, 163–65
Frankel, Max, 115
Franklin, Dominique “Damo,” 30
Fraternal Order of Police, 26
freedom of speech: attacks on in Trump era, 2; “fake news” protected by, 158–59; news outlets’ right to fire and hire writers and, 62–63; Sandy Nelson’s case against the Tacoma News Tribune and, 10, 122–23, 134; as value of journalism, 86, 206
Free Press (organization), 228
Fuller, Keith, 73
Gallagher, Wes, 73
Garcia, Cecilia, 90–91, 93–94, 223
Garcia, Mario, 228
Garner, Eric, 21
Gay Community News (GCN), 110–13, 224
gay history. See LGBTQ history
gay journalists, 11, 13, 101–18, 213. See also Brock, David; Gessen, Masha; Goldsmith, Larry; Humm, Andy; Kopkind, Andrew; Nelson, Sandy; Riggs, Marlon; Rothenberg, David; Scagliotti, John; Shilts, Randy; Talusan, Meredith; Thrasher, Steven; Wallace, Lewis; Yeoman, Barry
Gay Men’s Health Crisis, 113
gay rights: backlash against, 165, 209; Hallin’s spheres and, 8; public media coverage of, 96–98; Pulse Orlando massacre and, 186–87; representation in media and, 13; Sandy Nelson’s Tacoma activism, 121–22, 135. See also gay journalists; homophobia
Geiger, Kate, 167–68
gender identity. See trans identity
gender identity disorder (GID), 176, 182
gender-neutral pronouns. See nonbinary pronouns
gender-related surgery, 176–77, 180, 189
General Electric (GE), 96–97
Ghansah, Rachel Kaadzi, 11, 174–75, 227
Gitlin, Todd, 134
Globe, 46
Goldberg, Bernard, 225
Gonzalez, Juan, 226
Gray, Freddie, 37
Great Moon Hoax, 154
Greeley, Horace, 42–44, 46, 50–51, 221
Green Beret, 77
Greene County, OH, 22. See also Yellow Springs, OH
Greenhouse, Linda, 10, 126–29, 133–34, 136, 138, 220
Gross, Larry, 223
Gruson, Kerry, 10, 67–70, 75–80, 102, 110, 222
Guardian, 11, 29, 32–33, 172, 227
Guardian US, 205
Guatemala, 95
gun violence, 17, 33, 174; and case of John Crawford III, 22–24; Charleston AME church massacre, 174–75; Pulse massacre, 116–17, 186–87
Hallin’s spheres, 8–9; Black Lives Matter and, 21, 32–33; Black press and, 50–51; coverage of LGBTQ people and, 11, 51, 102, 105, 118; false balance and, 99
Hart, Andrea, 203
Harvard, 57–58
Harvard Crimson, 75
Hawaii, 77
Headlee, Celeste, 228
Heritage Foundation, 97, 148–49, 157, 159
Hilferty, Robert, 98
Hill, Anita: accusations against Clarence Thomas, 141–42; discussing David Brock’s coverage of her, 152–53; in right-wing media, 139–40, 143–47, 149–51, 156–58; Speaking Truth to Power (memoir), 141, 225
Hockenberry, John, 137
Hoffman, Amy, 224
Holliday, Darryl, 203
home foreclosure, 196, 200–201
homophobia: false balance and, 81, 96; in mainstream media, 103, 113; at the New York Times, 108, 137; in right-wing media, 144, 146. See also gay rights; LGBTQ history
homosexuality, dated term for being gay, 106, 107, 109–10, 112, 115, 182. See also gay journalists; queer people
Homosexuality: Disease or Way of Life? (Bergler), 106
Howard, Roy, 62
Howard University, 45
Human Events, 148
Humm, Andy, 109–10
Hyde, Sue, 224
ideology: capitalist, 199; conservative framing and, 99, 140–41, 147–48, 153; in discussions of trans identity, 12, 179–82, 190; journalists and, 13, 155, 169; news judgment and, 17; “objectivity” and, 9, 111, 135, 150–52, 209; postwar age of consensus and, 11, 147–48; racism and, 169–72, 175. See also white supremacy
imagination, 14, 54, 191, 207, 213, 215–16
immigrants and immigration, 99–100, 160, 164, 167, 186–87
impartiality: as component of “objectivity,” 7, 42, 62, 148; conflicts of interest and, 119; limits of, 4, 8–9, 210–11; and Lost Cause narrative of Civil War, 161–62; performance of, 145–47, 187–88, 211. See also nonpartisanship; objectivity
indigenous journalists, 199, 207
