Acemoglu, Daron, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92
Adema, Willem, 124
AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), 17, 153, 167
Alger, Horatio, 31
Angelitos, George-Marios, 107
Australia, 119
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
government spending in, 92, 121–123, 122 fig. 4.19, 123 fig. 4.20
coordinated market economy in, 87
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
growth of economy, 63
Bai, Matt, 163
Bartels, Larry, 160
Baumol, William, 96
employment in, 98, 99 fig. 4.12
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
publicly funded education in, 61
unions in, 132
Brooks, David, 174
business, ease of doing, 104 fig. 4.15
Cain, Herman, 174
campaign expenditures, 162 fig. 5.3
Canada, 119
family assistance in, 62
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
government spending in, 92
Caner, Asena, 21
capitalism
“cutthroat”, 88–89, 93 fig. 4.11
Center for Retirement Research, 23
Center for Social Development, 22
Child Care and Development Fund, 167
Child Tax Credit, 8, 62, 70, 167, 179
children, from low-income families, 56–57
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling, 14, 162
Clinton, Bill
Reinventing Government initiative, 178
Clinton-Reich-Rubin-Sperling pro-growth progressivism, 94
college
affirmative action and, 62
completion of, 34 fig. 2.4, 57 fig. 3.4, 58
increase in attendance, 41
success in, 58
communities, revitalization of, 118–119
competition
and big government, 104–107, 106 fig. 4.16
Congress, U.S., laws passed by, 174 fig. 5.9
Congressional Budget Office (CBO), 20, 26, 38, 168
Consumer Expenditures Survey (CES), 41
Cowen, Tyler, 97
criminal record, effect on employment, 62
Current Population Survey (CPS), 26, 38
democracy, social, 8–10, 119–121
cost of, 10–11, 11 fig. 1.1, 12
Democratic party,158–161, 163–164
campaign expenditures, 162 fig. 5.3
control of the presidency, the Senate, and the House of Representatives, 159 fig. 5.1
electability of, 165
development of, 170
voting record of, 164 fig. 5.4, 172 fig. 5.7
Denmark, 119, 121, 123, 124–127
benefits following childbirth in, 60, 116
early childhood programs in, 100, 116
employment programs in, 100
family-friendly programs, 138
government revenues and economic growth in, 83, 84 fig. 4.6, 85, 89, 95
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
higher education in, 58
household income in, 63
low income in, 55
social expenditures and living standards in, 125 fig. 4.21
unions in, 132
wages in, 134
disabilities, people with, 167
disaster relief, 17
Disposable American, The, (Uchitelle), 18
Domhoff, William, 165
Douthat, Ross, 174
Duncan, Greg, 62
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
as example of government programs that work well, 10, 17
ensuring a standard of living, 6, 8, 135, 141 fig. 4.25, 179
expansion of, 52, 69–70, 92, 115, 122, 140, 153, 166
Eberstadt, Nicholas A Nation of Takers, 110
Economic Policy Institute, 22
Economist, 151
economy, U.S.
domestic competition and, 3
foreign competition and, 3
liberal market, 86
risk-filled, 3
Edin, Kathryn, 117
education
higher, factors in success, 58
K-12, factors in success, 59, 60, 167
See also schools educational advantages, 2, 4, 34 fig. 2.4
“Effects of Public Opinion on Policy” (Page and Shapiro), 154
Emanuel, Ezekiel, 128
Emerging Democratic Majority, The (Teixeira and Judis), 160
employment
as a source of rising earnings, 67
Erikson, Robert, 154
Esping-Andersen, Gesta, 120, 121
The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, 119
expenses, unanticipated, 28
families
children living with both biological parents, 113, fig. 4.18
countries with traditional roles in, 101 fig. 4.13
description of, 40
earners in, 112
roles in, 99
size of, 40
Family and Medical Leave Act, 51, 167
Federal Reserve Board, 70
Ferguson, Thomas, 165
family-friendly programs, 138
government revenues and economic growth in, 89
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
growth of economy, 63
higher education in, 58
innovation in, 92
low income in, 55
unions in, 132
flexicurity, 103
food stamps. See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
employment in, 98, 99 fig. 4.12
rate of, 98
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
publicly funded education in, 61
Frank, Thomas, What’s the Matter with Kansas?, 160
freedom
financial, 102
fiscal, 102
investment, 102
labor, 102
monetary, 102
trade, 102
Frum, David, 174
Gallup poll, 151
General Social Survey (GSS), 152, 153
coordinated market economy in, 87
economic growth in, 95
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
Giddens, Anthony, 94
Gingerich, Daniel, 87
Gingrich, Newt, 174
Glaeser, Edward, 151
Gordon, Robert, 97
Gore, Al, 178
Gosselin, Peter, High Wire, 18
government, European, 108 fig. 4.17
government (U.S.)
