Page numbers refer to the print edition.
Acinetobacter, 118
Adamovicz, Jeff: and anthrax letter analysis, 40, 43, 198; and FBI investigation, 185–88; and hallway contamination, 89–90; thoughts on Bruce Ivins, 180, 200, 202
Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT), USAMRIID, xxv, 222, 253n3
AFEB. See Armed Forces Epidemiologic Board
AFIP. See Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Aflatoxin, 101
AFRIMS. See Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences
agar: for anthrax growth, 26, 40–42, 177; as a bacterial growth medium, 255n8
AIT. See Aeromedical Isolation Team
Aldis, John, 131–33
Al Eskan disease, 125, 128, 259n2
Alves, Derron (Tony), 229–32
America’s medical school. See Uniformed Services University (USU)
Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 24
Anderson, Arthur, 34–37, 258–59n4, 260n1
The Andromeda Strain (book, Crichton), xxi, 253n1
The Andromeda Strain (movie, Wise), 49, 225
anthrax: altered morphology in letters, 41–42, 177, 199; attack victim Erin O’Connor, 35–38, 45–46, 285n1; attack victim Robert Stevens, 30–33, 38, 201; Aum Shirinkyo dispersal attempts of, 65; as a biothreat agent, 13, 15, 26–27, 30–32, 68–70, 72, 101, 103, 240; and B’nai B’rith hoax, 68; and Daschle letter, 39–43, 45, 51, 88, 177; hallway contamination, 79–90; impact on USAMRIID, 191–92, 194–96, 202, 204–8; Iraqi production of, 201; laboratory exposure to, 86–90; letter attacks, xiv, 29–46, 235; letter decontamination testing, 44; and North Korean arsenal, 234; USAMRIID research on, xx, 243; vaccine, 73, 74, 176–77, 185, 197
ark of the covenant, 254n6
Armed Forces Epidemiology Board (AFEB), 95
Armed Forces Infectious Disease Society, 259n3
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), 215
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), 216–18
Ashcroft, John, 62
Bacillus anthracis. See anthrax
Baghwan Shree Rajneesh, 66–67
BARDA. See Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
Bassett, Anthony, 261–62n1
Bassett, Jennifer, 261–62n1
Bavari, Sina, 154, 254n5, 260nn1–2
Belfer Center (Harvard University), 234, 265n1
be on the lookout (BOLO) message, 183–84, 186
Besch, Terry, 210–13
Bible: and anthrax 26; and plague, 22, 254n6
biological select agents and toxins (BSAT). See select agents
biological warfare. See biological weapon(s)
biological weapon(s): and Biological Weapons Convention, 101; detectors for, 61, 63; history of, 12–13; ongoing threat from, 234–37, 239–41; potential uses of, 65–68; properties of, 12–27, 68–70; USAMRIID’s defensive role against, xiv–xv, 16, 47–48, 56–58, 73–75, 97–98, 143–45, 172, 175, 243–44
biological weapons program: in Canada, 13, 38–39; in Germany, 13; in Iraq, xiv, 13, 17, 93, 101–2, 110–11, 260; in Iran, 13; in Japan, 13, 23; in Libya, 13; in North Korea, 13, 234; in Russia, 235; in the Soviet Union, xiii, 13, 17, 19, 21, 65, 74, 198, 235; in Syria, 13; in the United Kingdom, 13, 26; in the United States (defensive), xiii, 47, 74–75; in the United States (offensive), xiii, 13–14, 17, 19, 47, 198
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), 236
Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) lab: accessories of, 80–81; Daschle letter analysis in, 39, 78–79; entry procedures, 80–81, 255–56n5; occupational exposures in, xxiii; pathogen inventory procedures in, 210–11; requirements for designation as, 49; USAMRIID’s research project ward, 44
Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) lab: Ebola exposure in, xviii–xx, xxii–xxiv, 148, 164; entry procedures, xvii–xviii, 167–68, 261n2; model for the Slammer, xxi, 225; Nancy Jaax and, 162; and new labs, 163–64, 243; pathogen inventory procedures in, 210–11; pathology work in, 229–30; requirements for designation as, 49–50
biosurety, 263n3
bioterrorism: and B’nai B’rith hoax, 68; and Dianne Thompson outbreak, 67–68, 240; and Thomas Butler, 207, 263n4; and Larry Wayne Harris, 203; and plague scare in New York City, 23–24; future preparedness for, 235–37, 240–41, 243–44
Black Death, 22–24, 175, 253n2, 254n5. See also plague
Blackhawk helicopters, 99, 112, 116, 117–19
Blair, Tony, 112
Blazes, David, 264–65n2
blue suit. See “space” suit
B’nai B’rith incident, 68
BOLO. See be on the lookout (BOLO) message
Bond, James, 65
botulinum antitoxin: available at USAMRIID, 56–58; mechanism of action, 53; production of, 56–57, 75; treatment with, 55–57, 69; use in Operation Iraqi Freedom, 102–4, 108, 112, 114, 119–20
botulinum toxin: Aum Shinrikyo use of, 65–66; bioweapon threat from, 15–18, 51–52, 57–58, 102–3, 203; detection and testing for, 61–62; Japan’s unit 731 and, 23; new countermeasures against, 104, 120; paralytic effects of, 17, 52, 70, 102–3; response to presumed White House attack, 51–63; and Rheinhardt Heydrich, 18; serotypes of, 56; vaccine against, 104–5, 113–14, 116
botulism. See botulinum toxin
Boudreau, Ellen: and anthrax hallway contamination, 257n1; and anthrax lab exposure, 87, 90; and botulinum attack, 54; and Ebola exposure, xxiii–xxiv, 254n5, 260n1; and FBI anthrax investigation, 185–87; and Liberia outbreak, 130–33, 135; and SMART-IND team, 258–59n4
Boyer, Julie, 159
Bray, Mike, 260–61n1
Brett-Major, David, 264–65n2, 265n4
Brokaw, Tom, 34–38, 43, 45–47, 239
Brooke Army Medical Center (San Antonio, Texas), 133–34
Brosch, Laura, 258–59n4
Brown, David, 259n1
BSAT. See select agents
BSL-3. See Biosafety Level 3
BSL-4. See Biosafety Level 4
bubo. See plague, bubonic
Bulgarian Secret Service, 65
“Bullethead,” 110–11, 113, 116
Burgess, Tim, 136–39
Bush, George W.: and anthrax attacks, 88; and botulinum toxin exposure, 55, 57, 61–62; and Operation Iraqi Freedom, 112
Camp Doha (Kuwait), 100–101, 108–10, 112, 115–17, 119
Camp Udairi (Kuwait), 109–11, 113–15
Casals, Jordi, 135–36
category A threat agents: 14–15, 234. See also anthrax; botulinum toxin; Ebola virus; Lassa fever virus; Marburg virus; plague; smallpox; tularemia; viral hemorrhagic fevers
CCHF. See Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): botulinum antitoxins available at, 56, 62; category A threat list, 15; and discovery of Heartland virus, 240–41; and discovery of Lassa virus, 130, 136; Ebola discovery and, 19–20; and Ebola-infected dogs, 230–32; Erin O’Conner skin biopsy, 37; response to anthrax attacks, 31, 33, 73–74, 88; response to Ebola exposure, 151, 154, 160; response to positive air samplers, 63; select agents and, 203–5, 214, 218–19; September 11, 2001, and, 29; smallpox repository at, 71, 92; and smallpox vaccination, 93, 96; and West Africa Ebola outbreak response, 221, 223, 225–27
chain of command, USAMRIID, 258n3