Indigenous Rising Media, 199
Ingraham, Laura, 146
International Longshoreman and Warehouseman Union, 63
internet. See digital media
Johnson, James Weldon, 44
journalism education and journalism schools, 27, 41, 46, 53–54, 120, 202, 220
Journalist and the Murderer, The (Malcolm), 197–98, 228
Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America (Dicken-Garcia), 220
journalists of color: and accusations of bias, 119, 124, 127, 137, 213; and “balance,” 98–99, 210; excluded from newsrooms, 13, 126, 138, 211; history of, 226; in public media, 89–91, 93–95, 223; representation in newsrooms, 29, 32, 89–91, 188. See also Black journalists; indigenous journalists; Latinx journalists
Just a Journalist (Greenhouse), 126–29, 220, 224
Just the Facts (Mindich), 7, 40–43, 219, 221
Kaba, Mariame, 83
Kalsnes, Lynette, 83
Kavanaugh, Brett, 158
Kenney, Jerry, 23
Kerner Commission, 89
Kerner Report, 89–90
King, Rodney, 26
Kopkind, Andrew, 11, 101–5, 117–18, 224
Kopkind Colony, 102–3, 105, 118
Kristol, Irving, 148
Kumanyika, Chenjerai, 170
Labadie Collection at University of Michigan, 105, 107–8, 223–24
labor organizing. See workers’ rights
La Guardia, Fiorello, 59
LaGuardia Airport, 2
Landau, Sonia, 95
Landsberg, Michele, 131
Latin America, 96
Latino Consortium, 91
Latinx journalists, 90–92. See also Garcia, Cecilia; Martinez, Ramona; Salazar, Ruben
Lavender Hour (radio show), 104–5
Ledbetter, James, 95, 97–98, 223
Lemon, Don, 213
Lesbian and Gay Media Advocates (Boston), 224
Letson, Al, 226
LGBTQ history, 96–98, 101–18, 223–24. See also gay journalists; queer people; trans identity
Liaason, Mara, 134
liberalism: accusations of bias and, 129, 147–50, 212–13; coverage of Black communities and, 26; coverage of Trump and, 165–66; David Brock’s relationship to, 143–44; postwar ideology and, 11, 70; in public media, 86, 95–96, 98–100, 170
“Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 44
Limbaugh, Rush, 139–40, 145–47
Lippmann, Walter, 40, 55–56, 220
Listener Supported: The Culture and History of Public Radio (Mitchell), 92, 223
local journalism: accountability practices in, 200–206; AIDS coverage and, 113–15; City Bureau in Chicago, 203–6; conflicts of interest specific to, 127; coverage of Black women’s labor conditions in New York City, 64–65; coverage of police killings, 19–24, 26–27, 31–38; in decline, 12; in Detroit, 90–91, 200–202; gay coverage, 108, 111; and Ida B. Wells’s lynching coverage, 48–49; Kerry Gruson’s first job in, 68, 75–76; labor organizing at the Amsterdam News, 60–62; McClatchy buyout of Tacoma News Tribune, 121; relationship to NPR, 92; Sandy Nelson’s career in, 120–21; Sinclair Broadcast Group and, 160; T. Thomas Fortune’s first job in, 45. See also public media; WBEZ; WYSO Public Radio
Lopate, Leonard, 137
Lorde, Audre, 103
Los Angeles Times, 72
Lost Cause narrative of the Civil War, 160–61, 170, 173, 227
lynching: history of “objectivity” and, 10, 13 51, 219; Ida B. Wells’s activism and journalism on, 48–51, 221; invoked by Clarence Thomas, 142. See also anti-Blackness; racism; whiteness; white supremacy
Made Possible By . . . (Ledbetter), 95–98, 223
Make America Great Again, 161
Malatia, Torey, 83
Mankiewicz, Frank, 92
Marcano, Mervyn, 24–29, 32, 219
Marketplace: ethics policy, 7, 85; firing of Lewis Wallace, 1–4, 81, 129; founded in 1980s, 96; Lewis Wallace reporting for, 5, 117, 163, 165–68, 186, 194–97
Matthews, Kevin, 194–95, 197–98
McBride, Kelly, 228
McDowell, Calvin, 48
McEwen, Lillian, 157
McIsaac, Paul, 96
medieval roman. See Romance of Silence
Megabus, 30
Memphis Free Speech, 47–48. See also Wells, Ida B.
Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics (Hemmer), 147–48, 225
Miami Herald, 106
Michigan Radio, 200
Midwest, the, 6, 18, 162, 166, 194. See also Chicago; Dayton, OH; Detroit; Ferguson, MO; Yellow Springs, OH
military reporting. See war reporting
Mindich, David, 40–41, 43, 49, 219, 221
misinformation, 71, 140, 154. See also Bunk: The Rise of Hoaxes, Humbug, Plagiarists, Phonies, Post-Facts, and Fake News (Young); facts; fake news
misogyny, 152, 157. See also sexism; sexual harassment; women’s rights
Mitchell, Jack, 92, 94, 96, 223
Moonies (cult), 143
Moss, Thomas, 48
movement journalism, 13, 34, 76, 103–4, 205
MSNBC, 136
Nasr, Octavia, 136
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. See Kerner Commission
National Endowment for the Humanities, 96
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 62–63, 222
National Public Radio. See NPR
National Review, 148, 179, 228
Native Americans. See Dine tribe; indigenous journalists
NBC, 137
Nelson, Jill, 226
Nelson, Sandy, 10, 119–24, 126, 129, 133–36, 138
neo-Nazis, 172–73
net neutrality, 206
neutrality in journalism: as component of “objectivity,” 41, 86; conflicts of interest and, 124–26; coverage of sexual orientation and, 108; as distinct from nonpartisanship, 10, 44, 50, 87; double standards and, 4; feminist criticism of, 150–51; Heywood Broun commentary on, 59; Horace Greeley critique of, 42–43, 221; news judgment and, 33, 210; police killings and, 21; “production of innocence” and, 135–36; racism and, 47, 51–52, 161–62, 170–71; right-wing criticism of, 147–48; role of privilege in, 187–88. See also balance; impartiality; nonpartisanship; objectivity
New Ethics of Journalism (McBride and Rosenstiel), 228
New York City: ACT UP demonstration in, 97; Heywood Broun in, 57–60; hometown of Eddie Cave, 196; Ida B. Wells in, 49–50; immigration to, 40; Lewis Wallace move to 5–6, 53–54; Marketplace bureau in, 165–67, 197; Marvel Cooke reporting on, 64–66; penny papers emerged in, 42; T. Thomas Fortune and, 44–46
New Yorker, 137
New York Freeman, 46
New York Native, 113
New York Post, 110
New York Review of Books, 190
New York Telegram, 58
New York Times, 140; accusations of sexual harassment, 137; article on Sandy Nelson’s case against Tacoma News Tribune, 121, 224; coverage of AIDS, 112–13, 115–16; coverage of lynching, 49; criticism of Heywood Broun’s Sacco and Vanzetti columns, 58; criticism of Ida B. Wells’s anti-lynching campaign, 50; criticized by gay activists and journalists, 104, 106, 108–10; executive Sydney Gruson’s defense of “objectivity,” 68; failure to cover Blue’s Bar police raid, 109; Flora Lewis as first woman bureau chief, 68; lack of Black editors, 47; reference to Michael Brown as “no angel,” 25, 32; reporter Linda Greenhouse, 10, 126–29, 220; reporter Kerry Gruson, 10, 77–78
New York Times Magazine, 77, 104, 183, 222
News for All the People (Gonzales and Torres), 226
NewsHour, 98
news judgment, 20–21, 32–38, 91, 113, 210. See also bias; Hallin’s spheres
Newspaper Guild, 121. See also American Newspaper Guild
nonbinary pronouns, 183, 190, 193
nonpartisanship: Black press and, 50–51; as component of objectivity, 7, 40–41, 56; as distinct from neutrality, 10, 43–47; in public media, 87–89. See also balance; objectivity; partisanship
NPR: balance and, 98–100; coverage of Anita Hill’s accusations against Clarence Thomas, 141–42; coverage of Ferguson protests, 25; coverage of Trump campaign, 163–64; coverage of 2008 financial crisis, 208; diversity and, 91–94; firing of Juan Williams, 136; founding of, 88, 223; Lewis Wallace contributor to, 5, 24; media reporter David Folkenflik’s coverage of Linda Greenhouse, 128; Michael Oreskes’s resignation over sexual harassment claims, 136–37; newscast, 209, 216; news judgment about Black Lives Matter movement and, 36–37; punishment of Lisa Simeone for Occupy Wall Street protest, 133–34; right-wing attacks on, 89, 96–97; use of nonbinary pronouns, 183. See also Michigan Radio; WBEZ; WYSO Public Radio
