ENDNOTES

Foreword

1 (Vandana Shiva, Origins: The corporate war against nature and culture).

2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044953/

3 http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/07/biodiversity-gmos-gene-drives-and-the-militarised-mind/

4 https://peoplesassembly.net/monsanto-tribunal-and-peoples-assembly-report/

Preface

1 So powerful are Marc Antony’s words as written in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, that I took the liberty of freeing their meaning from their original context, in order to marshal them in the fight against pesticides. I don’t think William Shakespeare would strenuously object.

2 Some ecologists believe that all organisms, whether “beneficial” to human purposes or not, have an intrinsic right to exist. Thus, the use of the judgment “beneficial” is considered by “deep ecologists,” for example, as anathema to ecological vision.

3 A study by Moms Across America in 2014 found glyphosate in breast milk, which was especially alarming (https://www.momsacrossamerica.com/glyphosate_testing_results). But even some activists in the non-profit world dispute the validity of the conclusions made by the Moms Across America study. (See, for example, Jennifer R. Schroeder, “Pesticides found in mothers’ breast milk—so what?” The Conversation, May 13, 2014.) Still, even amidst all her dodging the question (why should any quantities of glyphosate be in mother’s milk?), the author admits that glyphosate was indeed detected in breast milk (https://theconversation.com/pesticides-found-in-mothers-breast-milk-so-what-26427). In fact, it’s also accumulating in soybeans. (See T. Bøhn, et al., “Compositional differences in soybeans on the market: Glyphosate Accumulates in Roundup Ready GM Soybeans,” Food Chemistry 153 (June 2014): 207–15.) Why accept the EPA’s claim that there is any safe level of gyphosate?

Chapter 1: Roundup the Usual Suspects

1 State of California, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), July 7, 2017. www.oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/glyphosate-listed-effective-july-7-2017-known-state-california-cause-cancer#_ftnref3. The corporation has appealed California’s listing of glyphosate as a probable carcinogen.

2 Sustainable Pulse, April 20, 2018. www.sustainablepulse.com/2018/04/20/california-defeats-monsanto-in-court-to-list-gyphosate-as-probable-carcinogen/.

3 Danny Hakim, “Monsanto Weed Killer Roundup Faces New Doubts on Safety in Unsealed Documents,” The New York Times, March 14, 2017. The documents themselves are available at www.poisonpapers.org/.

4 “The Poison Papers Expose Decades of Collusion between Industry and Regulators over Hazardous Pesticides and Other Chemicals,” Bioscience Resource Project, July 26, 2017.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.

7 Kathianne Boniello, “Your Oatmeal May Be Killing You,” New York Post, April 30, 2016. See also Wills Robinson, “Is Your Oatmeal Killing You? Quaker Oats Is Sued for $5 Million Following Claims Weed Killer Is Used in Production,” Daily Mail, May 1, 2016. “In April [2016], a new series of tests by the Alliance for Natural Health-USA has revealed popular breakfast foods including eggs, bagels, wholewheat bread and coffee creamers include ‘alarming’ levels of a widely-used agricultural herbicide.”

8 Organic Consumers Association, “Peace, Love … and Monsanto’s Weedkiller,” www.organicconsumers.org/sites/default/files/downloads/ben_and_jerrys_leaflet_color.pdf. See also https://www.organicconsumers.org/news/peace-love-and-glyphosate-your-ice-cream.”

9 Zen Honeycutt, “Glyphosate Found in All 5 Major Orange Juice Brands,” Moms Across America, October 11, 2017, www.momsacrossamerica.com/all_top_5_orange_juice_brands_positive_for_weedkiller. The following brands were found to contain glyphosate: Tropicana, Minute Maid, Stater Bros, Signature Farms, Kirkland.

10 Tony Mitra, “Vaccine-glyphosate link exposed by Anthony Samsel,” Farm Wars, September 3, 2018. http://farmwars.info/?p=15100

11 “Monsanto’s Weedkiller Is Contaminating Popular Wines and Beers,” Raw Story via Alternet, March 27, 2018, www.rawstory.com/2018/03/monsantos-weedkiller-contaminating-popular-wines-beers/. Even many organic beers and wines showed some contamination with glyphosate, and the nonorganic drinks were also found to contain higher levels of arsenic as well as the glyphosate.

12 Carey Gillam, “Just Released Docs Show Monsanto ‘Executives Colluding With Corrupted EPA Officials to Manipulate Scientific Data,’” EcoWatch, www.ecowatch.com/monsanto-papers-2467891575.html. Gillam is the author of Whitewash: The Story of a Weed Killer, Cancer, and the Corruption of Science. “For me,” writes Gillam, “Whitewash is more than an exposé about the hazards of one chemical or the actions of one company. It’s also a call to remember the lessons of Rachel Carson and Silent Spring as evidence mounts that we are in a very precarious point as the push for pesticide dependence and the drive for corporate profits take precedence over people’s lives and our environment.”

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid.

15 Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., The World Mercury Project, August 1, 2017. https://www.facebook.com/WorldMercuryProject/posts/1949188845328527

16 Gilliam, www.ecowatch.com/monsanto-papers-2467891575.html.

17 Dr. Stephanie Seneff, “Glyphosate and Autism,” Also reference “Glyphosate Acting as a Glycine Analogue: Slow Insidious Toxicity” in this book. See Dr. Joseph Mercola, “Monsanto’s Roundup Herbicide May Be Most Important Factor in Development of Autism and Other Chronic Disease,” June 9, 2013, www.articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/06/09/monsanto-roundup-herbicide.aspx. And see Zoë Schlanger, “Study Finds 25 Percent Higher Rate of Autism Where Mosquito Killer Is Sprayed from Planes,” Newsweek, June 30, 2016.

18 See Rev. Billy Talen, “Monsanto is the Devil (the Earth also Rises),” unpublished submission to this book, and from speech at Monsanto’s headquarters in 2017 in St. Louis, Missouri.

19 Environmental Working Group, “2,4-D Herbicide & GMO Crops,” June 22, 2014, www.ewg.org/research/24D. The herbicide 2,4-D was a component of the notorious Vietnam-era herbicide Agent Orange and long known to be toxic to people and the environment. Invented in 1946, it was used in some products that contained dioxin impurities until the mid-1990s. Also see U.S. government link that gives history of pesticide use in the United States: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236351/

For further reference, see “The Risks of the Herbicide 2,4-D,” Lars Neumeister, Genewatch, January 2014. Despite assurances to the contrary, Neumeister reports that 2,4-D pesticide products have been found that contain measurable quantities of dioxin.

The chemical structure of 2,4-D itself contains a benzene ring, which makes it carcinogenic, with or without the dioxin:

2,4-D dichlorophenoyacetic acid

See H. Chen and D. A. Eastmond, “Topoisomerase Inhibition by Phenolic Metabolites: A Potential Mechanism for Benzene’s Clastogenic Effects,” Carcinogenesis 16, no. 10 (1995): 2301–2307. See also S. Rappaport et al., “Human Benzene Metabolism Following Occupational and Environmental Exposures,” Chemico-Biological Interactions 184, no. 1–2 (2010): 189–195.

20 “Colombia to Use Glyphosate in Cocaine Fight Again,” The Guardian, April 19, 2016. “The defense minister, Luis Carlos Villegas, said instead of dumping glyphosate from American-piloted crop dusters, as Colombia did for two decades, the herbicide will now be applied manually by eradication crews on the ground…. A better eradication strategy, the experts insist, is the one already in place and which the government has been promising to scale up. In that approach, work crews pull up coca bushes by the roots, thus ensuring plants can’t grow back as happens after exposure to glyphosate.”

21 Javiera Rulli, ed., United Soya Republics: The Truth About Soya Production in South America, GRR Grupo de Reflexión Rural, Argentina: 2007, www.lasojamata.net/files/soy_republic/Chapt01IntroductionSoyModel.pdf.

22 Private lawns simply did not exist for the United States working class until the 1950s, and even as late as 1987 thru 1990 there were 362 deaths associated with riding mowers, many because they tipped over and eviscerated the lawn care specialist. (See Neil Genzlinger, “Can’t We All Get a Lawn?” New York Times Sunday Book Review, June 18, 2006.) Lawns around one’s home were solely a manufactured desire, taking off from the aristocracy in England and Scotland. Hollywood and American television promulgated the well-scrubbed version of the American dream (writer Henry Miller blasted it as the air-conditioned nightmare), which was to be able to buy one’s own family home in the suburbs. As thousands of soldiers returned from World War II, they and their families needed housing, and between 1948 and 1952 Abraham Levitt and his sons William and Alfred on Long Island built what would be six thousand houses, with signature unfenced lawns. “This was the first American suburb to include lawns already in place when the first tenants took possession. The Levitts, who also build subdivisions in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Cape Cod, and Puerto Rico (several of them also called Levittown), pioneered the established lawn, which residents were required to keep up but forbidden to fence in. The importance of a neat, weed-free, closely-shorn lawn was promoted intensely in the newsletters that went out to all homeowners in these subdivisions, along with lawn-care advice on how to reach this ideal.” These soldiers were “trained in neatness and obedience, and these were the conformist fifties, when everyone was on the watch for signs of Communism and crabgrass. At times, the two seemed morally equivalent.” (See “Lawn History,” Planet Natural Research Center: Answers & Advice for Organic Gardeners, www.planetnatural.com.) Well, this might have been a white suburbanite’s dream, but there were plenty of people of color as well as working-class whites for whom a suburban house and lawn were not only beyond financial reach but also ideologically absurd.

23 Neil Genzlinger, “Can’t We All Get a Lawn?” New York Times Sunday Book Review, June 18, 2006.

24 Monsanto is currently championing another herbicide, dicamba, because many “weeds” have grown resistant to Roundup. The company is now engineering a new wave of crops to be resistant to dicamba, in much the same way as it engineered and marketed Roundup for Roundup-Ready Soy and Corn.

25 See, for one, Richard Levins, “The Struggle for Ecological Agriculture in Cuba,” Red Balloon publications, 1991.

26 Glyphosate is sprayed on wheat just before harvest. Residual glyphosate is consumed by humans in wheat products, where it inhibits the microflora in the human gut, particularly the bacteria cytochrome P450 (CYP), which is needed to sustain normal gut homeostasis. A major proximal outcome is celiac disease, along with other disorders, including cancer. See David Haines and Stephanie C. Fox, et al., “Chemical Sensitivity, Identifying and Removing Threats,” in Attacking Illness At Its Roots: Biotherapeutic Strategies in Precision Medicine David Haines and Stephanie C. Fox, Hoboken NJ, Wiley Life Science Books (Work in-progress).

27 Theo Colborn, “Pesticide Use in the U.S. and Policy Implications: A Focus on Herbicides,” Toxicology and Human Health, February 1, 1999.

28 Donald Atwood and Claire Paisley-Jones, Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2008–2012 Market Estimates. Biological and Economic Analysis Division Office of Pesticide Programs Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017.

29 Organophosphates include such chemical pesticides as Malathion, which in 1999 was sprayed all over New York City and surroundings to kill mosquitoes said to be carrying the West Nile virus.

30 “Not ready for Roundup: Glyphosate Fact-Sheet,” Greenpeace, 1997. This document has been apparently removed from Greenpeace’s website, but it can still be found online through the Wayback machine at web.archive.org/web/20040111060519/www.greenpeaceusa.org/media/factsheets/glyphosatetext.htm.

31 Ibid.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid. Also, see pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1_4-dioxane#section=Top, where dioxane is listed as being a probable carcinogen.

34 “Common Weed Killer (Roundup) Shows Evidence of Environmental and Health Problems,” Organic Gardening, July 2000.

35 “DNA Damage?” The Detox Project, www.detoxproject.org/glyphosate/dna-damage/.

36 “The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters, Pesticides in the Nation’s Streams and Ground Water, 1992–2001,” U.S. Geological Survey, pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1291/.

37 Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Centers for Disease Control, 2005.

38 See particularly studies done by Philip Landrigan and others at Mt. Sinai Hospital on the effects of pesticide exposure on children. For example, Dr. Philippe Grandjean and Philip J. Landrigan, MD, “Neurobehavioural Effects of Developmental Toxicity,” The Lancet 13, no. 3 (March 2014).

39 www.nospray.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/JudgeDanielsDecision-memorandum-opinion-and-order-no-spray-vs-nyc.pdf.

40 Monika Krüger, Philipp Schledorn, Wieland Schrödl, Hans-Wolfgang Hoppe, Walburga Lutz, and Awad A. Shehata, “Detection of Glyphosate Residues in Animals and Humans,” Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology 4, no. 2 (2014).

41 Emily Marquez, “Study Finds Glyphosate in Pregnant Women,” Pesticide Action Network, April 5, 2018.

Chapter 2: Better Active Today than Radioactive Tomorrow

1 “From its origins, chemical agriculture has been a form of warfare—it is a war against the soil, against our reserves of fresh water, and against all the microbes and insects that are necessary for the growing of healthy food. Since the earliest origins of modern industrial agriculture, agribusiness has been at war against all life on earth, including ourselves.” Brian Tokar, “Agribusiness, Biotechnology and War,” Z Magazine, September 2002.

2 John Bellamy Foster and Brett Clark, “Rachel Carson’s Ecological Critique,” Monthly Review, February 2008.

3 Meir Rinde, “Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environ-mentalism,” Distillations: Science+Culture+History, Spring 2017, www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism.

4 Ibid.

5 “Some students confessed … their worries that ‘leaders in the political and industrial establishment are deliberately pushing the environment issue ‘to take some of the force out of the anti-war, anti-racism, anti-poverty issues.’” Edmund Muskie of Maine, one of the Senate’s prominent environmentalists and the unsuccessful Democratic vice-presidential candidate in 1968, warned that a green movement should not become a “‘smoke screen’ obscuring the ‘challenge of equal opportunity.’ ” Zoë Carpenter, “In 1970, Environmentalism Was Poised to ‘Bring Us All Together.’ What Happened? Today, the Environment Is a Controversial Issue Divided Along Partisan Lines—But It Wasn’t Always That Way.” The Nation, April 20, 2015.

6 An Dien and Jon Dillingham, “Da Nang Agent Orange Cleanup a First Step, But Questions Abound,” Thanh Nien News, August 17, 2012. http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/da-nang-agent-orange-cleanup-a-first-step-but-questions-abound-5632.html.

7 An Dien and Jon Dillingham, “US Chemical Companies Concealed Effects of Dioxin, Say Advocates,” Centre for Research on Globalization, August 6, 2009, www.globalresearch.ca/vietnam-chemical-companies-us-authorities-knew-the-dangers-of-agent-orange/14720.

8 The United States, however, never signed onto the International Criminal Tribunal, to prevent US officials from being tried for crimes against humanity. Despite the US refusal to sign the agreement, it has pressured other countries’ officials be brought before the Court, such as Slobodan Milosevic, to be tried for war crimes and “crimes against humanity.”

9 Jon Dillingham, “Vietnam: Chemical Companies, U.S. Authorities Knew the Dangers of Agent Orange,” Europe Solidaire, August 10, 2009, www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article14706.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid.

12 See, for one of many, American Cancer Society’s Cancer Action Network, “ACS CAN President Says It’s Time to Put an End to Big Tobacco’s Lies,” December 19, 2017. https://www.acscan.org/news/acs-can-president-says-it’s-time-put-end-big-tobacco’s-lies.

13 Mark Hertsgaard and Mark Dowie, “How Big Wireless Made Us Think That Cell Phones Are Safe: A Special Investigation,” Nation Magazine, April 23, 2018, www.thenation.com/article/how-big-wireless-made-us-think-that-cell-phones-are-safe-a-special-investigation/.

14 Dillingham, “Vietnam.” Dillingham quotes Dr. Wayne Dwernychuk, a retired senior advisor at Hatfield Consultants and researcher studying contamination from dioxin herbicides in Vietnam, who debunked Young’s reports: “Young is paid by the chemical companies,” Dwernychuk told Thanh Nien Daily in 2009. “I don’t believe a word he says.”

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Loana Hoylman, “Agent Blue: Arsenic-Laced Rainbow,” The VVA Veteran, May/June 2015, www.vvaveteran.org/35–3/35-3_agentblue.html.

18 Dillingham, “Vietnam.”

19 National Research Council, Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update. (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2001). https://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx; Also, Katharine Q. Seelye, “Arsenic Standard for Water Is Too Lax, Study Concludes,” The New York Times, Sept. 11, 2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/11/us/arsenic-standard-for-water-is-too-lax-study-concludes.html.

20 “Bush U-Turn on Arsenic Rule,” CBS News, Oct. 31, 2001, www.cbsnews.com/news/bush-u-turn-on-arsenic-rule/.

21 “New Evidence Confirms Cancer Risk from Arsenic in Drinking Water,” National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Sept. 11, 2001. https://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10194.

