EPIGRAPH
Luca and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, La Science du bonheur (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1998).
INTRODUCTION
1. Matthieu Ricard, Animal Migrations (New York: Hill and Wang, and London: Constable, 1970). (back to text)
2. Jean-François Revel and Matthieu Ricard, The Monk and the Philosopher: A Father and Son Discuss the Meaning of Life (New York: Schocken, 2000). (back to text)
3. Paul Ekman, Richard J. Davidson, Matthieu Ricard, and B. Alan Wallace, “Buddhist and Psychological Perspectives on Emotions and Well-Being,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 14:2 (April 2005), 59-63. (back to text)
CHAPTER 1: TALKING ABOUT HAPPINESS
Epigraph: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile ou l’éducation, 1762.
1. Henri Bergson, “Les Deux sources de la morale et de la religion,” in Remarques finales (Paris: PUF, 1997). (back to text)
2. Ruut Veenhoven, “Advances in Understanding Happiness,” Erasmus University Rotterdam and University of Utrecht, Netherlands, translated from “Progrès dans la compréhension du bonheur,” Revue Québécoise de Psychologie 18 (1997). (back to text)
3. André Burguière, Le Nouvel observateur, special issue “Le Bonheur,” 1988. (back to text)
4. Robert Misrahi, Le Bonheur, essai sur la joie (Paris: Optiques, Hatier, 1994). (back to text)
5. André Comte-Sponville, Le Bonheur, désespérément (Nantes: Editions Pleins Feux, 2000). (back to text)
6. Katherine Mansfield, Bliss and Other Stories (North Stratford, N.H.: Ayer, 1977). (back to text)
7. Etty Hillesum, Etty: A Diary 1941-43, trans. Arnold J. Pomerans (London: J. Cape, 1983). (back to text)
8. Rabindranath Tagore, Stray Birds (New York: Macmillan, 1916). (back to text)
9. Hillesum, op. cit. (back to text)
10. Georges Bernanos, Journal d’un curé de campagne (Paris: Plon, 1951). (back to text)
CHAPTER 2: IS HAPPINESS THE PURPOSE OF LIFE?
Epigraph: Epicurus, “Lettre à Ménécée,” in Lettres et maximes, trans. M. Conche (Paris: Epiméthée, PUF, 1995).
1. Chögyam Trungpa, Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism, John Baker and Marvin Casper, eds. (Boston: Shambhala, 1973). (back to text)
2. Dominique Noguez, Les Plaisirs de la vie (Paris: Payot et Rivages, 2000). (back to text)
3. Immanuel Kant, Critique de la raison pure, trans. Tremesaygues et Pacaud (Paris: PUF, 1971). (back to text)
4. Immanuel Kant, Critique de la raison pratique, trans. François Picavet (Paris: PUF, 1971). (back to text)
5. Romain Rolland, Jean-Christophe, vol. VIII (Paris: Albin Michel, 1952). (back to text)
CHAPTER 3: A TWO-WAY MIRROR
1. Dalai Lama, public talk given at Coimbra, Portugal, Nov. 26, 2001. Translated from Tibetan by M. Ricard. (back to text)
2. Marcus Aurelius, Pensées, vol. 19 (Paris: Société d’Editions, 1953). (back to text)
3. B. Alan Wallace, Buddhism with an Attitude: The Tibetan Seven-Point Mind Training (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 2003). (back to text)
4. Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Books, 2005). (back to text)
5. Pascal Bruckner, L’Euphorie perpétuelle (Paris: Grasset, 2000). (back to text)
6. Alain, Propos sur le bonheur (Paris: Gallimard, 1998). (back to text)
CHAPTER 4: FALSE FRIENDS
Epigraph: Dilgo Khyentse, The Hundred Verses of Advice of Padampa Sangye (Boston: Shambhala, 2004).
1. Christophe André, Vivre heureux: psychologie du bonheur (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2003). (back to text)
2. Paul Ekman, Emotions Revealed (New York: Times Press, 2003). (back to text)
3. P. Brickman, D. Coates, and R. Janoff-Bulman, “Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978), 917-27. (back to text)
4. Michael Argyle, “Causes and Correlates of Happiness,” in D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz, eds., Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2003). (back to text)
5. Jean-Paul Sartre, La Nausée (Paris: Gallimard, 1954). (back to text)
6. G. C. Whiteneck et al., “Rocky Mountain Spinal Cord Injury System,” Report to the National Institute of Handicapped Research, 1985: 29-33. (back to text)
CHAPTER 5: IS HAPPINESS POSSIBLE?
