Abandonment, 65
rules of, 89–91
Accession, principle of, 30–33, 39
transformation of object, degree of, 30
Accretion, 32
Ad coelum doctrine, 31–32, 57–58
Administrative Procedure Act, 239
Adrian v. Rabinowitz, 134
Adverse possession, 34–38, 69, 78, 174, 204
Continuity requirement, 35
Disabilities rules, 36
Affirmative easements, 200, 205–6
Affirmative waste, 106
Alexander v. Boyer, 116
Allen v. Hyatt Regency–Nashville Hotel, 88
Ameliorative waste, 107
Americans with Disabilities Act, 84
Animal rights, 23
Animal waste, property rights in, 48
Anticommons, 15
Antidiscrimination laws, 7, 81–84, 223
Antitrust laws, 15
Appurtenant. See Zoning
Armory v. Delamirie, 39
Asportation, 68
Assignment, tenant transfer, 145
Attorney General v. Desilets, 84
Auto repossession, 71
Bankruptcy Code, 180
Beach access, issues of, 78
Bijnkershoek, 19
Blackstone, William, 4–5, 8, 77
BMW of N. Am., Inc. v. Gore, 69
Board of Regents v. Roth, 235
Body parts, property interest in, 53–55
Bolotin v. Rindge, 215
Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co., 196–98
Bracton, 19
Brandeis, Justice, 28
Brennan, Justice, 255
Brokaw v. Fairchild, 107
Capture
fox hunting, 18–20
and principle of accession, 31
reasonable prospect, 19
rule of, 18–19
Caveat lessee, rule of, 139
Centene Plaza Redev. Corp v. Mint Properties, 248
Central Delaware County Auth. v. Greyhound Corp., 113
Changed circumstances doctrine, 214
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 224–26
Cheney Bros. v. Doris Silk Corp., 30
China, property rights in, 231–33
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 83
Civil rights statutes, 79
Close-knit living arrangement, 83
Coase, R. H., 44
theorem, 185–92
Commerce Clause of the Federal Constitution, 56, 240
Common interest communities, 146–53
advantages of a division of managerial authority, 150, 153
constraints, 148–49
cooperative corporation, 147
covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CCRs), 147–49
examples, 146–47
homeowners’ association (HOA), 148–49
legal forms in, 147
percentage of residential property in, 150
tax advantages, 150–51
“Common right” of mankind, 47
Communist systems, 16
Community property, 119–20
Comprehensive plan. See Zoning
Conditional deliveries, 166
Conditional gifts, 92
Conservation of estates, 105–7
Constructive eviction, doctrine of, 137–38
Contingent remainders, 100
Contract, 8
contract formation, criteria for, 108
contract modification, of use of property, 13
defined, 1
relation with license, 85–86
rights, 8–9
for use and control of resources, 12–13
Contract claims, waiver for, 240
Contract Clause, 240
Conversion, 36, 39, 70, 73, 88
Co-ownership, 113–18
Corporations, 124
Corpus. See Trust res (corpus)
County of Wayne v. Hathcock, 241
Covenant of quiet enjoyment, 136
Covenants, 7, 82, 87, 135–38, 163, 207–15
Covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CCRs), 147–49
Creation principle, 27–29
Criminal law of theft offenses, 68
Criminal law protection, of real property, 66–67
Criminal trespass statutes, 66–67
Cultural objects, commercial transaction prohibitions of, 55
Cultural patrimony, 55
Cumulative zoning, 216
Curtesy, 119
Custom and owner’s property rights, 22–23, 28, 32, 40, 76–78, 90
Cy pres doctrine, 157
Dead Hand Control, 110
Decedent’s disposition of property, 93
Decentralization, in the management of resources, 12, 21
Deed of trust, 179
Democracy, role in fostering forbearance, 230–33
Demsetz, Harold, 43
“Designer kitchen” phenomenon, 152
Destroy, right to, 90–91
Digital rights management (DRM), 73
Discovery, principle of, 23–29
Dispersed property ownership, 13
