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2 G. Borio, “Tobacco Timeline: The Seventeenth Century—The Great Age of the Pipe,” Tobacco News and Information, Tobacco.org, accessed May 18, 2013, http://archive.tobacco.org/resources/history/tobacco_history17.html.
3 Jacobs, “From the First to the Last Ash.”
4 National Park Service, “Tobacco: The Early History of a New World Crop,” Historic Jamestown website, accessed May 8, 2013, www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/tobacco-the-early-history-of-a-new-world-crop.htm.
5 “A Brief History of Tobacco,” CNN.com, accessed May 18, 2013, www.cnn.com/US/9705/tobacco/history/; Howard Dodson, “How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy,” National Geographic News, February 3, 2003, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0131_030203_jubilee2_2.html.
6 “Manufacturing Cigarettes,” The Tobacco Atlas website, accessed May 18, 2013, http://tobaccoatlas.org/industry/manufacturing/text/.
7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Highlights: Marketing Cigarettes to Women,” Smoking and Tobacco Use, accessed May 18, 2013, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2001/highlights/marketing/.
8 H. Green, “How K-Rations Fed Soldiers and Saved American Businesses,” Bloomberg.com, February 20, 2013, www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-20/how-k-rations-fed-soldiers-and-saved-american-businesses.html.
9 U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1964 Report on Smoking and Health, Reports of the Surgeon General (Bethesda, MA), accessed May 18, 2013, http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/NN/p-nid/60.
10 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, Public Health Service Publication No. 1103 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1964); National Library of Medicine, 1964 Report on Smoking and Health.
11 National Library of Medicine, 1964 Report on Smoking and Health.
12 Stanford School of Medicine, “Tobacco Advertising Themes,” accessed May 18, 2013, http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_main/images.php?token2=fm_st104.php&token1=fm_img3207.php&theme_file=fm_mt007.php&theme_name=Light,%20Super%20&%20Ultra%20Light&subtheme_name=Low%20Tar.
13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004 Surgeon General’s Report—The Health Consequences of Smoking, Smoking & Tobacco Use, accessed May 12, 2013, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/pdfs/executivesummary.pdf.
14 K. Michon, “Tobacco Litigation: History & Recent Developments,” NOLO, accessed May 18, 2013, www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/tobacco-litigation-history-and-development-32202.html.
15 “Big Tobacco’s Loss in Minnesota,” New York Times, May 9, 1998, www.nytimes.com/1998/05/09/opinion/big-tobacco-s-loss-in-minnesota.html.
16 R. D. Hurt and C. R. Robertson, “Prying Open the Door to the Tobacco Industry’s Secrets about Nicotine: The Minnesota Tobacco Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 13 (October 1998): 1173–81, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9777818/.
17 The five tobacco companies named in the lawsuit included Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, Lorillard Tobacco Company, Philip Morris USA, R.J. Reynolds, Commonwealth Brands, and Liggett & Myers.
18 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General (Rockville, MD, 2012), www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/preventing-youth-tobacco-use/exec-summary.pdf.
19 J. Yeatman, “As Tobacco Buyout Winds Down, Former Growers Learn to Adapt,” Washington Post, September 07, 2011, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-09-07/local/35275587_1_southern-maryland-farmers-tobacco-buyout-christine-bergmark.
20 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: Use of “Light,” “Mild,” “Low,” or Similar Descriptors in the Label, Labeling, or Advertising of Tobacco Products (Rockville, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 2010), accessed May 12, 2013, www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM214599.pdf.
21 S. Almasy, “FDA Changes Course on Graphic Warning Labels for Cigarettes,” CNN, March 20, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/03/19/health/fda-graphic-tobacco-warnings.
22 American Lung Association, General Smoking Facts, www.lung.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/facts-figures/general-smoking-facts.html#13.
23 Monitoring the Future website, accessed May 18, 2013, www.monitoringthefuture.org/.
24 Ibid.; American Lung Association, General Smoking Facts; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, “Births: Final Data for 2005,” National Vital Statistics Reports 56, no. 6 (December 5, 2007).
25 World Health Organization, tobacco fact sheet, updated May 18, 2013, www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en.
1 World Health Organization, “Growing Tobacco,” The Tobacco Atlas, 2004, accessed May 13, 2013, www.who.int/tobacco/en/atlas16.pdf.
