22 Ladislav Sutnar, “The New Typography’s Expanding Future,” in Visual Design in Action: Principles, Purposes. © Ladislav Sutnar, reprinted with the permission of the Ladislav Sutnar Family.
28 Bruno Munari, Arte programmata. © Alberto Munari. Reprinted courtesy of Alberto Munari.
39 Max Bill, “Structure as Art? Art as Structure?,” in Structure in Art and Science. © Jakob Bill for all texts by Max Bill. Reprinted with the permission of Jakob Bill.
75 Alan Kay, “User Interface: A Personal View,” in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design. Reprinted by permission of Apple, Inc.
48 Sol Lewitt, “Doing Wall Drawings.” © Estate of Sol LeWitt/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Courtesy Paula Cooper Gallery, New York.
64 Muriel Cooper, “Computers and Design,” Design Quarterly 142 (1989). Reprinted courtesy of Nicholas Negroponte.
86 P. Scott Makela, “Redefining Display,” Design Quarterly 158 (1993). Reprinted courtesy of Laurie Haycock Makela.
88 John Maeda, foreword by Paola Antonelli, Design by Numbers, 500-word excerpt. © 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, by permission of The MIT Press.
106 Paola Antonelli, “Design and the Elastic Mind,” from Design and the Elastic Mind. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2008. © 2008, The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
122 Brenda Laurel, Excerpt from “Designed Animism,” in (Re)searching the Digital Bauhaus, by Thomas Binder, Jonas Löwgren, and Lone Malmborg. Reproduced with permission of Springer in the format Book via Copyright Clearance Center.
Special thanks to Erik van Blokland, Stewart Brand, Wim Crouwel, Keetra Dean Dixon, Hugh Dubberly, Haakon Faste, Ben Fry, April Greiman, Alan Kay, Zuzana Licko, Luna Maurer, Edo Paulus, Sharon Poggenpohl, Jonathan Puckey, Casey Reas, Just van Rossum, Ivan E. Sutherland, Rudy VanderLans, Khoi Vinh, and Roel Wouters for permission to reproduce their work.