Divisions of property rights, 123
co-ownership, 113–18
estates and future interests, 95–113
married co-ownership, 118–22
Divorce, division of property, 119–22
Doctrines of first sale, in copyright and patent laws, 87
Domain of property Demsetz theory, 43–50
hybrid resources, 59–63
personhood perspective, 51–55
state of inherently public, 55–59
Dominant estate, 200
Dower, 119
Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, 73, 233–34, 238
Dumping activity, 43–44
Duties of public accommodations, 79
Eagle Enterprises v. Gross, 213
by implication, 203
by necessity, 204
in gross, 201
negative easement, 200
Ejectment, 70
Enforcement, of property, 48–50
English Civil War, 98
Entertainment venues, 85
Environmental laws, 215
Equitable conversion, 161–62
Equitable estoppel doctrine, 205
Equitable servitude test. See Servitude
Estate in tail, 103
Estates and future interests, system of, 95
common law system of temporal classifications, 97
conservation of estates, 105–7
customization of property, harm in, 108–9
dead hand control, 110–11
defeasible fees, 101–2
fee simple absolute, 99–100
fee simple subject to a condition subsequent, 102
fee simple subject to an executory limitation, 103
fee tail, 103
freehold interests, 98
full (absolute) ownership, 97–99
law of waste, 106–7
of life estate, 100
numerus clausus, 108–9
present possessory interest vs future possessory interest, 97–102, 107
remainders, 100–101
restraints on alienation, 109–10
reversion, 100–101
Rule Against Perpetuities (RAP), 110–13
third party costs, 109
wait-and-see reform statutes, 112
Euclidean zoning, 216–17, 219–20
Exclusion strategy, 6–7, 10, 45, 49, 57, 59, 61–63, 73–74, 125, 183, 188, 195, 257
Exclusionary Zoning, 220–21
Exclusion, right to, 4–9, 65, 69. See also Owner’s right to exclude
Executory interest, 103–4
Explicit takings of property, by government
just compensation, 248–51
provisions of state constitutions, 241
public use limitation, 241–48
Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 69
Eyerman v. Mercantile Trust Co., 90
Faber v. Creswick, 139
Fair Housing Act (FHA) (1968), 82–83
Mrs. Murphy exception, 82–83
Fair-market-value standard, 249–50
Family wealth, transmission of, 128–29
FCC v. NextWave Pers. Commc’ns Inc., 180
Federal Commerce Clause, 62
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 180
Federal landholdings . See Federal public domain Federal public domain, 57
Fee simple absolute, 99–100
Fee simple subject to a condition subsequent, 102
Fee simple subject to an executory limitation, 103
Fee tail, 103
Feudalism, 98
Fiduciary duties of trustees, 156
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles, 240
Fixtures, law of, 32
Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Forty-Five Twenty-Five, Inc., 205
Forcible entry and detainer (FED), 72
Foreclosure sale, 177–78
Fourteenth Amendment, 82
Freehold interests, 98
Fuentes v. Shevin, 73
Full ownership, 97
Fundamental nature of property, in relation to contract and tort, 1
“Fungible” property, 51
Future covenants, 163
Future possessory interest, 97–102
Gastineau v. Gastineau, 121
owner powers, 84–93
trespass law, 70–84
General warranty deed, 162
Ghen v. Rich, 77
Gifts, 92
Gifts causa mortis, 93, 115, 166
Goldberg v. Kelly, 235
Good faith purchasers for value (GFPVs), 37, 89, 169–73
Goss v. Lopez, 236
Government forbearance, 235
Governance strategy, 6–7, 65, 151, 213, 257
Government policy, toward property compulsory acquisitions, 241–51
influence of democratic politics and social norms, 230–33
issues with forbearance requirements, 224–29
regulatory takings doctrine, 251–58
risks associated with government actions, 224–29