Obama, Barack, 2, 155, 165, 169, 197, 208
Obamacare. See Affordable Care Act
objectivity: abortion and, 127; in AIDS coverage, 114–16; alternatives to, in journalism, 13, 78–80, 175, 190–93, 199–207, 211–12; conflict-of-interest policies and, 121–22, 126, 128–34; critiqued by LGBTQ journalists, 106, 108, 111, 118, 120, 186–88; critiques of, during Vietnam War, 68–70, 76; diversity in public media and, 94–95, 99–100; double standards and, 4, 137; “fake news” and, 140–41, 153–56, 158–59; feminist critique of, 150–51; first journalist fired over, 62–64; in founding of public media, 87; Hallin’s spheres and, 8, 99; history and origins of, 10, 39–44, 51, 53–57, 65–66, 219–22; as ideology of the status quo, 9, 14, 209; Lewis Wallace fired for blog post about, 1–3; limitations of, in war reporting, 72–75; performance of, in coverage of Anita Hill, 145–47, 150, 157–58; performance of, in public media, 84–86; “performance of innocence” and, 135–36; philosophy and, 179, 228; racism and, 161, 168–69, 175, 213, 226–27; relationship to news judgment, 34, 38; in right-wing coverage of transgender issues, 179–80; right-wing media relationship to, 11–12 88–89, 95–97, 139–40, 148–50; summary of critiques of, 210–11; taxonomy of, 7; transgender experience and, 6, 182–85, 188–89, 192; truth claims and, 177–78. See also balance; detachment; impartiality; nonpartisanship; subjectivity
Occupy Wall Street, 133–34, 137
O’Dwyer, William, 65
Ohio Student Association, 21–22
Okrent, Daniel, 128
Olbermann, Keith, 136
online journalism. See digital media
On the Media (radio show), 4, 134, 154, 226
Oreskes, Michael, 136–37
Outlier Media, 200–202, 205. See also Alvarez, Sarah
Pacific Standard, 202
Panama, 97
Paper Soldiers: The American Press and the Vietnam War (Wyatt), 70, 222
parachute journalism, 194–98. See also extractive journalism
Para Mi Pueblo (television show), 90
Parliament House, 117
partisanship: and “balance” in public media, 99–100; at Fox News, 11; and right-wing propaganda, 139–41, 153. See also nonpartisanship
Patton, Cindy, 224
People’s Grocery Company, 48
People’s Response Team, 30
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 65
Pew, Marlen, 62
Pink, Robin, 168
Planned Parenthood, 133
police: arresting gay men for cruising, 101; Blue’s Bar raid, 109; busting striking newspaper workers, 61; connection to lynching, 51; Lewis Wallace activism around, 5, 84; racism in Toronto carding practices and, 130–32; reports in early newspapers, 43. See also police killings
police killings, 10, 13, 15–38, 193, 194–95, 219, 228
postwar era. See age of consensus
poverty: in coverage of Detroit, 195–98; in Ferguson, 25–26; and hoaxes, 155; and liberal media, 86; Outlier Media, Detroit news service focused on, 200–202; and support for Trump, 166
Powell, Lewis F., 148
Powell Memo, 148
power: and analysis of oppression in journalism, 13, 162, 175, 206, 211–12; Andrew Kopkind’s writings about, 104; centrist thought in postwar era and, 147; dynamic between journalists and sources, 194, 198, 202–4; and “fake news,” 158–59; in framing of “objectivity” and “neutrality,” 99–100, 132, 150–51; institutional racism in reporting and, 26–27; journalists as threat to, 192–93; of media companies over workers, 119, 134–35; news judgment and, 17, 34, 37; of propaganda, 55; to shape reality, 177–78, 190–92, 210; Speaking Truth to Power (Hill), 141, 225; white supremacy and, 155, 165–68, 174
press freedom. See freedom of speech
Pritzker Journalism Fellowship, 83