1. Misrahi, op. cit. (back to text)
2. D. G. Myers, The American Paradox (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000). (back to text)
3. Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, trans. E.F.J. Payne (New York: Dover, 1969). (back to text)
4. Sigmund Freud, Malaise dans la civilisation, trans. Odier (Paris: PUF, 1971). (back to text)
5. Martin Seligman, Authentic Happiness (New York: Free Press, 2002). (back to text)
6. Dalai Lama and Howard Cutler, The Art of Happiness: A Handbook for Living (Rockland, Mass.: Compass, 1998). (back to text)
7. Wallace, op. cit. (back to text)
8. Comte-Sponville, op. cit. (back to text)
9. Cavalli-Sforza, op. cit. (back to text)
CHAPTER 6: THE ALCHEMY OF SUFFERING
1. M.D.S. Ainsworth, “Infant-Mother Attachment,” American Psychologist 34 (1979), 932-37. P. R. Shaver and C. L. Clark, “Forms of Adult Romantic Attachment and Their Cognitive and Emotional Underpinnings. In G. Noam and K. Fischer, eds., Development and Vulnerability in Close Relationships (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1996). P. R. Shaver and M. Mikulincer, “Attachment Theory and Research: Core Concepts, Basic Principles, Conceptual Bridges.” In A. Kruglanski and E. T. Higgins, eds., Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, 2nd ed. (New York: Guilford, 2005). (back to text)
2. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shaver, “Attachment Security, Compassion, and Altruism,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 14 (2005), 34-38. (back to text)
3. G. Corneau, La Guérison du coeur: nos souffrances ont-elles un sens? (Paris: Laffont, 2001). (back to text)
4. E. Fernandez and D. C. Turk, “The Utility of Cognitive Coping Strategies for Altering Pain Perception: A Meta-analysis,” Pain 38 (1989), 123-35. (back to text)
5. Lisa K. Mannix, Rohit S. Chadurkar, Lisa A. Rubicki, Diane L. Tusek, Glen D. Solomon: “Effect of Guided Imagery on Quality of Life for Patients with Chronic Tension-Type Headache,” Headache 39 (1999), 326-34. (back to text)
6. Tenzin Choedrak with Giles Van Grasdorff, The Rainbow Palace (London: Bantam, 2000). (back to text)
7. Ani Pachen and A. Donnelly, Sorrow Mountain: The Journey of a Tibetan Warrior Nun (New York: Kodansha America, 2000). (back to text)
CHAPTER 7: THE VEILS OF THE EGO
Epigraph: Chandrakirti, Madhyamakalankara. Chandrakirti (seventh century) was one of the great Indian commentators on the teachings of the Buddha and of Nagarjuna.
1. Han de Wit, De Lotus en de roos: Boeddhisme in dialoog met psychologie, godsdienst en ethiek (Kampen: Kok Agora, 1998). (back to text)
2. Private correspondence. (back to text)
3. Aaron Beck, Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence (New York: HarperCollins, 1999). (back to text)
4. D. Galin, “The Concepts of ‘Self,’ ‘Person,’ and ‘I,’ in Western Psychology and in Buddhism,” in B. Alan Wallace, ed., Buddhism and Science: Breaking New Ground (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). (back to text)
5. Charles Scott Sherrington, The Integrative Action of the Nervous System (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948). (back to text)
CHAPTER 8: WHEN OUR THOUGHTS BECOME OUR WORST ENEMIES
Epigraph: Alain, op. cit.