rule of law, 233–41
sources of forbearance, 229–33
GPS systems, 165
Grantee index, 167
Grantor index, 168
Gray, John Chipman, 110
Ground rent, 130
Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 217
Hannan v. Dusch, 134
Harms v. Sprague, 116
Haslem v. Lockwood, 48
Hawaii Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 242
Head v. Amoskeag Mfg. Co., 246
Hecht v. Superior Court, 54
Hegel, G. W. F., 51
Heirs, 99
Historic preservation laws, 91
Holmgren v. Little Village Community Reporter, 83
Homeowners’ association (HOA), 148–49
Housing codes, 139
Human slavery, 52
Hunting, 23
Hurst v. Picture Theatres, Ltd., 86
Illinois Central R. Co. v. Illinois, 56
Implied warranty of habitability (IWH), 138–43, 149, 164
In kind partition, 117
Individual autonomy, 13
Individual tradeable quotas (ITQs), 47–49
Information dissemination, 58
Information goods, background rule for, 61–62
Informational externality, 87
Information-related goods, intellectual property rights, 29
Informed consent, 53–54
Ingalls v. Hobbs, 139
Inherently public property, 55–59
Injunctions, 70, 75, 192, 196–200, 209–210
INS v. AP. See International News Service v. Associated Press
In re Estate of Anderson, 112
Institution of property concerns, 14–16 justifications, 11–14
Intangible resources, rights in, 3
Intel Corp. v. Hamidi, 70–71
Intellectual property rights, 3, 29, 61–63
Intentional nuisance, 194
Intentional trespass, 193
Internalizing externalities, 43–45, 47, 61
International News Service v. Associated Press, 27–28
Intestate succession, 92
IP license, 87
“Irrelevant” externality, 44
Irrevocable licenses, 85
Jablonski v. Clemons, 140
Jacque v. Steenberg Homes, Inc., 68–69
Javins v. First Nat’l Realty Corp., 139
Johnson v. M’Intosh, 24–26
Johnson v. Whiton, 108
Joint tenancy, 115–17
unities of interest, possession, time and title, 114–15
Judicial foreclosure sale, 178
Justifications, for institution of property, 11–14
Justinian’s Institutes of the Roman Empire, 19
Keeble v. Hickeringill, 23
Kendall v. Ernest Pestana, Inc., 145
Kelo v. New London, 243–48
Kennedy, Justice, 244
Kotis v. Nowlin Jewelry, Inc., 172
Land ownership. See Estates and future interests, system of
Land records, in the United States, 166–67
Land sale contracts, 159–66
allocation of risks, 161–62
in case of death, 162
conditional deliveries, 166
covenants in deeds, 163–64
equitable conversion, 161–62
exceptions in doctrine of merger, 162–63
executory period, 160
importance of surveys and land recording system, 165–66
insurance and inheritance, 162
number of express and implied promises in, 161
post-closing liabilities, 164
process under the Statute of Frauds, 160, 164
relation of the seller and the buyer, 161–62
Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 238
Landlord-Tenant law, See Leasing
Law of Things, 8
Law of trespass, 68
Leasing
absent agreement, 132
assignment, 145
as a bundle of rights, 135–36
constructive eviction, doctrine of, 137–38
contractual aspect, 131–35
coverage of, 130–31
differences with common interest communities, 148
English rule vs American rule, 134
essence of, 129
implied warranty of habitability, 138–43
as independent covenants, 136
law of waste, 133
models of, 135–38
modern contract law, 137
reforms, 239
relationship between lessor and lessee, 67, 71–73, 129–30
residual claimant arrangement, 132
reversion in, 133
rule of caveat lessee, 139
sublease, 145–46
surrender doctrine, 136
tenancy at stufferance, 131
tenancy at will, 131
tenant’s incentives, 133
transfer of leasehold interests, 143–46
transfer of possession of the resource, 131–35
