Bibl. Ros.: Archival materials in Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, University of Amsterdam
BNA: British National Archives, Kew
CAHJP: Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem
CZA: Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem
DRCTAU: Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center archive, Tel Aviv University
IISH: Archive of the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
JC: Jewish Chronicle
JDCNY: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee archive, New York
JSS: Jewish Social Studies
LBINY: Leo Baeck Institute Archive, Center for Jewish History, New York
LBIYB: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
WL: Wiener Library, London
YA: YIVO Archives, Center for Jewish History, New York
YV: Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem
1. George L. Mosse, Confronting History: A Memoir (Madison, Wis., 2000), 26.
2. Thomas Lackmann, Das Glück der Mendelssohns: Geschichte einer deutsche Familie (Berlin, 2007), 426–29.
3. Robert Weltsch, An der Wende des Modernen Judentums (Tübingen, 1972), 67.
4. Esriel Hildesheimer, Jüdische Selbstverwaltung unter dem NS-Regime: Der Existenzkampf der Reichsvertretung und Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutsch-land (Tübingen, 1994), 34.
5. Ben-Zion Gold, The Life of Jews in Poland Before the Holocaust (Lincoln, Neb., 2007), 80.
6. Theodore S. Hamerow, Remembering a Vanished World: A Jewish Childhood in Inter-War Poland (New York, 2001), 155.
7. Celia Stopnicka Heller, “Poles of Jewish Background—The Case of Assimilation without Integration in Interwar Poland,” in Joshua Fishman, ed., Studies on Polish Jewry 1919–1939 (New York, 1974), 258.
8. Jacob Lestchinsky, “Aspects of the Sociology of Polish Jewry,” JSS 28:4 (1966), 195.
9. Estimate by ORT, cited in Léon Baratz, La question juive en U.R.S.S. (Paris, 1938), 14.
10. Francine Hirsch, “The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress: Ethnographers and the Category Nationality in the 1926, 1937, and 1939 Censuses,” Slavic Review 56:2 (1997), 264, 275.
11. Georges Friedmann, De la Sainte Russie à l’URSS (Paris, 1938), 187, 193.
12. Léon Baratz, “Le problème des réfugiés juifs et l’U.R.S.S.,” La Juste Parole July 5, 1939; see also Baratz, La question juive.
13. Lewis Namier, “Zionism,” New Statesman, Nov. 5, 1927.
14. C. Wijsenbeek-Franken, Report on the Conditions of Jewish Social Work in Holland, June 1936, WL doc 1240/2, 4–5.
15. JC, Feb. 24, 1939.
16. D. E. Schnurmann, “La mortalité de la population juive en Alsace,” Revue “OSÉ,” April 1938, 7–8.
17. Rudoph Stahl, “Vocational Retraining of Jews in Nazi Germany,” JSS, 1:2 (1939), 171.
18. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1994), 4.
19. Felix A. Theilhaber, Der Untergang der deutschen Juden: Eine volkswirtschaftliche Studie (Munich, 1911).
20. Arthur Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World (London, 1935), 72.
21. Arthur Ruppin, The Jewish Fate and Future (London, 1940), 82. The book was sent to press in October 1939.
22. Ibid., 76.
23. Yehuda Don and George Magos, “The Demographic Development of Hungarian Jewry,” JSS, 45:3/4 (1983), 189–216.
24. L. Finkelstein, “L’état de santé de la population juive en Lithuanie,” Revue “OSÉ,” May 1937, 2.
25. Mordechai Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust: A Social and Demographic Profile (Jerusalem, 1998), 69 and 85. Most of the data in this chapter concerning Soviet Jewish demography are based on the Soviet census data of 1926, 1937, and 1939, as analyzed by Altshuler.
26. Ruppin, Jews in the Modern World, 264.
27. Ibid., 94–95.
28. Liebmann Hersch, “The Principal Causes of Death Among Jews,” Medical Leaves 4 (1942), 56–77.
29. Jerzy Tomaszewski, “Jews in Łódź in 1931 According to Statistics,” Polin 6 (1991), 198.
30. Finkelstein, “L’état de santé,” 5.
31. Ibid.
32. Don and Magos, “Demographic Development.”
33. Bruno Blau, “On the Frequency of Births in Jewish Marriages,” JSS 15:3/4 (1953), 246.
34. Uriah Zevi Engelman, “Intermarriage among Jews in Germany, USSR, and Switzerland,” JSS, 2:2 (1940), 165.
35. Sean Martin, Jewish Life in Cracow 1918–1939 (London, 2004).
36. Jacob Lestchinsky, “Economic Aspects of Jewish Community Organization in Independent Poland,” JSS, 9:4 (1947), 336.
37. Jacob Lestchinsky, Vohin geyen mir? Idishe vanderungen amol un haynt (New York, 1944), 30.
38. Ruppin, Jewish Fate, 304.
39. Hirsz Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World: Memoirs of East European Jewish Life before World War II (Detroit, 1999), Introduction by David Fishman, 13.
40. Evyatar Friesel, The Days and the Seasons: Memoirs (Detroit, 1996), 21.
41. Omer Bartov, Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine (Princeton, N.J., 2007), 6.
42. Frances Glazer Sternberg, “‘Cities of Boundless Possibilities’: Two Shtetlekh in Poland: A Social History” (Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri–Kansas City, 2000), 260.
43. S. Y. Agnon, “Betokh ayari,” in Y. Cohen, ed., Sefer butchatch (Tel Aviv, 1955–56), 11.
44. David Bronsen, Joseph Roth: Ein Biographie (Cologne, 1974), 43.
45. Avraham Barkai and Paul Mendes-Flohr, German-Jewish History in Modern Times, vol. 4, Renewal and Destruction: 1918–1945 (New York, 1998), 16–17.
46. David H. Weinberg, A Community on Trial: The Jews of Paris in the 1930s (Chicago, 1974), 76.
47. Itzik Manger, “Idn un di daytshe kultur,” in Noente geshtaltn un andere shriftn (New York, 1961), 467.
1. Jacques Maritain, A Christian Looks at the Jewish Question (New York, 1939), 16.
2. Ibid., 28–29.
3. Ibid., 29–30.
4. Anna Landau-Czajka, “The Image of the Jew in the Catholic Press during the Second Republic,” Polin 8 (1994), 170.
5. Maritain, A Christian Looks, 82.
6. Ibid., 61–64.
7. Ibid., 29.
8. Eugen Weber, Action Française: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France (Stanford, Calif., 1962), 235.
9. Pawel Korzec, “Antisemitism in Poland as an Intellectual, Social, and Political Movement,” in Fishman, ed., Studies on Polish Jewry, 83.
10. David I. Kertzer, The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism (New York, 2001), 280.
11. Ibid., 251.
12. Georges Passelecq and Bernard Suchecky, L’Encyclique cachée de Pie XI: Une occasion manquée de l’Eglise face à l’antisémitisme (Paris, 1995); Anton Rauscher, ed., Wider den Rassismus: Entwurf einer nicht erschienenen Enzyklika (1938): Texte aus dem Nachlass von Gustav Gundlach SJ (Padeborn, 2001); Giovanni Sale, Hitler, la Santa Sede e gli ebrei (Milan, 2004); Frank J. Coppa, “The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI Against Racism and Anti-Semitism Uncovered—Once Again!” Catholic Historical Review 84:1 (1998), 63–72.
13. Lynn Viola, “The Peasant Nightmare: Visions of Apocalypse in the Soviet Countryside,” Journal of Modern History 62:4 (1990), 755–56.
14. Nicholas Hewitt, The Life of Céline: A Critical Biography (Oxford, 1999), 167–68.
15. Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (New York, 1994), 106.
16. Shmuel Ettinger, “East European Jewry from Imperial to National Policy” (unpublished paper).
17. Carole Fink, Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938 (Cambridge, 2004), 248.
18. Ibid., 276.
19. Arkadi Zeltser, “Inter-War Ethnic Relations and Soviet Policy: The Case of Eastern Belorussia,” Yad Vashem Studies 34 (2006), 87–124.
20. Joel Cang, “The Opposition Parties in Poland and Their Attitude towards the Jews and the Jewish Problem,” JSS 1:2 (1939), 246.
21. “Letter from Poland,” by Jacob Lestchinsky, in Forverts (New York), March 27, 1936.
22. Angela White, “Jewish Lives in the Polish Language: The Polish-Jewish Press, 1918–1939” (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 2007), 211.
23. Korzec, “Antisemitism in Poland,” 90–91.
24. Martin Andermann, “My life in Germany before and after 30 January 1933,” LBIYB 55:1 (2010), 315–28.
25. E. Rosenbaum and A. J. Sherman, M. M. Warburg & Co. 1798–1938: Merchant Bankers of Hamburg (London, 1979), 166.
26. Sebastian Haffner, Defying Hitler (New York, 2002), 122–23.
27. Speech by Friedrich von Keller, American Jewish Year Book, 36, 5695/1934–35 (Philadelphia, 1934), 106.
28. Speech by Henri Bérenger, ibid., 108.
29. Ibid., 118.
30. Christian Goeschel, Suicide in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2009), 98–99.
31. Barkai and Mendes-Flohr, German-Jewish History in Modern Times, vol. 4, 211.
32. Abraham Ascher, A Community under Siege: The Jews of Breslau under Nazism (Stanford, Calif., 2007), 4.
33. Weber, Hollow Years, 305.
34. Memorandum of telephone conversation, Nov. 30, 1936, JDCNY AR 1933–44, file 695.
35. Max Horkheimer, “Die Juden und Europa,” Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 8:1/2 (1939–40), 115–37.
36. Bernard Wasserstein, “Blame the Victim,” Times Literary Supplement, Oct. 9, 2009: a fuller, annotated version is available in Dutch: Bernard Wasserstein et al., Hannah Arendt en de geschiedschrijving: Een controverse (Nijmegen, 2010).
37. Full text in Marc B. Shapiro, Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy: The Life and Works of Rabbi Jehiel Jacob Weinberg 1884–1966 (Oxford, 1999), Appendix 2, 225–33.
38. David Sha’ari, “The Jewish Community of Cernăuţi between the Wars,” Shvut 7:23 (1998), 116.
39. Introduction to Wilhelm Filderman, Memoirs and Diaries, vol. 1, 1900–1940, ed. Jean Ancel (Tel Aviv, 2004), 13.
40. Memoir of Chanan (Hans) Floersheim, LBINY ME 1300, 2.
41. Ibid.
42. Marci Shore, Caviar and Ashes: A Warsaw Generation’s Life and Death in Marxism, 1918–1968 (New Haven, Conn., 2006), 139.
43. Sinai Leichter, ed., Anthology of Yiddish Folksongs, vol. 5 (Jerusalem, 2000), 229–33. See Natan Gross, “Mordechai Gebirtig: The Folksong and the Cabaret Song,” Polin 16 (2003), 107–17.
1. Quoted in Unity in Dispersion: A History of the World Jewish Congress (New York, 1948), 13.
2. Brenda S. Webster, “Helene Deutsch: A New Look,” Signs 10:3 (1985), 556.
3. Printed notice, 13 Marcheshvan 5691 (Nov. 4, 1930), IISH Bund 331; and sim. 2 Marcheshvan 5699 (Oct. 27, 1938), YA 28/2/Bobov.