1. Andrew Solomon, The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression (New York: Scribner, 2001). (back to text)
2. Ibid. (back to text)
3. Dilgo Khyentse, The Heart Treasure of the Enlightened Ones (Boston: Shambhala, 1993). (back to text)
4. Nicolas Boileau, Épitre V. à Guilleragues (Paris: Gallimard, 1995). (back to text)
CHAPTER 9: THE RIVER OF EMOTION
1. See R. J. Davidson and W. Irwin, “The Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion and Affective Style,” Trends in Cognitive Science 3 (1999), 11-21; R. J. Davidson, “Cognitive Neuroscience Needs Affective Neuroscience (and Vice Versa),” Cognition and Emotion 42 (2000), 89-92; A. R. Damasio, Descartes’ Error (New York: Avon, 1994); and E. T. Rolls, The Brain and Emotion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). (back to text)
2. See Nico H. Fridja, “Emotions and Hedonic Experience,” in Kahneman, Diener, and Schwarz, eds., Well-Being, 204. (back to text)
3. Ekman, Davidson, Ricard, and Wallace, op. cit. (back to text)
4. Ibid. (back to text)
5. L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, “Evolutionary Psychology and the Emotions,” in M. L. Lewis and J. Haviland-Jones, eds., Handbook of Emotions, 2nd ed. (New York, Guilford, 2000). P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, “The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding,” Semiotica 1 (1969), 49-98. C. Izard, The Face of Emotion (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971). (back to text)
6. See especially H. S. Friedman, Hostility, Coping, and Health (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1992) and J. Vahtera, M. Kivimaki, A. Uutela, and J. Pentti, “Hostility and Ill Health: Role of Psychosocial Resources in Two Contexts of Working Life,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 48 (2000), 89-98. It should be noted, however, that in the West hostility and violence are thought of not as emotions per se, but rather as character or personality traits. (back to text)
7. W. Barefoot et al., “The Health Consequences of Hostility,” in Chesney et al., eds., Anger and Hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985). (back to text)
8. R. J. Davidson, D. C. Jackson, and N. H. Kalin, “Emotion, Plasticity, Context, and Regulation: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience,” Psychological Bulletin 126 (2000), 890-906; also Ekman, op. cit. (back to text)
9. Solomon, op. cit. (back to text)
10. Ekman, Davidson, Ricard, and Wallace, op. cit. (back to text)
11. D. Myers, “Happiness,” in Psychology, 6th ed. (New York: Worth, 2001). (back to text)
12. Barbara Fredrickson, “Positive Emotions,” in C. R. Snyder and Shane J. Lopez, eds., Handbook of Positive Psychology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). (back to text)
13. William James, The Principles of Psychology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1890/ 1981). (back to text)
CHAPTER 10: DISTURBING EMOTIONS
1. Dolf Zillmann, “Mental Control of Angry Aggression,” in D. Wegner and P. Pennebaker, Handbook of Mental Control (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1993). (back to text)
2. J. E. Hokanson et al., “The Effect of Status, Type of Frustration, and Aggression on Vascular Process,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 65 (1962), 232-37. (back to text)
3. C. Daniel Batson, Nadia Ahmad, David A. Lishner, and Jo-Ann Tsang, “Empathy and Altruism,” in Handbook of Positive Psychology 35 (2002), 485-97. (back to text)
4. Alain, op. cit. (back to text)
5. Dalai Lama, Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the Next Millennium (London: Little, Brown, 1999). (back to text)
6. Dilgo Khyentse, Heart Treasure. (back to text)
7. Ekman, Emotions Revealed. (back to text)
8. Alain, op. cit. (back to text)
9. Ekman, Davidson, Ricard, and Wallace, op. cit. (back to text)
CHAPTER 11: DESIRE
1. Schopenhauer, op. cit. (back to text)
2. Christian Boiron, La Source du bonheur (Paris: Albin Michel, 2000). (back to text)
3. Alain, op. cit. (back to text)
4. K. C. Berridge, “Pleasure, Pain, Desire, and Dread: Hidden Core Processes of Emotion,” in Kahneman, Diener, and Schwarz, eds., Well-Being. (back to text)
CHAPTER 12: HATRED
1. Beck, op.cit. (back to text)
2. Dalai Lama and M. Ricard, 365 Dalai Lama: Daily Advice from the Heart (London: Thorsons Element, 2003). (back to text)
3. Hillesum, op. cit. (back to text)
4. Paul Lebeau, Etty Hillesum, un itinéraire spirituel (Paris: Albin Michel, 2001). (back to text)
CHAPTER 13: ENVY
1. Swami Prajnanpad, Lettres à ses disciples, vol. 3, La Vérité du bonheur (Paris: L’Originel, 1990). (back to text)
CHAPTER 14: THE GREAT LEAP TO FREEDOM
1. A. Comte-Sponville, Petit traité des grandes vertus (Paris: PUF, 1995). (back to text)
CHAPTER 15: A SOCIOLOGY OF HAPPINESS
Epigraph: Daniel Kahneman, “Objective Happiness,” in Kahneman, Diener, and Schwarz, eds., Well-Being.
