`Subject Index`

Page numbers followed by an “f” or “t” indicate figures or tables, respectively.

Adaptive functions
of language perception, 128
of memory, 140
of music prediction, 139, 152
of other-touching perception, 115
of prediction, 107, 152, 154
of response to prediction error, 107
Afterlife hypothesis, 22
Alternate uses task, 169, 171
Ambiguity
of language, 5
of retinal image, 5, 94–97
Amnesia, and priming, 90
Amygdala, 59–60
Analytic introspection, 9
and brain damage, 66–76
and decision making, 77–84
and implicit learning, 84–89
and priming, 89–91
Animal experience, 40–42
Anthromorphism, 37, 190n19
Artificial intelligence 14–15
Attention, 14, 15
and neglect, 73–76
task-related, 111–112
Attributing intentions to geometrical objects, 145–146

Bayesian inference, 102–104
Bayes’ theorem, 102–104
Behaviorism, 10–11
Binocular depth perception, experience of 47–49
Blindsight, 71–73
Bottom-up processing, 98–99, 104
Brain. See also Brain damage; Brain structures
communication system, 157–170, 178–181
connections to mind, 24–30
and conscious experience, 38–41, 51–63
creation of the mind, 155
and creative thinking, 170–173
and decision making, 77–84
and memory in aging, 176–178
and prediction, 94, 105–119, 125–126, 129–130, 133–135, 139–140, 143–145, 147–151
as a prediction machine, 94
as a probability computer, 98
skepticism about role in mind, 19–23
and social cognition, 173–176
Brain damage, 66–76
and blindsight, 71–73
and language, 24–25
and memory, 140
occipital lobe damage, 71–72
parietal lobe damage, 69–71
temporal lobe damage, 69–71
Brain imaging. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Brain structures, 39f, 70f
amygdala, 59–60
Broca’s area, 25–26, 58
connectome, 157–159
default network, 161–163, 168–172
dorsal attention network, 161–163
dorsal pathway, 68–71
executive control network, 161–163, 170–172
feature detectors, 97
fusiform face area, 61–62
hippocampus, 59, 176
intraparietal sulcus and mirror network, 144–145
medial temporal cortex, 55–56
medial temporal lobe and memory, 166
mentalizing network, 144
mirror network, 144
mirror neurons, 147–149
occipital lobe damage, 71–72
parietal lobe damage, 69–71
parietal reach region, 118
prefrontal cortex, 105
prefrontal cortex and mentalizing network, 145, 175
premotor cortex and mirror network, 144, 145
prefrontal cortex and social networks, 175
right-hemisphere damage, 73
salience network, 161–162
somato-motor network, 161–162
somatosensory cortex and mirror network, 148
superior colliculus, 73
superior temporal sulcus and mirror network, 144–145
temporal cortex, 105
temporal lobe damage, 69–71
temporal parietal junction (TBJ) and mentalizing, 144–145
visual network, 161–162
Wernicke’s area, 25–26, 58
what pathway, 68–71
where/how pathway, 68–71
Broca’s area, 25–26, 58

Cartesian dualism, 19
Cloze probability
and language, 123–125
and music, 135
Cognitive psychology textbook, 17
Cognitive revolution, 16–17
Color experience, 50–51
Computer flow diagram, 13
Conditioning, 11–12
Connectivity, 155–178. See also Functional connectivity
and aging, 176–178
and creative thinking, 170–173
and fasting, 166–167
functional, 159–178
and functional networks, 159–165
and network interactions, 167–170
and social cognition, 173–176
structural, 157–158
Connectome, 157–159
Consciousness, 1–61
in bats, 41, 42
in coma, 1–3
definitions, 31–33
easy problem, 56, 155
and experience, 31–63
first-person approach, 32
hard problem, 52–57, 155
in nonhuman animals, 34–35, 37–42
in plants, 35–36
Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis, 139
Cooperation, unconscious influences, 90–91
Corollary discharge, 112–119
and the comparator, 204n46
and cricket perception, 114
and eye movements, 113–114
and grasping and gripping, 119
and touch and tickle, 115–116
Creation of experience. See Nervous system