expansion of (“big”), 1–2, 4, 150–154
expenditures and effectiveness of, 108 fig. 4.17
innovation in, 92
institutional coherence and economic growth in, 88
revenues and economic growth, 81–85, 83 fig. 4.5, 86 fig. 4.7, 89, 90 fig. 4.9
revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
social programs, 7–8, 79–80, 80 Fig. 4.4
See also Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), Medicare; Social Security; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); unemployment compensation
Great Risk Shift, The, (Hacker), 18
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 82, 83 fig. 4.5, 84, 85
allotted to insurance, 5
as a measure comparing economic growth in many nations, 85, 85 fig. 4.7, 87, 88 fig. 4.8, s
compared to family income, 35, 36 fig. 2.5, 63, 69
government revenues in Denmark and Sweden, 84 fig. 4.6
per capita in Sweden, 91 fig. 4.10
per capita in U.S., 91 fig. 4.10, 94
percent of, as government expenditures, 10, 11 fig. 1.1, 72, 73, 76, 93 fig. 4.11, 99 fig. 4.12, 103 fig. 4.14, 106 fig. 4.16, 107, 108 fig. 4.17, 123 fig. 4.20, 124, 125 fig. 4.21, 158, 178
taxes as a share of, 74, 76, 77 fig. 4.3, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83 fig. 4.5, 109, 158, 178, 179
The Great Risk Shift, 18
Head Start. See education, early
Health Saving Account (HSA), 125
Heritage Foundation, 102
Hibbs, Douglas, 160
High Wire, (Gosselin), 18
Hirschl, Thomas, 21
immigrants
increase in, 41
immunization, for children, 167
income
decline of, 24–27, 27 fig. 2.2, 49–56
distribution, of 31–32, 39 fig. 2.7
varying views of, 37–46, 46–48.
growth of, 35–37, 36 fig. 2.5, 37 fig. 2.6, 64 fig. 3.5, 65 fig. 3/6
and presidential election outcomes, 161
household market income compared to posttransfer-posttax income, 168 fig. 5.6
low, 20–24, 23 fig. 2.1, 52, 55 fig. 3.2
sources of, 63
See also wages
Independent Payment Advisory Board for Medicare, 70
Individual Retirement Account (IRA), 24, 125
Inglehart, Ronald, 160
insurance
affirmative action programs as, 6
auto, 5
health 2, 3, 20, 28, 29 fig. 2.3, 49–50, 51 fig. 3.1
house, 5
marriage as, 5
medical, 7
private, 19
unemployment, 5, 7, 17, 51, 52, 70, 130, 166
wage, 52, 69, 70, 92, 130, 167
interest groups, strength of, 166 fig. 5.5
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 19
Ireland
economic growth in, 95
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
government spending in, 92
Isaacson, Walter, 45
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
Jacobs, Lawrence, 153
Japan
economic growth in, 95
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
Jencks, Christopher, 58
job-placement programs, 5
outsourcing of, 68
professional, 69
retraining for new, 5, 70, 92, 167
Johnson, Lyndon B., 155
Judis, John, The Emerging Democratic Majority, 160
Kalil, Ariel, 62
Kefalas, Maria, 117
Ladaique, Maxime, 124
See also Family and Medical Leave Act
Lewin Group, 29
liberal market economies, 87
liberty, big government and, 101–104
Lipset, Seymour Martin Low-Income Energy Assistance, 167
Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), 126
MacKuen, Michael, 154
Mann, Thomas, 171
manufacturing employment, 131 fig. 4.22
material hardship, 54–55, 55 fig. 3.2
McLanahan, Sara, 112
Medicaid, 17, 20, 37, 50, 122, 166
Medicare, 5, 10, 17, 20, 37, 50, 73, 153, 167
Micklethwait, John (The Right Nation), 151
minimum wage. See wages, minimum
Murray, Charles, 118, 144, 174
Nation of Takers, A (Eberstadt), 110
National Election Study (NES), 152
Netherlands, 119
economic growth in, 95
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
New Zealand, 119
employment in, 98
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
government spending in, 92
Newman, Katherine, 155
No Child Left Behind, 60
Norquist, Grover
“taxpayer protection” pledge, 175
family-friendly programs, 138
government revenues and economic growth in, 89
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
higher education in, 58
low income in, 55
opportunity
inequality of, 56–62, 56 fig. 3.3
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 54, 124, 126
Ornstein, Norman, 171
Osterman, Paul, Securing Prosperity, 18
Page, Benjamin, 153
“Effects of Public Opinion on Policy”, 154
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 21, 25, 26, 31
pensions, private, 24, 54, 70, 179