22 Dr. Robert Simon, letter to the No Spray Coalition against pesticides, May 2018.

23 David Heath, “Politics of Poison: How Politics Derailed EPA Science on Arsenic, Endangering Public Health. Delay Keeps Pesticides with Arsenic on the Market,” The Center for Public Integrity, June 28, 2014, updated January 26, 2015, www.publicintegrity.org/2014/06/28/15000/how-politics-derailed-epa-science-arsenic-endangering-public-health.

24 Ibid. Quoting from Heath’s report:

Evidence from the Center’s investigation pointed to one congressman: Mike Simpson of Idaho. Simpson was one of the Republicans who signed the letter to the EPA administrator complaining about the missing 300 studies. He was the chairman of the subcommittee that controlled funding for the EPA, where the language first appeared. He was also a member of another committee where the language surfaced again in a different report. He even asked the EPA administrator about arsenic at a subcommittee hearing.

Simpson, who worked as a dentist and state legislator before entering Congress, is a frequent critic of the EPA. But in the 2012 and 2014 election campaigns, he has been portrayed as too liberal by Tea Party candidates funded by the right-wing Club for Growth.

In a brief interview outside his Capitol Hill office, Simpson accepted credit for instructing the EPA to stop work on its arsenic assessment.

“I’m worried about drinking water and small communities trying to meet standards that they can’t meet,” he said. “So we want the Academy of Science to look at how they come up with their science.”

Simpson said he didn’t know that his actions kept a weed killer containing arsenic on the market. He denied that the pesticide companies lobbied him for the delay.

But lobbyist Grizzle offered a different account.

“I was part of a group that met with the congressman and his staff a number of years ago on our concerns,” Grizzle said, adding that there were four or five other lobbyists in that meeting but he couldn’t remember who they were.

25 N. Defarge, J. Spiroux de Vendômois, and G. E. Séralini, Toxicology Reports 5 (2018): 156–163, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475001730149X. See also www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756058/.

26 Ibid.

27 Henry Rowlands, “Shocking Study Shows Glyphosate Herbicides Contain Toxic Levels of Arsenic,” Sustainable Pulse (Jan. 8, 2018). https://sustainablepulse.com/2018/01/08/shocking-study-shows-glyphosate-herbicides-contain-toxic-levels-of-arsenic/#,W6G_HvkpCig.

Chapter 3: The Future Ain’t What It used to Be

1 See, for instance, James Weinstein, The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State: 1900–1918, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968). Also, see Mitchel Cohen, Big Science, Fragmentation of Work, & the Left’s Curious Notion of Progress, (New York: Red Balloon Collective, 2017).

2 Meir Rinde, “Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism,” Distillations Magazine, Science History Institute, Spring 2017, www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism. In Brooklyn, NY, a large municipal dump across the Belt Parkway from Starrett City public housing was covered over. Starrett City was for many years associated with stagnant water and dirty air. When the buildings went private, in order to sell the apartments to unsuspecting buyers the entire area, including the former dump, were re-christened “Spring Creek”.

3 Ibid.

4 www.businessinsider.com/bayer-monsanto-merger-has-farmers-worried-2018-4.

5 Zeynep Tufekci, “Facebook’s Surveillance Machine,” New York Times, March 19, 2018.

6 Henry Krinkle, “Federal Contract Site Reveals US Reliance on Monsanto and Israeli Firm for White Phosphorus Supply,” Current Events Inquiry, February 7, 2013, www.ceinquiry.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/white-phosphorus/.

7 Department of the Army, “Justification and Approval for Other Than Full and Open Competition: Control No.: 12–118,” January 29, 2013., www.fbo.gov/utils/view?id=aa766891fe32cf9ae7f87f3c7d3611a3. Signed by Amy VanSickle, Special Competition Advocate, on Oct. 24, 2012.

8 The “Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction” is administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in The Hague, the Netherlands.

9 Kurtis Bright, Natural Blaze, “Monsanto’s Dirty Links With Government Over Deadly White Phosphorus Manufacturing,” Nov. 28, 2016. www.naturalblaze.com/2016/11/monsantos-dirty-links-with-government-over-deadly-white-phosphorus-manufacturing.html.

10 See, for example, Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 1854.

Chapter 4: Monsanto: Origins of an Agribusiness Behemoth

1 Ronnie Cummins, “Activists in 16 Nations Carry Out Successful Global Days of Action,” Food Bytes, no. 3, November 4, 1997, Little Marais, Minnesota: Pure Food Campaign. See B. Tokar “Resisting the Engineering of Life,” www.social-ecology.org/wp/2001/05/resisting-the-engineering-of-life/.

2 Greenpeace U.S.A., “Greenpeace Quarantines Genetically-Altered Monsanto ‘X-field’ in Iowa,” press release, October 10, 1996; “Greenpeace stops genetically engineered soybeans destined for Europe on Mississippi River,” press release, November 19, 1996.

3 Paul Brown, “Printers Pulp Monsanto Edition of Ecologist,” The Guardian, September 27, 1998. Downloaded August 14, 2017, from organicconsumers.org.

4 “Chemical Producers: Dow Chemical, DuPont, Monsanto and Union Carbide have ranked among Top 10 biggest chemical makers since 1940,” Chemical and Engineering News, January 12, 1998, 193.

5 Marc S. Reisch, “From Coal Tar to Crafting a Wealth of Diversity,” Chemical and Engineering News, January 12, 1998, 90.

6 Pamela Peck, “Vermont’s Polystyrene (Styrofoam) Boycott,” Vermonters Organized for Cleanup, (Barre, Vermont), 1989.

7 Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers, Our Stolen Future (New York: Penguin Books, 1996), 90.

8 Michelle Allsopp, Pat Costner, and Paul Johnson, Body of Evidence: The Effects of Chlorine on Human Health (Exeter, England: University of Exeter, Greenpeace Research Laboratories, May 1995); see also Joseph E. Cummins, “PCBs—Can the World’s Sea Mammals Survive Them?” The Ecologist 28, no. 5 (September/October 1998): 262–263.

9 Colborn et. al, Our Stolen Future, 101–104.

10 Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools (New York: Crown Publishers, 1991), 7, 20.

11 “Death of Animals Laid to Chemical,” New York Times, August 28, 1974, 36. See also Colborn et. al, Our Stolen Future, 116.

12 “Citizen Inquiry Uncovers Blatant Violation of Environmental Law Surrounding the Proposed Times Beach Incinerator,” Times Beach Action Group, (St. Louis, Missouri), November 1995.

13 Philip Shabecoff, A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 210–212; Brian Tokar, Earth for Sale: Reclaiming Ecology in the Age of Corporate Greenwash (Boston: South End Press, 1997), 59–60; Times Beach Action Group, ibid.

14 Lisa Martino-Taylor, “Legacy of Doubt,” Three River Confluence, no. 7/8 (Fall 1997): 27.

15 Steve Taylor, personal communication with author, August 5, 1998.

16 Peter Downs, “Is the Pentagon Involved?” St. Louis Journalism Review, June 1998.

17 Hugh Warwick, “Agent Orange: The Poisoning of Vietnam,” The Ecologist 28, no. 5 (September/October 1998), 264–265. Peter H. Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial: Mass Toxic Disasters in the Courts, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 86–87, 155–164. Monsanto’s share of Agent Orange production was 29.5 percent, compared to Dow’s market share of 28.6 percent; however, some batches of Agent Orange contained more than 47 times more dioxin than Dow’s. The other defendants in the case were Hercules Chemical, Diamond Shamrock, T. H. Agriculture and Nutrition, Thompson Chemicals, and Uniroyal.

18 Cate Jenkins, “Criminal Investigation of Monsanto Corporation—Cover-Up of Dioxin Contamination in Products—Falsification of Dioxin Health Studies,” USEPA Regulatory Development Branch, November 1990. Jed Greer and Kenny Bruno, “Monsanto Corporation: A Case Study in Greenwash Science,” in Greenwash: The Reality Behind Corporate Environmentalism, (Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network, 1996), 141.

19 Jock Ferguson, “Chemical Company Accused of Hiding Presence of Dioxins,” (Toronto), Globe and Mail, February 19, 1990, A9. The punitive damages in Kemner vs. Monsanto were overturned on appeal two years later.

20 Cate Jenkins, “Criminal Investigation of Monsanto Corporation.”

21 Kenny Bruno, “Say it Ain’t Soy, Monsanto,” Multinational Monitor 18, no. 1–2, (January/February 1997). The quote is from stock analyst Dain Bosworth; Mark Arax and Jeanne Brokaw, “No Way Around Roundup,” Mother Jones, January/February 1997.

22 Testimony of Champion Paper Company, Vermont Forest Resources Advisory Council, Island Pond, Vermont, June 26, 1996.

23 Carolyn Cox, “Glyphosate Fact Sheet,” Journal of Pesticide Reform 11, no. 2 (Spring 1991).

24 Ibid. See also Joseph Mendelson, “Roundup: The World’s Biggest-Selling Herbicide,” The Ecologist 28, no. 5 (September/October 1998), 270–275.

25 Carolyn Cox, “Glyphosate, Part 2: Human Exposure and Ecological Effects,” Journal of Pesticide Reform 15, no. 4 (Fall 1995).

26 Sylvia Knight, “Glyphosate, Roundup and Other Herbicides—An Annotated Bibliography,” Vermont Citizens’ Forest Roundtable, January 1996.

27 Pesticide Action Network North America, “Monsanto Agrees to Change Ads and EPA Fines Northrup King,” January 10, 1997.

28 “Case of Mislabeled Herbicide Results in $225,000 Penalty,” Wall Street Journal, March 25, 1998.

29 J. Greer and K. Bruno,. “Monsanto Corporation,” 145–46.

30 Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, “The Top 10 List,” The Nation December 8, 1997, 8.

31 Larry Rohter, “To Colombians, Drug War Is a Toxic Foe,” New York Times, May 1, 2000.

32 Jennifer Ferrara, “Revolving Doors: Monsanto and the Regulators,” The Ecologist 28, no. 5 (September/October 1998), 280–286.

33 Craig Canine, “Hear No Evil,” Eating Well, July/August 1991, 41–47; Brian Tokar, “The False Promise of Biotechnology, Z Magazine, February 1992, 27–32; Debbie Brighton, “Cow Safety, BGH and Burroughs,” Organic Farmer, Spring 1990, 21.

34 Andrew Christiansen, Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone: Alarming Tests, Unfounded Approval, Rural Vermont, (Montpelier, Vermont), July 1995; see also Tokar, “The False Promise,” 28–29.

35 Christiansen, Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone, 10, 17; “FDA’s Review of Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone,” U.S. General Accounting Office, August 6, 1992 (GAO/PEMD-92-96).

36 Mark Kastel, Down on the Farm: The Real BGH Story, Rural Vermont, Fall 1995.

37 Brian Tokar, “Biotechnology: The Debate Heats Up,” Z Magazine, June 1995, 49–55; Diane Gershon, “Monsanto Sues over BST,” Nature 368, March 31, 1994, 384. The Vermont state labeling law was defended by the state on the grounds of consumer preference, rather than public health, and was ultimately struck down by a federal judge, who ruled that mandatory rBGH labeling was a violation of the companies’ alleged constitutional right to refuse to speak.

38 D.S. Kronfeld, “Health Management of Dairy Herds Treated with Bovine Somatotropin,” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 204, no. 1 (January 1994), 116–130; Samuel S. Epstein, “Unlabeled Milk from Cows Treated with Biosynthetic Growth Hormones: A Case of Regulatory Abdication,” International Journal of Health Services 26, no. 1 (1996), 173–185.

39 Sonja Schmitz, “Cloning Profits: The Revolution in Agricultural Biotechnology,” in Brian Tokar, ed., Redesigning Life?—The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering (London: Zed Books), 2001.

40 Bruno, “Say it Ain’t Soy, Monsanto.”

41 Monsanto Company, 1997 Annual Report, 16, 37.

42 Charles M. Benbrook, “Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the U.S.—The First Sixteen Years,” Environmental Sciences Europe 24, no. 24 (2012); Scott Kilman, “Superweeds Hit Farm Belt, Triggering New Arms Race,” Wall St. Journal, June 4, 2010.

43 Lorraine Chow, “Arkansas Could Become First State to Ban Dicamba,” EcoWatch August 28, 2017.

44 Hope Shand, “Bacillus Thuringiensis: Industry Frenzy and a Host of Issues,” Journal of Pesticide Reform 9, no. 1 (Spring 1989), 18–21; Ricarda A. Steinbrecher, “From Green to Gene Revolution: The Environmental Risks of Genetically Engineered Crops,” The Ecologist 26, no. 6 (November/December 1996), 273–281; Brian Tokar, “Biotechnology vs. Biodiversity,” Wild Earth 6, no. 1 (Spring 1996), 50–55.

45 Union of Concerned Scientists (1998) “EPA Requires Large Refuges,” The Gene Exchange (Volume: SummerEdition), no. 1; Union of Concerned Scientists (1998) , “Transgenic Insect-Resistant Crops Harm Beneficial Insects,” The Gene Exchange (Volume: Summer Edition), no. 4; Union of Concerned Scientists, “Managing Resistance to Bt,” The Gene Exchange 6, no. 2–3 (December 1995), 4–7.

46 Brian Tokar, “Agribusiness, Biotechnology and War,” Z Magazine, September 2002.

47 Rural Advancement Foundation International, The Life Industry 1997: The Global Enterprises that Dominate Commercial Agriculture, Food and Health, November/December 1997. The comment about Asgrow was quoted by Brewster Kneen in The Ram’s Horn, (Ottawa, Canada), no. 160, June 1998, 2.

48 Monsanto Company, 1997 Annual Report, 17; Rural Advancement Foundation International, The Life Industry; Union of Concerned Scientists, “Expanding in New Dimensions: Monsanto and the Food System,” The Gene Exchange, December 1996, no. 11.

49 Barnaby J. Feder, “Monsanto Says it Won’t Market Infertile Seeds,” New York Times, October 5, 1999, 1; John Vidal, “How Monsanto’s Mind Was Changed,” The Guardian, October 9, 1999, 15; Greenpeace Business Conference transcript, posted to electronic list, biotech_activists@iatp.org, October 7, 1999.

50 Bob Burton, “Advice on Making Nice,” PR Watch, 6, no. 1 (First Quarter 1999), 1–6.

51 “Monsanto v. U.S. Farmers 2012 Update,” Washington: Center for Food Safety, November 2012.

52 K. Makin and A. Dunfield, “Monsanto Wins Key Biotech Ruling,” Globe and Mail, May. 21, 2004; “Percy Schmeiser Claims Moral and Personal Victory in Supreme Court Decision,”; “Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser,” May 21, 2004, 2004 SCC 34, No. 29437.

53 Andrew Pollack, “Monsanto Buying Leader in Fruit and Vegetable Seeds,” New York Times, January 25, 2005.

54 ETC Group, “Breaking Bad: Big Ag Mega-Mergers in Play” December 2015, www.etcgroup.org.

55 Beth Burrows, “Government Workers Go Biotech,” Edmonds Institute, May 19, 1997.

56 Genentech, Inc., “Genentech Names Moore New Head of Government Affairs Office Based in Washington, D.C.,” April 13, 1998. See also Senator Al Gore, “Planning a New Biotechnology Policy,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 5 (Fall 1991), 19–30.

57 James Turner, “The Aspartame/NutraSweet Timeline,” Washington: National Institute of Science, Law, and Public Policy, www.rense.com.

58 Biotechnology Industry Organization, September 20, 2001, accessed November 11, 2008, www.bio.org.

59 Michael Pollan, “Big Food Strikes Back: Why Did the Obamas Fail to Take On Corporate Agriculture?” New York Times Magazine, October 5, 2016.

60 Center for Food Safety, “Part 340 Rules Sign On Letter,” email message to author, May 25, 2017.

61 Robert Langreth and Nikhil Deogun, “Investors Cool to Pharmacia Merger Plan,” Wall Street Journal, December 21, 1999.

62 “Appendix 2: GMOs are Dead,” in Ag Biotech: Thanks, But No Thanks?, Deutsche Bank Alex. Brown investor’s report on DuPont Chemical, July 12, 1999, 18. The Appendix was reportedly released by Deutsche Bank as an independent report to investors on May 21, 1999; Scott Kilman and Thomas M. Burton, “Monsanto Feels Pressure From the Street,” Wall Street Journal, October 21, 1999.

63 Andrew Pollack, “Widely Used Crop Herbicide Is Losing Weed Resistance,” New York Times, January 14, 2003.

64 ETC Group, “Breaking Bad”; Jack Kaskey, “Bayer-Monsanto Combination Likely Too Big in U.S. Cottonseed,” Wall St. Journal, September 14, 2016; “Joining Forces: Market shares resulting from proposed mergers,” September 15, 2015.