1. Ruut Veenhoven, for example, has inventoried and compared no fewer than 2,475 scientific publications on happiness, in Bibliography of Happiness. RISBO, Studies in Social and Cultural Transformation, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1993. (back to text)
2. F. M. Andrews et al., Social Indicators of Well-being (New York: Plenum, 1976), and E. Diener, “Subjective Well-being,” Psychological Bulletin 96 (1984), 542-75. (back to text)
3. D. A. Dawson, Family Structure and Children’s Health: United States, 1988. Department of Health and Human Services publication 91-1506. Vital and Health Statistics, series 10, no. 178 (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Health Studies, 1991). (back to text)
4. M. Argyle, “Causes and Correlates of Happiness.” (back to text)
5. Layard, op. cit. (back to text)
6. Ibid. (back to text)
7. P. Brickman and D. T. Campbell, “Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society,” in M. H. Appley, ed., Adaptation-Level Theory: A Symposium (New York: Academic Press, 1971). (back to text)
8. R. Biswas-Diener and E. Diener, “Making the Best of a Bad Situation: Satisfaction in the Slums of Calcutta,” in Social Indicators Research, 2002. (back to text)
9. Martin Seligman, The Optimistic Child (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996). (back to text)
10. WHO, “World Health Report, 1999.” (back to text)
11. From the website of NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health), Suicide Facts for 1996. (back to text)
12. Layard, op. cit. (back to text)
13. Gallup poll of 1994. (back to text)
14. Seligman, Authentic Happiness. (back to text)
15. A. Tellegen et al., “Personal Similarity in Twins Reared Apart and Together,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1998), 1030-39. (back to text)
16. D. Francis, J. Diorio, D. Liu, and M. J. Meaney, “Nongenomic Transmission Across Generations of Maternal Behavior and Stress Responses in the Rat,” Science 286 (1999), 1155-58. (back to text)
17. Martin Seligman, What You Can Change and What You Can’t (New York: Knopf, 1994). (back to text)
18. K. Magnus et al., “Extraversion and Neuroticism as Predictors of Objective Life Events: A Longitudinal Analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Behavior 65 (1993), 1046-53. (back to text)
19. D. Danner et al., “Positive Emotions in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (2001), 804-13. (back to text)
20. G. Ostir et al., “Emotional Well-being Predicts Subsequent Functional Independence and Survival,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 98 (2000), 473-78. (back to text)
21. J. Kaprio, M. Koskenvo, and H. Rita, “Mortality After Bereavement: A Prospective Study of 95,647 Widowed Persons,” American Journal of Public Health 77 (1987). (back to text)
22. E. Diener, “Subjective Well-being,” in Psychological Bulletin 96 (1984), 542-75. (back to text)
23. E. Diener et al., “Resources, Personal Strivings, and Subjective Well-being: A Nomothetic and Idiographic Approach,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1994), 926-35. (back to text)
24. Veenhoven, “Advances in Understanding Happiness.” (back to text)
25. Cavalli-Sforza, op. cit. (back to text)
26. D. Leonhardt, “If Richer Isn’t Happier, What Is?” New York Times, May 19, 2001, B9-11. (back to text)
CHAPTER 16: HAPPINESS IN THE LAB