4. Aviezer Ravitzky, “Munkács and Jerusalem,” in S. Almog, J. Reinharz, and A. Shapira, eds., Zionism and Religion (Hanover, N.H., 1998), 71.
5. YA RG 28 Box 1, folder BELZ.
6. Marcus Moseley, “Bal-Makhshoves,” in Gershon Hundert, ed., The YIVO Encyclopaedia of the Jews in Eastern Europe (New Haven, Conn., 2008), vol. 1, 116.
7. Dan Jacobson, “A Memoir of Jabotinsky,” Commentary 31:6 (June 1961), 520.
8. Eran Kaplan, The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideological Legacy (Madison, Wis., 2005), 28.
9. Melekh Ravitch, “Emanuel Ringelblum,” in Cohen, ed., Sefer butchatch, 227–28.
10. Julius Braunthal, In Search of the Millennium (London, 1945), 5.
11. Jean Lacouture, Léon Blum (Paris, 1977), 205.
12. Selma Leydesdorf, “In Search of the Picture: Jewish Proletarians in Amsterdam between the Two World Wars,” in Jozeph Michman, ed., Dutch Jewish History (Jerusalem, 1984), 326.
13. Marcel Pauker, Ein Lebenslauf: Jüdisches Schicksal in Rumänien 1896–1938, ed. William Totok and Erhard Roy Wiehn (Constance, 1999), 24.
14. Isaac Deutscher, “Who is a Jew?” in Isaac Deutscher, The Non-Jewish Jew and other Essays (London, 1968), 42–59.
15. Jeff Schatz, “Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland,” Studies in Contemporary Jewry 20 (2004), 20.
16. Moshé Zalcman, La véridique histoire de Moshé, ouvrier juif et communiste au temps de Staline (Paris, 1977), 40.
17. A. Kichelewsky, “Being a Jew and a Communist in 1930s France: Dilemmas seen through a Yiddish daily newspaper, the ‘Naye Prese,’” in A. Grabski, ed., Żydzi a lewica: Zbiór studiów historycznych (Warsaw, 2007), 93.
18. Michel Trebitsch, “‘De la situation faite à l’écrivain juif dans le monde moderne’: Jean-Richard Bloch entre identité, littérature et engagement,” Archives Juives 36:2 (2003), 47.
19. Ibid., 53.
20. Joshua Rubenstein, Tangled Loyalties: The Life and Times of Ilya Ehrenburg (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1999), 132.
21. Annie Kriegel and Stéphane Courtois, Eugen Fried: Le grand secret du PCF (Paris, 1997).
22. S. L. Shneiderman, “Notes for an Autobiography,” http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html.
23. Ibid.
24. Koppel S. Pinson, “Arkady Kremer, Vladimir Medem, and the Ideology of the Jewish Bund,” JSS 7:3 (1945), 245.
25. Emanuel Nowogrodski, The Jewish Labor Bund in Poland 1915–1939 (Rockville, Md., 2001), chapter 6.
26. Manifesto adopted at 1937 fortieth anniversary Congress, Nov. 1937, quoted ibid., 169.
27. Gertrud Pickhan, “Yidishkayt and class consciousness: The Bund and its minority concept,” East European Jewish Affairs 39:2 (2009), 259.
28. Sophie Dubnow-Erlich, The Life and Work of S. M. Dubnow (Bloomington, Ind., 1991), 229.
29. Victor Erlich, Child of a Turbulent Century (Evanston, Ill., 2006), 39.
30. Ibid.
31. Sinai Leichter, ed., Anthology of Jewish Folksongs, vol. 6 (Jerusalem, 2002), 221–22.
32. Folks-tsaytung, July 5, 1935, as quoted in Nowogrodski, Jewish Labor Bund, 152.
33. Jacob Lestchinski, “Vu iz der oysveg?” Naye shtime, July 1938, 6.
34. The description, by the Australian journalist George Farmer, is quoted by Beverley Hooper in her entry on Steinberg in Australian National Biography, online ed., http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A160362b.htm.
35. “Gershon Malakiewicz,” in Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World, 289–90.
36. Zalcman, Histoire véridique, 29.
37. Naye folks-tsaytung, Dec. 2, 1930.
38. Weinberg, Community on Trial, 56.
39. Robert Moses Shapiro, “The Polish Kehillah Elections of 1936: A Revolution Re-examined,” Polin 8 (1994), 210, 213.
1. Zvi Gitelman, “Correlates, Causes and Consequences of Jewish Fertility in the USSR,” in Paul Ritterband, ed., Modern Jewish Fertility (Leiden, 1981), 45.
2. Schnurmann, “La mortalité,” 7–8.
3. Hirsz Abramowicz, “Rural Jewish Occupations,” in Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World, 76.
4. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 44.
5. Ibid., 15.
6. Reproduced in Leyzer Ran, ed., Yerusholoyim d’Lite, vol. 1 (New York, 1974), 92.
7. Arnold J. Band, “Agnon’s Synthetic Shtetl,” in Steven T. Katz, ed., The Shtetl: New Evaluations (New York, 2007), 234.
8. Mikhail Krutikov, “Rediscovering the Shtetl as a New Reality,” in Katz, ed., Shtetl, 211.
9. Nathalie Babel, ed., The Complete Works of Isaac Babel (New York, 2005), 742. This fragment of an unpublished novel did not appear in print in Babel’s lifetime.
10. Wolf Lewkowicz to Sol Zissman, May 14, 1933, English translation from Yiddish at http://web.mit.edu/maz/wolf/65-179/wolf134.txt.
11. “The Plight of Jewish Children in Ostrog,” Oct. 1937, JDCNY AR 33-44/822.
12. “Probuzhana,” report by Economic-Statistical Bureau of C.K.B. (Central Society for the Support of Free Credit and the Spread of Productive Labour among the Jewish Population of Poland), Warsaw, c. 1935, YA 116, Poland 1/6/26.
13. Abramowicz, “A Lithuanian Shtetl,” in Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World, 77–98.
14. Samuel Kassow, Introduction to Katz, ed., Shtetl, 8–9.
15. Interview with Yermye Herscheles, born in Gliniany, quoted in Walter Zev Feldman, “Remembrance of Things Past: Klezmer Musicians of Galicia, 1870–1940,” Polin 16 (2003), 29–57.
16. Samuel Kassow, “The Shtetl in Inter-War Poland,” in Katz, ed., Shtetl, 125.
17. Wolf Lewkowicz to Sol Zissman, Oct. 8, 1926, English translation from Yiddish at http://web.mit.edu/maz/wolf/29-64/wolf61.txt.
18. International Conference on Jewish Social Work, London, July 1936, Synopsis of Reports, WL doc 1240/40, XVI/4.
19. Baranovitsher kuryer, April 17 and July 17, 1936.
20. Sternberg, “‘Cities of Boundless Possibilities,’” 223–24.
21. Gennady Estraikh, Soviet Yiddish: Language Planning and Linguistic Development (Oxford, 1999), 24, quoting a work by Ja. Kantor published in Moscow in 1935.
22. Dovid Hofshteyn, “Shtot,” Yiddish text from Irving Howe, Ruth R. Wisse, and Khone Shmeruk, The Penguin Book of Modern Yiddish Verse (New York, 1987), 263.
23. Yoyvel-heft gevidmet dem 5 yorikn yoyvel fun di pirkhey agudos yisroel in ontverpn (Antwerp, Adar 5696/March 1936), 1.
24. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 40.
25. Beate Kosmala, Juden und Deutsche in polnischen Haus: Tomaszów Mazowiecki 1914–1939 (Berlin, 2001), 90.
26. Isaac Bashevis Singer, Shosha (New York, 1978; first published in Yiddish, 1974), 70.
27. Itzik Nakhmen Gottesman, Redefining the Yiddish Nation: The Jewish Folklorists of Poland (Detroit, 2003), 134.
28. “Gezelshaft medem-sanatorye,” c. 1937, YA 1474/1/1.
29. YA 1474/1/7.
30. Zalcman, Histoire véridique, 51.
31. Weinberg, Community on Trial, 37.
32. Naye prese, Sept. 12, 1935, quoted ibid., 41.
33. Shmuel Bunim, “Sur les traces de quelques cafés juifs du Paris des années trente,” Les Cahiers du Judaïsme 26 (2009), 46–51.
34. Arbet un kamf: Barikht fun tsentraln profesioneln rat fun di yidishe klasnfaraynen in Poyln (Warsaw, August 1939), ii.
35. Der transport arbeter, Dec. 1936, 4.
36. Der transport arbeter, Dec. 1936, 11–12.
37. S. Glikson, Der yidishe frizir-arbeter in varshe (Warsaw, 1939), 24.
1. Egon Erwin Kisch, Tales from Seven Ghettos (London, 1948), 178.
2. Siegfried E. van Praag, Jerusalem van het Westen (The Hague, 1962).
3. J. C. H. Blom and J. J. Chaen, “Jewish Netherlanders, 1870–1940,” in J. C. H. Blom, R. G. Fuks-Mansfeld, and I. Schöffer, eds., The History of the Jews in the Netherlands (Oxford, 2002), 236.
4. Benno Gitter, The Story of My Life (London, 1999), 17.
5. C. Wijsenbeek-Franken, Report on the Conditions of Jewish Social Work in Holland, June 1936, WL doc 1240/2, 11.
6. Simone Lipschitz, Die Amsterdamse Diamantbeurs (Amsterdam, 1990), 146.
7. Meijer de Hond, describing the area in the 1920s, quoted in Selma Leydesdorff, We Lived with Dignity: The Jewish Proletariat of Amsterdam, 1900–1940 (Detroit, 1994), 42–43.
8. Gertrude van Tijn, supplementary memoir, LBINY ME 1335, 26.
9. Leydesdorff, We Lived with Dignity, 81.
10. Introduction to Jonathan Israel and Reinier Salverda, eds., Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture 1500–2000 (Leiden, 2002), 6–7.
11. C. Wijsenbeek-Franken, Report on the Conditions of Jewish Social Work in Holland, June 1936, WL doc 1240/2, 15.
12. Karin Hofmeester, “Holland’s Greatest Beggar: Fundraising and Public Relations at the Joodsche Invalide,” Studia Rosenthaliana 33:1 (1999), 47–59.
13. J. C. H. Blom, “Dutch Jews, Jewish Dutchmen and Jews in the Netherlands 1870–1940,” in Israel and Salverda, eds., Dutch Jewry, 221.
14. Bob Moore, Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933–1940 (Dordrecht, 1986), 71.
15. Comité voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen, Amsterdam, circular, April 1, 1935, Bibl. Ros. Vereenigingen Comité–G.
16. Gertrude van Tijn to James G. McDonald, April 5, 1935, JDCNY AR 1933–44, folder 703.
17. Melissa Müller, Anne Frank: The Biography (London, 2000), 43.
18. Salvador E. Bloemgarten, “Henri Polak: A Jew and a Dutchman,” in Jozeph Michman, ed., Dutch Jewish History (Jerusalem, 1984), 262.
19. Henri Polak, Het “wetenschappelijk” antisemitisme: weerlegging en vertoog (Amsterdam, 1933).
20. Gennady Estraikh, “The Vilna Yiddishists’ Quest for Modernity,” in Marina Dmitrieva and Heidemarie Petersen, eds., Jüdische Kultur(en) im Neuen Europa: Wilna 1918–1939 (Wiesbaden, 2004), 102.