2 Internal Revenue Service, Farmers Audit Techniques Guide, May 2011, www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed/Audit-Techniques-Guides-(ATGs).
3 “Tobacco Leaf Harvesting, Curing, and Fermenting,” Leaf Only website, www.leafonly.com/tobacco_leaf_harvesting_curing_and_fermenting.php; Center for Tobacco Grower Research, “About the Plant,” http://tobaccogrowerresearch.com/tobacco.html.
4 American Cancer Society, Cigar Smoking, www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/cigarsmoking/cigar-smoking-intro.
5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Bidis and Kreteks,” Smoking and Tobacco Use, accessed May 12, 2013, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/tobacco_industry/bidis_kreteks/.
6 American Cancer Society, “Other Forms of Tobacco Favored by Young People: Kreteks and Bidis,” accessed May 12, 2013, www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/childandteentobaccouse/child-and-teen-tobacco-use-other-types.
7 National Cancer Institute, “Cigar Smoking and Cancer,” National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, accessed May 13, 2013, www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cigars.
8 J. Novack, “Federal Tax Hike Drives Roll-Your-Own Smokers to Pipe Tobacco,” Forbes, April 18, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/janetnovack/2012/04/18/federal-tax-hike-drives-roll-your-own-smokers-to-pipe-tobacco/.
9 American Lung Association, “Big Tobacco’s Next Frontier: Sustaining Addiction and Hooking Kids with Other Tobacco Products,” www.lung.org/stop-smoking/tobacco-control-advocacy/reports-resources/tobacco-policy-trend-reports/big-tobaccos-next-frontier.pdf.
10 American Cancer Society, “Child and Teen Tobacco Use,” www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/childandteentobaccouse/child-and-teen-tobacco-use-child-and-teen-tobacco-use.
11 T. English, “Dissolvable Tobacco Products Draw FDA Scrutiny,” NPR Radio, January 20, 2012, www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/20/145478833/dissolvable-tobacco-products-draw-fda-scrutiny.
12 Food and Drug Administration, “Health Effects of Dissolvable Tobacco Products,” January 19, 2012, TPSAC Meeting, www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/TobaccoProductsScientificAdvisoryCommittee/UCM288283.pdf.
13 Camel website, accessed May 14, 2013, https://dissolvables.tobaccopleasure.com/modules/Security/Login.aspx.
14 M. Felberbaum, “Program Urges Smokers Switch to Smokeless Tobacco,” USA Today, October 28, 2011, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/story/health/story/2011-10-28/Program-urges-smokers-switch-to-smokeless-tobacco/50979410/1.
15 T. Miller, “More People Are Smoking E-Cigarettes, but as a Quitting Tool, They May Be All Smoke and Mirrors,” New York Daily News, March 13, 2013, www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/people-smoking-e-cigarettes-evidence-quit-experts-article-1.1287795.
16 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Electronic Cigarettes,” accessed May 19, 2013, www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm172906.htm.
1 T. P. Condon, “The Role of Nicotine Addiction in Tobacco Use,” Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: An Overview, December 8, 2008, CDC website, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/icsh/meetings/summary120808/neurobiology/.
2 K. C. Winters, J. Lee, and M. K. Winters, Drugs and the Developing Brain: The Science Behind Young People’s Substance Use (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2010).
3 N. L. Benowitz, “Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Smoking Cessation Treatment,” American Journal of Medicine 121, no. 4A (2008): S3–10.
4 Y. Xue and E. F. Domino, “Tobacco/Nicotine and Endogenous Brain Opioids,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (July 2008): 1131–38, published online December 23, 2007.
5 R. D. Hurt, “Smokers’ Brains Change in Response to High Levels of Nicotine,” Medical Edge newspaper column (Rochester, MN: Nicotine Dependence Center, Mayo Clinic, February 24, 2012), www.mayoclinic.org/medical-edge-newspaper-2012/feb-24b.html; L. Whitten, “Abstinent Smokers’ Nicotinic Receptors Take More Than a Month to Normalize,” NIDA Notes, October 1, 2009, www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2009/10/abstinent-smokers-nicotinic-receptors-take-more-than-month-to-normalize.