transitional model, 136–37
types of, 131
vs bailment and life estate, 129–30
Legal Realist movement, 5–6
Liberty, preservation of, 13
Life estate per autre vie, 100
Limited-access commons, 21
Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 251
Livingston, Justice, 20
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 255
Lost property, 39
Louisiana Purchase, 57
Lucas v. Hamm, 112
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 217, 256
Marbury v. Madison, 237
Marital property, law of, 118–19
Marketable title, 161
Married co-ownership, 118–22
issues in asset division following divorce, 120–22
Married couples, tenancy mode for, 115–16
Married Women’s Property Acts, 118–19
Marrone v. Washington Jockey Club of the District of Columbia, 86
Marshall, Chief Justice, 24
Marvin v. Marvin, 121
Mathews v. Eldridge, 236
Matthews v. Bay Head Improvement Assn., 78
McConico v. Singleton, 77
McKee v. Gratz, 77
Mechanic’s liens, 173
Medieval grazing commons, 21–22
Michelman, Frank, 252
Mining Act (1872), 26
Mining law and principle of discovery, 26–27
Mislaid property, 39
Monopoly, 14–15
Monopsony, 26
Moore v. Regents of California, 53–54
Moral limitations, of ownership, 10
Mortgages, theory of, 116–17, 176–81
Murphy v. Fin. Dev. Corp., 178
N. Am. Cold Storage Co. v. Chicago, 236
Nahrstedt v. Lakeside Vill. Condo. Ass’n, Inc., 151
National Bellas Hess v. Kalis, 108
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 215
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 55
Native American tribes, property concepts, 24–25
Natural flow theory, 60
Navigable rivers, 58–59
Navigation servitude, public rights in, 32, 56, 58
Necessity, usage of property out of, 75–76
Negative externalities, 14, 43–44
Negative value product, 48
Neighborhood effects
Coase theorem, 185–92
contractual aspects, 207–15
easements, 200–207
forms, 183–84
regulatory laws, 215–21
tort liability (nuisance), 192–200
Nemo dat quod non habet, 24, 168–71
Network effects, 58
Newman v. Sathyavaglswaran, 54
New Property, 235
News organizations, competing, issues of copyright, 27–28
Nonconsensual acquisitions, 34
Norman Conquest, 98
Norwood v. Horney, 248
live-and-let-live approach, 76
Trifling inconveniences, 194
Numerus clausus principle, 108–9, 146, 162, 175, 180
Objects of ownership, limitations, 10
O’Brien v. O’Brien, 120
O’Connor, Justice, 244
Open mines doctrine, 107
Open-access commons, 21, 29, 45, 47, 58–59
Open-access fishery, 21
Option contracts, 113
Original acquisition, modes of adverse possession, 34–38
analogies in, 40
first possession, 18–23
principle of accession, 30–33
principle of discovery and creation, 23–29
sequential possession, 38–40
Origins of property, theory, 17
Ouster, 114
Overconsumption of the resource, 46
Owner powers
abandonment and destruction, 89–91
bailments, 87–89
creating ownership rights in another, 91–93
license law, 85–87
Owner protection, laws for, 66–71
Owner-object relations, 15
Owner’s right to exclude
antidiscrimination laws, 81–84
custom, 76–78
law of public accommodations, 79–81
necessity, 75–76
Ownership of wild animals, 18–19
and principle of accession, 31
Paradine v. Jane, 136
Parent-child relation, 52
Partial restraints on alienation, 91–92
Partition, 117
Payne v. Tennessee, 238
Penn Bowling Recreation Ctr., Inc. v. Hot Shoppes, Inc., 207
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York, 254–55
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 254–55
Periodic tenancy, 131
Permissive waste, 106
Permitting schemes, 49
Personal communications service (PCS), 180
Personal property, 36, 72, 89, 166
protection of, 68
Personhood property, 51–55