1. For a discussion of this topic see B. Alan Wallace, The Taboo of Subjectivity: Toward a New Science of Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, as well as Matthieu Ricard and Trinh Xuan Thuan, The Quantum and the Lotus (New York: Crown, 2002). (back to text)
2. G. Kemperman, H. G. Kuhn, and F. Gage, “More Hippocampal Neurons in Adult Mice Living in an Enriched Environment,” Nature 386 (April 3, 1997), 493-95. For a general review, see Gerd Kemperman and Fred Gage, “New Nerve Cells for the Adult Brain,” Scientific American, May 1999. (back to text)
3. P. S. Ericksson et al., “Neurogenesis in the Adult Human Hippocampus,” Nature Medicine 4:11 (Nov. 1998), 1313-17. (back to text)
4. Daniel Goleman, Destructive Emotions: How Can We Overcome Them? (New York: Bantam, 2003). (back to text)
5. A. Lutz, L. L. Greischar, N. B. Rawlings, M. Ricard, and R. J. Davidson, “Long-Term Meditators Self-Induce High-Amplitude Gamma Synchrony During Mental Practic,” PNAS 101:46 (Nov. 16, 2004). (back to text)
6. Davidson interviewed by Sharon Begley in “Scans of Monks’ Brains Show Meditation Alters Structure, Functioning,” Wall Street Journal, Nov. 5, 2004, B1. (back to text)
7. Davidson interviewed by Mark Kaufman in “Meditation Gives Brain a Charge, Study Finds,” Washington Post, Jan. 3, 2005, A5. (back to text)
8. Ibid. (back to text)
9. Begley, op. cit. (back to text)
10. Ibid. (back to text)
11. R. J. Davidson and M. Rickman, “Behavioral Inhibition and the Emotional Circuitry of the Brain: Stability and Plasticity During the Early Childhood Years,” in L. A. Schmidt and J. Schulkin, eds., Extreme Fear and Shyness: Origins and Outcomes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). (back to text)
12. Goleman, Destructive Emotions. (back to text)
13. Lutz et al., op. cit. (back to text)
14. Goleman, Destructive Emotions. (back to text)
15. Ibid. (back to text)
16. Kaufman, op. cit. (back to text)
17. R. J. Davidson, J. Kabat-Zinn, et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003), 564-70. (back to text)
CHAPTER 17: HAPPINESS AND ALTRUISM
1. Reported in Science in Action, BBC World Service, 2001. (back to text)
2. E. Diener and M.E.P. Seligman, “Very Happy People,” Psychological Science 13 (2002), 81-84. (back to text)
3. Seligman, Authentic Happiness. (back to text)
4. E. Sober, “Kindness and Cruelty in Evolution,” in Visions of Compassion, Richard J. Davidson and Anne Harrington, eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). (back to text)
5. C. Daniel Batson, “Why Act for the Public Good? Four Answers,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 (1994), 603-10. (back to text)
6. C. Daniel Batson, Janine L. Dyck, et al., “Five Studies Testing Two New Egoistic Alternatives to the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55:1 (1988), 52-57. (back to text)
7. Nancy Eisenberg, “Empathy-Related Emotional Responses, Altruism, and Their Socialization,” in Davidson and Harrington, Visions of Compassion. (back to text)
CHAPTER 18: HAPPINESS AND HUMILITY
Epigraph: Dilgo Khyentse, Heart Treasure.
1. S. Kirpal Singh, 1968, unpublished article. (back to text)
2. M. Perez, K. D. Vohs, T. E. Joiner, “Discrepancies Between Self- and Other-Esteem as Correlates of Aggression,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24:5 (Aug. 2005), 607-20. (back to text)
3. J. J. Exline and R. F. Baumeister, Case Western Reserve University, 2000. Unpublished data cited in J. P. Tangney, “Humility,” in Snyder and Lopez, eds., Handbook of Positive Psychology. (back to text)
CHAPTER 19: OPTIMISM, PESSIMISM, AND NAïVETé
Epigraph: Alain, op. cit.