65 Eric Lipton, “Food Industry Enlisted Academics in G.M.O. Lobbying War, Emails Show,” New York Times, September 6, 2015.

66 Carey Gillam, “Newly Released ‘Monsanto Papers’ Add To Questions Of Regulatory Collusion,” Huffington Post, August 2, 2017. The quoted attorney is Brent Wisner. See also Jacob Bunge, “Monsanto Marshals Scientists in Herbicide Suit,” Wall Street Journal, August 3, 2017.

67 Danielle Ivory and Robert Faturechi, “The Deep Industry Ties of Trump’s Deregulation Teams,” New York Times, July 11, 2017.

Chapter 5: Poisoning the Big Apple

1 Dan Halper, “Summer of Spray: Pesticide Spraying in New York City 1999–2000. Necessary Mosquito Control Efforts or Dilute Chemical Warfare?” NY Environmental Law & Justice Project, Fall 2000.

2 Rathone, H.S. & Nollet, M.L. “Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution,” CRC Press 2012 p. 321. Also, Wayne Riddle, “Nerve Gases and Pesticides: Links are Close,” New York Times, March 30, 1984.

3 In addition to the No Spray Coalition, plaintiffs included the National Coalition Against Misuse of Pesticides (now, Beyond Pesticides), Save Organic Standards-NY, Disabled in Action, and individuals Mitchel Cohen, Valerie Sheppard, Robert Lederman, Eva Yaa Asantewaa, and Howard Brandstein.

4 Cheminova—the manufacturer of the Malathion used in New York City spraying—had been ordered by the EPA in the mid-1990s to add the warning against spraying over water to its label. But five years later when the spraying began, the label still did not display such warning. A few months later, it was added after much protest and legal challenges by the New York Environmental Law and Justice Project.

5 Some areas like Houston installed bat houses in swampy areas to deal with mosquitoes naturally, without spraying. There are numerous alternatives to the mass application of pesticides, some of which are documented at www.NoSpray.org/alternatives. See also https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/many-mosquitos-bats-eat-night-d1e92a5f7b73fac2.

6 Actually, West Nile virus was not unknown to scientists in the United States. It was first discovered by western scientists from Rockefeller University in Uganda in 1937, and many experiments with it were performed in the late 1950s at Sloan Kettering, Rockefeller University, Yale, and at the U.S. Army biological warfare weapons lab at Fort Detrick, Maryland.

7 New York City kept no records of the numbers of people who were sickened or who died as a result of the pesticide spraying, so it is not possible to compare deaths from the spraying with deaths from encephalitis caused by exposure to the virus. The No Spray Coalition set up its own hotline, and it was flooded with calls from individuals who were sickened by the spraying. Eight core members of the Coalition died from illnesses caused or exacerbated by exposure to the pesticides over the next few years. What we do have in the way of hard data are visits by eight spray truck drivers, New York Environmental Law and Justice Project (NYELJP) represented, “who were not given adequate safety training or protective gear, and who consequently suffered from pesticide poisoning.” (See www.nyenvirolaw.org/legal-actions/no-spray-coalition/.) The drivers were diagnosed at the occupational health and safety clinic at Mount Sinai Hospital. See, NoSpray et al. v. The city of NY et al., 2000, www.nospray.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/plaintiffs-reply-no-spray-lawsuit-2001.pdf.

8 Like Malathion, massively sprayed in 1999 to kill mosquitoes, glyphosate belongs to the same family of organophosphates. The following is from Philip J. Chenier, Survey of Industrial Chemistry, 3rd ed. (New York: Springer Science+Business Media), 384: “Glyphosate is an aminophosphonic analogue of the natural amino acid glycine, and like all amino acids, exists in different ionic states depending on pH. Both the phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid moieties can be ionised and the amine group can be protonated and the substance exists as a series of zwitterions. Glyphosate is soluble in water to 12 g/l at room temperature. The original synthetic approach to glyphosate involved the reaction of phosphorus trichloride with formaldehyde followed by hydrolysis to yield a phosphonate. Glycine is then reacted with this phosphonate to yield glyphosate, and its name is taken as a contraction of the compounds used in this synthesis—viz. glycine and a phosphonate.”

9 When No Spray Coalition researcher Jim West and I attended a talk in December 2000 at the New York Academy of Medicine titled “Challenges of Emerging Illness in Urban Environments” we questioned Dr. Marcelle Layton, who played a key role in defining the WNV “epidemic.” Layton admitted that no actual virus had been found in the autopsied brains of any of those the CDC claimed had died from West Nile virus. What had been detected upon autopsy were antibodies to St. Louis Encephalitis (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4838a1.htm), which resembles genetically West Nile virus, but no viral particles were found. (Some of those said to have died from West Nile viral encephalitis were taking chemotherapy for existing cancers, and all had pre-existing conditions that compromised their immune systems.) Jim West’s research is here: www.harvoa.org/wnv. However, see Deborah S. Asnis, Rick Conetta, Alex A. Teixeira, Glenn Waldman, Barbara A. Sampson, “The West Nile Virus Outbreak of 1999 in New York: The Flushing Hospital Experience,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 30, Issue 3, 1 March 2000, Pages 413–418, https://doi.org/10.1086/313737 which states that autopsies on most of those humans who died showed that they had microglial nodules in their brain—white blood cells—indicating infection from some cause, rather than poisoning, air pollution, oil refinery emissions, or pesticides exposure, according to The National Center for Biotechnology Information, which is part of the United States National Library of Medicine, a branch of the National Institutes of Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC523558/

10 Paul H.B. Shin, “Discover West Nile Pathway into Brain,” NY Daily News, November 22, 2004.

11 “Pathologically, the virus is found in the brain stem in humans, but in birds ‘it’s found everywhere. It’s much easier to find,’ said Dr. [Marcelle] Layton.” See Pippa Wysong, “East Nile, West Nile, All Around the World,” Medscape, www.medscape.org/viewarticle/418826.

12 Muray Weiss, “No Proof of Saddam Ties to Bug Virus—Sources.” New York Post, October 11, 1999.

13 Felix Grün and Bruce Blumberg, “Minireview: The Case for Obesogens,” Molecular Endocrinology 23, no. 8 (August 2009), 1127–1134, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718750/; Bhan et al., 2014: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076014000314; Prins, 2014: press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/en.2013–1955. Pyrethroids have a mode of action similar to chlorinated pesticides such as cyclodienes (chlordane, aldrin, etc), which were banned in the United States in the 1980s due to their dangerous impact on human heath and the environment. In addition, over the last decade, pesticides have contributed to the collapse of bee colonies in New York and throughout the United States, and spray drift has forced reclassification of produce from now-ruined organic farms.

14 NoSpray et al. v. The city of NY et al., 2000, http://nospray.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/plaintiffs-reply-no-spray-lawsuit-2001.pdf.

15 Frank Lombardi and Martin Mbugua, “More Mosquito War Protests Greet New Plan for Spraying,” New York Daily News, Saturday, September 18, 1999.

16 Bugged by Spraying,” Newsday, October 10, 1999.

17 Newsday, September 14, 1999.

18 Jodi Wilgoren, “Spraying Expands in New York Encephalitis Fight,” New York Times, Sept. 14. 1999.

19 “As Mosquito Spraying Continues, Officials Stress Its Safety” by Andrew C. Revkin, NY Times, September 14, 1999. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/14/nyregion/as-mosquito-spraying-continues-officials-stress-its-safety.html.

20 People who are exposed to paint, glue, or degreaser fumes at work may experience memory and thinking problems in retirement, decades after their exposure, according to a new study. See www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512213734.htm and E. L. Sabbath, L. A. Gutierrez, C. A. Okechukwu, A. Singh-Manoux, H. Amieva, M. Goldberg, M. Zins, and C. Berr, “Time May Not Fully Attenuate Solvent-Associated Cognitive Deficits in Highly Exposed Workers,” Neurology 82 no. 19(May 2014), 1716. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/14/nyregion/as-mosquito-spraying-continues-officials-stress-its-safety.html.

21 Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), which is generally mixed with pyrethroid insecticides, is also a suspected reproductive toxicant. J. Jankovic, “A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 57, no. 7 (July 1996), 641–49. 1996. Another test that indicates PBO may be carcinogenic is reported by a California environmental products company, Safe2Use, which cited a study by Environmental Chemistry, Inc., a Texas environmental laboratory that primarily serves the chemical industry.

22 Among these “inert” ingredients are polyethylbenzene (PEB), also known as heavy aromatic solvent naptha (petroleum), which is widely used in pesticides. PEB is listed on the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs’ Inert Pesticide Ingredients List No 2, which is a list of 64 substances the EPA “believes are potentially toxic and should be assessed for effects of concern. Many of these inert ingredients are structurally similar to chemicals known to be toxic; some have data suggesting a basis for concern about the toxicity of chemical.” PEB is related to ethylbenzene, which is listed as a suspected reproductive toxicant and a suspected respiratory toxicant by the EPA. The white mineral oil, also known as hydrotreated light paraffinic petroleum distillate, is also listed on the EPA’s Inert Pesticide Ingredients List No 2 of potentially toxic chemicals. According to Cornell’s Pesticide Management Education Program, hydrocarbons used as solvents in spray products are likely to result in coughing, fever, and chest pain (hydrocarbon pneumonitis) when these liquid mists are breathed in.

23 H. Chen and D. A. Eastmond, “Topoisomerase Inhibition by Phenolic Metabolites: A Potential Mechanism for Benzene’s Clastogenic Effects.” Carcinogenesis 16, no. 10 (1995), 2301–2307. And see S. Rappaport et al., “Human Benzene Metabolism Following Occupational and Environmental Exposures,” Chemico-Biological Interactions 184, no. 1–2 (2010), 189–195.

24 Cat Lazaroff, “Brain Damage Found in U.S. Gulf War Syndrome Victims,” Environmental News Service, May 25, 2000, www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2000/2000-05-25-07.asp. When we combine these vectors with the administration of experimental, genetically engineered vaccines and a field of radiation from Uranium 238 weapons, the assault on the immune system is heightened far beyond even the sum of each of those causes taken separately. (This is known as a “synergistic” effect.)

25 Ibid. The study outlined three interrelated but separate causes for brain deterioration found in many Gulf War veterans. Some soldiers in the Gulf War wore flea collars meant for pets, exposing them to toxic levels of pesticides. In 1997, Dr. Robert Haley, UT Southwestern chief of epidemiology and lead author of the study, and his colleagues defined three Gulf War syndromes. Syndrome 1, commonly found in veterans who wore pesticide containing flea collars, is characterized by impaired cognition. Syndrome 2, called confusion ataxia, the most severe and debilitating of the syndromes, is found among veterans who said they were exposed to low-level nerve gas and experienced side effects from anti-nerve gas, or pyridostigmine (PB), tablets. Syndrome 3, characterized by central pain, is found in veterans who wore insect repellent with high concentrations of DEET, a common ingredient in many mosquito and tick repellents. Veterans with Syndrome 3 also experienced severe side effects from PB tablets. Haley RW, Marshall WW, McDonald GG, Daugherty M, Petty F, Fleckenstein JL. Brain abnormalities in Gulf War syndrome: Evaluation by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Radiology 2000; 215: 807–817.

26 Ibid. These brain-cell losses are similar to those found in patients with brain diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s disease) and multiple sclerosis, as well as dementia and other degenerative neurological disorders, although the affected areas of the brain are different.

27 “Gulf War syndrome is believed to be caused by exposure to a class of chemicals known as anticholinesterases.” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Gulf-War-syndrome.

28 2011 Health Advisory #17: Pesticide Spraying Notification to Reduce Mosquito Activity and Control West Nile virus in Queens, August 19, 2011.

29 “Surveillance for Acute Insecticide-Related Illness Associated with Mosquito-Control Efforts—Nine States, 1999–2002,” Center for Disease Control, www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5227a1.htm.

30 General Accounting Office, “Information on Pesticide Illness and Reporting Systems,” GAO-01-501T.

31 J. Vera Go et al., “Estrogenic Potential of Certain Pyrethroid Compounds in the MCF-7 Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Line,” Environmental Health Perspectives 107, no. 3 (1999); M. C. R. Alavanja et al., “Use of Agricultural Pesticides and Prostate Cancer Risk in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort,” American Journal of Epidemiology 157 (2003), 800–814.

32 Beyond Pesticides, “Daily News Archive,” August 31, 2005.

33 Heidi Singer, “Malathion Played Role in Death of Fish,” Staten Island Advance, January 22, 2000.

34 Studies done by Dr. Mary Wolff and others at Mt. Sinai Hospital causally linked Sumithrin to the proliferation of breast cancer cells in women and low sperm counts in men.

35 Dr. Samuel Epstein, MD, and Dr. Quentin Young, MD, as quoted in Pesticides and You 22, no. 2 (Summer 2002).

36 Increased pesticides exposure—along with the impact of diet sodas (aspartame), radiation from nuclear-weapons tests, power plants, and cellphone towers—correlates with and may be the cause of the vast increase in multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological and immune-compromising diseases.

37 Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Centers for Disease Control, 2005.

38 The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters, Pesticides in the Nation’s Streams and Ground Water, 1992–2001, United States Geological Survey, pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1291/.

39 M. T. Salam et al., “Early-Life Environmental Risk Factors for Asthma: Findings from the Children’s Health Study,” Environmental Health Perspectives 112 no. 6 (May 2004), 760–765.

40 Journal of the Am Mosquito Control Assoc, Dec; 13(4): 315–25, 1997 Howard JJ, Oliver New York State Department of Health, SUNY-College ESF, Syracuse 13210, USA.

41 Physicians and Scientists for a Healthy World, “The Multigenerational, Cumulative and Destructive Impacts of Pesticides on Human Health, Especially on the Physical, Emotional and Mental Development of Children and Future Generations. A Submission to The House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development,”February 2000; Elizabeth Guillette et al., “Anthropological Approach to the Evaluation of Pre-School Children Exposed to Pesticides in Mexico.” Environmental Health Perspective 106, no.6 (June 1998); Jonathan Kaplan et al., Failing Health. Pesticides Use in California Schools. Report by Californians for Pesticide Reform, 2002, American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health; Ambient Air Pollution: Respiratory Hazards to Children, Pediatrics 91, 1993, www.pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/91/6/1210.full.pdf.

42 George Haas, “West Nile Virus, Spraying Pesticides the Wrong Response, American Bird Conservancy, October 23, 2000.

43 Michael R. Reddy, “Efficacy of Resmethrin Aerosols Applied from the Road for Suppressing Culex Vectors of West Nile Virus,” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 6, no. 2 (June 2006).

44 Up until that moment, the City had refused to negotiate. Here is a typical example of the City’s mindset: its counsel had written, “The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, unfortunately, cannot accept the terms of settlement proposed by plaintiffs and does not think that further settlement discussions would be productive at this time.”

45 Haliburton, “KBR Awarded U.S. Department of Homeland Security Contingency Support Project for Emergency Support Services,” January 24, 2006, www.halliburton.com/public/news/pubsdata/press_release/2006/kbrnws_012406.html. KBR is the engineering and construction subsidiary of Halliburton. The contract, for $385 million, “provides for establishing temporary detention and processing capabilities to augment existing ICE Detention and Removal Operations (DRO) Program facilities in the event of an emergency influx of immigrants into the U.S.,” facilities that can and will readily be used for other emergency purposes.

46 Carol Brouillet, “Opposing the Emergency Health Powers Act,” IndyBay (April 2, 2002), https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2002/04/02/1203561.php.

47 See transcript of testimony of Dr. Adrienne Buffaloe on the effects of pesticides—particularly malathion and pyrethroids—on people, based on her own evaluations of her patients, before hearings held by a congressional panel chaired by Representative Gerald Ackerman of Queens, New York. http://nospray.org/dr-adrienne-buffaloe-on-pesticides-at-hearing-held-by-rep-ackerman/.

48 Joanne Wasserman and Michael R. Blood, “Officials Confirm Skeeter Workers’ Illnesses,” New York Daily News, January 25, 2001.

49 No Spray Coalition researcher Jim West’s articles on air pollution and diseases, including West Nile, can be found on his website, www.harpub.tk/noxot. Also, in Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients, July 2002, and on ABCNews.com (through the reporting of Nicholas Regush). Jim West found that the source of the Monroe, Louisiana, WNV epidemic of 2002 could likely have been the 130 oil refineries near southern Louisiana, which has long been the center for St. Louis encephalitis in the United States. The second largest concentration of oil refineries is in New Jersey. Staten Island, a main locale in NYC for West Nile, is downwind from three of those refineries.