Pierson v. Post, 18–23, 31, 40
Planned unit development (PUD), 219–20
Plenteous resources, 50
Ploof v. Putnam, 75
Pocono Springs Civic Ass’n, Inc. v. MacKenzie, 90
Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit, 241
Positive externalities, 44
Possession, 1, 25, 35, 68–70, 84, 87–89, 100, 113–15, 123, 129–36, 154, 193
co-ownership, 113–18
Possibility of reverter, 102
Power of termination, 102
Prah v. Marreti, 206
Presault v. United States, 90
Prescription, 204–5
Present covenants, 163
Present possessory interest, 97–102
Prior appropriation system. See Water rights
Private nuisance, 192–93
Privileges (or liberties), 7
“Privity of estate”, 145, 211–12
Procedural due process, 233–36
Products liability law, 139
Property
as an institution, 2–4
as a form of sovereignty, 13
Legal Realist bundle of rights, 4–8
in procedural due process, 234–35
range of uses, 6–7
traditional view of, 6
William Blackstone’s definition of, 4–8
Property, forms of, 125–29
PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins, 80
Public accommodations law, 79–81
Public Land Survey System, 165
Public nuisance, 192–93
Public trust, 56
Public Use, 242–48
Pufendorf, 19
Punitive damages, 69
Quasi-property, 27–28
Quitclaim deed, 162
Racially discriminatory covenants, 82
Radin, Margaret Jane, 51
Rangeland, 48
Ratione loci, doctrine of, 31
Ratione soli, doctrine of, 31
Real covenant test . See Servitudes
Real estate development, organization of, 127
Reap-sow principle, 28
Reasonable prospect, of capture, 19
Recording acts, 168
Notice statutes, 169
Race statute, 168
Race-notice statutes, 169
Registration, 167
Regulatory takings doctrine, 251–57
Relativity of title, 38–39
Remainders, 100–101
Resource management
common interest communities, 146–53
family wealth, 128–29
leasing, 129–46
property strategy for, 11
real estate development, 127
role of incentives, 12
shopping center, 125–26
specialization of functions in, 125
trusts, 153–57
Restatement of the Law Second, Torts, 192, 194
Restatement of the Law Third, Property, 213
Restatement of the Law Third, Trusts, 155, 157
Retirement condominium, 92
Reverse engineering, 29
Revolutionary War debts, 57
Riddle v. Harmon, 116
Right of entry, 102
Right of occupancy, 24
Right of survivorship, 115–16
Right to pollute, 200
“Rights,” to fishing spots, 2
Riparianism. See Water rights Riparian land, 60
Roman law, 56
Rule Against Perpetuities (RAP), 95, 101, 110–113
Rule of capture, 18–19
Rule of increase, 30
Rule of law
definition, 233
doctrine of sovereign immunity, 239–41
doctrine of vested rights, 236–38
procedural due process, 233–36
stare decisis, 238–39
Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji, 84
Sales of goods, property ownership, 91
San Remo Hotel v. San Francisco, 240
Sax, Joseph, 251
Schipper v. Levitt & Sons, Inc., 164
S. Burlington County NAACP v. Twp. of Mount Laurel, 220
Secured creditors, 176
Security interest, in personal property, 71
Security interests, 176–81
Self-help, 71–74
Self-protective measures, 73–74
Semicommons, 15
Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 240
Sequential possession, 38–40
Servient estate, 200
Servitudes, 213–14
equitable servitude test, 209–12
real covenant test, 209–12
Settlor, 154–55
Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb, 84
Shelley v. Kraemer, 81–82
Shelter rule, 170
Shopping center, organization of, 125–26
Slavery, 52
Social norms, role in fostering forbearance, 231–33
Socialist countries, property systems in, 4
Sovereign immunity, doctrine of, 239–41
Soviet Russia, 230
Special warranty deed, 163
Specificatio, doctrine of, 30
Specific performance, 160