21. Franz Kurski, archivist of the Bund, quoted in Pickhan, “Yidishkayt and class consciousness,” 250.
22. Czesław Miłosz, “Miłosz’s ABCs,” New York Review of Books, Nov. 2, 2000.
23. Czesław Miłosz, Native Realm: A Search for Self-Definition (New York, 1968), 92.
24. Ran, ed., Yerusholoyim d’Lite, vol. 1, 40.
25. Yves Plasseraud and Henri Minczeles, eds., Lituanie juive, 1918–1940: Message d’un monde englouti (Paris, 1996), 62–63.
26. Abramowicz, Profiles of a Lost World, 31.
27. Quotations from unidentified Latvian Yiddish newspaper and from article by Michał Weichert in Cecile Kuznitz, “The Origins of Yiddish Scholarship and the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research” (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 2000), 78–79.
28. Joshua M. Karlip, “Between martyrology and historiography: Elias Tcherikower and the making of a pogrom historian,” East European Jewish Affairs 38:3 (December 2008), 268.
29. Ibid., 272.
30. Memoir of Sonia Wachstein, LBINY ME 1068, 37.
31. Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, “Coming of Age in the Thirties: Max Weinreich, Edward Sapir, and Jewish Social Science,” YIVO Annual 23 (1996), 87.
32. Literarishe bleter, Jan. 18, 1929.
33. Libe Schildkret (later Lucy Dawidowicz), quoted in Kuznitz, “Origins of Yiddish Scholarship,” 144.
34. Dubnow letter to Jacob Lestchinsky, quoted in Dubnow-Erlich, Life and Work of S. M. Dubnow, 216.
35. Howe et al., eds., Penguin Book of Modern Yiddish Verse, 406–11.
36. “B. Vladek,” “A blik oyf tsurik,” in Yefim Yeshurun, ed., Vilne: a zamelbukh gevidmet der shtot vilne (New York, 1935), 211.
37. Elissa Bemporad, “Red Star on the Jewish Street: The Reshaping of Jewish Life in Soviet Minsk, 1917–1939” (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 2006), 121.
38. Ibid., 49.
39. Ibid., 176.
40. Ibid., 207.
41. See “Jewish pigs” and other cartoons reproduced in Andrew Sloin, “Pale Fire: Jews in Revolutionary Belorussia, 1917–1929” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2009), 481 ff.
42. Ibid., 352.
44. Gentille Arditty-Puller, “Poésie d’une Salonique disparu,” Le Judaïsme Sépharadi, n.s., 11 (July 1956).
45. Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts (London, 2004), 304.
46. Rena Molho, Salonica and Istanbul: Social, Political and Cultural Aspects of Jewish Life (Analecta Isisiana, 83, Istanbul, 2005), 39.
47. “Memoire sovre los escopos, la activita etc. de las institutions de bienfaisencia,” Jewish Community of Thessaloniki, May 16, 1939, YA 207/87; see also related documents in this record group.
48. Mazower, Salonica, 367.
49. New York Times, May 21, 2009.
50. Quoted in Gila Hadar, “Space and Time in Saloniki on the Eve of World War II, and the Expulsion and Destruction of Saloniki Jewry, 1939–1945,” Yalkut Moreshet 4 (2006), 50.
51. Ioannis Skourtis, “The Zionists and their Jewish Opponents in Thessaloniki between the Two World Wars,” in I. K. Hassiotis, ed., The Jewish Communities of Southeastern Europe from the Fifteenth Century to the end of World War II (Thessaloniki, 1997), 511.
52. Mazower, Salonica, 409.
53. L’Inspecteur des Ecoles Communales Israélites [unnamed on carbon copy] to M. Batsoutas, Inspecteur des Ecoles Publiques, Jan. 24, 1929, CAHJP GR/sa/47.
54. Letter [signature indecipherable] to a member of the community’s Educational Commission, Salonica, June 27, 1937, YA 207/119.
55. L’Indépendant, May 8, 1939.
56. President of Community Council, Salonica, to Community Education Commission, May 20, 1937, YA 207/145.
57. K. E. Fleming, Greece: A Jewish History (Princeton, 2008), 99.
58. Yitzhak Bezalel, “Bikoret mahutanit shel mister green: ben gurion al yehudei saloniki,” Pe’amim 109 (2006), 149–53.
59. Shmuel Raphael, “The Longing for Zion in Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) Poetry,” in Minna Rozen, ed., The Last Ottoman Century and Beyond: The Jews in Turkey and the Balkans, 1808–45, vol. 2 (Tel Aviv, 2002), 216, quoting A. S. Recanati, “Los escariños por la Palestine,” Ben-Israel (1923), 15.
60. “Salonique: Le nouveau Conseil Communal,” Le Judaïsme Sépharadi 24 (December 1934).
61. Minna Rozen, “Jews and Greeks Remember Their Past: The Political Career of Tzevi Koretz (1933–43),” JSS, n.s., 12:1 (2005), 111–66.
62. Quoted ibid., 135.
63. L’Indépendant, June 3, 1939.
64. Protocol of Community Council meeting, Jan. 6, 1939, CAHJP GR/sa/59.
65. See Acción and Le Progrès, January 1939.
66. L’Indépendant, May 8, 1939.
67. L’Indépendant, July 12, 1939: see also testimony of Ruth Calfon, 1956, regarding Stela Masarano, YV.
68. Mazower, Salonica, 404.
69. L’Indépendant, Jan. 9, 1939.
1. Wolf Lewkowicz to Sol Zissman, Oct. 14, 1928, English translation from Yiddish at http://web.mit.edu/maz/wolf/65-179/wolf94.txt.
2. Gold, Life of Jews, 99–100.
3. Schmuel Osterzetser, “Agudistishe yugnt,” Yoyvel-heft gevidmet dem 5-yorikn yoyvel fun di pirkhey agudos yisroel in ontverpn (Antwerp, Adar 5696/March 1936), 2.
4. Gershon Greenberg, “Ontic Division and Religious Survival: Wartime Palestinian Orthodoxy and the Holocaust (Hurban),” Modern Judaism 14:1 (1994), 51.
5. See Shapiro, Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy, 95–96.
6. Samuel C. Heilman, “The Many Faces of Orthodoxy,” Part 1, Modern Judaism 2:1 (1982), 43, 45.
7. Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, The Carpathian Diaspora: The Jews of Subcarpathian Rus’ and Mukachevo, 1848–1948 (New York, 2007), 163.
8. Raphael Patai, Apprentice in Budapest: Memories of a World That Is No More (Salt Lake City, 1988), 306.
9. Allan L. Nadler, “The War on Modernity of R. Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkacz,” Modern Judaism 14:3 (1994), 237.
10. Ravitzky, “Munkács and Jerusalem,” 67.
11. Nadler, “War on Modernity,” 256.
12. Jelinek, Carpathian Diaspora, 175.
13. Nadler, “War on Modernity,” 250.
14. Jelinek, Carpathian Diaspora, 172–73.
15. Le Judaïsme Sépharadi 31–33 (August–September 1935).
16. Alexander Altmann, “The German Rabbi: 1910–1939,” LBIYB 19 (1974), 31.
17. Christhard Hoffman and Daniel R. Schwarz, “Early but Opposed—Supported but Late: Two Berlin Seminaries which Attempted to Move Abroad,” LBIYB 36 (1991), 267–304.
18. Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Jewish Politics in Vienna, 1918–1938 (Bloomington, Ind., 1991), 124.
19. George Alexander Kohut, in Victor Aptowitzer et al., eds., Abhandlungen zur Erinnerung an Hirsch Perez Chajes (Vienna, 1933), lix.
20. Joachim Prinz, “Abschied von einer Arbeit,” Jüdische Rundschau, July 27, 1937. The allusion is to the passage in Jeremiah 31:1–16, in which the prophet comforts the weeping people with the prospect of a return to their own borders from “the land of the enemy” (a phrase that would, no doubt, have been unprintable in Nazi Germany).
21. Dan Porat memoir, LBINY ME 1060, 4.
22. Joseph Carlebach, Der Chederprozess im Stadttheater zu Witebsk: Ein kulturgeschichtliches Dokument (Berlin, 1924), 31.
23. Porat memoir, LBINY ME 1060, 3.
24. Ibid., 2.
25. Martin, Jewish Life in Cracow, 160–61.
26. Sabina Lewin, “Observations on the State as a Factor in the History of Jewish Private Elementary Schooling in the Second Polish Republic,” Gal-Ed 18 (2002), 65.
27. Y. Y. Inditski, “Vi hot oysgezen der amoliger kheder,” Unzer Lebn (Białystok), July 14, 1939.
28. Sternberg, “‘Cities of Boundless Possibilities,’” 119.
29. Gold, Life of Jews, 46–47.
30. Shaul Stampfer, “Hasidic Yeshivot in Inter-War Poland,” Polin 11 (1998), 23.
31. Gold, Life of Jews, 117–18.
32. Shapiro, Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy, 5.
33. David Fishman, “The Musar Movement in Interwar Poland,” in Yisrael Gutman et al., eds., The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (Hanover, N.H., 1989), 251.
34. YA 767/1/Lublin yeshiva and 767/1/Warsaw-Otwock.
35. Information form on Ponevezh yeshiva submitted to Haffkine Foundation, Paris, YA 767/1/Ponevezh.
36. Information form on Mir yeshiva submitted to “Joint,” March 1939, JDCNY AR 33–44/836.
37. Richard Fuchs, “The ‘Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums’ in the Period of Nazi Rule,” LBIYB, 12 (1967), 10.
38. Ibid., 21.
39. Raphael Patai, Apprenticeship in Budapest, 320.
40. Ibid., 340–41.
41. Joseph Roth, “The Auto-da-fé of the Mind,” in What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920–1933 (New York, 2003), 210–11; this article first appeared in Cahiers juifs (Paris), September–November 1933.
42. Myriam Anissimov, Primo Levi: Tragedy of an Optimist (New York, 1999), 20.
43. Robert Kanfer memoir, LBINY ME 1518, 8.
44. Aryeh Yodfat, “The Soviet Struggle to Destroy Jewish Religious Education in the Early Years of the Regime, 1917–1927,” Journal of Jewish Education 40:3 (1970), 33.
45. Elias Schulman, A History of Jewish Education in the Soviet Union (New York, 1971), 59.
46. Leyb Abram et al., eds., Der mishpet ibren kheyder (Vitebsk, 1922).
47. Yodfat, “Soviet Struggle,” 37.
48. Aryeh Yodfat, “Jewish Religious Education in the USSR (1928–1971),” Journal of Jewish Education 42:1 (1972), 31.
49. Bemporad, “Red Star on the Jewish Street,” 149–50.
50. K. Beznosik, M. Erik, and Y. Rubin, eds., Antireligyezer literarisher leyenbukh (Moscow, 1930), 4.
51. Ibid., 5.
52. “Gedali,” in Babel, ed., Complete Works of Isaac Babel, 228.
53. Zalcman, Histoire véridique, 114.
54. Yodfat, “Jewish Religious Education,” 31.
55. Ibid., 33.
56. Meir Mushkatin, “In der tsayt fun bolshevikes,” in Grigori Aronson, ed., Vitebsk amol: geshikhte, zikhroynes, khurbn (New York, 1983), 593–602.