50 Many municipalities passed resolutions against spraying. See http://nospray.org Issue 26 July 3^rd 2001.

51 Pesticide delivery systems come in many forms, but the contents are equally toxic. Where areas are being saturated twenty-four hours a day for months with the lures in traps or the twist ties, this continual low-dose can be more toxic for many people than a one-time exposure, even of a high-dose. See www.dontspraycalifornia.org.

52 See www.nospray.org/2017/08/12/spray-vs-no-spray-14-cities-comparative-analysis-pesticide-spraying-west-nile-virus/.

53 Ibid.

54 Maria Sause and Rio Davidson, “Lincoln County (Oregon) Bans Aerial Pesticide Spraying. Voters Vote YES on Measure 21–177 in Narrow Victory over Pesticide Companies: First Electoral Ban of Pesticides in the Country!” Citizens for a Healthy County, May 30, 2017.

55 www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/zika-virus.page.

56 Chlorinated water drastically affects malathion, turning it into malaoxon, which is seventy-seven times more deadly than malathion. This applies not only to chlorinated swimming pools but also to cisterns into which some pour Cholox as an antibacterial agent.

57 Anvil 10+10 is comprised of four ingredients: sumithrin; piperonyl butoxide; polyethylbenzene, also known as heavy aromatic solvent naptha (petroleum); and white mineral oil, also known as hydrotreated light paraffinic petroleum distillate. It is toxic to bees and fish and kills natural predators of the mosquito, including dragonflies, bats, frogs, and birds. Sumithrin is a suspected gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver toxicant and a suspected neurotoxicant. Piperonyl butoxide is a suspected carcinogen. These are just a few of the known health issues related to these pesticides.

58 Grün and Blumberg, “Minireview.”

59 Local Law 37 authorizes the commissioner of the Department of Health the power to grant city agencies a temporary waiver of the law’s prohibitions only after consideration of whether the prohibitions, in the absence of the waiver, would be unreasonable with respect to (i) the magnitude of the infestation, (ii) the threat to public health, (iii) the availability of effective alternatives, and (iv) the likelihood of exposure of humans to the pesticide. (See §17–1206, Local Law 37.)

The NYC Department of Health got around Local Law 37 by authorizing to itself pro forma waivers of that law’s prohibitions against broadcast spraying of the pesticide Anvil 10+10, even though it acknowledged that at least one of the chemicals it sought to spray is categorized by the U.S. Environment Protection Agency as a possible carcinogen. The DOH failed to establish the magnitude of infestation and the threat to public health; it failed to investigate the availability of effective alternatives or consider as significant the prodigious evidence disputing the City’s minimizing of the likelihood of human exposure to the pesticide, all of which are required by law. The issuance of waivers in such circumstances undermines Local Law 37’s protection from the dangers of pesticides to public health and the environment.

The NYC DOH made two claims for why it approved waivers in 2011: First was the desire to gain “control of adult mosquitoes in the Rockaways where the severity of infestation has created a public health nuisance. In these communities adjacent to the Jamaica Bay, mosquitoes force residents indoors during the summer months, negatively affecting the residents’ quality of life and reducing healthy outdoor activity. The spraying of adulticide provides a knockdown of the populations in the area and gives the residents a reprieve from the nuisance of these mosquitoes”; (“Decision on Local Law 37 Waiver Number DOH11-0002,” May 18, 2011). In other words, the required establishment of a “threat to public health” was glossed over and turned into “reducing healthy outdoor activity.” Seond, the Deputy Commissioner affirmed—without any proof, substantiation or further documentation—that Anvil 10+10 was “approved for the control of adult mosquitoes in areas where monitoring has indicated a risk to the public of West Nile Virus transmission” (Decision on Local Law 37 Waiver Number DOH11-000, May 18, 2011.).. No substantiation was offered as to what constitutes an “indicated risk to the public of West Nile Virus transmission,” nor were any concerns expressed over the pesticides’ effects on human health or of alternatives to spraying carcinogenic pesticides, as required under Local Law 37. Consequently, neither of the rationales presented by the NYC DOH meets Local Law 37’s four criteria for approval and receipt of a waiver. In granting both waivers to itself, the NYC Department of Health stands in violation of Local Law 37 for failing to even address, let alone substantiate, any of the requirements and concerns explicitly listed in Local Law 37 for the granting of waivers.

Local Law 37 outlines the process whereby a city agency may request a waiver of the restrictions established pursuant to §17–1203, and limits such waiver to be in effect for no longer than one year. The provisions in Local Law 37 went into full effect in 2006. Since that time, the Health Department has granted to itself a waiver for adulticide spraying for mosquitoes every single year, like clockwork. Each individual waiver, taken by itself, provides four or five months of “temporary” relief from the prohibitions of Local 37. But as part of a larger pattern, the steady string of waivers for application of Anvil 10+10 between 2006 and 2011 has meant that Local Law 37 has never provided any protection from the admittedly carcinogenic chemical included in this pesticide. The Health Department’s authority to grant temporary waivers to City agencies was not intended as an ongoing or permanent mechanism and must not be permitted to become a vehicle for circumventing prohibition of the seasonal use of prohibited, carcinogenic pesticides in perpetuity.

60 According to the Mayo Clinic, fewer than 1 percent of people who are infected become severely ill (www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/west-nile-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20350320). About 70 to 80 percent of people infected will never display symptoms, and many others experience only mild flu-like symptoms (Centers for Disease Control, www.cdc.gov/westnile/faq/genquestions.html). In addition, the average person’s risk of contracting West Nile is extremely low; even in areas where the virus is present, only a very small number of mosquitoes carry the virus. (NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/environmental/mosquitos.shtml). As of September 29, 2015, there had been just seventeen reported cases of West Nile in the state of New York and one death out of a population of about 20 million people (Centers for Disease Control, www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/preliminarymapsdata/histatedate.html). Nationally, there have been 1,028 cases and 54 deaths out of more than 320 million people (CDC, ibid.).

61 The audio interview can be heard at my website: www.MitchelCohen.com.

62 A video of the spraying is available here: www.nospray.org/2015/09/07/watch-how-nyc-sprays-neighborhoods-by-truck-pesticides-you-wont-believe-it/.

63 The book is available for no charge at www.thebestcontrol2.com. (Tvedten’s story, “Why I Stopped Using Pesticide Poisons,” is a later chapter in this book.)

64 Email to a CDC staffer, October 21, 1999.

65 Karen Charman, “Pesticide Wars: The Troubling Story of Dr. Omar Shafey,” November 16, 2001, www.TomPaine.com. Two years later, Shafey was fired by the Florida Department of Health for an alleged overcharge of a mere $12.50 on a travel-reimbursement voucher. The inspector general said Shafey should have claimed reimbursement for three-quarters of a day’s per diem instead of a full day when he returned to Tallahassee, a charge Shafey disputes.

66 New York Daily News, January 7, 2000, 2.

67 Richard J. Ochs, “Government by Anthrax,” June 9, 2002. www.freefromterror.net.

68 HIV/AIDS played an early role here as the government experimented with how to orchestrate hysteria to control the beliefs and activities of a target population. Fortunately, the direct action approach of ACT UP thwarted their plans, forcing government scientists to regroup and try their maneuvering elsewhere.

69 Rob Wallace, “Big Farms Make Big Flu: Dispatches on the Infectious Disease, Agribusiness, and the Nature of Science,” Monthly Review Press, New York: 2016.

70 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-rumsfeld-makes-5m-killing-on-bird-flu-drug-6106843.html

71 Maureen Groppe, “Frist’s new Senate role could bring help for Lilly. The majority leader, a doctor, wrote bill that shields vaccine makers from preservative suits.” Indianapolis Star, Dec. 24, 2002.

72 Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad: “U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits,” The New York Times, September 4, 2001.

73 Joining Hauer at Kroll Associates was former NY Police Commissioner Bratton, now head of the Los Angeles Police Department. Before going on to LA, Bratton stopped over in Venezuela, where he was a special adviser to the right-wing Mayor of Caracas during the U.S.-sponsored coup attempt, which was repelled by a mass uprising of the working class and poor in defense of their enormously popular, elected president Hugo Chavez. Questions as to Bratton’s role in Venezuela have yet to be asked.

74 Contrary to public knowledge, Rockefeller University had been experimenting with the supposedly “unknown” WNV for decades.

75 OraVax, owned by Peptide Therapeutic of Cambridge, England, was having problems getting beyond research and bringing products to market. By 1996 and 1997, its survival at stake, OraVax tried to win part of the Pentagon’s expanding germ work as a subcontractor to make smallpox and other vaccines. By early 1998, that work had failed to materialize and the company’s stock price was down 90 percent from $10 a share in the initial public offering. “The way to handle it is to be open, so people understand that I may have a potential bias,” Monath said.[NY Times, 8/7/98]

76 See William Blum, “Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower,” Zed Books 2001–2002. In 1981, an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) swept across the island of Cuba. Transmitted by blood-eating insects, usually mosquitos, the disease produces severe flu-like symptoms and incapacitating bone pain. Between May and October 1981, over 300,000 cases were reported in Cuba with 158 fatalities, 101 of which were children under 15. (Bill Schaap, “The 1981 Cuba Dengue Epidemic,” Covert Action Information Bulletin (Washington, DC), No. 17, Summer 1982, p.28–31) The Center for Disease Control later reported that the appearance in Cuba of this particular strain of dengue, DEN-2 from Southeast Asia, had caused the first major epidemic of DHF ever in the Americas. (Reported on their website: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/dengue.htm)

In 1956 and 1958, declassified documents have revealed, the US Army loosed swarms of specially bred mosquitos in Georgia and Florida to see whether disease-carrying insects could be weapons in a biological war. The mosquitos bred for the tests were of the Aedes aegypti type, the precise carrier of dengue fever as well as other diseases. (San Francisco Chronicle, October 29, 1980, p.15)

In 1967 it was reported by Science magazine that at the US government center in Fort Detrick, Maryland, dengue fever was amongst those “diseases that are at least the objects of considerable research and that appear to be among those regarded as potential BW [biological warfare] agents.” (Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC), January 13,1967, p.176) On a clear day, October 21, 1996, a Cuban pilot flying over Matanzas province observed a plane releasing a mist of some substance about seven times. It turned out to be an American crop-duster plane operated by the US State Department, which had permission to fly over Cuba on a trip to Colombia via Grand Cayman Island. Responding to the Cuban pilot’s report, the Cuban air controller asked the US pilot if he was having any problem. The answer was “no”. Two months later, Cuba observed the first signs of a plague of Thrips palmi, a plant-eating insect never before detected in Cuba. It severely damages practically all crops and is resistant to a number of pesticides. Cuba asked the US for clarification of the October 21 incident. Seven weeks passed before the US replied that the State Department pilot had emitted only smoke, in order to indicate his location to the Cuban pilot. (For further details of the State Department’s side of the issue, see New York Times, May 7, 1997, p.9) By this time, the Thrips palmi had spread rapidly, affecting corn, beans, squash, cucumbers and other crops. In response to a query, the Federal Aviation Administration stated that emitting smoke to indicate location is “not an FAA practice” and that it knew of “no regulation calling for this practice.” In April 1997, Cuba presented a report to the United Nations which charged the US with “biological aggression” and provided a detailed description of the 1996 incident and the subsequent controversy. In August, signatories of the Biological Weapons Convention convened in Geneva to consider Cuba’s charges and Washington’s response. In December, the committee reported that due to the “technical complexity” of the matter, it had not proved possible to reach a definitive conclusion.

77 Patricia Doyle, “Deadly West Nile virus for Profit Vaccine Award Announced,” NoSpray Newz, August 2000. Also, http://www.rense.com/general3/profit.htm.

78 See especially NoSpray Newz #17, at http://www.NoSpray.org.

79 The Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness is now called the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR).

80 Ceci Connolly, “Smallpox Vaccination for Medical Workers Proposed,” Washington Post, Sept. 4, 2002.

81 Lawrence K. Altman and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Smallpox Vaccine Backed for Public,” NY Times, Oct. 5, 2002. The article offers an inside glimpse into a split in the thinking of the Bush administration, noting that “Vice President Dick Cheney favors a mass vaccination approach, while Mr. Bush favors a more moderate approach.” Strangely, Jerome Hauer is said to have been removed from his position as head of the Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness “primarily for conflicts he had with Scooter Libby over whether the risks of smallpox vaccination were worth the benefit. Hauer charged that the Office of the Vice President was pushing for the universal vaccination despite the vaccine’s health risks, primarily exaggerate the risk of biological terrorism.” This, despite the long record of Hauer’s aggressive advocacy of mandatory vaccination and exaggeration of the risk of biological terrorism.

82 Of the many books and websites that report this story, see Barron’s “How to prepare for the AP environmental science advanced placement exam,” written by Gary Thorpe. Also, Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, “Natural Capitalism,” 2010 edition.

83 For fascinating sleuthing in tracking down the origins of the Borneo cat story and controversies challenging its validity, see Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy, “Parachuting Cats and Crushed Eggs: The Controversy Over the Use of DDT to Control Malaria,” Jan. 2008, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636426/#bib19.

84 Homer Bigart., “A DDT Tale Aids Reds in Vietnam,” New York Times, February 2, 1962: 3.

85 The covert U.S. biological and chemical warfare program, much of it developed at Fort Detrick, Maryland, has historically tested its weapons on U.S. soldiers, American Indian reservations, ghetto populations, colonies (like Puerto Rico), and prisoners—in other words, on controlled and bounded populations. Widescale testing on others is now becoming increasingly frequent and aggressive–albeit shrouded in secrecy and disinformation.

Chapter 6: Children & Pesticides

1 Statement of American Academy of Pediatrics, Pediatrics 130, no. 6 (December 2012), 1757–63.

2 V. Garry, et al., “Pesticide Appliers, Biocides, and Birth Defects in Rural Minnesota,” Environmental Health Perspectives 104, no. 4 (April 1996), 394–99.

3 M. Krüger M, A. A. Shehata, W. Schrödl, and A. Rodloff, “Glyphosate Suppresses the Antagonistic Effect of Enterococcus spp. on Clostridium botulinum,” Anaerobe 20 (April 2013) 74–8, doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.01.005. Also see www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23396248.

4 “Could Common Insecticides Be Tied to Behavior Issues in Kids?” HealthDay News, March 2, 2017, www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=202021.

5 Roni Caryn Rabin, “A Strong Case Against a Pesticide Does Not Faze E.P.A. Under Trump,” New York Times, May 15, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/health/pesticides-epa-chlorpyrifos-scott-pruitt.html.

6 Grandjean and Landrigan. “Developmental Neurotoxicity of Industrial Chemicals,” The Lancet 368 (November 2006).

7 L. J. Akinbami, J. E. Moorman, and X. Lui, “Asthma Prevalence, Health Care Use, and Mortality: United States, 2005–2009, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Statistics Reports 32, January 2011.

8 M. T. Salam et al., “Early Life Environmental Risk Factors for Asthma: Findings from the Children’s Health Study.” Environmental Health Perspectives 112, no. 6 (May; 2004), 760–65.

9 Chen et al., “Residential Exposure to Pesticide During Childhood and Childhood Cancers: A Meta-Analysis,” Pediatrics 136, no. 4 (October 2015).

10 J. Rudant, et al., “Household Exposure to Pesticides and Risk of Childhood Hematopoietic Malignancies: The ESCALE Study (SFCE),” Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (December 2007), 1787–1793.

Chapter 7: It’s Not That Anyone Wants to Kill Butterflies

1 “The Environmental Impacts of Glyphosate,” Friends of The Earth, 2013.

2 Warren Cornwall, “The Missing Monarchs,” Slate, January 29, 2014, www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/01/monarch_butterfly_decline_monsanto_s_roundup_is_killing_milkweed.html.

3 Ibid.

4 J. A. Springett and R. A. J. Gray, “Effect of Repeated Low Doses of Biocides on the Earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa in Laboratory Culture,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24, no. 12 (1992), 1739–1744. Repeated applications of glyphosate significantly affect the growth and survival of earthworms.

5 S. A. Hassan et al., 1988. “Results of the Fourth Joint Pesticide Testing Programme Carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms,’” Journal of Applied Entomology 105, no. 1–5 (1988), 321–329.

6 L. C. Folmar, H. O. Sanders, and A. M. Julin, “Toxicity of the Herbicides Glyphosate and Several of its Formulations to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 8, no. 3 (1979), 269–278. Environmental factors, such as high sedimentation and increases in temperature and pH levels, increase the toxicity of Roundup, especially to young fish.

7 Impacts of Pesticides on Wildlife (2017) Beyond Pesticides, https://beyondpesticides.org/programs/wildlife.

8 www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/21/insects-giant-ecosystem-collapsing-human-activity-catastrophe.

9 Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP), “Herbicide Factsheet: Glyphosate (Roundup).” Journal of Pesticide Reform (1998).

10 Umberto Quattrocchi, CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), 1999.

11 C. Robertson, “Insect Relations of Certain Asclepiads,” I. Botanical Gazette 12 (1887), 207–216, as summarized at www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias.