privilege: anti-racist education and, 84; and detachment, 116; extractive journalism and, 198, 204; ideology in journalism and, 173–75; neutrality and, 129, 188; subjectivity and, 56; in Trump campaign, 164–65
Project NIA, 30
pronouns, 82, 184. See also nonbinary pronouns
propaganda: discourse of “fake news” and, 154; emergence of “objectivity” and, 54–55, 57; in Lost Cause narrative of the Civil War, 160–61; Reagan administration and, 95; right-wing coverage of Anita Hill, 141, 143–47; truth as 101, 118; in Vietnam coverage, 69, 71–72, 79
protest: amplified by news coverage, 17; inside Beavercreek City Council, 36; after Blue’s Bar police riot, 109; changing narratives around police killings and, 32–33; over coverage of Brandon Teena, 183; against execution of Sacco and Vanzetti, 58; in first NPR broadcast, 89; as gay media activism, 102, 106, 110; journalists’ participation in, 120–21, 130–34, 209, 215; against Muslim ban, 2; against police carding in Toronto, 10; against police killings, 20–21, 24–30, 35–37, 195; against Trump campaign, 162–63; against war in Iraq, 5; against war in Vietnam, 68, 70, 75
psychiatry, 107, 142, 176, 182
psychology, 103
public broadcasting. See Corporation for Public Broadcasting; NPR; PBS
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, 87–88
public media, 11; “balance” and nonpartisanship in, 99–100; conflicts of interest and, 81–86; history of diversity in, 87–94, 222–23; John Biewen’s work in, 170; poverty coverage and, 200; right-wing attacks on, 95–99. See also American Public Media; NPR; WYSO Public Radio
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 55, 220
public relations (PR), 24–26, 55–57
public television. See PBS; public media
Pulley, Aislinn, 29–31, 37, 219
Pulse Orlando massacre, 116–17, 186–87
queer bars: Blue’s Bar, 109; Pulse, 116–17, 186–87
queer history. See LGBTQ history
queer people, 5, 6, 24, 81, 95, 127, 193; attacked at Blue’s Bar, 109; Black queer journalists, 32, 97–99; coverage of, 84, 111–12, 185; media history of, 102–10, 224; and Pulse Orlando massacre, 116–17, 186–87. See also gay journalists; Gessen, Masha; Kopkind, Andrew; Talusan, Meredith; Riggs, Marlon; Scagliotti, John; Thrasher, Steven; Wallace, Lewis
racism: in Anita Hill coverage, 156; in Canada, 130–31; Charleston AME church massacre, 174–75; described in Kerner Report, 89–90; in Gay Community News, 110; as ideology in journalism, 154–55, 168–69; job discrimination resulting from, 60, 65–66; Lost Cause narrative of the Civil War, 161; “objectivity” and, 2, 13, 40, 100, 132, 206; people of color in journalism experiencing, 90–91, 93–94, 226; police killings and, 21, 25–29; in support for Trump, 164–68. See also anti-Blackness; anti-racism; whiteness; white supremacy
Raines, Howell, 126
Raleigh News and Observer, 68, 75
Rather, Dan, 136
Reagan, Ronald, 95, 114–15, 165
Real Anita Hill, The (Brock), 140, 145–46, 150, 152, 225
representation: of Black life, 34, 51; conception of “the public” and, 98, 206; of gay people, 105, 107, 110; institutional oppression and, 206; of Latinx people in public media, 90–93; public media efforts to improve, 93–95, 99–100
Republicans: balance in public media and, 98–100; northern white racism and, 46–47; role in Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas hearings, 144–46; role in Kavanaugh hearings, 158; supporters of Trump, 165–68, 175; support of Black press and, 50. See also Brock, David; Democrats; partisanship
revanchism, 165
Reveal (radio show), 226
Rice, Tamir, 24
right wing: “balance” in media and, 100; influence over public media, 81, 88–89, 95–99
right-wing media: attacks on public media, 95–99; coverage of Anita Hill, 140–41, 143–47, 157–58; “fake news” and, 154–57; history of, 147–49, 152–53, 225; Kavanaugh hearings and, 158; Lost Cause narrative of the Civil War and, 160–61; “objectivity” and 149–51, 159, 210; transgender issues and, 179–80. See also American Spectator; Brock, David; Fox News; Washington Times