57. Clive Sinclair, The Brothers Singer (London, 1983), 117.
58. See correspondence from Aharon-Yosef Hershunov in Tul’chyn (July 10, 1936) and from Rabbi Nahman Sternharz in Uman and Berdichev (1934 and 1937), enclosed with commentary in letters from M. L. Hershunov (Montreal) to Max Weinreich (New York), March 24, and April 22, 1944, CAHJP RU/84.
59. Avraham Greenbaum, Rabanei brit hamoatsot bein milhamot ha-olam (Jerusalem, 1994), 28.
60. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 98–101.
1. Gold, Life of Jews, 55.
2. Mishnah Sotah 3:4.
3. Berakhot 10a; Nadler, “War on Modernity,” 253.
4. Ruth Rubin, “Nineteenth-Century Yiddish Folk Songs of Children in Eastern Europe,” Journal of American Folklore 65:257 (1952), 240.
5. Rae Dalven, The Jews of Ioannina (Philadelphia, 1990), 132.
6. Rafael Scharf, Poland, What Have I to Do With Thee … Essays Without Prejudice (London, 1996), 18.
7. Lucjan Dobroszycki, “The Fertility of Modern Polish Jewry,” in Ritterband, ed., Modern Jewish Fertility, 69.
8. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 67.
9. Fred S. Worms, A Life in Three Cities: Frankfurt, London, and Jerusalem (London, 1996), 13.
10. See Jordan D. Finkin, A Rhetorical Conversation: Jewish Discourse in Modern Yiddish Literature (University Park, Penn., 2010), 83.
11. Mayer Bogdanski, “Dos yidishe kultur-lebn in farmilkhomdikn pyeterkov,” Oksforder yidish 1 (1990), 48.
12. Aharon Vinkovetzky, Abba Kovner, and Sinai Leichter, eds., Anthology of Yiddish Folksongs, vol. 2 (Jerusalem, 1984), 90–91.
13. S. Binder, “Di demografishe bavegung in yidishn kibuts fun kaunas,” in S. Binder et al., Yidn in kaunas (Kaunas, 1939), 33.
14. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 78.
15. Unzer ekspres, Aug. 9, 1939.
16. Such a case is recorded in P. Anderman-Neuberger, “Bet ha-yetumim be-butchatch,” in Cohen, ed., Sefer butchatch, 184–85.
17. Marion A. Kaplan, The Jewish Feminist Movement in Germany: The Campaigns of the Jüdischer Frauenbund, 1904–1938 (Westport, Conn., 1979), 38–39.
18. Alice Salomon, Charakter ist Schicksal: Lebenserinnerungen (Weinheim, 1983), 139.
19. Marloes Schoonheim, “Stemming the Current: Dutch Jewish Women and the First Feminist Movement,” in Judith Frishman and Hetty Berg, eds., Dutch Jewry in a Cultural Maelstrom 1880–1940 (Amsterdam, 2007), 174.
20. Selma Leydesdorff, “Dutch Jewish Women: Integration and Modernity,” ibid., 192.
21. Kaplan, Jewish Feminist Movement, 157.
22. Dora Gross-Moszkowski memoir, LBINY ME 834, 24.
23. Abram et al, eds., Der mishpet ibren kheyder, 36.
24. Der Israelit, June 13, 1929.
25. C.V. Zeitung, June 14, 1929.
26. Yidishe bilder, July 8, 1938.
27. Joseph Roth, The Wandering Jews, trans. Michael Hofmann (New York, 2001), 85.
28. Dahlia S. Elazar, “‘Engines of Acculturation’: The Last Political Generation of Jewish Women in Interwar East Europe,” Journal of Historical Sociology 15:3 (2002), 366–94.
29. Ibid., 385–86.
30. Gold, Life of Jews, 56.
31. Deborah Weizman, “Bais Ya’akov as an Innovation in Women’s Education: A Contribution to the Study of Education and Social Change,” Studies in Jewish Education 7 (Jerusalem, 1995), 294–95.
32. Wendy Goldman, Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin’s Russia (Cambridge, 2002), 16.
33. Anna Fishman Gonshor, “Kadye Molodowsky in Literarishe Bleter, 1925–1935: Annotated Bibliography” (M.A. thesis, McGill University, 1997), 67.
34. Literarishe bleter, June 3, 1927.
35. Yankev Botoshanski, “Kadya Molodowski,” Literarishe bleter, Jan. 6, 1933.
36. Rokhl Korn, “Dzhike-gas un ir dikhterin,” Literarishe bleter, Jan. 19, 1934.
37. Katharina von Kellenbach, “Denial and Defiance in the Work of Rabbi Regina Jonas,” in Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack, eds., In God’s Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2001), 243–58.
38. Second Jewish International Conference on the Suppression of the Traffic in Girls and Women, 22–4 June 1927, Official Report (London, 1927).
39. Iris Parush, Reading Jewish Women: Marginality and Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Eastern European Society (Hanover, N.H., 2004), 297, quoting a writer, “A,” in Hador.
40. Leichter, ed., Anthology of Yiddish Folk Songs, vol. 5, 114–16.
1. Lewis Namier, “Introduction” to Ruppin, Jews in the Modern World, xxv.
2. Jelinek, Carpathian Diaspora, 125.
3. Gold, Life of Jews, 28–30.
4. Gerhard Schreiber, memoir, LBINY ME 1416.
5. Lev Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer (New York, 1980), 44–45.
6. Deborah Hope Yalen, “Red Kasrilevke: Ethnographies of Economic Transformation in the Soviet Shtetl, 1917–1939” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2007), 85–86.
7. Paul Jankowski, Stavisky: A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue (Ithaca, N.Y., 2002), vii.
8. Bernard Wasserstein, The Secret Lives of Trebitsch Lincoln, 2nd rev. ed. (London, 1989).
9. See Michael Berkowitz, The Crime of My Very Existence: Nazism and the Myth of Jewish Criminality (Berkeley, 2007).
10. Liebmann Hersch, Farbrekherishkayt fun yidn un nit-yidn in poyln (Vilna, 1937); Liebmann Hers[c]h, “Delinquency among Jews: A Comparative Study of Criminality among the Jewish and Non-Jewish Population of the Polish Republic,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 27:4 (1936) 515–38; Liebmann Hersch, “Complementary Data on Jewish Delinquency in Poland,” loc. cit., 27:6 (1937), 857–73.
11. Sloin, “Pale Fire,” vol. 1, 130.
12. Jac. van Weringh, “A Case of Homicide in the Jewish Neighbourhood of Amsterdam 1934: Reactions in Dutch Society,” in Michman, ed., Dutch Jewish History, 338.
13. Ibid., 340.
14. Zvi Yavetz, Erinnerungen an Czernowitz: Wo Menschen und Bücher lebten (Munich, 2007), 228–29.
15. Gwido Zlatkes, “Urke Nachalnik: A Voice from the Underworld,” Polin 16 (2003), 382. See also Avraham Karpinovitch, “Sipuro hamufla shel urke nachalnik,” Kesher 18 (1975), 93–101; and Mikhl Ben-Avrom, “Urke nachalnik,” Forverts, June 23, 2006.
16. Isaac Bashevis Singer, Shosha (New York, 1978), 72.
17. Ibid., 71.
18. Shmuel Lehman, ed., Ganovim-lider mit melodyes (Warsaw, 1928), 25.
19. J. L. Cahan, Yidisher folklor (Vilna, 1938), 84. A variant version, recorded in Zamość during the German occupation in the First World War, is in Lehman, ed., Ganovim-lider, 23–24.
20. See Richard Cobb, Paris and its Provinces 1792–1802 (Oxford, 1975), 141–93.
21. “Probuzhana,” report by Economic-Statistical Bureau of C.K.B., circa 1935, YA 116, Poland 1/6/26.
22. Undated, contemporary report, quoted in Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, “Jewish Youth in Carpatho Rus’: Between Hope and Despair, 1920–1938,” Shvut 7:23 (1998), 148–49.
23. New York Times, July 25, 1938.
24. Parizer haynt, July 25, 27, 1938.
25. Action française, July 29, 1938; Kurt Ihlefeld, “Das Judenportrait. Isaak Leifer. Oberrabiner und Rauschgiftschmuggler,” Mitteilungen über die Judenfrage 2:26/7 (1938).
26. Parizer haynt, July 28, 1938.
27. Parizer haynt, July 29, and Aug. 2, 8, and 18, 1938.
28. New York Times, June 21 and Aug. 5, 1939.
29. Arcadius Kahan, “Vilna: The Sociocultural Anatomy of a Jewish Community in Interwar Poland,” in Essays in Jewish Social and Economic History (Chicago, 1986), 152.
30. “Odessa,” in Babel, ed., Complete Works of Isaac Babel, 77.
31. Jarrod Tanny, “City of Rogues and Schnorrers: The Myth of Old Odessa in Russian and Jewish Culture (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2009), 204–5.
32. Jarrod Tanny, “Kvetching and Carousing under Communism: Old Odessa as the Soviet Union’s Jewish City of Sin,” East European Jewish Affairs 39:3 (Dec. 2009), 318.
33. Robert A. Rothstein, “How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture,” Slavic Review 60:4 (2001), 791.
34. Tanny “City of Rogues and Schnorrers,” 171.
35. Ibid., 152–53.
36. Ibid., 276–77.
37. S. Frederick Starr, Red and Hot: The Fate of Jazz in the Soviet Union, 1917–1980 (New York, 1983), 127.
38. Rothstein, “How It Was Sung in Odessa,” 794–95.
39. Moshe Beregovski, Old Jewish Folk Music: The Collections and Writings of Moshe Beregovski, ed. and trans. Mark Slobin (Philadelphia, 1982), 273.
40. Emes, Feb. 2, 1922, quoted in Jackie Wullschlager, Chagall: A Biography (New York, 2008), 270.
41. Marc Chagall, My Life (New York, 1994), 169.
42. Jelinek, Carpathian Diaspora, 27.
43. Vasily Grossman, “In the Town of Berdichev,” in The Road: Stories, Journalism, and Essays (New York, 2010), 19.
44. “Betler-Legende,” by Itzik Manger, in Sinai Leichter, ed., Anthology of Yiddish Folksongs, vol. 7, The Itzik Manger Volume (Jerusalem, 2004), 189–92.
45. Dos naye emese vort, June 21, 1935.
46. Dos emese vort, January 1936.
47. Odile Sugenas, “Ville et ‘shtetl’ au quotidien,” in Plasseraud and Minczeles, eds., Lituanie juive, 74.
48. Protokoll des II. Kongresses des Verbandes Jüdischer Taubstummen der Republik Polen,” March 8, 1931, YA 54/1/4.
49. Vilna branch to central association, Jan. 8, 1936, YA 54/1/21.
50. Eva Plach, “Introducing Miss Judea 1929: The Politics of Beauty, Race, and Zionism in Inter-War Poland,” Polin 20 (2008), 384.
51. Article by Dr. W. Meisl, Maccabi World Union Press Bulletin, July 10, 1935 (issued in London in German).
52. Sharon Gillerman, “Zishe Breitbart,” in Hundert, ed., YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, vol. 1, 324–25.
53. New York Times, May 4, 2009; Independent, May 23, 2009; The Times, June 22, 2009.
54. Roni Gechtman, “Socialist Mass Politics Through Sport: The Bund’s Morgnshtern in Poland, 1926–1939,” Journal of Sports History 26:2 (1999), 326–52.