chemical weapons: 12–13, 17, 70, 100–102, 119; Aum Shinrikyo use of, 65–66; and B’nai B’rith hoax, 68; properties of, 70–72, 256n4; “SLUDGE” nerve agent effects of, 258n2. See also mustard blister agent; sarin nerve agent; Soman nerve agent; Tabun nerve agent; VX nerve agent
Cheney, Richard “Dick”: and botulinum exposures, 62; and smallpox preparedness, 93, 95, 98; and SMART-IND team, 105
Chessmen, 14–27. See also anthrax; botulism; Ebola virus; Lassa fever virus; Marburg virus; plague; smallpox; tularemia; viral hemorrhagic fevers
Christie, Chris, 228
CID. See criminal investigation division
Clizbe, Denise, xxiii, 39–40, 162–63
Clostridium botulinum. See botulinum toxin
“cold” side, xvii, 80, 167, 198, 210
combat support hospital (CSH): Eighty-Sixth CSH, 111–14; Twenty-Eighth CSH, 123–24
Comfort hospital ship, 117–19
Conger, Nick, 264–65n2
Cook, Robin, 34
Coyne, Phil, 258n4
Crichton, Michael: The Andromeda Strain (book), xxi, 253n1
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, 216–17
criminal investigation division (CID), 206–7
CSH. See combat support hospital
Cummings, James “Jim,” 258–59n4, 264–65nn1–2
Dallas Presbyterian Hospital, 227, 231
Daschle, Tom, 39–43, 45, 51, 88, 177
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), 264n13
Demmin, Gretchen, 176–77
Department of Defense Ebola working group, 221–23
desert pneumonia, 122–28
Doctors Without Borders. See Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
DTRA. See Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Dugway Proving Ground, 199, 262n3
dunk tank, 81
eastern equine encephalitis virus, 75, 257n3
Eastwood, Clint, 80
Ebola virus: biocontainment care for, 226–27; as a biological weapon, 15, 19–21, 69–70; as a BSL-4 pathogen, 49; clinical features of, xix, xxiv, 19, 69, 130, 148–49, 158–59; dog infection with, 229–32; false alarm, 28; fear of infection from, 21, 68; future research on, 172, 236, 308; history of discovery, 19–20, 154; in The Hot Zone book, xiii, 154, 253n3; Kelly Warfield work on, xvii–xix; mouse adapted, 264n6; outbreak preparation, 235; pathophysiology studies on, 165–72; Slammer aftermath from, 164; soldier quarantine for, 228–29; USAMRIID response to lab exposure from, xx–xxvi, 146–64; West Africa outbreak of, 12, 129, 142, 145, 220–29
Ehrlichia, 240
8 Ball, 144
Endy, Tim, 123–24, 138, 258–59n4
EPICON team. See epidemiologic consult team
epidemiologic consult team (EPICON), 125–28
epidemiologic triangle, 124, 220
Esham, Keith, 260–61n1
executive summary (EXSUM), 148, 184, 206
EXSUM. See executive summary
Ezzell, John: and anthrax letters, 30, 34, 36, 39–40, 44–45, 51, 255n5; and Ivins eulogy, 261–62n1; and Parkinson’s disease, 255n2
Fauci, Anthony “Tony,” 155
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): and anthrax lab investigation, 78–79, 88, 184–88; and the Daschle letter, 39–40, 42–43; impact on USAMRIID, 194–95, 263n3; investigation of Bruce Ivins, 90, 178–81, 183, 186, 191, 193, 197–200; investigation of Steven Hatfill, 88, 177–78, 180, 200; and letter decontamination, 44; and Robert Stevens investigation, 30–34; seeking USAMRIID consultation, 47, 50; and Ted Cieslak lecture, 27; treatment of USAMRIID personnel, 185–88
Feingold, Russ, 39
Fellows, Pat, 261n1
15–6 investigation, 86, 89, 258n6
filovirus, xxi, 19–21. See also Marburg virus; Ebola virus