Spendthrift clauses, 156
Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co., 198–99
Squatters, 35
Stare decisis, 238–39
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 69
State of Oregon ex rel. Thornton v. Hay, 78
State v. Shack, 67
Statute of limitations, 34–37, 163
Statutes
5 U.S.C. § 702, 240
16 U.S.C. § 1133(c), 57
28 U.S.C. § 1346, 240
42 U.S.C. § 1982, 83
42 U.S.C. §§ 12101–12213, 84
42 U.S.C. §§ 4321–4335 (2000), 215
42 U.S.C. § 2000a(b), 80
42 U.S.C. § 2000a(e), 80
Probate Code §§ 2–901 to –906, 8 U.L.A. 61–62 (Supp. 2006), 112
U.C.C. § 2-403(2), 89
UCC § 2-315, 140
UCC § 2-403(1), 172
UCC § 2-316(3)(a), 140
Strong personhood constraints, 51, 52, 55
Sublease, 145–46
Surrender doctrine, 136
Surveying, 164–65
Symphony Space, Inc. v. Pergola Properties, Inc., 113
Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 257
Takings Clause, 240, 245, 251–52
Taney, Chief Justice, 225–26, 229, 250
Telephone system, 58
Temporal divisions of property, 95–98
Temporal priority, 195–96
Tenancies, 98
Tenancy at sufferance. See Leasing
Tenancy at will. See Leasing
Tenancy by the entirety, 117
Tenancy in common, 114–15, 117
Tenhet v. Boswell, 116
Theft offenses, criminal law of, 68
Third-party beneficiary law, 9
Third-party information costs, 109
Thomas, Justice, 245
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 80
Title insurance, 167
Title records, 166–75
adverse possession, 173–74
common, 166
examination methods for, 167–68
good faith purchasers for value
(GFPVs), 169–73
principle of property transfer, 168
recording acts, 168–70
recording system, 166–67
Title search, 167–68
Titles to land in the United States, 26
Torrens system, 167
Tort liability, 1, 8, 118, 192–200
Total restraints on alienation, 91
“Touch and concern” the land, 144–45, 212–13
Tradable fishing quotas, 8
Trademarks, 3
Tragedy, of the commons, 21
Transfer of property, 1, 91–93, 159–66
Transfer on death, 93
context of an invasion of an intranet system, 70–71
owner’s right to exclude, 74–84
self-help rights, 71–74
Trover, 70. See also Conversion
duties of impartiality, 156
duties of loyalty, 156
duties of prudence, 156
Tucker Act, 240
Tulk v. Moxhay, 209–11
Undercompensation, 250
Undisclosed easement, 161
Unequal bargaining power, 141–42
Uniform Anatomical Gifts Act, 53
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 140, 160, 171–72
Uniform Relocation Act, 250
United States v. 564.54
Acres, 250
United States v. Causby, 56
United States v. Craft, 118
United States v. Starrett City Assoc., 83
United States v. Winstar, 240
Unreasonableness, 194–95
Unwanted e-mails, invasion of, 70
defensive measures by owners, 70–71
U.S. Const. art I, § 8, cl. 8., 62
U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1., 224
Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 238
Uston v. Resorts Int’l Hotel, Inc., 80
Valet parking, 87
Valley View Indus. Park v. City of Redmond, 217
Variances. See Zoning Vested remainders, 100
Vested rights, doctrine of, 236–38
Vill. of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 195
Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co., 75
Warranties of title, 163
Waste, 106–108
prior appropriation system, 60
reasonable use theory, 60
riparianism, 60
Weak personhood constraints, 51–53, 55
Westward expansion, history of, 26
Wild deed, 171
Willard v. First Church of Christ, 203
Williams v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 73
Wills, 92–93
Yee v. Escondido, 257
Zoning law, 5, 8, 82, 215–21, 229
comprehensive plan, 216–17
noncumulative zoning, 216
protection of nonconforming uses under, 238
variances, 218