55. Memoir of Gerhard Schreiber, LBINY ME 1416.
56. Daily Telegraph, Feb. 13, 2006; The Times, July 13, 2009; Haaretz, July 29, 2009.
1. Martin O. Stern memoir, LBINY, ME 1339.
2. Gittin 11b.
3. Martin Jay, Adorno (Cambridge, Mass., 1984), 19.
4. Rodney Livingstone, “Some Aspects of German-Jewish Names,” German Life and Letters 58:2 (2005), 170.
5. Undated letter (January 1915), in Béatrice Mousli, Max Jacob (Paris, 2005), 158.
6. Undated letter (January 1939), in Max Jacob, Lettres de Max Jacob à Edmond Jabès (Pessac, 2003), 72.
7. Momme Brodersen, Walter Benjamin: A Biography (London, 1996), 18.
8. Todd M. Endelman, “Introduction” to Todd M. Endelman, ed., Jewish Apostasy in the Modern World (New York, 1987), 15.
9. David J. Wasserstein, “Now Let Us Proclaim: The Conversions of Franz Rosenzweig,” Times Literary Supplement, June 20, 2008.
10. Don and Magos, “Demographic Development,” 189–216, table 13.
11. William O. McCagg, Jr., “Jewish Conversion in Hungary in Modern Times,” in Endelman, Jewish Apostasy, 142.
12. Celia Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: The Jews of Poland between the Two World Wars (Detroit, 1994), 196.
13. Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, “Coming of Age,” 63.
14. David Lazar, “Nowy Dziennik,” in David Flinker et al., eds., The Jewish Press That Was: Accounts, Evaluations, and Memories of Jewish Papers in Pre-Holocaust Europe (Tel Aviv, 1980), 267.
15. Josef Chrust and Yosef Frankel, eds., Katovits: Perihatah u-shekiatah shel hakehilah ha-yehudit: sefer zikaron, (Tel Aviv, 1996), 46.
16. Mark Cohen, Last Century of a Sephardic Community: The Jews of Monastir, 1939–1943 (New York, 2003), 254.
17. L’Indépendant, Jan. 9, 1939.
18. L’Indépendant, July 25, 1939.
19. Anissimov, Primo Levi, 17.
20. Mikhail Beizer, The Jews of St. Petersburg (Philadelphia, 1989), 184. Beizer reports “more than 200 such reconversions” on page 184 and “at least a hundred” on page 185.
21. John Davis, The Jews of San Nicandro (New Haven, Conn., 2010).
22. Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, “Coming of Age,” 45.
23. Chief Rabbi A. B. N. Davids of Rotterdam to Chief Rabbi A. S. Levisson of Leeuwarden, Dec. 16, 1938, Tresoar, Leeuwarden, 250/192.
24. Alma Mahler, Gustav Mahler: Memories and Letters (London, 1946), 89–90.
25. Felix Gilbert, A European Past: Memoirs 1905–1945 (New York, 1988), 59–60.
26. Dora Amann memoir, LBINY ME 1431.
27. Bronsen, Joseph Roth, 599.
28. Dora Amann memoir, LBINY ME 1431.
29. Simone Pétrement, La vie de Simone Weil, vol. 2 (Paris, 1973), 187–88.
30. Susan Sontag, “Simone Weil,” New York Review of Books, Feb. 1, 1963.
31. Quoted in Pope John Paul II, “Homily at the Beatification of Edith Stein,” Carmelite Studies 4 (1987), 303.
32. Letter to Sister Adelgundis Jaegerschmid, OSB, Feb. 16, 1930, The Collected Works of Edith Stein, vol. 5, Self-Portrait in Letters, 1916–1942 (Washington, D.C., 1993), 62.
33. Review by Gunther Windhager, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:3 (2002), 143.
34. Gerhard Langer memoir, LBINY ME 1527.
35. Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Female, Jewish, and Educated: The Lives of Central European University Women (Bloomington, Ind., 2002), 33.
36. Richard Koch memoir, LBINY ME 1512, 91.
37. James Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London, 1955), vol. 13, xv.
38. F. R. Bienenfeld, The Religion of the Non-Religious Jews (London, 1944), 9.
39. Ibid., 27.
40. Freidenreich Female, Jewish and Educated, 139.
41. Kopelev, Education of a True Believer, 101–13.
42. Hamerow, Remembering a Vanished World, 141.
43. Louis-Albert Revah, Julien Benda: Un misanthrope juif dans la France de Maurras (Paris, 1991)—though Revah perhaps pushes this interpretation too far.
44. Edward Timms, Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna (New Haven, Conn., 1986), 238–39.
45. Edward Timms, Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: The Post-War Crisis and the Rise of the Swastika (New Haven, Conn., 2005), 19–20.
46. Ritchie Robertson, “The Problem of ‘Jewish Self-Hatred,’ in Herzl, Kraus, and Kafka,” Oxford German Studies 16 (1986), 99.
47. Timms, Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe, 237.
48. Harry Zohn, Karl Kraus and the Critics (Columbia, S.C., 1997), 22.
49. Timms, Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: The Post-War Crisis, 154.
50. Letter to Arnold Zweig (dispatched as from Zurich but in fact written in Hindås, Sweden), Dec. 15, 1936, in Kurt Tucholsky, Politische Briefe, ed. Fritz J. Raddatz (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1969), 117–23.
51. “Herr Wendriner steht unter der Diktatur,” in Kurt Tucholsky, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 8, 1930 (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1975), 237–40.
52. Harold L. Poor, Kurt Tucholsky and the Ordeal of Germany, 1914–1935 (New York, 1968), 218–19.
53. Lawrence Baron, “Theodor Lessing: Between Jewish Self-Hatred and Zionism,” LBIYB 26 (1981), 334.
54. Entries for March 16 and Feb. 19, 1935, in Kurt Tucholsky, Die Q-Tagebücher 1934–35, eds. Mary Gerold-Tucholsky and Gustav Huonker (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1978), 186 and 142.
55. Letter to Arnold Zweig, Dec. 15, 1936, in Tucholsky, Politische Briefe, 117–23.
56. Michael Hepp, “Einführung,” in Michael Hepp, ed., Kurt Tucholsky und das Judentum (Oldenburg, 1996), 10.
57. Marcel Reich-Ranicki, The Author of Himself: The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki (London, 2001), 67.
58. Hepp, “Einführung,” 12.
59. Walter Grab, “Kurt Tucholsky und die Problematik des jüdischen Selbsthasses,” in Hepp, ed., Kurt Tucholsky, 39, 44.
60. Shulamit Volkov, Germans, Jews, and Antisemites: Trials in Emancipation (Cambridge, 2006), 7.
61. Steven Games, Pevsner—The Early Life: Germany and Art (London, 2010), 187.
62. Werner Warmbrunn memoir, LBINY ME 1418.
63. Matthias Hambrock, Die Etablierung der Aussenseiter: der Verband national-deutscher Juden 1921–1935 (Cologne, 2003), 190.
64. Carl Jeffrey Rheins, “German-Jewish Patriotism, 1918–1935: A Study of the Attitudes and Actions of the Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten, the Verband nationaldeutscher Juden, the Schwarzes Fahnlein, Jungenschaft, and the Deutscher Vortrupp, Gefolgschaft deutscher Juden” (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1978), 60.
65. Jonathan Wright and Peter Pulzer, “Gustav Stresemann and the Verband nationaldeutscher Juden: Right-Wing Jews in Weimar Politics,” LBIYB 50 (2005), 211.
66. Rheins, “German-Jewish Patriotism,” 183.
67. Louis-Albert Revah, Berl, un juif de France (Paris, 2003), 240.
68. Bernard Morlino, Emmanuel Berl: Les tribulations d’un pacifiste (Paris, 1990), 261 and 266.
69. Ibid., 284.
70. Ibid., 301.
71. Revah, Berl.
72. Irène Némirovsky, Le Vin de solitude (Paris, 2009), 234.
73. Miriam Price, review of The Dogs and the Wolves, Times Literary Supplement, Oct. 30, 2009; Myriam Anissimov, quoted in Yann Ploustagel, “Les secrets d’une vie,” Le Monde 2, Sept. 1, 2007.
74. Frederic Raphael, “Stench of Carrion,” Times Literary Supplement, April 30, 2010.
75. Jonathan Weiss, Irène Némirovsky: Her Life and Works (Stanford, Calif., 2007), 57.
1. Singer, Shosha, 1.
2. Aharon Appelfeld (a native of Czernowitz), “A city that was and is no longer,” Haaretz, March 6, 2008.
3. Manger, “Idn un di daytshe kultur,” 472.
4. Letter to E. F. Klein, Aug. 29, 1782, Moses Mendelssohn, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 7 (Stuttgart, 1974), 279.
5. Theodor Herzl, Gesammelte Zionistische Werke, vol. 1 (Tel Aviv, 1934), 94.
6. Zosa Szajkowski, “The Struggle for Yiddish during World War I: The Attitude of German Jewry”, LBIYB 9 (1964), 145.
7. Edith Stein, Life in a Jewish Family (Washington, D.C., 1986), 127.
8. Léon Lamouche, “Quelques mots sur le dialecte espagnol parlé par les Israélites de Salonique,” Mélanges Chabaneau Romanische Forschungen 23 (Erlangen, 1907), 969–91 (1–23).
9. Parush, Reading Jewish Women, 62.
10. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York, 1976), 18–19.
11. Jacob Lestchinsky, “Di shprakhn bay yidn in umophengikn poyln,” YIVObleter 22 (1943), 147–62.
12. Désiré Samuel van Zuiden (born 1881), quoted in Bart T. Wallet, “‘End of the jargon-scandal’—The decline and fall of Yiddish in the Netherlands (1796–1886),” Jewish History 20:3/4 (2006), 333.
13. Ghitta Sternberg, Ş;tefăneşti: Portrait of a Romanian Shtetl (Oxford, 1984), 251.
14. Gitter, Story of My Life, 19.
15. Stephen D. Corrsin, “Language Use in Cultural and Political Change in Pre-1914 Warsaw: Poles, Jews, and Russification,” Slavonic and East European Review 68:1 (1990), 86.
16. Chone Shmeruk, “Hebrew-Yiddish-Polish: The Trilingual Structure of Jewish Culture in Poland,” in Gutman et al., eds., Jews of Poland, 289–311.
17. H. S. Kazdan, Di geshikhte fun yidishn shulvezn in umophengikn poyln (Mexico City, 1947), 343.
18. Sarah Schenirer, “Yidishkayt un yidish,” Beys Yankev 8 (1931), 71–72, reprinted in Joshua A. Fishman, Never Say Die! A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters (The Hague, 1981), 173–76.
19. Sabina Lewin, “Observations on the State,” 68.
20. David E. Fishman, The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture (Pittsburgh, 2005), 86.
21. Susanne Marten-Finnis, “The Jewish Press in Vilna: Traditions, Challenges, and Progress during the Inter-War Period,” in Dmitrieva and Petersen, eds., Jüdische Kultur(en) im Neuen Europa, 140.