Flynn, Sandra, 260n1
Folk, Scott, 240–41
Food and Drug Administration (FDA): animal rule, 145; and biodefense countermeasures, 143–45; and botulinum response, 54–56, 62; emergency IND through the, 139–40, 155; and protocols for bioweapon threats, 73–75; ribavirin protocol and, 139; and smallpox vaccine, 95–99; SMART-IND team challenges with, 103–5, 111–12, 114, 120, 258n3; wife’s work at, 174
Fort Detrick (Maryland): Ivins memorial service on, 192–93; new laboratories on, 153, 243; 9/11 response at, 29, 88–89, 199; police at, 60, 62, 183–84, 186, 188–89; relationship with Frederick, 86, 88; SMART-IND team at, 103–4, 111; USAMRIID location on, xiii, xvii, 48, 54, 57, 258n3; U.S. bioweapons program at, 13, 47, 255n5, 256n2; White Coat Program at, 143–44, 257n3
Fort Sill (Oklahoma), 8–9
Francisella tularensis. See tularemia
Franz, David, 34
French and Indian War, 24
Frost, Robert: “The Road Not Taken,” 10
Geisbert, Tom, 153–54, 254n5, 260n1
Gere, Jeff, 258n4
Giuliani, Rudy, 37
Grabenstein, John, 94, 97–99, 103
Gram’s stain, 4
“gray” side. See “warm” side
Guerena, Fernando, 216–18
Gulf War (Operation Desert Shield/Storm): xiii, 17, 57, 93, 101, 110
Gulf War Syndrome, 96–97, 103–4, 201
Hall, Sergeant, 254n4
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 126
Harper, Isaiah “Ike,” 258n4
Harris, Larry Wayne, 203
Hart Senate Office Building, 39, 88
Harvard University: education, 3–4; Belfer Center, 234–35
Hatfill, Steven, 88, 177–78, 180, 200
Hawaii, 6–8
Heartland virus, 240–41
Heine, Henry “Hank”: and anthrax letter analysis, 40–42; and FBI investigation, 177–79, 185–88; and hallway contamination, 89–90; thoughts on Bruce Ivins, 178–80, 192, 197–99, 202
Henchal, Eric, 260n1
Henderson, Sergeant, 254n4
Hensley, Lisa, xx, 153, 160–61, 223, 260–61n1
Hepburn, Matt, 260–61n1
Heppner, Donald “Gray,” 107–8, 113–15, 258–59n4
Heydrich, Rheinhard, 18
Hobart, Peter, 189
Hoffman, Dustin, 244
Hoke, Charles: and desert pneumonia, 125; and marines in Liberia, 133, 134, 141; and Select Agents Response Task Force (SARTF), 93–94, 96–98, 103
Honko, Anna, 260–61n1
“hot” side, xvii, 80, 165, 167–68, 210, 261n2, 261n4
The Hot Zone (Preston), xiii, xxi, 21, 154, 195, 253n3
Huggins, John, 258–59n4
Hussein, Saddam, 57, 90, 93, 102, 113, 119
influenza: as a cause of fever, 152; and CDC errors, 119; Charles Hoke research on, 93; and Soviet bioweapons, 13; and Wendy Sammons-Jackson fever, 237–39
internship (medical), 6–7
investigational new drug (IND): for anthrax vaccine, 73–75; and botulinum antitoxins, 51, 53, 55–58, 62; ribavirin for Lassa, 135, 139–40; and smallpox vaccine, 95–99; and SMART-IND products, 103–4, 113–14; for tier 2 biothreat pathogens, 75–76
Ishii, Shiro, 23
Ivins, Bruce: accusation as anthrax perpetrator, 191–202; and anthrax hallway contamination, 79, 86, 89–90; be on the lookout (BOLO) message, 183–84; death and aftermath, 189–97; eulogy, 261–62n1; FBI investigation and, 175–81, 183–86, 188–89
Jaax, Nancy, 162
Jahrling, Peter, 10, 150, 153, 155, 260n1
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), 216–18
JEV. See Japanese encephalitis virus
Johnson, Joshua, 260–61n1
Johnson, Karl, 19, 154, 172, 260n1
Johnson-Winegar, Anna, 76–77
judge advocate general (JAG), 188
Junin virus, 19
Justice Department, 192, 195, 201