12 “Milkweed Poisoning of Horses,” New Mexico State University, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES), October 2017, aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/B709/.

13 www.pollinatorparadise.com/what_is_pollination.htm.

14 http://monarchwatch.org/blog/2014/01/24/importance-of-monarch-conservation/.

15 http://metatexte.net/ezine/pdf/Huber.pdf.

16 http://xerces.org/neonicotinoids-and-bees/.

17 Simon Marks, “Watchdog Links Pesticide to Bee Decline,” Politico, December 5, 2017, www.politico.eu/article/food-safety-watchdog-links-pesticide-to-bee-decline/.

18 Tami Canal, “EPA Finally Admits What Has Been Killing Bees For Decades,” March Against Monsanto, January 10, 2016, www.march-against-monsanto.com/epa-finally-admits-what-has-been-killing-bees-for-decades/.

19 Rosemary Mosco, “14 Darling Facts About Ladybugs,” Mental Floss, May 24, 2016.

20 Alan Watts, Cloud-Hidden, Whereabouts Unknown (New York: Vintage Books), 1974.

Chapter 11: Why I Stopped using Pesticide Poisons

1 www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/The+Ideal+Pesticide.

2 www.thebestcontrol2.com.

Chapter 12: Where in the World Is It (Relatively) Safe to Eat?

1 Banroundupnow.org, “Monsanto’s Roundup Could Be Dangerous,” July 11, 2017, http://www.banroundupnow.org/news-archive/2017/7/11/states-ban-a-common-pesticide-and-many-farmers-are-happy-about-it.

2 Sustainable Pulse, “Argentinian Federal Prosecutor Requests Ban on GMO Crops over Glyphosate Fears,” December 28, 2016, www.sustainablepulse.com/2016/12/28/argentinian-federal-prosecutor-requests-ban-on-gmo-crops-over-glyphosate-fears/.

3 Reuters, “EU Will Only Extend Glyphosate License with National Backing,” July 17, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-health-eu-glyphosate/eu-will-only-extend-glyphosate-license-with-national-backing-idUSKBN1A21EW.

4 Der Tagesspiegel, “SPD-Ministerin Hendricks: Deutsche Zustimmung Ist Vertrauensbruch,” November 27, 2017, www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/eu-entscheidung-zu-glyphosat-spd-ministerin-hendricks-deutsche-zustimmung-ist-vertrauensbruch/20636592.html.

5 Danny Hakim, N..Y. Times Business Day, November 27, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/business/eu-glyphosate-pesticide.html.

6 Sustainable Pulse, “Germany Will Phase Out Glyphosate Herbicides ‘as Fast as Possible,’ ” February 9, 2018.

7 Pesticide Action Network Europe, “New Study: Glyphosate Persists! And European Top Soils Are Contaminated with It,” October 13, 2017, www.pan-europe.info/press-releases/2017/10/press-release-new-study-glyphosate-persists-and-european-top-soils-are.

8 Vera Silva, Luca Montanarella, A. Jones, O. Fernández-Ugalde, Hans Mol, Coen J. Ritsema, 2017. “Distribution of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) in Agricultural Topsoils of the European Union,” Science of the Total Environment 621 (2017), 1352–1359, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717327973.

9 Glyphosate Task Force, “Environmental Fate and Behaviour of Glyphosate,” www.glyphosate.eu/environmental-fate-and-behaviour-glyphosate.

10 Anahí Dominguez et al.,“Toxicity of AMPA to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei Bouché, 1972 in Tropical Artificial Soil,” Scientific Reports 6, article no. 19731 (January 2016), www.nature.com/articles/srep19731.

11 Ludmilla Aristilde et al., “Glyphosate-Induced Specific and Widespread Perturbations in the Metabolome of Soil Pseudomonas Species.” Frontiers in Environmental Science, (June 2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00034.

12 F. Poirier et al., 2017. “Proteomic Analysis of the Soil Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans Exposed to a Roundup Formulation at a Dose Causing No Macroscopic Effect: A Functional Study,” Environmental and Pollution Research International 24, no. 33 (November 2017), 25933–25946, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/28940012/.

13 Johal and Huber, “Glyphosate Effects on Diseases of Plants,” European Journal of Agronomy 31, no.. 3, (2009), 144–152.

14 Sirajum Munira et al., 2016. “Phosphate Fertilizer Impacts on Glyphosate Sorption by Soil,” Chemosphere 153 (June 2016), 471–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.028.

15 France bans sale of Monsanto herbicide Roundup in nurseries (2015) https://phys.org/news/2015-06-france-sale-monsanto-herbicide-roundup.html.

16 Healthy Home Economist, “Dutch Ban Roundup, France and Brazil to Follow,” https://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/roundup-banned-netherlands-france-brazil-likely-soon-follow/. A 2012 French court ruling declared Monsanto guilty of chemical poisoning of French farmer Paul Francois, who suffered neurological damage including memory loss, headaches, and stammering after exposure to the vapors of Lasso, a Monsanto manufactured weedkiller in 2004 that contained the herbicide Alachlor—now banned in the European Union. See Newsweek, June 2015, www.newsweek.com/france-bans-sale-monsantos-roundup-garden-centers-after-un-names-it-probable-343311.

17 AWD News, July 14, 2017, www.awdnews.com/society/netherlands-bans-monsanto%E2%80%99s-cancer-causing-roundup-to-protect-citizens-from-carcinogenic-glyphosate.

18 Philip Leone Ganado, “Complete Ban on Weedkiller Glyphosate ‘Was Never on the Cards.’” Times of Malta, January 27, 2017, www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170127/local/complete-ban-on-glyphosate-never-not-on-the-cards.637676.

19 “Sri Lanka to Relax Glyphosate Weedicide Ban,” Economynext. September 19, 2016, www.economynext.com/Sri_Lanka_to_relax_glyphosate_weedicide_ban__report-3-6143-9.html.

20 “China to Phase Out More Pesticides in Push to Improve Food Safety,” Reuters, December 5, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/china-pesticides/china-to-phase-out-more-pesticides-in-push-to-improve-food-safety-idUSL3N1O51PO.

21 Steven Drucker, Altered Genes, Twisted Truth: How the Venture to Genetically Engineer Our Food Has Subverted Science, Corrupted Government, and Systematically Deceived the Public. (Salt Lake City: Clear River Press, 2015).

22 GeneWatch,”Worldwide Commercial Growing,” www.genewatch.org/sub-532326.

23 Genetic Literacy Project, “Where Are GMOs Grown and Banned?” 2015, https://gmo.geneticliteracyproject.org/FAQ/where-are-gmos-grown-and-banned/.

24 As of 2015, the countries using the most acreage to grow GMO crops can be found here: www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/51/executivesummary/default.asp.

25 Sustainable Pulse, Jan. 25, 2016.

26 The International Reporter, April 24, 2016 “Russian Organic Wheat Takes World by Storm, US GMO Glyphosate Losing Out!” www.theinternationalreporter.org/2016/04/24/russian-organic-wheat-takes-world-by-storm-us-gmo-glyphosate-losing-out/.

27 Richard Levins, The Struggle for Ecological Agriculture in Cuba, (New York: Red Balloon Collective, 1995).

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

30 Noam Chomsky, Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs, (London: Pluto Press, 2000), 27. He made his observation when reviewing US declassified information. See also William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, (London: Zed Books, 2003), 188–90.

31 Carolina Cositore, personal interviews with author, July 2017.

32 This concept of using insects to protect plants from other insects was experimentally developed in Cuba thirty years ago by teams involving Richard Levins, Peter Rosset, and other radical American scientists in solidarity with the Cuban Revolution.

Chapter 13: Consequences of Glyphosate’s Effects on Animal Cells, Animals, and Ecosystems

1 Monsanto produces glyphosate herbicide mixes, or GlyBH.

2 “Registration Review - Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Glyphosate and its Salts,”; p. 2, https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/draft-human-health-and-ecological-risk-assessments-glyphosate. Registration Review - Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Glyphosate and its Salts; p. 2

3 Glyphosate’s herbicidal efficacy has been based on its inhibition of the shikimate pathway in plant cells (Boocock, M. & Coggins, J., 1983).

4 The internal concentration is greater than that found in the organisms’ surroundings.

5 The internal concentration is greater, often by 10 times or more, at each consecutive feeding level.

6 Although glyphosate is often referred to as an organophosphate, it is technically an organic phosphorus compound, since it is missing the ester link, which must be present in order for a substance to be classified as an organophosphate, in the strict chemical definition of the term.

7 Benthic macroinvertebrates are tiny “bugs” or “worms”(often larva of arthropods) which inhabit muddy leaf-littered bottoms of streams. They are used as index species, to characterize the health of the particular ecosystem.

8 Nanoparticles maybe added by the pesticide manufacturer to increase glyphosate’s persistence in the environment and its potency, or to reduce the percentage of glyphosate needed in the mix. The environmental and health effects of nanoparticles, in GlyBH, as well as food, clothing, cosmetics, fertilizers products, appear to be extensive and are now being evaluated. Dr. Mengshi Lin’s group at the University of Missouri, School of Agriculture is one starting point for researching experiments investigating the safety of nanoparticles.

9 Discussed in Chapter 3 of this book (Cohen, M.)

10 However, Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. v. United States (Burlington Northern), 556 U.S. 599 (2009) has put that in jeopardy, although joint and several liability is still the rule, rather than the exception. (Kilbert, K. 2012).

11 Estimate is of the United Nations Environmental Program.

12 See earlier in page 9 of this chapter for discussion on neonicotinoids and the chapter in this book by J. Latham.

13 ThisWhich could be one example of Chaos Theory in action.

Chapter 14: Unsafe at any Dose? Glyphosate in the Context of Multiple Chemical Safety Failures

1 Nagel, S and Bromfield, J. (2013) Bisphenol A: A Model Endocrine Disrupting Chemical With a New Potential Mechanism of Action; Endocrinology. 2013 Jun; 154(6): 1962–1964. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740487/.

2 https://www.thestreet.com/story/10471527/1/sunoco-restricts-sales-of-chemical-used-in-bottles.html.

3 http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/france-bans-contested-chemical-bpa-food-packaging-article-1.1219611.

4 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11843820.

5 Jenna Bilbrey, “BPA-Free Plastic Containers May Be Just as Hazardous,” Scientific American, Aug. 11, 2014. Biphenol-S may be more hazardous than BPA and is now widely used since BPA was banned.

6 Worldwide Integrated Assessment of the Impact of Systemic Pesticides on Biodiversity and Ecosystems(2015) Environmental Science and Pollution Research Volume 22, Issue 1, January 2015 http://link.springer.com/journal/11356/22/1/page/1, www.tfsp.info/, www.iucn.org/news/secretariat/201709/severe-threats-biodiversity-neonicotinoid-pesticides-revealed-latest-scientific-review, and www.iucn.org/content/systemic-pesticides-pose-global-threat-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services.

7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718750/.

8 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076014000314.

9 http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/.

10 http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/169263/files/Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A, Ayyakkannu, Laribi.pdf.

11 http://presse.inra.fr/en/Resources/Press-releases/Bisphenol-A-and-food-intolerance-a-link-established-for-the-first-time.

12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623814000203.

13 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/51743683_Impact_of_early-life_bisphenol_A_exposure_on_behavior_and_executive_function_in_children/file/72e7e524ec8adb78d9.pdf.

14 http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3440080.

15 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161813X14001715.

16 http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/er.2011–1050.

17 http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3978.htm.

18 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbuthylazine.

19 http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-agriculture/tyrone-hayes-misfortune-frogs-crooked-science-and-why-we-should-shun-gmos.html.

20 https://thepumphandle.wordpress.com/popcorndiacetyl/.

21 http://blogs.edf.org/health/2010/01/12/won’t-we-ever-stop-playing-whack-a-mole-with-regrettable-chemical-substitutions. Diacetyl was a chemical added to the butter dribbled on popcorn to enhance its buttery flavor. The lung’s bronchioles, the smallest airways, are the ones most damaged in popcorn lung. See https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318260.php.

22 http://www.deq.state.va.us/Portals/0/DEQ/Land/RemediationPrograms/Brownfields/Weaver1-195-1-PB-8r.pdf.

23 http://greensciencepolicy.org/hbcd-is-on-the-way-out-but-use-of-questionable-alternatives-will-persist/.

24 https://www.independentsciencenews.org/news/many-european-pesticide-approvals-are-unlawful-says-eu-ombudsman/.

25 http://generationgreen.org/2010/03/the-toxies-an-award-show-for-bad-actor-chemicals/.

26 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140227134843.htm.

27 Sarah A. Vogel. (2009) The Politics of Plastics: The Making and Unmaking of Bisphenol A “Safety” Am J Public Health. 2009 November; 99(Suppl 3): S559–S566; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2774166/.

28 https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm.

29 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935114002473.

30 https://student.societyforscience.org/article/corals-dine-microplastics.

31 http://www.pvc.org/en/p/cadmium-stabilisers.

32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734497/.

33 https://www.independentsciencenews.org/health/the-failing-animal-research-paradigm-for-human-disease/

34 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3587220/.

35 https://www.independentsciencenews.org/news/the-experiment-is-on-us-animal-toxicology-testing-science/

36 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623814000203.

37 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041008X81901903.

38 http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/122/1/1.full.

39 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674995700730.

40 http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/Suppl_1/S254.full.pdf+html.

41 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471489214000988

42 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.276.7132&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

43 http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/er.2011–1050.

44 http://www.altex.ch/resources/altex_2014_2_157_176_Charukeshi1.pdf.

45 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090505194948/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/report/volume1/toc.htm.

46 http://www.cogem.net/index.cfm/en/publications/publicatie/can-interactions-between-bt-proteins-be-predicted.

47 http://www.figo.org/sites/default/files/uploads/News/Final%20PDF_8462.pdf.

48 http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005.

49 http://www.cogem.net/index.cfm/en/publications/publicatie/research-report-ecological-and-experimental-constraints-for-field-trials-to-study-potential-effects-of-transgenic-bt-crops-on-non-target-insects-and-spiders.

50 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Bio-Test_Laboratories.

51 http://nepis.epa.gov/.

52 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Bio-Test_Laboratories.

53 http://www.webcitation.org/69A19G61r.

54 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Bio-Test_Laboratories.

55 http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/dalbo/Regulatory_Capture_Published.pdf.

56 http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/oecdguidelinesforthetestingofchemicalsandrelateddocuments.htm.

57 http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/10481/24821/1/ehp-117-309.pdf.

58 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice.

59 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/8331752_Equal_treatment_for_regulatory_science_extending_the_controls_governing_the_quality_of_public_research_to_private_research/file/3deec525c2f5d0c924.pdf.

60 http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/10481/24821/1/ehp-117-309.pdf.

61 http://home.comcast.net/~jurason/main/bio4.htm.

62 https://www.independentsciencenews.org/health/designed-to-fail-why-regulatory-agencies-dont-work/.

63 https://www.independentsciencenews.org/news/eu-safety-institutions-caught-plotting-an-industry-escape-route-around-looming-pesticide-ban/.

64 https://www.independentsciencenews.org/health/designed-to-fail-why-regulatory-agencies-dont-work/.

65 http://www.vallianatos.com/.

66 http://www.amazon.com/Poison-Spring-Secret-History-Pollution/dp/1608199142/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top/188-1966921-5851069.

67 http://www.whistleblowers.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74.

68 https://www.independentsciencenews.org/health/how-epa-faked-the-entire-science-of-sewage-sludge-safety-a-whistleblowers-story/.

69 McElmurray v. United States Department of Agriculture, United States District Court, Southern District of Georgia. Case No. CV105-159. Order issued Feb. 25, 2008.

70 http://www.desmogblog.com/2015/03/02/internal-documents-reveal-extensive-industry-influence-over-epa-s-national-study-fracking.

71 https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1678647-greenpeace-foia-returns.html#document/p332/a205594

72 http://www.peer.org/

73 http://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/2015/04/21/egregious-epa-misconduct-delivers-whistleblower-win/

74 http://www.boulderweekly.com/article-12640-muzzled-by-monsanto.html.

75 http://inthesetimes.com/article/18504/epa_government_scientists_and_chemical_industry_links_influence_regulations.

76 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041008X7990471X.

77 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112903764.html.

78 http://www.amazon.com/Pandoras-Poison-Chlorine-Environmental-Strategy/dp/0262700840.

Chapter 15: Glyphosate on Trial: The Search for Toxicological Truth

1 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, monograph 112, (Lyons, France, 2017).

2 European Food Safety Authority, “Conclusion on the Peer Review of the Pesticide Risk Assessment of the Active Substance Glyphosate,” EFSA Journal 13, no. 11 (2015): 4302.