1. L. G. Aspinwall et al., “Understanding How Optimism Works: An Examination of Optimistics’ Adaptative Moderation of Belief and Behavior,” in Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2001). (back to text)
2. L. G. Aspinwall et al., “Distinguishing Optimism from Denial: Optimistic Beliefs Predict Attention to Health Threat,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 (1996), 993-1003. (back to text)
3. Seligman, Authentic Happiness. (back to text)
4. T. Maruta et al., “Optimists vs. Pessimists: Survival Rate Among Medical Patients over a 30-Year Period,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75 (2000), 140-43. (back to text)
5. M. Seligman, Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life (New York: Free Press, 1998). (back to text)
6. Alain, op. cit. (back to text)
7. C. R. Snyder et al., “Hope Theory,” in Snyder and Lopez, eds., Handbook of Positive Psychology. Curry et al., “The Role of Hope in Student-Athlete Academic and Sport Achievement,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997), 1257-67. (back to text)
8. Charles S. Carver and Michael F. Sheier, “Optimism,” in Snyder and Lopez, eds., Handbook of Positive Psychology. (back to text)
9. C. S. Carver et al., “Assessing Coping Strategies: A Theoretically Based Approach,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989), 267-83. Also K. R. Fontaine et al., “Optimism, Perceived Control over Stress, and Coping,” European Journal of Personality 7 (1993), 267-81. (back to text)
CHAPTER 20: GOLDEN TIME, LEADEN TIME, WASTED TIME
1. Seneca, On the Brevity of Life. (back to text)
2. Vicki Mackenzie, Cave in the Snow: A Western Woman’s Quest for Enlightenment (London: Bloomsbury, 1998). (back to text)
3. Nagarjuna, Suhrlleka, translated from Tibetan by Matthieu Ricard. (back to text)
CHAPTER 21: ONE WITH THE FLOW OF TIME
Epigraph: J. Nakamura and M. Csikszentmihalyi, “The Concept of Flow,” in Snyder and Lopez, eds., Handbook of Positive Psychology.
1. M. Csikszentmihalyi, “Go with the Flow,” in Wired magazine, Sept. 1996. (back to text)
2. “Like a Waterfall,” Newsweek, Feb. 28, 1994. Cited by Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 1995). (back to text)
3. William James, op. cit. (back to text)
4. Csikszentmihalyi, “Go with the Flow.” (back to text)
5. S. Whalen, “Challenging Play and the Cultivation of Talent. Lessons from the Key School’s Flow Activities Room,” in N. Colangelo and S. Astouline, eds., Talent Development III (Scottsdale, Ariz.: Gifted Psychology Press, 1999). (back to text)
6. From a guide to practices and activities written by the monks of Plum Village, France. (back to text)
7. Nakamura and Csikszentmihalyi, op. cit. (back to text)
CHAPTER 22: ETHICS AS THE SCIENCE OF HAPPINESS
Epigraph: Epicurus, Maximes capitales.
1. Cavalli-Sforza, op. cit. (back to text)
2. Dalai Lama, Ancient Wisdom, Modern World. (back to text)
3. Francisco J. Varela, Ethical Know-how: Action, Wisdom, and Cognition (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999). (back to text)
4. Dalai Lama, Ancient Wisdom, Modern World. (back to text)
5. Comte-Sponville, Petit traité. (back to text)
6. Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Law: An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right. (back to text)
7. Comte-Sponville, Petit traité. (back to text)
8. Varela, op. cit. (back to text)
9. Dalai Lama, Ancient Wisdom, Modern World. (back to text)
10. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason. (back to text)
11. Varela, op. cit. (back to text)
12. Jeremy Bentham, The Principles of Morals and Legislation (New York: Prometheus, 1988). (back to text)
13. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2005). (back to text)
14. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989). (back to text)
15. Varela, op. cit. (back to text)
16. J. Greene et al., “The Neural Basis of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment,” Neuron 44 (2004), 389-400. (back to text)
17. De Wit, op. cit. (back to text)
CHAPTER 23: HAPPINESS IN THE PRESENCE OF DEATH
Epigraph: Patrick Declerk, “Exhortations à moi-même,” in “La Sagesse d’aujourdhui,” Le Nouvel observateur, special issue, April-May 2002.
1. Hillesum, op. cit. (back to text)
2. Epicurus, “Lettre à Ménécée,” in Lettres et maximes. (back to text)
3. Sogyal Rinpoche, The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992). (back to text)
4. Seneca, op. cit. (back to text)
CHAPTER 24: A PATH
1. Ludwig Wittgenstein, On Certainty (Über Gewissheit) (New York: Harper and Row, 1969). (back to text)
2. Matthieu Ricard et al., trans., The Life of Shabkar (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 2001). (back to text)