Kanesa-thasan, Niranjan, 258n4
Kemp, Paul F., 200
Kester, Kent, 258–59n4
KGB, 65
Kim Jong Nam, 17
Korean hemorrhagic fever, 211
Korean war, 211
Kortepeter, Cindy, 7, 8, 106–7, 112, 121, 174
Kortepeter, Daniel, 107, 121, 174
Kortepeter, Luke, 8, 106, 121, 173–74
Kortepeter, Sean, 9, 106–7, 121, 174
Kostov, Vladmir, 65
Kuschner, Robert, 107, 109, 111, 118, 258n4
Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (Germany): and desert pneumonia, 122–24, 126, 128; and marine outbreak, 132, 134–35, 137, 140
Lassa fever virus: and marine outbreak in Liberia, 130–40; as a viral hemorrhagic fever, 19, 21, 49; and West Africa Ebola outbreak, 227–28
Lawler, James, 260–61n1, 264–65n2, 265n4
The Lawrenceville School, 2
Lepler, Larry, 260n1
Liberia: Ebola outbreak in, 220, 223–24; Ebola patient from, 227, 231; marine fever outbreak in, 129–32, 135, 142
Littrell, Tony, 260n1
Ludwig, George, 254n5
lyophilizer, 198
MacArthur, Douglas, 140
Majidi, Vahid, 201
malaria: differential diagnosis of desert pneumonia, 125–26; marine outbreak of, 129, 131–35, 137, 140–42; as a military scourge, 131–32, 140–42; as a tropical disease, 8–9, 20, 138; in West Africa, 142, 228–29
Manhattan Project, 103
Marble Palace, 112
Marburg virus, 19, 21, 49, 69, 165, 227
Markov, Georgi, 64–65
Martin, Greg, 134–35, 138, 140
Martin, James (Jim), xxii, 151, 153, 155–56, 159, 162, 253n3, 254n5, 260n1
Martinez, Colleen, 258n4
Martinez-Lopez, Lester, 258–59n4
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 221
medical school training, 4–6
Meschede hospital (Germany), 25
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), 235
Monath, Tom, 10
Morris-Magee, Mishelle, 258n4
MSF. See Médecins Sans Frontières
Mueller, Robert, 201
Murtha, John, 140
mustard blister agent, 71, 256n4
National Ebola Training and Education Center (NETEC), 246
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 155, 244, 265n13
National Institutes of Health (NIH): and anthrax spore characterization, 177; biocontainment unit, 226; Ebola research, 223, 229; field laboratory, 223–24; pathogen containment, 218–19; vaccines, 144, 155
National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) (Bethesda, Maryland), 134, 136–39
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Negley, Dianne: and Slammer admission, xvii, xx, 152, 156, 159–62; on biosafety, 196
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 221
Novichok nerve agent, 235
Obama, Barack, 230
Ockenhouse, Chris, 107, 112, 258–59n4
O’Connor, Erin, 35–38, 45–46, 285n1
Odierno, Raymond, 228
O’Guinn, Monica, 261–62n1
Operation Glove Box, 253n3
Ouamouno, Emile, 220
Outbreak (movie, Peterson), 21, 244
Owen, Wilfred: “Dulce et decorum est,” 100, 116
Pace-Templeton, Judy, 55–56, 58, 61–62, 258–59n4
pass-box, 81–82
Patrick, William “Bill,” 10, 19, 47, 234–35
Patriot missiles, 113
Pentagon: and Ebola outbreak response, 221–23, 225–26, 264–65n2; lab inventory and, 206, 208, 214; 9/11 and, 29; response to Ivins investigation, 184, 195–97; Slammer admission and, 157; war preparations at, 76–77, 93–96, 98–99, 103, 104–6
Perkins, Christian, 147, 158, 163
Perkins, Jeremy, xxiii–xxiv, 147, 156, 163
Personnel Reliability Program (PRP), 204–5, 216, 263n3
Peterson, Kyle, 118
Peterson, Wolfgang: Outbreak (movie), 21, 244
Petitt, Patricia, 257n1, 258–59n4