3 See letter from Allan Hirsch, Chief Deputy Director, OEHHA to Philip W. Miller, vice president Global Corporate Affairs, Monsanto Company, June 26, 2017, https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/crnr/comments/letterphilipmillerandiarcrespondstoreuters.pdf.

4 David Michaels, Doubt Is Their Product (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

5 Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner, The Lead Wars (Oakland: University of California Press, 2014).

6 Baum Hedlund Law, Monsanto secret documents, www.baumhedlundlaw.com/monsantoroundup-cancer-lawsuits-filed-missouri/, accessed August 5, 2017.

7 Danny Hakim, “Monsanto Weed Killer Faces New Doubts on Safety in Unsealed Documents,” New York Times, March 14, 2017.

8 Tiffany Stecker, “Monsanto Pushed EPA to Fast Track Pesticide Report in 2015,” Bloomberg News. August 2, 2017, www.bna.com/monsanto-pushed-epa-n73014462610/, accessed August 5, 2017.

9 Gilles-Éric Séralini and Jérôme Douzelet, The Great Health Scam. (New Dehli: Natraj Publishers, 2016).

10 Rudolfo Saracci and Christopher P. Wild, International Agency for Research on Cancer: The first 50 years: 1965–2015, Rudolfo Saracci and Christopher P. Wild. World Health Organization. (Lyon, France: 2015), 32, http://www.iarc.fr/en/about/iarc-history.php.

11 http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/The-History-Of-Iarc/International-Agency-For-Research-On-Cancer-The-First-50-Years-1965%E2%80%932015

12 IARC 2017, 140.

13 IARC. Statistical Methods in Cancer Research Vol. 1: The Analysis of Case Control Studies. (Lyons, France, 1980); Statistical Methods in Cancer Research Vol II: The Analysis of Cohort Studies (Lyons, France, 1987).

14 Saracci, 142.

15 IARC, Carcinogens in the Human Environment, 143, www.iarc.fr/en/publications/books/iarc50/IARC_Ch4.2.2_web.pdf, accessed August 4, 2017.

16 András Székács Béla Darvas, “Forty Years with Glyphosate,”

17 Gerald M Dill, R. Douglas Sammons, Paul C.C. Feng et al., “Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and Properties,” in Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management, ed. Vijay K. Nandula (New York: John Wiley, 2010).

18 Gerald M Dill, R. Douglas Sammons, Paul C.C. Feng et al., “Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and Properties,” in Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management, ed. Vijay K. Nandula (New York: John Wiley, 2010).

19 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate (Washington, DC: EPA, 2017), 738-R-93-014, www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/red_PC-417300_1-Sep-93.pdf.

20 Jerry M. Green and Michael D. K. Owen, “Herbicide-Resistant Crops: Utilities and Limitations for Herbicide-Resistant Week Management,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 59, no. 11 (2011): 5819–29

21 IARC 2017.

22 United States District Court, Northern District of California, Roundup Products Liability Litigation, MDL No. 2741, Case No. 16-md-02741-VC, videotaped deposition of Aaron Earl Blair (Washington DC, March 20, 2017).

23 IARC, monograph 112, 35

24 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Revised Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential (December 12, 2017).

25 National Institutes of Health, Agricultural Health Study, http://aghealth.nih.giv/collaboration/questionnaire.html, accessed December 30, 2017.

26 “No association of glyphosate with cancer of the brain in adults was found in the Upper Midwest Health case-control study. No associations in single case-control studies were found for cancers of the oesophagus and stomach, prostate, and soft-tissue sarcoma. For all other cancer sites (lung, oral cavity, colorectal, pancreas, kidney, bladder, breast, prostate, melanoma) investigated in the large AHS, no association with exposure to glyphosate was found,” IARC, 396.

27 IARC, monograph 112, 75.

28 Ibid., 78.

29 Ibid.

30 Jose V. Tarazona, Daniele Court-Marques, Manuela Tiramani, Hermine Reich, Rudoff Pfeil, Frederique Istace, Frederica Crivellente, “Glyphosate Toxicity and Carcinogenicity: A Review of the Scientific Basis of the European Union Assessment and Its Differences with IARC, Archives of Toxicology (Published online April 3, 2017). Tarazona, J.V., Court-Marques, D., Tiramani, M. et al. Arch Toxicol (2017) 91: 2723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5.

31 Ibid., 1.

32 Ibid., 16, 18.

33 Kate Kelland, “Cancer Agency Left in the Dark over Glyphosate Evidence,” Reuters, June 14, 2017, www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/glyphosate-cancer-data/, accessed July 21, 2017.

34 U.S. District Court, videotaped deposition. 293.

35 International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, “Q&A on Glyphosate,” March 1, 2016, www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/Q&A_Glyphosate.pdf. 34 IARC, 2016 Q&A.

36 Ibid.

37 EPA, 2017, 68.

38 Ibid.

39 Sheldon Krimsky, Science in the Private Interest (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003).

40 Sheldon Krimsky, “The Unsteady State and Inertia of Chemical Regulation under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act,” PLOS Biology 15, no. 12 (2017): e2002404.

Chapter 16: Reuters vs. U.N. Cancer Agency: Are Corporate Ties Influencing Science Coverage?

1 http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/MonographVolume112.pdf.

2 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/iarc-scientists-defend-gl_b_12720306.html.

3 http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2017/06/01/monsanto-operation-intoxication_5136915_3244.html.

4 https://fair.org/home/gmo-crops-are-tools-of-a-chemical-agriculture-system/.

5 http://www.nature.com/news/science-media-centre-of-attention-1.13362.

6 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Science-Media-Centre-consultation-report.pdf.

7 https://usrtk.org/our-investigations/science-media-centre/.

8 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/Risk%20Communication%20with%20the%20media_0.pdf.

9 https://storify.com/Paraphyso/wellcome-trust-science-media-centre.

10 https://blogs.fco.gov.uk/sunilkumar/2013/11/26/engaging-science-and-media/.

11 http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/glyphosate-cancer-data/.

12 https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/epi/studies/ahs/index.cfm.

13 http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/06/monsanto-roundup-glyphosate-cancer-who/.

14 https://www.bna.com/monsanto-cancer-study-n73014453449/.

15 https://usrtk.org/pesticides/reuters-kate-kelland-iarc-story-promotes-false-narrative/.

16 http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/glyphosate-cancer-data/.

17 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/monsanto-spin-doctors-target-cancer-scientist-in-flawed_us_594449eae4b0940f84fe2e57.

18 http://governance.iarc.fr/ENG/Docs/IARC_responds_to_Reuters_15_June_2017.pdf.

19 http://www.stltoday.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-in-a-scientific-dispute-over-roundup-monsanto-gets-a/article_dca54b1d-6025-5c8a-b765-cf286adac9ec.html.

20 http://www.stltoday.com/opinion/mailbag/editorial-relied-on-inaccurate-reporting-about-glyphosate-study/article_754e8e59-c63a-5925-bdc0-0006af6cc05c.html.

21 https://twitter.com/USRightToKnow/status/885194196839129088.

22 https://morningconsult.com/opinions/cancer-data-suppressed-international-organization/.

23 https://www.facebook.com/pg/Science-News-Today-1927007787570501/reviews/.

24 https://twitter.com/USRightToKnow/status/885192740677595137.

25 http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/health-who-iarc/.

26 http://news.cision.com/the-investor-relations-group/r/environmental-health-trust-questions-new-study-claiming-no-cell-phone-brain-cancer-link-among-childr,c9147452.

27 http://science.time.com/2010/09/27/health-a-cancer-muckraker-takes-on-cell-phones/.

28 https://usrtk.org/hall-of-shame/why-you-cant-trust-the-american-council-on-science-and-health/.

29 http://www.acsh.org/news/2016/04/18/whats-ailing-iarc-another-round-of-criticism-ensues.

30 http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/health-who-iarc/.

31 http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2016/03/03/jech-2015-207005.

32 https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/04/18/glyphosate-battles-different-european-agencies-came-different-cancer-conclusions/.

33 https://usrtk.org/hall-of-shame/jon-entine-the-chemical-industrys-master-messenger/.

34 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-cancer-iarc-exclusive-idUSKCN12P2FW.

35 https://www.desmogblog.com/energy-environment-legal-institute.

36 http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/Reuters_questions_and_answers_Oct2016.pdf.

37 http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/Reuters_Readmore_Oct2016.pdf.

38 http://governance.iarc.fr/ENG/Docs/IARC_responds_to_Reuters_15_June_2017.pdf.

39 http://archives.cjr.org/the_observatory/science_media_centers_the_pres_1.php.

40 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/about-us/funding/.

41 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/working-with-us/for-journalists/roundups-for-journalists/.

42 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/working-with-us/for-journalists/briefings-for-journalists/.

43 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/film/.

44 http://www.emfacts.com/download/Science_media_centre_spin.pdf.

45 http://www.nature.com/news/science-media-centre-of-attention-1.13362.

46 http://www.nature.com/news/science-media-centre-of-attention-1.13362.

47 http://www.scidev.net/global/journalism/feature/uk-s-science-media-centre-lambasted-for-pushing-corporate-science.html.

48 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-carcinogenicity-classification-of-five-pesticides-by-the-international-agency-for-research-on-cancer-iarc/.

49 https://monsanto.com/company/media/responses-iarc-glyphosate-classification/.

50 https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/151112.

51 https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/151112.

52 https://echa.europa.eu/-/glyphosate-not-classified-as-a-carcinogen-by-echa.

53 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-efsas-conclusions-on-glyphosate-safety/.

54 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-the-european-chemicals-agency-echa-committee-for-risk-assessment-not-classifying-glyphosate-as-a-carcinogen/.

55 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-monsanto-glyphosate-idUSKCN0T61QL20151117.

56 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-efsas-conclusions-on-glyphosate-safety/.

57 https://www.nrdc.org/experts/jennifer-sass/glyphosate-iarc-got-it-right-efsa-got-it-monsanto.

58 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-the-european-food-safety-authority-efsa-draft-scientific-opinion-on-the-safety-of-the-artificial-sweetener-aspartame/.

59 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-press-release-from-fote-and-gm-freeze-about-glyphosate-in-urine/.

60 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-paper-on-insecticides-and-birth-defects-to-be-published-in-occupational-and-environmental-medicine-a-bmj-specialist-journal-2-2/.

61 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-research-on-alcohol-and-cancer/.

62 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-efsa-report-conclusion-that-seralini-study-conclusions-were-not-supported-by-data/.

63 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-of-trace-metals-and-lower-or-higher-cancer-risk-as-published-in-gut-2-2/.

64 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-investigating-content-of-and-contaminants-in-laboratory-rodent-diets/.

65 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-the-european-chemicals-agency-echa-committee-for-risk-assessment-not-classifying-glyphosate-as-a-carcinogen/.

66 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-carcinogenicity-classification-of-five-pesticides-by-the-international-agency-for-research-on-cancer-iarc/.

67 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/17/unwho-panel-in-conflict-of-interest-row-over-glyphosates-cancer-risk.

68 https://usrtk.org/sweeteners/ilsi-wields-stealthy-influence-for-the-food-and-agrichemical-industries/.

69 http://www.who.int/foodsafety/jmprsummary2016.pdf?ua=1.

70 http://ilsi.eu/about-us/.

71 https://usrtk.org/sweeteners/ilsi-wields-stealthy-influence-for-the-food-and-agrichemical-industries/.

72 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/17/unwho-panel-in-conflict-of-interest-row-over-glyphosates-cancer-risk.

73 http://www.who.int/foodsafety/faq/en/.

74 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-who-glyphosate-idUSKCN0Y71HR.

75 http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/experts-respond-to-the-news-that-high-levels-of-dioxins-have-been-found-in-slaughtered-pigs-in-the-republic-of-ireland-2/.

76 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ireland-food-recall-idUSL751490720081207.

77 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/17/unwho-panel-in-conflict-of-interest-row-over-glyphosates-cancer-risk.

78 https://usrtk.org/pesticides/mdl-monsanto-glyphosate-cancer-case-key-documents-analysis/.

79 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-07-13/does-the-world-s-top-weed-killer-cause-cancer-trump-s-epa-will-decide.

80 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-07-13/does-the-world-s-top-weed-killer-cause-cancer-trump-s-epa-will-decide.

81 https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/who-iarc-glyphosate/.

82 https://www.americanchemistry.com/Media/PressReleasesTranscripts/ACC-news-releases/ACC-Calls-Upon-Global-Leaders-to-Take-Action-Against-IARC-Over-Deliberate-Manipulation-of-Data.html.

83 https://usrtk.org/pesticides/carey-gillams-presentation-to-european-parliament-hearing-on-the-monsanto-papers-glyphosate/.

84 http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2017/june/of-mice-monsanto-and-a-mysterious-tumor.

85 http://fair.org/home/reuters-vs-un-cancer-agency-are-corporate-ties-influencing-science-coverage/.

86 http://baumhedlundlaw.com/pdf/monsanto-documents/72-Document-Details-Monsantos-Goals-After-IARC-Report.pdf.

87 https://usrtk.org/pesticides/how-monsanto-manufactured-outrage-at-iarc-over-cancer-classification/.

88 https://usrtk.org/our-investigations/science-media-centre/.

89 https://usrtk.org/pesticides/reuters-kate-kelland-iarc-story-promotes-false-narrative/.

90 https://usrtk.org/pesticides/monsanto-spin-doctors-target-cancer-scientist-in-flawed-reuters-story/.

Chapter 17: Genetic Engineering, Pesticides, and Resistance to the New Colonialism

1 Javiera Rulli, No Spray Coalition forum, Brooklyn, 2005.

2 Javiera Rulli, “More on the Massacre in Paraguay,” GMWatch, June 28, 2005, http://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/archive/2005/2621-more-on-massacre-in-paraguay-2862005.84

3 Mitchel Cohen, The Politics of World Hunger; also, Somalia, and the Cynical Manipulation of Hunger; Silvia Federici, Africa, the IMF and the New Enclosures, Red Balloon Collective; and Midnight Notes, One No, Many Yeses, Box 204, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, December 1997.

4 Michael Donnelly, “Wall Street’s Failed 1934 Coup,” Counterpunch, December 2, 2011.

5 Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980), in which Chakrabarty, a microbiologist, sought to patent a human-made, genetically engineered bacterium capable of breaking down crude oil, a property that is possessed by no naturally occurring bacteria. In a 5–4 decision, the US Supreme Court ruled that a live, human-made microorganism is patentable under US statutes. Justices in favor: Chief Justice Burger, Stewart, Blackmun, Rehnquist, and Stevens. Opposed: Brennan, White, Marshall, and Powell.

6 Jonah Raskin, A Terrible Beauty: The Wilderness of American Literature, Berkeley: Regent Press, 2014.

7 Fiji Water is an interesting example, as the people of Fiji don’t have clean drinking water for themselves and yet water from Fiji is purified and sold all over the rest of the world. (See http://www.eastbaypesticidealert.org/lbam.html#THEPUSHERS). In addition, Aquafina (owned by Pepsi-Cola) and Dasani (owned by Coca-Cola) have finally admitted that they do not draw water from natural springs despite the pictures on the labels and have been drawing water to sell from tap water—or, as they call it, a “Public Water Source” (PWS). Nestle owns Poland Springs bottled water, but the water “is drawn from underground streams and not from the mountain stream depicted on the label.”

8 “The use of Agent Orange was an experimental form of chemical and biological warfare, designed to strip foliage and deny the enemy jungle cover—and to deprive enemy forces of their food supply (directly spraying rice-fields, for instance). Experimental in this instance meaning no idea of the long-term effects of this deadly herbicide, which can release dioxin—one of the most potent toxins known to mankind.” Mick Grant, The Ecologist, “First Agent Orange, Now Roundup: What’s Monsanto up to in Vietnam? Ecologist Special Investigation,” October 10, 2016.

9 Jeff Nesmith, “Monsanto Altered Dioxin Study, EPA Memo Says,” Indianapolis Star, March 23, 1990, A3.

10 Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, Affidavit in Agent Orange Case, Ivy v. Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co. et al., CV-89-03361 (E.D.N.Y.) 8.

11 Sustainable Pulse, “Vietnam Bans Paraquat and 2,4-D over Human and Environmental Damage,” February 27, 2017.

12 Michael Hansen, “Possible Human Health Hazards of Genetically Engineered Bt Crops,” Consumer Policy Institute/Consumers Union, reported in Organic Consumers Association, October 2000, https://www.organicconsumers.org/old_articles/ge/btcomments.php.