Decision making, 77–84
and mind, 4, 7
Dedifferentiation of modules, 177–179
Default mode network, 161–163, 168–170
interaction with executive control network, 171–172
Determinism, 83
Distributed processing, 155
Distributed representation, 61–63
Dorsal pathway, 68–71
Dynamic highways of the mind, 155–181
Dynamics of cognition, 165–177

Efference copy, 112–113. See Corollary discharge
Electroencephalogram, 27, 29, 77–79
Emotional reactions, 59–60
Enchanted Loom (Sherrington), 156–157, 212n2
Event-related potential, 125–126, 135
Executive control network, 170–172
Experience. See also Consciousness; Qualia
and analytic introspection, 9–10
and brain damage, 46–77
of color, 50–51
in coma, 1–3
and consciousness, 31–63
creation by nervous system, 24–30, 49–63
of depth, 46–49
and drugs, 18
and eye movements, 110–114
fairy, 43
near-death, 22–23
out-of-body, 21
as private, 32–33, 43–46
and touching, 115–116
Explanatory gap, 55
Extinction, 74–76
Eye and Brain (Gregory), 98–99
Eye movements, 110–114

False belief task, 143–144
Feature detectors, 97
Fixations, 111
Free will, 80–81, 83
Functional connectivity, 159–161, 162t, 163–179, 180t, 181
and aging, 176–178
and creative thinking, 170–173
and fasting, 166–167
measurement of, 159–160
and memory, 166
networks, 157–162
and social inclusion, 173–175
temporal connectivity analysis, 172
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 27–30
in coma patient, 1–2
and memory, 139
and neural mind reading, 56–57
resting state, 159–162
Functional organization, 58–63
Functions of mind, 4–5
Fusiform face area, 61–62

Garden path sentence, 127
Grammar
and music, 135
unconscious use of, 84–89
Graph theory, 163–165

Hallucinations, 23
Hard problem of consciousness, 52–56
Hidden mechanisms of mind, 2–3, 6, 65–92
Hierarchical predictive processing, 108–109
Hierarchical processing, 97
Hippocampus, 59, 176
Hippocampus, decrease with aging, 176
Human experience, private nature of, 42–49
Human potential movement, 19
Hypotheses and object perception, 98

Implicit learning, 84–89
Incubation, and mind wandering, 169
Infant learning, 87–88
Inference, 8–9, 94–97
from actions, 145–147
Bayesian, 102–104
Donders, 8–9
and prediction, 137
and social cognition, 173–176
unconscious (Helmholtz), 94–104, 109
theory of mind, 142–147
Information flow within networks, 161–163
Information processing approach to the mind, 13–14
Intelligent behavior in animals, 37–38
Interacting with the environment, 109–119
Intraparietal sulcus and mirror network, 144–145
Inverse projection problem, 96

Knowledge
and eye movements, 112
and hidden mechanisms, 6
in machines, 99
and memory, 136–138
and qualia, 46–49
and scene perception, 65–66
and top-down processing, 98–99, 104
unconscious, 70, 84–92

Language, 85–89
Language development, 16
Libet’s experiment, 77–80
Light from above assumption, 99, 101
Likelihood principle, 96, 128
Localization of function, 58–61, 155, 159
LSD, 18, 23

Mary the color scientist, 46–48
Measurement of mind, 7–8
Medial temporal cortex, 55–56
Medial temporal lobe and memory, 166
Meditation, 18
Memory
construction, 136–138
decrease with aging, 178
and hippocampus, 62–63
and mind, 4
predictive editing, 138–139
schemas, 137
simulating the future, 139–140
Mental health and mind, 4
Mentalizing, 142–147
dual-process theory, 149
Mentalizing network, 144
and social cognition, 173–175
Mind, definition, 4
Mind-body separation, 20, 21
Mind-brain connections, 24–30, 63
Mind-brain skepticism, 19–24
Mind flow diagram, 13, 14
Mind wandering, 168–170
Mirror network, 144
Mirror neurons, 147–149
and pain, 148
Modularity, decrease with aging, 177–179
Motion perception, 55–56
Movement and prediction, 109–119
Multifaceted nature of mind, 4
Music, predicting timing, 129–131
Musical syntax, 131, 133