6 M. D. Li, “The Genetics of Nicotine Dependence,” Current Psychiatry Reports 8, no. 2 (2006): 158–64.
7 American Lung Association, “Tips for Parents,” Stop Smoking, www.lung.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/preventing-smoking/for-parents.html.
1 From J. A. Hoffman and S. Nemes, ASCENT: A Program for Adolescent Smoking Cessation (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2002) and adapted from “Hooked on Nicotine Checklist,” from J. R. DiFranza, N. A. Rigotti, A. D. McNeill, J. K. Ockene, J. A. Savageau, D. St. Cyr, and M. Coleman, “Initial Symptoms of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents,” Tobacco Control 9 (2000): 313–19.
2 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, “Cigarette Smoking Gateway to Illegal Drug Use,” December 6, 2000, www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2000/smoking-drugs.html.
3 M. L. Rubinstein, S. Shiffman, A. B. Moscicki, M. A. Rait, S. Sen, N. L. Benowitz, “Nicotine Metabolism and Addiction among Adolescent Smokers,” Addiction 108, no. 2 (2013): 406–12.
4 J. P. Karpinski, E. M. Timpe, and L. Lubsch, “Smoking Cessation Treatment for Adolescents,” Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology Therapeutics 15, no. 4 (October 2010): 249–63.
5 National Institutes of Health, “Why Nicotine Is a Gateway Drug,” NIH Research Matters, November 21, 2011, www.nih.gov/researchmatters/november2011/11212011nicotine.htm.
6 American Lung Association, “Stop Smoking,” accessed May 14, 2013, www.lung.org/stop-smoking/.
7 R. N. Proctor, “The Shameful Past: The History of the Discovery of the Cigarette-Lung Cancer Link: Evidentiary Traditions, Corporate Denial, Global Toll,” Tobacco Control 21 (2012): 87–91.
8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Lung Cancer Statistics,” accessed May 20, 2013, www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/statistics/.
9 U.S. Surgeon General, A Report of the Surgeon General: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease—The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease Fact Sheet, 2010, www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/tobaccosmoke/factsheet.html.
10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, What to Tell Your Patients about Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/clinician_sheet/pdfs/clinician.pdf.
11 Ibid.
12 Mayo Clinic staff, “Chewing Tobacco: Not a Safe Alternative to Cigarettes,” Quit Smoking, Mayo Clinic website, accessed May 12, 2013, www.mayoclinic.com/health/chewing-tobacco/CA00019.
13 Mayo Clinic staff, Sleep Apnea, Mayo Clinic website, accessed May 13, 2013, www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors.
14 T. M. File Jr., “Community-Acquired Pneumonia,” Lancet 362, no. 9400 (2003): 1991–2001; J. P. Nuorti, J. C. Butler, M. M. Farley, L. H. Harrison, A. McGeer, M. S. Kolczak, and R. F. Breiman, “Cigarette Smoking and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team,” New England Journal of Medicine 342, no. 10 (March 2000): 681–89.
15 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Highlights: Health Consequence of Tobacco Use Among Women,” Smoking & Tobacco Use, Surgeon General’s Report, 2001, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2001/highlights/consequences/index.htm.
16 S. A. Karumanchi and R. J. Levine, “How Does Smoking Reduce the Risk of Preeclampsia,” Hypertension 55, no. 5 (May 2010): 1100–01.
17 M. Borigini, “Smokin’ Joints: Why Men Who Smoke Are at Lower Risk of Joint Replacement Surgery,” Overcoming Pain, Psychology Today, October 3, 2012, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/overcoming-pain/201210/smokin-joints.
18 Planet Biotechnology website, accessed May 19, 2013, www.planetbiotechnology.com/products.html.
19 U.S. Surgeon General, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children Are Hurt by Secondhand Smoke [Set entire title in ital], 2007, www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/secondhandsmoke/factsheet2.html.
20 “Vital Signs: Nonsmokers’ Exposure to Secondhand Smoke—United States, 1999–2008,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59, no. 35 (September 10, 2010): 1141–46.
21 All the secondhand-smoke effects listed here are discussed in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General (Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006).
22 U.S. Fire Administration, Smoking and Fire Home Safety, www.usfa.fema.gov/citizens/home_fire_prev/smoking.shtm.
23 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2012 (Rockville, MD: Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2012).