Petrucelli, Bruno, 125, 127, 259n1
Pham, Nina, 231–32
Pierce, Benjamin Franklin “Hawkeye,” 3, 6, 244. See also M*A*S*H
Pierson, Jerry, 258–59n4
Pittman, Philip, 257n1, 258–59n4
plague: as a bioweapon agent, 13, 15, 21–24, 68, 234, 240; bubonic, 22–23, 35, 174, 254n6; containment of, 49; death from, 16, 18, 22–23, 69–70, 254n5; illegal purchase of, 203; lab inventory, 207, 216; and marine fever outbreak, 126; pneumonic, 23–24, 174–75; USAMRIID research on, xx, 175, 243; vaccine, 174–76, 179
Presnyakova, Antonina, 164
Preston, Richard: The Hot Zone, xiii, xxi, 21, 154, 195, 253n3
Purcell, Bret: and Ivins eulogy, 194, 261–62n1; and Ivins investigation, 175–76, 179, 183–84; monkey study, 260n1; and Slammer admission, 260–61n1; and SMART-IND team, 258–59n4
Q (Query) fever, 13, 47, 49, 75, 143–44, 219, 256n1, 257n3, 260n1
Quamman, David: Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic, 254n7
quarantine: definition of, 253n2; of dog during Ebola outbreak, 230–32; for Lassa exposure, 138, 140; with Slammer admission, xxii, xxv, 147, 149–64; of U.S. service members, 227–29
Ramon, Juan, 136
Ranadive, Manmohan, 257n1, 258–59n4
Reference Material Record-1029 (RMR-1029), 177–78, 193, 198–99
residency (internal medicine), 7–8
Rice, Condoleezza, 62
ricin toxin, 64–65, 69, 127, 243, 260n1
Ridge, Tom, 62
Rift Valley fever virus, 50, 58, 143, 260n1
ring-around-the-rosie, 16, 22, 254n5
Rivard, Robert, 260–61n1
RMR-1029. See Reference Material Record-1029
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 240
Rusnak, Janice, 122–24, 128, 259n1
Russell, Phillip, 98
rye stem rust, 14
Sammons-Jackson, Wendy, 237–39
sarin nerve agent, 17, 66, 71–72
SARTF. See Select Agents Response Task Force
Sawyer, Diane, 34
Schenker, Marc, 254n4
Schmaljohn, Alan, 254n5, 260n1
Schoepp, Randy, 223–24
SCUD missile, 100, 103, 112–13, 116, 119
SEB: See Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
select agents (biological select agents and toxins-BSAT): and Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 216–18; CDC and NIH challenges with, 218–19, 264n15; CDC as the lead, 203–5, 214, 264n11; regulations, 263nn2–4; USAMRIID challenges and inventory of, 204–15, 264nn5–10, 264nn12–14
Select Agents Response Task Force (SARTF), 93–98, 103
September 11, 2001, attacks, xiv, 29; impact on USAMRIID, 195–96, 207, 263nn3–4; Ivins activities after, 198–99; USAMRIID response after, 63, 72–75
serious incident report (SIR), 184, 206, 208–9, 212
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 124–26, 235
Shanks, Dennis, 137
Shaw, Charlotte, 130
Shigella dysenteriae biocrime, 67–68
“shock and awe” campaign, 100, 113, 115
Shoemaker, David, 205–9, 212–13, 218
siege of Quebec, 24
SIR. See serious incident report
Slammer: admission decision, xxiv–xxvi, 146–47, 149–51; capabilities, xxi–xxii, 50, 151–52, 222, 225–27; Diane Sawyer interview in, 34; Ebola admission, 146–64; marines with presumed Lassa, 132–33; supervision of, xxii, 79, 253n3
smallpox: as a bioweapon agent, 13, 15, 23–26, 68, 93, 234; clinical features, 24–25, 91; global eradication of, 10, 25, 70–71, 92; historical outbreaks, 12, 24–25, 92; lab breach and, 218–19; mechanisms of spread, 24–26, 68; war preparations, 74, 90, 93–99, 102–3, 111, 113
SMART-IND. See Special Medical Augmentation and Response Team for Investigational New Drugs