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, 113
Roberts, Cokie, 134
Robertson, Chad, 30–31
Rogers Park (Chicago neighborhood), 82
Romance of Silence, 178–79, 227
Rosen, Jay, 134–35
Rosenstiel, Tom, 228
Roychoudhuri, Onnesha, 220
Sacco, Nicola, 58
Safer, Morley, 73
Salazar, Ruben, 228
Sanders, Joshunda, 226
San Francisco Chronicle, 107
Scagliotti, John, 11, 101–5, 111, 116, 118, 224
Scaife, Richard Mellon, 144, 149
Scene on Radio (podcast), 169
Schmalz, Jeffrey, 115–16
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 154, 226
Schudson, Michael, 56–57, 219, 222
Schwartz, Jonathan, 137
Scripps-Howard newspaper chain, 62
Seeing White (podcast series), 169, 171
Sex Changes (Califia), 227
sexism, 137, 156, 226. See also misogyny; sexual harassment; women’s rights
sexual harassment: #MeToo movement in media, 137–38; Anita Hill’s accusations against Clarence Thomas, 140–42, 144–46; critiques of “objectivity” and, 150–52, 158; documented by Vox, 225
Sherrod, Tressa, 23
Siegel, Robert, 96
Simeone, Lisa, 133–34
Simon, Scott, 134
Sinclair Broadcast Group, 160–61, 227
Slattery, Elizabeth, 157
slavery: Hallin’s spheres and, 9; Horace Greeley abolitionism, 43; Ida B. Wells born into, 47; Lost Cause mythology about, 160–61; racial hoaxes and, 155; referenced in Marvel Cooke’s writing, 64–65; T. Thomas Fortune born into, 44–45; white supremacist defense of, 172–73
Smith, Moira, 157
Socialism, 10, 43, 58, 60, 120–22
Society of Professional Journalists, 228
solutions journalism, 199, 205. See also accountability in journalism
Southern Courier, 75
Southern Horrors (Wells), 49, 221
Speaking Truth to Power (Hill), 141, 225
Spencer, Richard, 172–73
Spicer, Sean, 2
Stewart, Henry, 48
St. Louis, MO, 19, 26, 28, 31. See also Ferguson, MO
Stop the Church (1989 documentary), 97. See also ACT UP; AIDS
Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas (Abramson and Mayer), 157, 225. See also Brock, David; Hill, Anita; Thomas, Clarence
Stryker, Susan, 227
Students for a Democratic Society, 103
subjectivity: accusations of, in coverage of Anita Hill, 145–46; anxiety about in journalism, 56, 177, 212; confirmation bias and, 9; in coverage of gay people, 107–8; in coverage of transgender people, 12; in determining conflicts of interest, 126; feminist interpretations of the law and, 150–51; Kerry Gruson’s views on, 68, 78; misinformation and, 154–56; news judgment and, 37–38, 118; origins of objectivity and, 55–56; relationship to choice, 190–92; right-wing double standards around, 139, 149; transgender identity and, 177–82, 184–85, 189–90; in trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, 58; trust in journalism and, 66; uncertainty about truth and, 80; as a value in the practice of journalism, 14, 116–18, 186–88, 193, 198. See also bias; objectivity
Sulzberger, Arthur “Punch,” 68
Supreme Court, United States: Brett Kavanaugh confirmed to, 158; Clarence Thomas confirmed to, 140–43, 145–47, 152, 157, 226; decision in Associated Press v. National Labor Relations Board, 63, 222; Justice Lewis Powell, 148; Linda Greenhouse as New York Times correspondent for, 123, 126, 128, 133; refusal to hear Sandy Nelson case against Tacoma News Tribune over freedom of speech
Tacoma News Tribune, 120–23
Takeaway (public radio show), 133, 137
Talk Back! The Gay Person’s Guide to Media Action, 107–8, 223
Talusan, Meredith, 11, 185–88, 227
television: AIDS coverage and, 112–13; coverage of Anita Hill, 141–42; coverage of Black Lives Matter, 24–26; coverage of Hurricane Katrina, 215; interview with white supremacist Richard Spencer, 172; in Kerner Report, 89; Peter Arnett fired from, 74; public broadcasting consortia for people of color, 91; representation of people of color, 90; and Sinclair Broadcasting Group, 160; and Trump inauguration, 2. See also PBS; video evidence