24 D. F. Behan, M. P. Eriksen, and Y. Lin, Economic Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (Schaumburg, IL: Society of Actuaries, 2005), accessed May 19, 2013, www.soa.org/research/research-projects/life-insurance/research-economic-effect.aspx, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661490.
25 American Cancer Society, “When Smokers Quit, What Are the Benefits Over Time?” Guide to Quitting Smoking, accessed May 17, 2013, www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/guidetoquittingsmoking/guide-to-quitting-smoking-benefits.
26 Ibid.
1 “Quitting Smoking among Adults—United States, 2001–2010,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60, no. 44 (2011): 1513–19.
2 M. Kofman, K. Dunton, and M. B. Senkewicz, Implementation of Tobacco Cessation Coverage under the Affordable Care Act: Understanding How Private Health Insurance Policies Cover Tobacco Cessation Treatments (Washington, DC: Health Policy Institute, Georgetown University, November 26, 2012), www.tobaccofreekids.org/pressoffice/2012/georgetown/coveragereport.pdf.
3 American Lung Association, “Save Lives and Money: Help People on Medicaid Quit Tobacco,” 2012, www.lung.org/assets/documents/publications/other-reports/medicaid-cessation-report.pdf.
4 “The Best Ways to Quit,” Aetna InteliHealth, last updated February 21, 2011, www.intelihealth.com/article/the-best-ways-to-quit.
5 American Cancer Society, Guide to Quitting Smoking, accessed May 19, 2013, www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/guidetoquittingsmoking/index.
6 N. Isaacs, “Alternative Methods for Quitting Smoking: Hypnosis, Acupuncture, Meditation,” Health, July 24, 2008, www.health.com/health/condition-article/0,,20213799,00.html.
7 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Nicotine Therapy Replacement Labels May Change,” For Consumers, April 1, 2013, www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm345087.htm.
8 American Cancer Society, “What Are the Types of Nicotine Replacement Therapy?” Guide to Quitting Smoking, last revised January 17, 2013; “Nicotine Replacement Therapy,” A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, updated February 21, 2011; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA 101: Smoking Cessation Products,” For Consumers, December 12, 2012, www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm198176.htm.
9 M. Esterl, “Quit Smoking: A New Case for Going Cold Turkey,” Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204124204577150742861992520.
10 M. C. Fiore, C. R. Jaén, T. B. Baker, N. L. Benowitz, S. J. Curry, S. F. Dorfman, E. S. Froelicher, M. G. Goldstein, C. G. Healton, P. N. Henderson, R. B. Heyman, H. K. Koh, T. E. Kottke, H. A. Lando, R. E. Mecklenburg, R. J. Mermelstein, P. Dolan Mullen, C. T. Orleans, L. Robinson, M. L. Stitzer, A. C. Tommasello, L. Villejo, M. E. Wewers, Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update, Clinical Practice Guideline (Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, May 2008).
11 Hoffman and Nemes, ASCENT.
12 Ibid.
1 U.S. Surgeon General, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General, Executive Summary (Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012), 3.
2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 (Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, October 2007).
3 Ibid.
4 See, for example, L. Steinberg, “Raise Age to Buy Cigarettes to 21,” CNN, April 18, 2011, www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/04/18/steinberg.smoking.teens/index.html.
5 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Adolescent Health, Risk, and Protective Factors, accessed May 13, 2013, www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-health-topics/substance-abuse/tobacco/risk-and-protective-factors.html.
6 T. S. Schepis and U. Rao, “Epidemiology and Etiology of Adolescent Smoking,” Current Opinions in Pediatrics 17, no. 5 (October 2005): 607–12.
7 Adapted from C. L. Perry, R. V. Luepker, D. M. Murray, M. H. Smyth, Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2004, 2013).
8 Join Together staff, “Study: Smoking Prevention Programs in Schools Can Reduce Number of Future Smokers,” Partnership at DrugFree.org, April 30, 2013, www.drugfree.org/join-together/prevention/study-smoking-prevention-programs-in-schools-can-reduce-number-of-future-smokers.
9 National Crime Prevention Council, “How Parents Can Prevent Drug Abuse,” accessed May 19, 2013, www.ncpc.org/topics/drug-abuse/alcohol-tobacco-and-other-drugs.
10 Adapted from MSPP: Talking about Tobacco: A Guide for Families (Center City: MN, 2004).