Smith, Dale, 141
Soman nerve agent, 71
Soviet Union: anthrax in Sverdlovsk, 74; bioweapons program, xiii–xiv, 10, 13, 17, 19, 21, 198, 235; and Georgi Markov death, 65; smallpox and, 92
Sowers, Michelle, 261–62n1
“space” suit, xvii–viii, xxii, xxv, 31, 49–50, 146, 151–52, 167, 170–71, 173
Special Immunizations Program (SIP), 144, 148, 260n1, 263n3
Special Medical Augmentation and Response Team for Investigational New Drugs (SMART-IND): desert mission, 100–121; origin of, 99; team members, 107, 258–59n4
Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (Quamman), 254n7
Stanek, Scott: and anthrax attacks, 29, 38, 39; and anthrax hallway contamination,79–80, 84, 257n1; and Slammer admission, xxii, 153, 253n1, 254n5, 260n1
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), 143, 260n1
Starbucks, 115, 149, 151–52, 157
Stephanopoulos, George, 62
Stevens, Robert, 30–33, 38, 201
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4–5
Sudan, 19–20
Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union, 74
Swearengen, Jim, 254n5
Tabun nerve agent, 71
task force (Pentagon), 196–97, 208
Thomas, Stephen, 228–29, 264–65nn1–2
Tripler Army Medical Center (Hawaii), 7–9
Trump administration, 234
tularemia: airborne alert, 63; as a bioweapon agent, 13, 15, 18–19, 70, 240, 243; clinical features of, 18, 35; lab-acquired infection from, 47, 237–39, 256n1; and marine fever outbreak, 125; source in nature, 70; USAMRIID research on, xx, 143–44, 243; war preparation for, 75
Uniformed Services University (USU), 141, 219, 221, 246
Unit 731, 23
United States Army Medical Unit (USAMU), 47, 143
University of Nebraska Medical Center and College of Public Health, 163–64, 226–27, 246
USS Iwo Jima Amphibious Ready Group, 129–31, 133–34
Vander Linden, Caree, 150, 160, 191, 193, 212–13
variola virus. See smallpox
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), 206–8, 256n1, 264n7
vice president. See Cheney, Richard “Dick”
Vicker’s unit, 225
viral hemorrhagic fevers, 15, 19–21, 68, 225. See also Ebola virus; hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Junin virus; Lassa fever virus; Machupo virus; Marburg; Rift Valley fever virus
Von Moltke, Helmut, 264n9
VX nerve agent, 17, 71, 102, 234
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 9, 86, 97
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 118, 124, 156–57, 165, 226
Warfield, Kelly: Ebola exposure, xvii–xviii, xix–xx, xxii–xxiv, 145; Slammer admission decision, xxiv–xxvi; Slammer quarantine, 146–64, 254n7
western equine encephalitis virus, 75, 257n3
wheat stem rust, 14
White Coat Program, 143, 144, 257n3
White House: anthrax attack and, 88; biodefense needs, 50, 237; botulinum toxin attack and, 51–63; Iraq war and, 75, 93, 98
WHO. See World Health Organization
Willman, David, 192
Wine, Laura, 130
Winkenwerder, William, 74, 76–78, 105–6
Wise, Robert: The Andromeda Strain (movie), 49, 225
Wolcott, Mark, 231–32
Woods, Ben, 260n1
World Health Organization (WHO), 25, 92, 221
Worsham, Pat: aftermath of Ivins death, 192, 194, 202; anthrax spore characterization and, 42, 198–99; FBI investigation and, 178–81, 185, 187–88; and Ivins arrest, 176–77; Ivins eulogy by, 261–62n1
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 94, 98, 103
Yersinia pestis. See plague