Thirty Years’ Wars, The (Kopkind), 103, 224
Thomas, Clarence, 140–42, 144–47, 151–52, 156–58
Thomas, Tasha, 35
Thrasher, Steven, 10, 31–33, 219
Tongues Untied (1989), 97–98, 223
Torres, Joseph, 226
Transgender History (Stryker), 227
transgender journalists: 4, 11, 13, 106, 130, 185–92. See also Gessen, Masha; Talusan, Meredith; Wallace, Lewis
trans identity: accusations of bias and, 84–85, 127, 132; history of, 181–83; Lewis Wallace personal experience of, 176–77; media representation, 8, 12, 51, 183–84; news judgment and, 34; “objectivity” and, 179–80, 184; subjectivity and, 178–80, 192–93; in the workplace, 82–83, 86
transphobia, 2, 5, 82, 100; Blue’s Bar police raid and, 109–10; in media coverage, 6, 180
transsexuality, 181–83
Troopergate, 208
Trump, Donald J.: appearance in Dayton during campaign for president, 162–64; “fake news” accusations, 80, 156, 160–61, 213; inauguration as president, 1–2, 124; journalists’ response to, 136; Muslim ban and, 2; popular support for, 163–64, 173; post-election coverage of, 167–68; racist statements, 155, 168; support for Sinclair Broadcasting Group, 160; Twitter presence, 80, 155, 160–61, 209; white supremacy and, 164–66, 175
trust in media: community journalism to rebuild, 204–5; conflicts of interest and, 125; diversity and, 100, 131; “fake news” and 154–56; impartiality and, 6; Kerner Report discussion of lack of, 90; in lieu of “objectivity,” 13; role of “objectivity” in, 55, 63; transparency and, 2, 211–12; undermined by extractive journalism, 199; during Vietnam, 69
truth: Black Lives Matter activism and, 31; Black press and, 50–51; in coverage of Anita Hill, 152–53; and cynicism, 213; false balance and, 95, 100, 210; as goal of journalism, 3–4, 7, 74, 124, 205, 207; history of “objectivity” and, 41, 56–57; multiple truths, 12, 151, 155, 178, 190; objective methods as a path to, 54, 69, 75, 177; in “post-fact” era, 14; relationship to gay activism, 102, 106; relationship to propaganda, 79, 101, 118; in right-wing media, 144–46, 153–54, 157–58; shifting understandings in twentieth century, 54; as skill, 214; subjectivity and, 9, 12, 66, 116, 156, 185–89; Trump’s relationship to, 136–37; “truth isn’t truth,” 212; in Vietnam, 71; white supremacy as inhibitor of, 161–62, 168–69, 171–75
Tuohy, William, 72
tweets. See Twitter
Twitter: as information source, 14; “objectivity” and, 4, 124; role in Ferguson protests, 20–21, 24–25, 30; Trump’s use of, 80, 155, 160–61, 209
Two Spirit, 183
UCLA Women’s Law Journal, 150, 226
uncertainty, 76, 151, 179, 185–86, 212. See also doubt
values-based journalism, 2, 12–13, 37, 88–89, 151, 178, 199–207
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 58
VICE News, 137
video evidence, 19, 22–23, 35, 128. See also television
Vietnam War: coverage on PBS, 96; coverage by Peter Arnett for the Associated Press, 70–74, 222; and Kerry Gruson, 67, 75–78; and “objectivity,” 8, 68–75, 79–80, 222; opposition to, 10
View from Nowhere, The (Nagel), 179, 228
Volunteer Slavery (Nelson), 226
Wallace, Lewis Raven: at Allied Media Conference, 199; background as activist, 5–6; childhood and young adulthood, 208; conflicts of interest and, 85–86, 124–25; contributor to NPR, 24, 163–64; coverage of Ohio Black Lives Matter movement for public radio, 10, 15–24, 35–36; coverage of Pulse massacre for Marketplace, 116–17, 186; coverage of Trump campaign, 162–66; coverage of Trump victory for Marketplace, 167–68; Detroit reporting for Marketplace, 194–98; fellowship at University of Michigan Joseph A. Labadie Collection, 105, 108; fired from Marketplace, 1–3, 53, 81, 129; Hurricane Katrina and, 5, 215–16; interview with John Scagliotti, 102; interview with Kerry Gruson, 67–68; in media reports, 4; reporter at WBEZ, 5, 34, 82–84; reporter at WYSO, 5–6, 15–18; subjectivity and, 80, 188–90; suspended from Marketplace, 136; time in Ohio, 39, 51, 162; transgender identity, 6, 82–84, 176–78, 183, 192; views on partisanship, 86, 153, 158, 171; views on purpose of journalism, 207, 211, 214–16; at Women’s March, 2