22. Kuznitz, “Origins of Yiddish Scholarship,” 128.
23. Hamerow, Remembering a Vanished World, 187.
24. Meir Yellin, “Di letste pleiade yidishe shraybers in lite,” DRCTAU T 57/6, 4.
25. Joshua A. Fishman, “The Sociology of Yiddish,” in Fishman, ed., Never Say Die!, 19.
26. Abram et al., eds., Der mishpet ibren kheyder, 37.
27. Rachel Erlich, “Politics in the Standardization of Soviet Yiddish,” Soviet Jewish Affairs 3:1 (1973), 71–79. See also Kuznitz, “Origins of Yiddish Scholarship,” 171.
28. Ibid.
29. Gennady Estraikh, Soviet Yiddish; Language Planning and Linguistic Development (Oxford, 1999), 129; see also Rakhmiel Peltz, “The Dehebraization Controversy in Soviet Yiddish Language Planning: Standard or Symbol?” in Joshua A. Fishman, ed., Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages, vol. 1 (Leiden, 1985), 125–50.
30. Speech by Y. Liberberg at a national conference of Yiddish language planners in Kiev, May 1934, YA 1522/2/8.
31. Estraikh, Soviet Yiddish, 71.
32. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 90. All statistics derived from the 1939 Soviet census are drawn from this source.
33. Estraikh, Soviet Yiddish, 13.
34. Fishman, Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture, 85.
35. Mikhail Krutikov, From Kabbalah to Class Struggle: Expressionism, Marxism, and Yiddish Literature in the Life and Work of Meir Wiener (Stanford, Calif., 2011), 210.
36. Elissa Bemporad, “The Yiddish Experiment in Soviet Minsk,” East European Jewish Affairs 37:1 (April 2007), 91–107.
37. See, e.g., Joan G. Roland, Jews in British India: Identity in a Colonial Era (Hanover, N.H., 1989).
38. Zachary M. Baker, “Yiddish in Form and Socialist in Content”: The Observance of Sholem Aleichem’s Eightieth Birthday in the Soviet Union,” YIVO Annual 23 (Evanston, Ill., 1996), 209–31.
39. Ira Rosenswaike, “The Utilization of Census Mother Tongue Data in American Jewish Population Analysis,” JSS 33:2/3 (1971), 141–59.
40. Arditty-Puller, “Poésie d’une Salonique Disparue.”
41. Angel Pulido, Le Peuple judéo-espagnol: Première base mondiale de l’Espagne (Paris, 1923), 142.
42. Eliezer Papo, “Serbo-Croatian Influences on Bosnian Spoken Judeo-Spanish,” European Journal of Jewish Studies 1:2 (2007), 343–63.
43. Sam Levy, “Grandeur et Décadence du ‘Ladino,’” Le Judaïsme Sépharadi 23 (October 1934).
44. Haim Vidal Sephiha, “‘Christianisms’ in Judeo-Spanish (Calque and Vernacular),” in Fishman, ed., Readings, 179–94.
45. Quoted in Levy, “Grandeur et Décadence.”
46. Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue, eds., A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe: The Autobiography and Journal of Gabriel Arié, 1863–1939 (Seattle, 1998), 24.
47. Henri Guttel, “Ladino Literature in the 19th and 20th Centuries,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed. (Detroit, 2007), vol. 12, 433–34.
48. Rivka Havassy, “New Texts to Popular Tunes: Sung-Poems in Judeo-Spanish by Sadik Gershón and Moshé Cazés (Sadik y Gazóz),” in Hilary Pomeroy and Michael Alpert, eds., Proceedings of the Twelfth British Conference on Judeo-Spanish Studies, 24–26 June, 2001: Sephardic Language, Literature and History (Leiden, 2004), 149–57.
49. C. M. Crews, Recherches sur le judéo-espagnol dans les pays balkaniques (Paris, 1935), 7–12.
50. Levy, “Grandeur et Décadence.”
51. Devin E. Naar, ed., With Their Own Words: Glimpses of Jewish Life in Thessaloniki Before the Holocaust (catalogue of exhibition of materials from the community archives, Thessaloniki, 2006), 43.
52. David M. Bunis, ed., Moshé Cazés, Voices from Jewish Salonika: Selections from the Judezmo Satirical Series Tio Ezrá I Su Mujer Benuta and Tio Bohor I Su Majer Djamila (Jerusalem, 1999), 110 and 139.
53. Gitter, Story of My Life, 25.
54. Julia Krivoruchko, “The Hebrew/Aramaic Component in the Romaniote Dialect,” World Congress of Jewish Studies 13 (2001).
55. Dalven, Jews of Ioannina, 23.
56. Ibid., 106.
57. Ibid., 108 ff.
58. Ibid., 86–90.
59. George Jochnowitz, “Religion and Taboo in Lason Akodesh (Judeo-Piedmontese),” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 30 (1981), 107–18.
60. Examples may be heard at http://www.giuntina.it/Audio_Podcast/I_sonetti_giudaico-romaneschi_di_Crescenzo_Del_Monte_2.html.
61. Speech by delegate from Czernowitz, Second Jewish International Conference on the Suppression of the Traffic in Girls and Women, 22–24 June 1927, Official Report, 15–20.
1. Richard Grunberger, “Jews in Austrian Journalism,” in Josef Fraenkel, ed., The Jews of Austria: Essays on their Life, History and Destruction (London, 1967), 87.
2. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday (London, 1943), 85.
3. Roth, What I Saw, 212.
4. Quoted in Modris Eksteins, “The Frankfurter Zeitung: Mirror of Weimar Democracy,” Journal of Contemporary History 6:4 (1971), 8.
5. Peter de Mendelssohn, “Als die Presse gefesselt war,” in W. Joachim Frey-burg and Hans Wallenberg, eds., Hundert Jahre Ullstein (Frankfurt am Main, 1977), 195.
6. Lion Feuchtwanger, Paris Gazette (New York, 1940), 29.
7. Hannah Arendt, et al., “Tentative List of Jewish Periodicals in Axis-Occupied Countries,” JSS, 9:3 (1947), Supplement.
8. Haynt, Aug. 19 and 21, 1938.
9. Chaim Finkelstein, ‘Haynt’—a tsaytung bay yidn: 1908–1939 (Tel Aviv, 1978).
10. Baranovitsher kuryer, May 1, 1936.
11. Baranovitsher kuryer, July 17, 1936.
12. M. Tsanin, “Der oyfgang un untergang fun der yidisher prese in poyln,” Kesher 6 (1989), 115–16.
13. Abraham Brumberg, “On Reading the Bundist Press,” East European Jewish Affairs 33:1 (2003), 115.
14. Nathan Cohen, “Shund and the Tabloids: Jewish Popular Reading in Inter-War Poland,” Polin 16 (2003), 189–211.
15. Kadya Molodowsky, “Di Khvalye fun vidershtand,” Literarishe bleter Nov. 17, 1933.
16. Eva Plach, “Feminism and Nationalism in the pages of Ewa: Tygodnik, 1928–1933,” Polin 18 (2005), 241–62.
17. Ellen Kellman, “Feminism and Fiction: Khane Blankshteyn’s Role in Inter-War Vilna,” Polin 18 (2005), 221–39.
18. Article by Moyshe Shalit, Literarishe bleter, Jan. 31, 1930.
19. Rachel Erlich, “Politics in the Standardization of Soviet Yiddish,” Soviet Jewish Affairs 3:1 (1973), 71–79.
20. Literarishe bleter, Jan. 11, 1929, and subsequent issues. See also issue dated Jan. 31, 1930.
21. Article by Nakhmen Mayzel, Literarishe bleter, Jan. 18, 1929.
22. Article by Yoshue Perle, Literarishe bleter, Jan. 1, 1938.
23. White, “Jewish Lives in the Polish Language,” 117.
24. Anna Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Bloomington, Ind., 2006), 64–65.
25. Estraykh, Soviet Yiddish, 64.
26. Bemporad, “Red Star on the Jewish Street,” 239.
27. Gennady Estraikh, “The Kharkiv Yiddish Literary World, 1920s–mid-1930s,” East European Jewish Affairs 32:2 (2007), 79.
28. Ibid., 82.
29. Ibid., 83.
30. Anna Shternshis, “From the Eradication of Illiteracy to Workers’ Correspondents: Yiddish-Language Mass Movements in the Soviet Union,” East European Jewish Affairs 32:1 (2002), 136.
31. Wolf Wieviorka, “Der ‘emes’ iz ontshvigen gevoren,” Parizer haynt, Nov. 1, 1938.
32. Molho, Salonica and Istanbul, 30.
33. Bunis, ed., Cazés, Voices from Jewish Salonika, 100–1 and 117.
34. Yehuda Eloni, “German Zionism and the Rise to Power of National Socialism,” Journal of Israeli History 6:2 (1985), 250. See also Arnold Paucker, “Robert Weltsch: The Enigmatic Zionist: His Personality and His Position in Jewish Politics,” LBIYB 54 (2009), 323–32.
35. Jüdische Rundschau, April 4, 1933.
36. Weltsch, An der Wende, 29–35.
37. Ibid., 293.
38. Jüdische Rundschau, July 2, 1935.
1. Stephen D. Corrsin, “‘The City of Illiterates’? Levels of Literacy among Poles and Jews in Warsaw, 1882–1914,” Polin 12 (1999), 238.
2. Examples in YA 1471/153, 155, 160, and 173.
3. David Neuman, “Batei kneset she-ba-ir,” Davar, Aug. 28, 1938, reprinted in Cohen, ed., Sefer butchatch, 90–91.
4. Y. Cohen, “Al kehilat butchatch,” ibid., 95.
5. Gottesman, Redefining the Yiddish Nation, 78–79.
6. Hagit Cohen, “The USA-Eastern Europe Yiddish Book Trade and the Formation of an American Yiddish Cultural Center, 1890s–1930s,” Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe 2–57 (2006), 67.
7. Report in YA 1400 M4/7/69.
8. Nathan Cohen, Sefer, sofer ve-iton: merkaz hatarbut ha-yehudit be-varsha, 1918–1942 (Jerusalem, 2003), 168.
9. Samuel D. Kassow, “The Left Poalei Zion,” in Gennady Estraikh and Mikhail Krutikov, eds., Yiddish and the Left (Oxford, 2001), 127.
10. Vilner tog, July 12, 16, 25, 26, 27, and 28, 1926.
11. Vilner tog, Aug. 15, 1926.
12. Weinreich letter to editor of Vilner tog, July 29, 1926.
13. “Radon,” report by Economic-Statistical Section of C. K. B., Warsaw, circa 1935, YA 116 Poland 1/6/25.
14. Zalcman, Histoire véridique, 117.
15. Bemporad, “Red Star on the Jewish Street,” 117–18.
16. Max A. Luria, “A Study of the Monastir Dialect of Judeo-Spanish Based on Oral Material Collected in Monastir, Yugoslavia” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1930), 7.
17. Bemporad, “Red Star on the Jewish Street,” 267.
18. Shlomo Even-Shoshan, ed., Minsk, ir va-em, vol. 2 (Tel Aviv, 1985), 54.
19. Marcus Moseley, “Life, Literature: Autobiographies of Jewish Youth in Inter-war Poland,” JSS, n.s. 7:3 (2001), 7.
20. Ibid., 9.
21. Ellen Kellman, “Dos yidishe bukh alarmirt! Towards the History of Yiddish Reading in Inter-War Poland,” Polin 16 (2003), 213–41.