13 http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/11/06/aspartame-most-dangerous-substance-added-to-food.aspx. See also A.V. Krebs, “Monsanto’s Misdeeds,” The Multinational Monitor, July/August 1990: “Dr. Louis Elias, director of medical genetics at Emory University Medical School, argues that NutraSweet was not properly tested. ‘They never asked the right questions about what it does to brain function in humans. They decided without data that you had to have enormous amounts of phenylalanine in your blood before it becomes a problem. We don’t know that’s the case.’ A 1987 study by a University of Illinois scientist indicated that using NutraSweet appeared to heighten chances of behavioral disturbances and birth defects. Dr. Reuben Matalona, a pediatrician and geneticist, argues that his test results suggested that large amounts of NutraSweet could affect small children and millions of people unaware of their body’s inability to fully process phenylalanine. High concentrations of the chemical, he suggests, can cause reduced attention span and concentration and memory loss.”

14 https://www.epa.gov/pcbs/learn-about-polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcbs.

15 Greenpeace, “Monsanto: Greenpeace Corporate Criminal Report.”

16 A.V. Krebs, “Monsanto’s Misdeeds,” The Multinational Monitor, July/August 1990. “EPA officer Robert Taylor has told Greenpeace that the EPA did not approve Monsanto’s application for butachlor registration due to ‘environmental, residue, fish and wildlife and toxicological concerns.’ Butachlor can cause skin and eye irritation, as well as decreased body weights, organ weight changes, reduced brain size and lesions, according to Monsanto’s safety data sheet for the chemical. Nevertheless, butachlor appears in the U.S. food supply; it is used in Argentina, Brazil, China, India, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Venezuela, which together produce 97.5 percent of U.S. rice imports, reports the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.”

17 Ibid.

18 See Mitchel Cohen, Somalia, and the New World Order: You Provide the Collateral, We’ll Provide the Damage (New York: Red Balloon Publications, 1994). See also GM Watch,”GM Cassava ‘Our Only Hope,’” www.gmwatch.org/en/gm-cassava-our-only-hope.

19 See Mitchel Cohen, “Ecological Devastation in Yugoslavia,” “Bombing the Bridge to the 21st Century,” and “Not on the News,” in Against Nato’s War on Yugoslavia (New York: Radical Philosophy Association, 2000), www.thing.net/~oliveworks/.

20 Monsanto was forced to pull its genetically engineered canola off the market in June 1997. But US patent laws allowed the company to conceal the reasons why, despite the threat to public health and safety.

21 S’ra DeSantis, “Using Free Trade Agreements to Contaminate Indigenous Corn,” Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought,” Winter 2004. S’ra DeSantis is part of the Biotechnology Project, Institute for Social Ecology.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid.

24 To keep track of these sorts of movements, contact OrganicWatch, (202) 547–9359, owatch@icta.org; or Pure Food Campaign, 860 Hwy 61, Little Marais, MN 55614, (800)-253-0681, purefood@aol.com.

25 Janet N. Abramovitz, “Imperiled Waters, Impoverished Future: The Decline of Freshwater Ecosystems” (Worldwatch Paper 128, Washington, DC, Worldwarch Institute, 1996).

26 In 2013, the European Union General Court overruled an earlier decision in Germany to grow genetically engineered potatoes, called Amflora, developed by German chemical corporation BASF. “EU Court bans BASF’s ‘Amflora’ GM Potato, Annuls Commission Approval,” Deutsche Welle, Dec. 13, 2013. Three years earlier, the European Union had approved its first genetically modified plant, the Amflora potato, since 1998. “The World from Berlin GM Potato Approval ‘A Big Step for Germany,’” Der Spiegel, March 3, 2010. Mark Lynas, political director of the Cornell Alliance for Science, wrote: “[H]ypocrisy rules: Europe imports over 30 million tons per year of corn and soy-based animal feeds, the vast majority of which are genetically modified, for its livestock industry.”

27 Paul Farmer, AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame.1992 University of California Press.

28 Mary Shelley’s nineteenth century novel was one of many warnings against the dangers of runaway technology. Her Frankenstein is nowhere more apropos than it is in pointing to genetic engineering.

29 ”Genetic Seed Sterilization is ‘Holy Grail’ for Ag Biotechnology Firms: New Patents for ‘Suicide Seeds’ Threaten Farmers and Food Security Warns RAFI.” Berkeley College of Natural Resources, https://nature.berkeley.edu/srr/Alliance/novartis/sterile.htm. “The latest version of Monsanto’s suicide seeds won’t even germinate unless exposed to a special chemical, while AstraZeneca’s technologies outline how to engineer crops to become stunted or otherwise impaired if not regularly exposed to the company’s chemicals.”

30 Although I occasionally use the terms “pests” and “weeds” as commonly understood in this book, those are characterizations advanced as part of a context. What might be a “pest”—a disruptive annoyance—in one context is another organism’s food, or symbiotic partner in another. The same is true for what some call “weeds”—a negative term if you’re growing an immaculate grassy lawn, for example, but if you’re an artist appreciating vibrant colors or a practitioner of holistic medicines, so-called weeds would be far more important than suburban lawns—a different context. Anything can be considered a “pest,” “weed,” “foreigner,” or a “disruptor of the natural ecosystem”—it depends on the lens through which one is looking.

31 http://www.gmo-free-regions.org/gmo-free-regions.html.

32 Layla Katiraee and Kavin Senapathy, “Gerber Formula Goes Non-GMO, But Not Really,” Forbes, February 22, 2016. The authors, who are strongly pro-GMO, raise questions about Gerber’s claims as to being non-GMO.

33 See Jimmy Carter’s letter to the New York Times, August 26, 1998, in favor of genetic engineering as a solution for feeding people in Africa.

34 “As Crisis Hits, Seed Giant Monsanto Sees Business in Russia and Ukraine,” The Moscow Times, January 23, 2015.

35 US Department of Agriculture GAIN report, https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Russia%20Bans%20Cultivation%20and%20Breeding%20of%20GE%20Crops%20and%20Animal_Moscow_Russian%20Federation_7-12-2016.pdf. For more information see FAS/Moscow GAIN report GMO Registration for Cultivation Postponed 6/27/2014.pdf; Russian “Producers Consider It Reasonable to Ban GMO products,” 05/07/2016, http://ria.ru/economy/20160705/1459098131.html.

36 “Russia to Ban Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Production,” Moscow Times, Sept. 20, 2015.

37 Moscow Times, January 23, 2015, op cit. “Ukraine is the world’s sixth largest grain grower this season, and Goncalves said the region remained a priority for Monsanto.”

38 Eduard Korniyenko, “Putin Wants Russia to Become World’s Biggest Exporter of Non-GMO Food,” Reuters, December 3, 2015.

39 Seminar on Socialist Renewal and the Capitalist Crisis—A Cuban-North American Exchange,” Havana, Cuba, June 16–30, 2013, in association with the Center for Global Justice, San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, and the Radical Philosophy Association.

40 “An Open Letter to the Cuban People against Genetic Engineering of Agriculture,” Mitchel Cohen, in A Talk in Havana, Red Balloon Collective, 2013.

41 Organic Consumers Association, https://www.organicconsumers.org/campaigns/millions-against-monsanto.

42 See Mitchel Cohen, Got Pus? Bovine Growth Hormone & the New World Order, (New York: Red Balloon Collective, 1999). Updated and reissued, 2013.

43 Dr. Samuel Epstein, Cancer Research, June 1995.

44 New York Times, “Synthetic Hormone in Milk Raises New Concerns,” Jan. 19, 1999.

45 Ibid.

46 “Milk, rBGH, and Cancer,” Rachel’s Environment and Health Weekly, no. 593, April 9, 1998.

47 See especially Brian Tokar, ed., Redesigning Life: The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering, Zed Books, 2001, distributed in the U.S. by St. Martin’s Press; Sheldon Krimsky & Jeremy Gruber, eds., The GMO Deception: What you need to know about the food, corporations, and government agencies putting our families and our environment at risk, Skyhorse publishing, 2014; and Jeffrey Smith, Seeds of Deception: Exposing Industry and Government Lies About the Safety of the Genetically Engineered Foods You’re Eating, 2003.

48 TruthWiki, “Glyphosate,” www.truthwiki.org/glyphosate/. See also Elena Keates, “EPA Sued for Approving Herbicide to Treat Agent Orange Crops,” Greenpeace, October 2014.

49 Isabella Kenfield, “Monsanto’s Man in the Obama Administration,” Counterpunch.org, August 14, 2009.

50 Mitchel Cohen, “Biotechnology and the New World Order,” in Brian Tokar, ed., Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering (London: Zed Books, 2001). I cited Dan Fagin and Marianna Lavelle, Toxic Deception: How the Chemical Industry Manipulates Science, Bends the Law and Endangers Your Health, Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1999), reviewed by Russell Mokhiber and Robert Wiessman: “Soon after this visit, and after a lot of lobbying pressure from the industry, Gore directly ordered the EPA to slow down its implementation of these tougher pesticide standards that were required by the FQPA,” Fagin told us. “He also told the EPA to make a special effort to consider the needs of agribusiness and the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. A new advisory committee, which included many of the key chemical manufacturers and their consultants, was set up to review implementation of the new law. That committee is still meeting, and the EPA still hasn’t moved against organophosphates.”

51 Full disclosure: The pro-GMO BIO corporation was founded by Lisa Raines, a former colleague and friend of mine at SUNY Stony Brook who participated in her younger years in many anti-war protests with the Red Balloon Collective and wrote a front-page article for the Collective’s newspaper featuring her observations on her trip through Europe and the kidnapping and murder of politician Aldo Moro. A decade later, she had moved dramatically to the right and when we got back in touch with each other after many years of silence, I was already deeply involved in organizing protests against genetic engineering and pesticides. Lisa had taken the opposite path. Lisa Raines was killed on September 11, 2001—a passenger on the plane that was shot down by the U.S. Air Force over Pennsylvania. Her husband, Steve Push, went on to be a spokesperson for a time for some of the families whose relatives had been killed on 9/11.

52 Dave Murphy, Food Democracy Now, http://www.fooddemocracynow.org/campaign/hillary-s-monsanto-how-clinton-state-department-became-global-marketing-arm-monsanto.

53 “U.S. Taxpayer Money Used to Help Promote Monsanto GMO Products Overseas, Documents Reveal,” New York Daily News, May 14, 2013.

54 Tom Philpott, “Taxpayer Dollars Are Helping Monsanto Sell Seeds Abroad,” Mother Jones, May 18, 2013.

55 According to Snopes.com, Hillary Clinton was interviewed by Jim Greenwood, president and CEO of the Biotechnology Industry Organization. Here is an excerpt from the Snopes report:

Clinton endorsed the use of genetically modified organisms such as by engineering them for drought resistance. She suggested the biotech industry stress these characteristics instead of focusing on the term GMOs.

Clinton said the biotech industry “should continue to try to make the case to those who are skeptical that they may not know what they are eating already, because the question of genetically modified foods or hybrids has gone on for many many years, and there is a big gap between what the facts are and what the perceptions are.”

“If you talk about drought-resistant seeds, and I have promoted those all over Africa, by definition they have been engineered to be drought-resistant,” Clinton said. “That’s the beauty of them. Maybe somebody can get their harvest done and not starve, and maybe have something left over to sell.”

The Monsanto Company is also listed among the entities who have donated between $1 million and $5 million to the Clinton Foundation, a nonprofit corporation established by former President Bill Clinton to “strengthen the capacity of people throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence.”

Additionally, some sources have posited that the rumor arose from a connection between the Clinton campaign and Jerry Crawford, an Iowa lawyer and Democratic party leader. Crawford worked on Hillary Clinton´s 2016 campaign in Iowa and is often described as a “Monsanto lobbyist.”

Crawford was brought on to help her win Iowa. According to Opensecrets.org, his lobbying firm has represented Monsanto, as well as the Humane Society. This shouldn’t be a surprise, considering the fact that Iowa is a major state for agriculture, and a number of seed companies do business with farmers there.

Chapter 18: Big Science and the Curious Notion of “Progress”

1 The Institute for Social Ecology, whose leading luminary was Murray Bookchin, existed for many years at Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont. It continues to be headed by Brian Tokar, a contributor to this book.

2 Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy (New York: Harper & Row), 1962.

3 Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin, (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 1977).

4 Dana Bramel and Ron Friend, “The Theory and Practice of Psychology,” in Bertell Ollman and Edward Vernoff, The Left Academy: Marxist Scholarship on American Campuses, (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1982).

5 Richard Levins and Richard Lewontin, The Dialectical Biologist, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985).

6 Ibid.

7 Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974), 73.

8 The dehumanization of the labor process into fragmentary pieces was intensified under the “tyranny of the clock” and rigid work schedules that are enforced eight to twelve hours per day fifty weeks a year and do not leave time for people to have a life, as Ellen Buff points out in private correspondence, in 2004. Atomization of work fostered reductionist ways of seeing, which echoed throughout the culture. Radical artists such as Duchamps attempted to reflect and critique on the canvas the rise of reductionist ways of seeing in society at large. (See “Nude Descending a Staircase,” for example.

9 See, among others who challenge reductionist constructs, Stuart Newman, “Idealist Biology,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 31, no. 3, (Spring 1988), 353–368; Paul Weiss, “The Living System: Determinism Stratified,” in Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences, ed. Arthur Koestler and J.R. Smythies (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971); Martha Herbert, Incomplete Science, the Body and Indwelling Spirit (Online journal, 2000) Metanexus Institute http://www.metanexus.net/incomplete-science-body-and-indwelling-spirit/; Joel Kovel, The Enemy of Nature (London: Zed Books, 2002); Richard Levins and Richard Lewontin, The Dialectical Biologist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985); Brian Tokar, ed., Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering (London: Zed Books, 2001); Mae Wan-Ho, Living with the Fluid Genome (London: Institute of Science and Society, 2003); and Stuart Kauffman, At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

10 This essential relationship between parts and wholes, individual and environment, is generally given short shrift by many scientists, even ignored. Instead, they pursue a reductionist unidirectional causality—the parts, pieced together (they say) determine the whole in cause and effect sequence. Their linear framework provides the basis for the mechanistic formulations (such as reductionism, positivism, empiricism, and behaviorism) that, I would argue, are incorrect when applied to genes or nanolevel interactions in a determinist manner. These meditations on wholes and parts, holism and reductionism, freedom and determinism, grew out of discussions of a paper I presented at the Radical Philosophy Association conference in Havana in 1992 titled “A Call for a Revolutionary Science.”

11 Evelyn Fox Keller, A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock, (New York and San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co., 1983).

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid., 199.

14 Science Daily, July 14, 2014.

15 Stephen Jay Gould, “Humbled by the Genome’s Mysteries,” The New York Times, February 19, 2001.

16 Keller, A Feeling for the Organism, 199–200.

17 For one of many research papers on this theme, see “Phase Transitions in a Gene Network Model of Morphogenesis,” Journal of Biosciences 17, no. 3, 193–215.

18 Chambon, 1981.Organization and expression of eurcaryotic split genes coding for proteins Ann.Rev.Bioche. 1981 50–3 49–83

19 Holderedge, Craig (2005) The gene a needed revolution; The Nature Institute In Context #14 (Fall, 2005, pp. 14–17); http://natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic14/gene.htm.

20 Stuart Newman, “Generic Physical Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation as Determinants in the Evolution of Multicellular Organization,” Journal of Biosciences, 17, no. 3 (September 1992), 193–215.

21 Stuart Newman, “Dynamic Balance in Living Systems,” GeneWATCH, November-

22 See, for instance, Morris Berman, The Reenchantment of the World (Ithaca, NY) Cornell University Press 1981). The book is a truly great historical tour de force through the history of dualistic thinking on which modern science is based.

23 Ibid.

24 Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels, The German Ideology. (original date of writing, unpublished in German, 1845–46) International Publishers, Chicago 1947.

Chapter 19: When Rights Collide: Genetic Engineering & Preserving Biocultural Integrity

1 Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age: Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights. Krimsky, Sheldon and Peter Shorrett, eds., Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.

2 The present chapter is an update and revision of Chapter 6 of Krimsky and Shorrett, ibid.

3 Ivan Illich, Tools for Conviviality (New York: Harper, 1980).

4 Margaret Mellon, “The Wages of Hype: Agricultural Biotechnology After 25 Years,” Arthur Miller Lecture presented at MIT (October 3, 2003); Marc Lappé and Britt Bailey, Against the Grain (Monroe, ME:Common Courage Press, 1998); Mae-Won Ho, Genetic Engineering: Dream or Nightmare (Bath, UK: Gateway Books, 1998).

5 Andrew Kimbrell (ed.), Fatal Harvest:The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture (Covelo, CA: Island Press, 2002).

6 M. S. Prakash and Gustavo Esteva, Grassroots Post-Modernism: Remaking the Soil of Culture (London: Zed Books, 1998); Gustavo Esteva, “Re-Embedding Food in Agriculture,” Culture & Agriculture (Winter 1994): 2–12.