Near-death experience, 22–23
Nervous system, creation of experience, 49–63
Networks and aging, 176–178
Neural circuits, 25
Neural correlates of consciousness, 56–63, 155
Neural creation of experience, 49–63
Neural firing and experience, 27
Neural impulse, 53–54
Neural mind reading, 56–57
Neural networks, 156–181
Neural processing and perception, 67
Neurons, 25
Neuropsychology, 25, 29
Nobel Prize winners
Adrian, Edgar, 27
Hartline, Keffer, 97
Hubel, David, 60
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 27
Sherrington, Charles Scott, 156
Wiesel, Torsten, 60

Occipital lobe damage, 71–72
Octopus, 37–38
Odor perception, unconscious influence, 91
Out-of-body experiences, 21–23

Panpsychism, 35
Paradigm shift, 12–17, 28
cognitive psychology, 12, 16, 28
physics, 12
Parietal lobe damage, 69–71
Parietal reach region, 118
Parsing, 126–127
Philosophical zombies, 44–45
Physiological methods, 24–28, 29t, 30
electroencephalogram, 27, 29, 77–82
event-related potential, 125–126, 135
functional magnetic resonance imaging, 28–30, 56–57, 139
graph theory, 163–165
resting-state fMRI, 159–160
single-neuron recording, 26–27, 55–56, 155
track weighted imaging, 158
Popular culture and the mind, 17–19
Preattentive processing, 75
Prediction, 93–149, 150t, 151–154
awareness of, 151
and corollary discharge, 112–119
and eye movements, 110–114
and language, 121–128
machine, mind as, 94
and memory, 136–140
and movement, 109–119
multiple faces of, 149–152
and music, 126–140
neural aspects, 104–109
neurons, 107
and reaching and grasping, 115–119
and social behavior, 140–149
and tickling, 115–116
time scales, 151
and touching, 115–119
and visual perception, 94–115
Prediction error, 105–107
context based, 138
creation by artists and composers, 152–154
in music, 129–130, 152
syncopation in music, 152
Predictive coding, 105–107
Predictive processing, hierarchical, 108–109
Prefrontal cortex, 105
and mentalizing, 145
and mentalizing network, 175
and mirror network, 144, 145
and social networks, 175
Priming, 89–91
Problem solving and mind, 4
Processing, bottom-up, 98–99, 104
Processing, top-down, 98, 104

Qualia, 32, 41–49

Readiness potential, 78–82
Receptive fields, visual, 97
Regularities of the environment. See Statistical regularities of the environment
Repetition priming, 89–90
Representation, by neurons, 27, 57
Representing networks, 163–165
Resting state fMRI, 159–160
Return to the tonic, 133
Right-hemisphere damage, 73

Salience, 111
Salience network, 161–162
Sally-Anne task, 142, 143
Sentence perception, 125–128
Single-neuron recording, 26, 27, 29, 55–56, 155
Sixties counterculture revolution, 17
Size-weight illusion, 93, 118
Social cognition, 141
and functional connectivity, 173–176
Social interactions and mind, 4
Social mind wandering, 170
Somato-motor network, 161–162
Somatosensory cortex and mirror network, 148
Speech segmentation, 86–87, 122
Spiritualist approach to the mind, 20
Statistical regularities of the environment. See also Knowledge
and object perception, 99–101
and language, 86–87
and predictive coding, 105
and scanning a scene, 111
Structural connectivity, 157–159
Superior colliculus, 73
Superior temporal sulcus and mirror network, 144–145
Switching between networks, 162–166
Syncopation, 129–132

Task-negative network, 169
Task-unrelated thought, 168–169
Temporal connectivity analysis of functional connectivity, 172
Temporal cortex, 105
Temporal lobe damage, 69–71
Temporal parietal junction (TBJ) and mentalizing, 144, 145
Theory of mind, 142–147
Top-down processing, 98–99, 104
Track-weighted imaging, 158
Transduction, and consciousness, 52–53
Transitional probabilities, 87–88

Unconscious
brain processes, 80–84
decision processes, 80–81
how pathway, 71
inference, 94–104, 109
influences on odor perception, 91
processes, 6, 84–91

Ventral pathway, 68–71
Visual form agnosia, 66–71
Visual kinematics, and movement intention, 147–148
Visual neglect, 73–77
Visual network, 161–162
Visuomotor grip neurons, 118

Wernicke’s area, 25–26, 58
What pathway, 68–71
Where/how pathway, 68–71
Word perception, 122–125

Zombies, 44–45, 70