22. S. Niger, “New Trends in Post-War Yiddish Literature,” JSS 1:3 (1939), 342.
23. Feyge Hofshteyn, “‘Zikhroynes vegn Dovidn” (typescript, Ramat Aviv, 1975), DRCTAU T-31/58.
24. Marina Bergelson-Raskin, “My Family, the Bergelsons,” TAU DRI T-31/55, 10.
25. Chone Shmeruk, “Yiddish Literature in the USSR,” in L. Kochan, ed., The Jews in Soviet Russia since 1917 (London, 1970), 260; and Judel Mark, “Yiddish Literature in Soviet Russia,” in Gregor Aronson et al., eds., Russian Jewry 1917–1967 (New York, 1969), 238.
26. Rubenstein, Tangled Loyalties, 313.
27. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 160–61.
28. Régine Robin, “Les difficultés d’une identité juive soviétique,” Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 26:2 (1985), 252.
29. A. Finkelstein, “Di yidishe bikher-produktsye funem ‘ukrmelukhenatsmindfarlag’ farn tsvaytn finfyor (1933–1937),” Sovetish (literarishe almanakh) 9–10 (1939), 528.
30. Ershter alveltlekher yidisher kultur-kongres, pariz, 17–21 sept. 1937: stenografisher barikht (Paris, 1937), 265–68.
31. Bat-Ami Zucker, “American Jewish Communists and Jewish Culture in the 1930s,” Modern Judaism 14:2 (1994), 180–81.
32. Ibid., 184.
33. Literarishe bleter, Aug. 4, 1933, 493–94.
34. Isaac Bashevis Singer, A Young Man in Search of Love (New York, 1978), 19–21.
35. “A shmus mit Itzik Manger,” Literarishe bleter, Jan. 11, 1929.
36. Sol Liptzin, “Itzik Manger, 1901–1969,” in Leichter, ed., Anthology of Yiddish Folksongs, vol. 7, xxxii.
37. “A shmus mit Itzik Manger,” Literarishe bleter, Jan. 11, 1929.
38. Singer, A Young Man in Search of Love, 162–63.
39. Borukh Sinai Hillel [Brad Sabin Hill], “Der letste yidishe bukh fun farn khurbn poyln,” Afn shvel 337–38 (2007), 36–39.
40. Report in YIVO 1400 M4/7/69.
41. David Mazower, “Sholem Asch: Images of a Life,” in Nanette Stahl, ed., Sholem Asch Reconsidered (New Haven, Conn., 2004), 14.
42. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 449.
43. Singer, A Young Man in Search of Love, 10.
44. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 449.
45. Zalcman, Histoire véridique, 53–54.
46. Quoted in Alexander Wat, My Century: The Odyssey of a Polish Intellectual (New York, 2003), 58.
47. Asch letter to board of Forverts, undated [1939], in Di tsukunft (Fall 2007–Winter 2008), 36–41; Asch letter to his wife, Feb. 2, 1939, in M. Tsanin, ed., Briv fun sholem asch (Bat Yam, 1980), 107.
48. Anita Norich, “Sholem Asch and the Christian Question,” in Stahl, ed., Sholem Asch Reconsidered, 251–65.
49. Max Brod, ed., The Diaries of Franz Kafka (Harmondsworth, 1972), 252.
50. Franz Kafka, Letters to Milena, ed. Willi Haas (New York, 1962), 213.
51. Nahum N. Glatzer, The Loves of Franz Kafka (New York, 1986), 60–61.
52. Ibid.
53. Shore, Caviar and Ashes, 138.
54. White, “Jewish Lives,” 80.
55. Shore, Caviar and Ashes, 136.
56. S. L. Shneiderman, “Notes for an Autobiography,” http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html.
57. Thomas Venclova, Aleksander Wat: Life and Art of an Iconoclast (New Haven, Conn., 1996), 14–15.
58. Rubenstein, Tangled Loyalties, 128–29.
59. Ibid., 100.
60. Abraham Brumberg, Journeys through Vanishing Worlds (Washington, D.C., 2007), 197.
61. Diary entry, Feb. 7, 1938, Emil Dorian, The Quality of Witness: A Romanian Diary 1937–1944 (Philadelphia, 1982), 20. Sebastian is referred to in Dorian’s diary as “M.S.”
62. Kuznitz, “Origins of Yiddish Scholarship,” 192.
63. Kassow, “The Left Poalei Zion,” 115.
64. [Alfred] Abraham Greenbaum, Jewish Scholarship and Scholarly Institutions in Soviet Russia 1918–1953 (Jerusalem, 1978), 23.
1. Michael Ignatieff, “The Rise and Fall of Vienna’s Jews,” New York Review of Books, June 29, 1989.
2. Hannah Arendt, The Jewish Writings, ed. Jerome Kohn and Ron H. Feldman (New York, 2007), 322–23.
3. Michael Steinlauf, “Polish-Jewish Theater: The Case of Mark Arnshteyn: A Study of the Interplay among Yiddish, Polish and Polish-Language Jewish Culture in the Modern Period” (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1987), 259.
4. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 213, 471, and 494.
5. Sunday Times (London), Oct. 29, 1922.
6. Lisa Dianne Silverman, “The Transformation of Jewish Identity in Vienna” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 2004), 208.
7. Andrei Levinson, quoted in Vladislav Ivanov, “Habima and ‘Biblical The ater,’” in Susan Tumarkin Goodman, ed., Chagall and the Artists of the Russian Jewish Theater (New Haven, Conn., 2008), 36.
8. Yitskhok Ber Turkow-Grudberg, Varshe, dos vigele fun yidishn teater (Warsaw, 1956), 25.
9. Obituary by Richard F. Shepard, New York Times, May 22, 1980.
10. Folks-tsaytung, Oct. 19, 1933, quoted in Brumberg, “On Reading the Bundist Press,” 111.
11. Nakhmen Mayzel, “Tsvantsik yor yidish teater in poyln,” Fun noentn over 1:2 (1937), 155.
12. Steinlauf, “Polish-Jewish Theater,” 16 and 276 ff.
13. Mayzel, “Tsvantsik yor,” 156.
14. Quoted in Benjamin Harshav, “Art and Theater,” in Goodman, ed., Chagall and the Artists of the Russian Jewish Theater, 70.
15. Jeffrey Veidlinger, The Moscow State Yiddish Theater: Jewish Culture on the Soviet Stage (Bloomington, Ind., 2000), 159–60.
16. Seth L. Wolitz, “Shulamis and Bar Kokhba: Renewed Jewish Role Models in Goldfaden and Halkin,” in Joel Berkowitz, ed., Yiddish Theatre: New Approaches (Oxford, 2003), 87–104.
17. Y. Nisinov, “Der teater fun sotsialistishn yidishn folks-shafn,” Sovetish (literarisher almanakh) 9–10 (1939), 453.
18. Vitaly Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive (London, 1995), 22–71.
19. Veidlinger, Moscow State Yiddish Theater, 196.
20. Ibid., 3.
21. Hannah Arendt, “We Refugees” (1943), in Arendt, Jewish Writings, 274 and 297.
22. Richard Taylor and Ian Christie, eds., Inside the Film Factory: New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema (London, 1991), 129.
23. Interview with Molly Picon, New York, 1977, quoted in Eric H. Goldman, “A World History of Yiddish Cinema” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1979), 22.
24. Natan Gross, Toldot ha-kolnoa ha-yehudi be-polin, 1910–1950 (Jerusalem, 1990), 52–58.
25. Ibid., 77.
26. J. Hoberman, Bridge of Light: Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds (Hanover, N.H., 2010), 296.
27. Reich-Ranicki, The Author of Himself, 5.
28. Edith Liebenthal (née Friedler) memoir, LBINY 1506, 3.
29. Hetty Berg, “Jews on Stage and Stage Jews, 1890–1940” in Chaya Brasz and Yosef Kaplan, eds., Dutch Jews as Perceived by Themselves and Others (Leiden, 2001), 159–71.
30. Isaac Babel, The Collected Stories of Isaac Babel (London, 1998), 59.
31. Esther Schmidt, “From Reform to Retreat: The Establishment of Viennese Cantorial Associations and Professional Journals at the End of the Nineteenth Century,” paper delivered at Warburg House, Hamburg, 2007.
32. Braunthal, In Search of the Millennium, 25.
33. Isaschar Fater, Yidishe musik in poyln tsvishn beyde velt-milkhomes (Tel Aviv, 1970), 24.
34. Gold, Life of Jews, 92.
35. Gottesman, Redefining the Yiddish Nation, 38.
36. Quoted in Abraham Bik, “Etapn fun khasidizm in varshe,” in P. Katz et al., eds., Pinkes varshe, vol. 1 (Buenos Aires, 1955), cols. 185–86.
37. Gold, Life of Jews, 114.
38. Fater, Yidishe musik in poyln, 163.
39. Gottesman, Redefining the Yiddish Nation, 13.
40. Fater, Yidishe musik in poyln, 47.
41. Ibid., 19.
42. Gottesman, Redefining the Yiddish Nation, 152.
43. Fater, Yidishe musik in poyln, 99.
44. By M. Yanovski, YA 1522/4/32.
45. Beregovski, Old Jewish Folk Music, 23, 24, 28.
46. Walter Zev Feldman, “Remembrance of Things Past: Klezmer Musicians of Galicia, 1870–1940,” Polin 16 (2003), 56.
47. Jeffrey Wollock, “Soviet Recordings of Jewish Instrumental Folk Music, 1937–1939,” ASRC Journal 34:1 (2003), 14–32.
48. Emes, Aug. 22, 1937, quoted in Jeffrey Wollock, “The Soviet Klezmer Orchestra,” East European Jewish Affairs 30:2 (2000), 22–23.
49. Der shtern, July 5, 1939, quoted ibid., 29–30.
50. Philippe Naucelle, “Ernest Bloch, Compositeur juif,” Affirmation, March 31, 1939.
51. New York Times, April 29, 1917.
52. Alexander L. Ringer, Arnold Schoenberg: The Composer as Jew (Oxford, 1990), 26–27.
53. Schoenberg to Kandinsky, April 19, 1923, in Jelena Hahl-Koch, ed., Arnold Schoenberg, Wassily Kandinsky: Letters, Pictures and Documents (London, 1984), 76.
54. Kandinsky to Schoenberg, April 24, 1923, ibid., 77.
55. Letter to Anton Webern, August 4, 1933, http://81.223.24.109/letters/search_show_letter.php?ID_Number=2398.
56. Steven Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A Cultural History (Cambridge, 1989), 229.
57. Quoted in Joseph Gutmann, “Is There a Jewish Art?” in Claire Moore, ed., The Visual Dimension: Aspects of Jewish Art (Boulder, Colo., 1993), 13.
58. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 584.
59. Quoted in Gutmann, “Is There a Jewish Art?” in Moore, ed., The Visual Dimension, 13.
60. Samedi, June 20, 1939.
61. Richard Dorment, “From Shtetl to Château,” New York Review of Books, March 26, 2009.
62. Irina Antonova, foreword to Chagall Discovered: From Russian and Private Collections (Moscow, 1988), 9.
63. Wullschlager, Chagall, 31.
64. Aleksandra Shatskikh, Vitebsk: The Life of Art (New Haven, Conn., 2007), 28.
65. Literarishe bleter, Feb. 25, 1938.
66. Quoted in Matthew Affron, “Die Konzeption einer neuen jüdischen Identität: Marc Chagall, Jacques Lipchitz,” in Stephanie Barron, Exil: Flucht und Emigration europäischer Künstler (Munich, 1997), 115.