Wall Street Journal, 68, 75, 148, 222
war reporting: Civil War, 43; “objectivity” during Vietnam, 8, 10, 69–77, 79, 222; role of propaganda, 55. See also Vietnam War
Washington Post: Black Lives Matter coverage, 29, 33; column on Civil War and the Lost Cause, 161, 227; coverage of Lewis Wallace, 4; David Brock profile, 146; in Jill Nelson memoir, 226
Washington Press Club Foundation, 66, 221
Watson, Morris, 62–63
We Charge Genocide, 30
Wells, Ida B.: coverage of lynching, 47–50; Crusade for Justice, 221; and early “objectivity,” 10, 50–51, 210; Southern Horrors, 49, 221
We Need to Talk (Headlee), 228
When Harry Became Sally: Responding to the Transgender Moment (Anderson), 179–80
white nationalism, 162, 166, 173. See also white supremacy
whiteness: conflicts of interest and, 85; in death of John Crawford III, 16–17, 21, 36; double standards for journalists and, 4, 126, 131; emergence of objectivity and, 65–66; in Ferguson police force, 25; journalism about, 169–75; as Lewis Wallace’s identity, 6; postwar ideology and, 11, 70; public media and, 89–94, 100; in reporting on lynching, 49; in reporting on police killings, 20, 29, 34; in reporting on Trump, 161, 165–66; resistance to apartheid and, 3; subjectivity and, 56, 152. See also racism; white nationalism; white supremacy
white supremacy: balance and, 52, 98–100, 162; Black press and, 47–50; coverage of, 10, 172–75; in Detroit, 197; extractive journalism and, 198; in Ferguson, 28; as ideology in journalism, 13, 28–29, 168–69, 170–71; KKK attacks on Fortune family, 45; Lost Cause narrative and, 160–63; news judgment and, 20–21, 33–35; “objectivity” and, 2, 4, 126, 129, 187–88, 210, 226–27; role in police killings, 22, 37; in support for Trump, 164–68. See also anti-Blackness; racism; whiteness
Williams, Angela, 16
Williams, Juan, 136
Williams Institute at UCLA, 189
women journalists: covering Anita Hill, 157; excluded from newsrooms, 13, 133; gender roles in newsrooms, 61; “objectivity” about abortion and, 127; reproductive rights and, 126, 128; sexual harassment and, 137–38; targeted with accusations of bias, 119, 121–24, 126–29. See also Cooke, Marvel; Garcia, Cecilia; Ghansah, Rachel Kaadzi; Greenhouse, Linda; Gruson, Kerry; Lewis, Flora; Martinez, Ramona; Nelson, Sandy; Wells, Ida B.
women’s rights: advocated by Horace Greeley, 43; in Anita Hill story, 145, 152–53; critique of “objectivity” and, 150–51; day labor in the Bronx and, 64–65; Kerry Gruson’s advocacy for, 76; in newsrooms, 137–38; in the 1960s, 68; racial stereotypes and, 146–47; support for Trump and, 167–68. See also #MeToo; trans identity; women journalists
workers’ rights: in Associated Press v. National Labor Relations Board, 62–63; in coverage of Sacco and Vanzetti, 58; DNAinfo unionization effort, 203; as freelancers, 134; Heywood Broun demonstrating for, 59; in Horace Greeley’s columns, 46; journalists organizing for, 10, 61; journalists’ right to protest and, 126–35; maintaining “objectivity” and, 57, 62, 119, 210; in Sandy Nelson case against the Tacoma News Tribune, 121–23; women day laborers and, 64–65
World (Pulitzer paper), 46, 57–58
Wright, Michael (attorney for John Crawford III), 19
WTVS (public television station in Detroit), 90
Wyatt, Clarence R., 70–71, 222
WYSO Public Radio, 5, 15–19, 29, 35
Yellow Springs, OH, 5, 162. See also WYSO Public Radio
Young, Kevin, 141, 154–56, 213–14, 226
Zelnick, Robert, 92