7 Frances Moore Lappe, Joseph Collins, and Peter Rossett, with Luis Esparza, World Hunger: 12 Myths (London: Earthscan, 1998). Miguel A. Altieri and Peter Rosset, “Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect the Environment and Reduce Poverty in the Developing World,” AgBioForum 2 (1999): 155–62, www.agroeco.org/doc/10reasonsbiotech1.pdf.

8 Richard Levins, “When Science Fails Us,” www-trees.slu.se/newsl/32/32levin.htm (1996).

9 Barry Commoner, “Unraveling the DNA Myth: The Spurious Foundation of Genetic Engineering,” Harper’s (February 2002): 39–47.

10 Les Levidow and Susan Carr, “Unsound Science? Trans-Atlantic Regulatory Disputes over GM Crops,” International Journal of Biotechnology 2(2000): 257–73; B.Vogel and B. Tappeser, Der Einfluss der Sicherheitsforschung und Risikoabschätzung bei der Genehmigung von Inverkehrbringung und Sortenzulassung transgener Pflanzen, Öko-Institut e.V., study commissioned by the German Technology Assessment Bureau Auftrag, Berlin, 2000, available as pdf-file under www.oeko.de (only german). Also, see Jane Anne Morris, “Sheep in Wolf ’s Clothing,” By What Authority (Fall 1998), www.poclad.org/bwa/fall98.htm.

11 Miguel Altieri, “Agroecology: The Science of Natural Resource Management for Poor Farmers in Marginal Environments,” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 93 (December 2002): 1–24, www.agroeco.org/doc/NRMfinal.pdf.

12 See USAID bilateral assistance programs, for example. Alan P. Larson, “The Future of Agricultural Biotechnology in World Trade,” remarks at the Agricultural Outlook Forum 2002, www.state.gov/e/rls/rm/2002/8447.htm.

13 See Ian Sample, “Naïve, Narrow, and Biased,” The Guardian, Op-Ed, July 24, 2003; Sujatha Byravan, “Genetically Engineered Plants: Worth the Risk?” plenary lecture at Viterbo University, February 3, 2004; Sheldon Krimsky and Tim Schwab, Conflicts of interest among committee members in the National Academies’ genetically engineered crop study. PLoS One, 2017 Feb 28; e0172317.

14 Lily Kay, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology. Oxford University Press, 1996.

15 See, for example, the “oncomouse” decision of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, U.S. patent No. 4,736,866 (1988).

16 L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger and Paul R. Phifer, “The Ecological Risks and Benefits of Genetically Engineered Plants,” Science 290 (2000): 2088–93.

17 Don Westfall, food industry marketing strategies consultant formerly with Promar International, quoted in Stuart Laidlaw, “Starlink Fallout Could Cost Billions,” Toronto Star (January 9, 2001).

18 Emmy Simmons, assistant administrator, USAID, quoted in Philip Bereano,“Engineered Food Claims Are Hard to Swallow,” Seattle Times (November 19, 2001).

19 Evelyn Fox Keller, The Century of the Gene (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).

20 Richard Lewontin, Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000); Richard Lewontin, It Ain’t Necessarily So (New York: New York Review Books, 2000).

21 Commoner,“Unraveling the DNA Myth”; Ruth Hubbard and Elijah Wald, Exploding the Gene Myth (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993).

22 See Michael Hansen,“Genetic Engineering Is not an Extension of Conventional Breeding,” Consumers Union Discussion Paper (2000), www.consumersunion.org/food/widecpi200.htm. Also see David Schubert, “A Different Perspective on GM Food,” Nature Biotechnology 20 (October 2002): 969.

23 Richard C. Strohman, “Organization Becomes Cause in the Matter,” Nature Biotechnology 18 (June 2000): 575–6; Richard C. Strohman, “Five Stages of the Human Genome Project,” Nature Biotechnology 17 (February 1999): 112.

24 Sui Huang, “The Practical Problems of Post-Genomic Biology,” Nature Biotechnology 18 (May 2000): 471–2.

25 Federation of American Scientists, Agricultural Biotechnology: Safety, Security and Ethical dimensions: Methods of Gene Transfer in Plants, https://fas.org/biosecurity/education/dualuse-agriculture/2.-agricultural-biotechnology/methods-of-gene-transfer-in-plants.html, 2011.

26 See G. Riddihough and E. Pennisi, “The Evolution of Epigenetics,” Science 293 (2001): 1063.

27 See, for example, P. Meyer, F. Linn, I. Heidmann, H. Meyer, I. Niedenhof, and H. Saedler, “Endogenous and Environmental Factors Influence 35S Promoter Methylation of a Maize A1 Gene Construct in Transgenic Petunia and Its Colour Phenotype,” Molecular Genes and Genetics 231 (1992): 345–52.

28 Sheldon Krimsky, “Biotechnology at the Dinner Table: FDA Oversight of Transgenic Food,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 584 (November 2002): 80–96.

29 Erik Millsone, Eric Brunner, and Sue Mayer, “Beyond Substantial Equivalence,” Nature 401 (October 7, 1999): 525–6.

30 Hansen, “Genetic Engineering Is not an Extension of Conventional Breeding.” Also see Meyer et al., “Endogenous and Environmental Factors Influence 35S Promoter Methylation”; and A N. E. Birch, I. E. Geoghegan, D. W. Griffiths, and J.W. McNichol, “The Effect of Genetic Transformations for Pest Resistance on Foliar Solandine-based Glycoalkaloids of Potato (Solanum tuberosum),” Annals of Applied Biology 140 (2002): 134–49.

31 Jimmy Carter, “Who’s afraid of Genetic Engineering?” New York Times, Opinion, Aug. 26, 1998.

32 Sheldon Krimsky, Science in the Private Interest (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003).

33 Kimbrell, Fatal Harvest; Wes Jackson and Wendell Berry, New Roots for Agriculture (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985).

34 Miguel A. Altieri, Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).

35 See Pesticide Action Network North America, www.panna.org.

36 Altieri, Agroecology.

37 Jane Rissler and Margaret Mellon, The Ecological Risks of Genetically Engineered Crops (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).

38 Wendell Berry, The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books 1977).

39 Margaret Mellon, “The Wages of Hype.”

40 Stephen B. Brush and Doreen Stabinsky (eds.), Valuing Local Knowledge (Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1996); Vandana Shiva, Biopiracy (Boston: South End Press, 1996).

41 Levins, “When Science Fails Us”; Steve Lerner, Eco-Pioneers: Practional Visionaries Solving Today’s Environmental Problems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997); Kenny Ausubel, The Bioneers: Declarations of Interdependence (South Burlington, VT: Chelsea Green, 2001); Alan Weisman, Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World (South Burlington, VT: Chelsea Green, 1995).

42 Perry ED, Ciliberto F, Hennessy DA, Moschini G.,”Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U.S. maize and soybeans. Science Advances, 2016 August 31; 2(8):e1600850.

43 Doug Gurian-Sherman, Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops. Union of Concerned Scientists, April, 2009.

Chapter 20: Glyphosate Acting as a Glycine Analogue: Slow Insidious Toxicity

1 N. L. Swanson, A. Leu, J. Abrahamson, and B. Wallet, “Genetically Engineered Crops, Glyphosate and the Deterioration of Health in the United States of America,” Journal of Organic Systems 9 (2014): 6–37.

2 G. E. Seralini, E. Clair, R. Mesnage, S. Gress, N. Defarge, M. Malatesta, D. Hennequin, and J. S. de Vendomois, “Retracted Long Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 50 (2012): 4221–31, retracted.

3 G. E. Seralini E. Clair, R. Mesnage, N. Defarge, M. Malatesta, D. Hennequin, J. Spiroux de Vendômois, “Long-Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize. Environmental Sciences Europe 26 (2014):14, republished.

4 D. Cattani, V. L. de Liz Oliveira Cavalli, C. E. Heinz Rieg, J. T. Domingues, T. Dal-Cim, C. I. Tasca, F. R. Mena Barreto Silva, and A. Zamoner, “Mechanisms Underlying the Neurotoxicity Induced by Glyphosate-Based Herbicide in Immature Rat Hippocampus: Involvement of Glutamate Excitotoxicity,” Toxicology 320 (2014) : 34–45.

5 Q. Li, M. J. Lambrechts, Q. Zhang, S. Liu, D. Ge, R. Yin, M. Xi, and Z. You. “Glyphosate and AMPA Inhibit Cancer Cell Growth through Inhibiting Intracellular Glycine Synthesis,” Drug Design Development and Therapy 7 (2013): 635–43. L. M. Kitchen, W. W. Witt, and C. E. Rieck, “Inhibition of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthesis by Glyphosate,” Weed Science 29 (1981): 571–577.

6 L. M. Kitchen, W. W. Witt, and C. E. Rieck, “Inhibition of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthesis by Glyphosate,” Weed Science 29 (1981): 571–577.

7 I. Astner, J. O. Schulze, J. van den Heuvel, D. Jahn, W. D. Schubert, and D. W. Heinz, “Crystal Structure of 5-Aminolevulinate Synthase, the First Enzyme of Heme Biosynthesis, and Its Link to XLSA in Humans,” EMBO Journal 24 (2005): 3166–77.

8 A. Samsel and S. Seneff, “Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases IV: Cancer and Related Pathologies,” Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 15 (2015):121–59.

9 C. Lowrie, Metabolism of [14C]-N-Acetyl-Glyphosate (IN-MCX20) in the Lactating Goat (Charles River Laboratories Project no. 210583, submitted by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company), DuPont Report No. DuPont-19796 (2007).

10 M. Bajaj, M. D. Waterfield, J. Schlessinger, W. R. Taylor, and T. Blundell. “On the Tertiary Structure of the Extracellular Domains of the Epidermal Growth Factor and Insulin Receptors,” Biochimica Biophysica Acta 916 (1987): 220–26.

11 M. Topf, P. Varnai, and W. G. Richards, “Ab Initio QM/MM Dynamics Simulation of the Tetrahedral Intermediate of Serine Proteases: Insights into the Active Site Hydrogenbonding Network,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 124 (2002): 14780–88.

12 J. Walter, W. Steigemann, T. Singh, H. Bartunik, W. Bode, and R. Huber, “On the Disordered Activation Domain in Trypsinogen: Chemical Labeling and Low Temperature Crystallography,” Acta Crystallographica 38 (1982): 1462–72.

13 C. Chen, J. Ke, X. E. Zhou, W. Yi, J. S. Brunzelle, J. Li, E. L. Yong, H. E. Xu, and K. Melcher, “Structural Basis for Molecular Recognition of Folic Acid by Folate Receptors,” Nature 500 (2013): 486–89.

14 U. M. Koivisto, J. S. Viikari, and K. Kontula, “Molecular Characterization of Minor Gene Rearrangements in Finnish Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Identification of Two Common Missense Mutations (Gly823Asp and Leu380His) and Eight Rare Mutations of the LDL Receptor Gene,” The American Journal of Human Genetics 57 (1995): 789–97.

15 F. Kinose, S. X. Wang, U. S. Kidambi, C. L. Moncman, and D. A. Winkelmann. “Glycine 699 Is Pivotal for the Motor Activity of Skeletal Muscle Myosin,” Journal of Cell Biology 134 (1996): 895–909.

16 M. Bucciantini, E. Giannoni, F. Chiti, F. Baroni, L. Formigli, J. Zurdo, N. Taddei, G. Ramponi, C. M. Dabsan, and M. Stefani, “Inherent Toxicity of Aggregates Implies a Common Mechanism for Protein Misfolding Diseases,” Nature 416 (2002): 507–511.

17 H. N. Du, L. Tang, X. Y. Luo, H. T. Li, J. Hu, J. W. Zhou, and H. Y. Hu, “A Peptide Motif Consisting of Glycine, Alanine, and Valine Is Required for the Fibrillization and Cytotoxicity of Human α-Synuclein.” Biochemistry 42, no. 29 (July 2003): 8870–78.

18 S. Pesiridis, V. M. Y. Lee, and J. Q. Trojanowski, “Mutations in TDP-43 Link Glycine-Rich Domain Functions to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,” Human Molecular Genetics 18 (2009): R156–62.

19 C. F. Harrison, V. A. Lawson, B. M. Coleman, Y. S. Kim, C. L. Masters, R. Cappai, K. J. Barnham, and A. F. Hill, “Conservation of a Glycine-Rich Region in the Prion Protein is Required for Uptake of Prion Infectivity,” Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (2010): 20213–23.

20 K. Liu, D. Kozono, Y. Kato, P. Agre, A. Hazama, and M. Yasui, “Conversion of Aquaporin 6 from an Anion Channel to a Water-Selective Channel by a Single Amino Acid Substitution,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences usA 102, no. 6 (2005): 2192–97.

21 A. Tanuma, H. Sato, T. Takeda, M. Hosojima, H. Obayashi, H. Hama, N. Iino, K. Hosaka, R. Kaseda, N. Imai, M. Ueno, M. Yamazaki, K. Sakimura, F. Gejyo, and A. Saito, “Functional Characterization of a Novel Missense CLCN5 Mutation Causing Alterations in Proximal Tubular Endocytic Machinery in Dent’s Disease,” Nephron Physiology 107, no. 4 (2007): 87–97.

22 M. J. E. Sternberg and W. R. Taylor, “Modelling the ATP-Binding Site of Oncogene Products, the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Related Proteins,” FEBS Letters 175 (1984): 387–92.

23 A. Zuin, M. Isasa, and B. Crosas, “Ubiquitin Signaling: Extreme Conservation as a Source of Diversity,” Cells 3, no. 3 (2014): 690–701.

24 M. Bajaj, op cit.

25 M. Topf, op cit.

26 A. Samsel and S. Seneff, “Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases IV: Cancer and Related Pathologies,” Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 15 (2015):121–59.

27 S. Seneff, “Cholesterol Sulfate Deficiency and Coronary Heart Disease,” Weston A. Price Foundation, August 2, 2017, www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/cholesterol-sulfate-deficiency-coronary-heart-disease/.

28 T. H. Kim, J. Yang J, P. B. Darling, and D. L. O’Connor, “A Large Pool of Available Folate Exists in the Large Intestine of Human Infants and Piglets,” Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 6 (2004):1389–94.

29 F. M. Asrar and D. L. O’Connor, “Bacterially Synthesized Folate and Supplemental Folic Acid are Absorbed across the Large Intestine of Piglets,” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 16, no. 10 (2005): 587–93.

30 F. Kinose, op cit.

31 S. Seneff and G. L. Nigh, “Glyphosate and Anencephaly: Death by A Thousand Cuts,” Journal of Neurology and Neurobiology 3, no. 2 (2017): 1–15.

32 Washington State Department of Agriculture (2013) “Integrated Pest Management Plan for Freshwater Emergent Noxious and Quarantine Listed Weeds,” revised January 2013, http://agr.wa.gov/PlantsInsects/Weeds/NPDESPermits/docs/IPMFreshwaterEmergentNoxiousQuarantine.

33 Samsel and Seneff, “Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases IV,” op cit.

34 R. E. Day, P. Kitchen, D. S. Owen, C. Bland, L. Marshall, A. C. Conner, R. M. Bill, and M. T. Conner, “Human Aquaporins: Regulators of Transcellular Water Flow,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1840, no. 5 (2014): 1492–506.

35 E. Baggaley, S. Nielsen, and D. Marples, “Dehydration-Induced Increase in Aquaporin-2 Protein Abundance Is Blocked by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 298, no. 4 (2010): F1051–58.

36 U. Paula Santos, D. M. Zanetta, M. Terra-Filho, and E. A. Burdmann, “Burnt Sugarcane Harvesting Is Associated with Acute Renal Dysfunction,” Kidney International 87, no. 4 (2015): 792–99.

37 R. Garca-Trabanino, E. Jarqun, C. Wesseling, R. J. Johnson, M. Gonz´alez-Quiroz, I. Weiss, J. Glaser, J, Jos´e Vindell, L. Stockfelt, C. Roncal, T. Harra, and L. Barregard, “Heat Stress, Dehydration, and Kidney Function in Sugarcane Cutters in El Salvador—A Cross-Shift Study of Workers at Risk of Mesoamerican Nephropathy,” Environmental Research 142 (2015):746–55.

38 O. Devuyst and W. B. Guggino, “Chloride Channels in the Kidney: Lessons Learned from Knock-Out Animals,” American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 283, no. 6 (2002): F1176–91.

39 S. H. Fatemi, T. J. Reutiman, T. D. Folsom, and P. D. Thuras, “GABA(A) Receptor Downregulation in Brains of Subjects with Autism,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39, no. 2 (2009): 223–30.

40 Sternberg, op cit.

41 Samsel and Seneff, “Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases IV,” op cit.

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64 Ibid.

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80 Swanson, et al., op cit.

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114 Seneff, Morley, et al. op cit.

115 Samsel and Seneff, “Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases IV,” op cit.

116 Ibid.

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