Perry, Rick, 174
politics, effect on social policy, 170
Ponnuru, Ramesh, 174
Pontusson, Jonas, 137
Portugal, government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
postmaterialism, 150
Putnam, Robert, 118
Rank, Mark, 21
Reardon, Sean, 33
Reich, Robert, 3
Republican party, 157–158, 163
and the Tea Party, 175
campaign expenditures, 162 fig. 5.3
fundraising, 165
retirement, people in, 41
Right Nation, The (Micklethwait and Woolridge), 151
Robinson, James, 87, 89, 90, 91
Rockefeller Foundation, 18
Rogers, Joel, 165
Roosevelt, Theodore, 155
Rose, Steven, 25
Salam, Reihan, 174
Sandefur, Gary, 112
Santorum, Rick, 174
Scandinavia
social programs in, 9
Schattschneider, E. E., 165
schools
and children from less advantaged families, 56–57 public, 5
See also education
Securing Prosperity, (Osterman), 18
security, economic, 17–19, 49–56, 70–71
Sen, Amartya, 30
Senate, U.S., filibuster in, 173 fig. 5.8
Shapiro, Robert Y., “Effects of Public Opinion on Policy”, 154
Skocpol, Theda, 118
social democratic countries
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
social policy
American, 12–15, 79–80, 80 Fig. 4.4, 110–111, 149–180
and political shifts, 13, 14, 170
policy persistence and, 13
problem solving and, 13
Social Security
as a program that works well, 10, 22–23, 54, 109
as an entitlement, 110
cap on earnings subject to tax on, 79
disability benefits, 5
increasing, 73
opinions on spending for, 152
Spain, government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
special education, 5
stagflation, 93
student loan funding, 167
Stimson, James, 154
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 6
Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 17
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), 42
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 25, 26
benefits following childbirth in, 60, 116
early childhood programs in, 100, 16
employment programs in, 100, 138
family-friendly programs in, 138,
government revenues and economic growth in, 83, 84 fig. 4.6, 85, 89, 90 fig. 4.9, 95
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
higher education in, 58
household income in, 63
innovation in, 92
low income in, 55
Rehn-Meidner model, 139
school choice in, 59
social expenditures and living standards in, 125 fig. 4.21
unions in, 132
Switzerland
employment in, 98
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
taxes
and increased lobbying by interest groups, 107
and receipt of public goods, 80 fig. 4.4
as share of GDP, 74
boosting household income, 168 fig. 5.6.
carbon, 78
”clawbacks”, 125
deduction removed for mortgage interest, 78
effective rate of, 75
in Nordic countries, 147
increasing
and reducing incentive to work harder, 81, 98, 99
by 10 percent of GDP, 77 fig. 4.3
on top earners, 92
national consumption, 92
on financial transactions, 78
on top 5 percent of incomes in U.S., 76 fig. 4.2, 78
sales, 110
Social Security payroll, 78–79
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 6, 17, 20, 52–53, 135, 153
See also AFDC
Teixeira, Ruy, The Emerging Democratic Majority, 160
Thatcher, Margaret, 156
Third Way orientation, 94
Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, The (Esping-Andersen), 119
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 118
Twenty-first Century Community Learning Centers program, 167
Uchitelle, Louis, The Disposable American, 18
unemployment compensation. See insurance, unemployment
unions, labor
United Kingdom
government revenues and employment hours in, 99 fig. 4.12
government spending in, 92
liberal market economy in, 86
United States
private safety net in, 124–127, 127–129
social expenditures and living standards in, 125 fig. 4.21
varieties of capitalism approach, 86
Verdier, Thierry, 87, 89, 90, 91
Veteran’s Administration, 50
wages
higher, 134–138, 135 fig, 4.24
decline of, 66
See also income
Wall Street Journal, 102
wealth, increase in, 42
welfare, 154
Weyrich, Paul, 171
What’s the Matter with Kansas? (Frank), 160
Wider Opportunities for Women, 22
Wolff, Edward, 21
Woolridge, Adrian (The Right Nation), 151
World Bank, government effectiveness measure, 107
World Economic Forum, 105
Global Competitiveness Index, 92
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)-Insead Global Innovation Index, 92
Ziol-Guest, Kathleen, 62