67. Paula Salomon-Lindberg, Mein “C’est la vie” Leben: Gespräch über ein langes Leben in einer bewegten Zeit (Berlin, 1992), 91–92.
68. Herbert Freeden, Jüdisches Theater in Nazideutschland (Tübingen, 1964), 4.
69. Herbert Freeden, “A Jewish Theatre under the Swastika,” LBIYB 1 (1956), 150.
70. Horst J. P. Bergmeier et al., comps., Vorbei = Beyond Recall (Bear Family Records, Hambergen, 2001), book plus eleven sound discs and one videodisc.
71. Sylvia Rogge-Gau, Die doppelte Wurzel des Daseins: Julius Bab und der Jüdische Kulturbund Berlin (Berlin, 1999), 73.
1. Rubin, “Nineteenth-Century Yiddish Folk Songs of Children,” 230.
2. Aharon Vinkovetzky, Abba Kovner, and Sinai Leichter, eds., Anthology of Yiddish Folksongs, vol. 1 (Jerusalem, 1983), 7.
3. Ibid., vol. 2 (Jerusalem, 1984), 113–14.
4. Liebmann Hersch, “Principal Causes of Death,” 56–77.
5. U. O. Schmelz, Infant and Early Childhood Mortality among the Jews of the Diaspora (Jerusalem, 1971), 46.
6. Liebmann Hers[c]h, “Delinquency among Jews,” 528.
7. M. Schwarzmann, “L’Institut de recherches scientifiques pour la protection sanitaire des populations juives,” Revue “OSÉ,” October 1938, 2, 7.
8. L. Finkelstein, “L’état de santé,” 4.
9. President and Secretary, Allatini Orphanage to Community Council, Salonica, May 16, 1939, YA 207/87.
10. Martin Wolins, preface to Janusz Korczak, Selected Works (Washington, D.C., 1967), vii–viii.
11. Ibid., 87.
12. Ibid., 128.
13. For a comparative table, see Joshua Fishman, Yiddish: Turning to Life (Amsterdam, 1991), 402–3, which yields a percentage of 66 percent. Excluding university and yeshiva students, the percentage is at least 68 percent (some ye-shiva enrollments are not given). Excluding both higher education and afternoon/evening schools, the proportion rises to 69 percent—but that includes in the Jewish column all the pupils in afternoon schools administered by the orthodox Khoyrev and Beth Jacob systems (the exact enrollment in these is not given but it was certainly a considerable percentage of those attending these schools). If these are excluded from the calculation, the proportion of Jewish students who received basic education in state schools rises well beyond 70 percent. These figures relate to 1934–35.
14. S. M. Berlant and Z. Rosenthal, Presidium, Tarbut, Czernowitz, to Joint Distribution Committee (New York), Oct. 10, 1937, JDCNY AR 33–44/905.
15. Schulman, History of Jewish Education, 93.
16. Bemporad, “Red Star on the Jewish Street,” 190.
17. Ibid., 168.
18. Schulman, History of Jewish Education, 130 ff.
19. Greenbaum, Jewish Scholarship, 119 ff.
20. Schulman, History of Jewish Education, 159.
21. Ibid., 160.
22. Oktyabir, Sept. 27, 1939, quoted in Even-Shoshan, ed., Minsk, ir va-em, vol. 2, 45.
23. E.g., A. V. Yefimov, Naye geshikhte, 1789–1870: Lernbukh farn 8ten klas fun der mitlshul (Moscow, 1941).
24. Horst Hannum, ed., Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights (Dordrecht, 1993), 686.
25. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction, 221.
26. Statistics in reports submitted to the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The reports are not always mutually consistent. A useful comparative table is in JDCNY AR 33–44/826.
27. Lestchinsky, “Economic Aspects,” 336.
28. Nathan Eck, “The Educational Institutions of Polish Jewry,” JSS 9:1 (1947), 11.
29. Kazdan, Di geshikhte fun yidishn shulvezn, 208–11.
30. “Jewish Schools in Poland,” January 1937, JDCNY AR 33–44/827.
31. Gonshor, “Kadye Molodowsky,” 85–88.
32. Martin, Jewish Life in Cracow, 169.
33. “The Plight of Jewish Children in Ostrog,” October 1937, JDCNY AR 33–44/822.
34. “Tsol yidishe shul-kinder in der shtot Vilne in lernyor 1929–30,” YA 116 Poland 1/3/19.
35. Kazdan, Di geshikhte fun yidishn shulvezn, 519.
36. Otto Hutter message to the author, Nov. 4, 2008.
37. “Viennese memoir 1924–1938,” in Moses Aberbach, Jewish Education and History: Continuity, Crisis and Change (Abingdon, 2009), 192.
38. Binyamin Shimron, “Das Chajesrealgymnasium in Wien, 1919–1938” (privately distributed typescript, Tel Aviv, 1989), 16–17.
39. Aberbach, Jewish Education, 190.
40. Otto Hutter message to the author, Nov. 4, 2008.
41. Sonia Wachstein memoir, LBINY ME 1068, 71.
42. Quoted in Shimron, “Das Chajesrealgymnasium,” 36. (This and other disobliging comments on Kellner are omitted from the English version of Shimron’s school history.)
43. Aberbach, Jewish Education, 185.
44. Wachstein memoir, LBINY ME 1068, 72.
45. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 118–27.
46. Raphael Mahler, “Jews in the Liberal Professions in Poland, 1920–39,” JSS 6:4 (1944), 341.
47. Interview with Marian Małowist, Polin 13 (2000), 335.
48. International Conference on Jewish Social Work, London, July 1936, synopsis of reports, WL doc 1240/4, XVI/14.
49. Ibid.
50. Rabbi M. Rabinowicz to district officer, June 26, 1933, quoted in Regina Renz, “Small Towns in Inter-War Poland,” Polin 17 (2004), 151.
51. Jeff Schatz, “Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland,” Studies in Contemporary Jewry 20 (2004), 17.
52. Werner Warmbrunn memoir, LBINY ME 1418.
53. “Die Ziele des Blau-Weiß,” November 1913, in Jehuda Reinharz, ed., Dokumente zur Geschichte des deutschen Zionismus 1882–1933 (Tübingen, 1981), 115.
54. Elias to Martin Bandmann, June 14, 1920, quoted in Jörg Hackeschmidt, “The Torch Bearer: Norbert Elias as a Young Zionist,” LBIYB, 49 (2004), 67.
55. Gerhard Schreiber memoir, LBINY ME 1416.
56. Der moment, Dec. 20, 1937.
57. Lyric by Nokhem Yud, trans. Abraham Brumberg, Jewish Quarterly 204 (Winter 2006–2007).
58. Director, State of New York Education Department Motion Picture Division to Medem Sanatarium Committee, March 2, 1937, YA 1474/4/37.
59. “Sefer ha-yevul shel bet sefer haivri be-Jagielnica,” DRCTAU 32/62.
60. Jeffrey Shandler, ed., Awakening Lives: Autobiographies of Jewish Youth in Poland before the Holocaust (New Haven, Conn., 2002).
61. Ibid., 217.
62. Ibid., 261–2.
1. Werner Angress, Between Fear and Hope: Jewish Youth in the Third Reich (New York, 1988), 46.
2. Ibid., 48.
3. Ibid., 57.
4. Gertrude van Tijn, “A Short History of the Agricultural and Manual Training Farm, Werkdorp Nieuwesluis,” JDCNY AR 1933–44, folder 703.
5. Memoir by Anni Wolff, http://www.spinnenwerk.de/wolff/wolff-1.htm.
6. Gertrude van Tijn, “Werkdorp Nieuwesluis,” LBIYB 14 (1969), 194.
7. Alfred A. Greenbaum, “Soviet Jewry during the Lenin-Stalin Period I,” Soviet Studies 16:4 (1965), 413–14.
8. Miriam A-Sky, “Memoirs about a Jewish Province in the Ukraine,” Freeland 12:2 (October–November 1959), 2–4.
9. Ibid.
10. Allan Laine Kagedan, Soviet Zion: The Quest for a Russian Jewish Homeland (New York, 1994), 103.
11. Ruth Rubin, A Treasury of Jewish Folksong (New York, 1950), 98–99 (translation amended).
12. I am grateful for this information to my colleague Sheila Fitzpatrick, who has examined the files of this paper for the late 1930s.
13. Gershon Shapiro, Di yidishe kolonye friling: zikhroynes fun a forzitser fun a yidishn kolkhoz (Tel Aviv, 1991), 142.
14. Ibid., 70–71.
15. Jonathan L. Dekel-Chen, Farming the Red Land: Jewish Agricultural Colonization and Local Soviet Power, 1924–1941 (New Haven, Conn., 2005).
16. Robert Weinberg, Stalin’s Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland (Berkeley, 1998), 23.
17. Robert Weinberg, “Purge and Politics in the Periphery: Birobidzhan in 1937,” Slavic Review 52:1 (1993), 15.
18. Ibid., 18.
19. Ibid., 19.
20. Antje Kuchenbecker, Zionismus ohne Zion: Birobidžan: Idee und Geschichte eines Jüdischen Staates in Sowjet-Fernost (Berlin, 2000), 184.
21. Nicole Taylor, “The mystery of Lord Marley,” Jewish Quarterly 198 (Summer 2005).
22. M. Magid, “Valdhaym,” Forpost 2:7 (1938), 158–85.
23. N. Barou, “Jews in the Soviet Union (Notes on pre-war economic position of Soviet Jewry),” Left News, London, August 1944, 2926.
24. Kuchenbecker, Zionismus ohne Zion, 141.
25. Foreign Relations of the United States: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, D.C., 1955), 924.
26. Jelinek, Carpathian Diaspora, 187.
27. Secretary, ORT Executive (Paris) to Sh. Reiss (Grenoble), Dec. 18, 1935 (copy), CAHJP ORT/165.
28. Naylebn, April 1937, 14–15.
29. Zalcman, Histoire véridique, 64.
30. Ibid., 70.
31. Ibid., 79.
32. Michel Astour, “Ten Years Ago: A Memorial Reminiscence of Dr I. N. Steinberg,” Freeland 20:1 (January 1967), 5–8.
33. Notes of discussion on June 1, 1938, CAHJP ICA/Lon/693 (A).
34. Walter Fletcher to L. B. Prince, Jan. 7, 1939, CAHJP ICA/Lon/693 (B).
35. “Plough Settlement Association Limited,” undated memorandum [1938], CAHJP ICA/Lon/693 (B).
36. JC, Jan. 20, 1939.
37. Gerald G. Frankel (Kenya) to L. B. Prince (London), July 23, 1939, CAHJP ICA/Lon/694 (A).
38. Under Secretary, Colonial Office to H. O. Lucas, March 25, 1939, CAHJP ICA/Lon/693 (B) and sim., May 25, 1939, ibid.
39. JC, April 28, 1939.
40. JC, Jan. 27, 1939.
41. Niall Fergusson, The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild (London, 1998), 1003.
42. Statement in Le Petit Parisien, Jan. 16, 1937, quoted in Carla Tonini, “The Polish Plan for a Jewish Settlement in Madagascar,” Polin 19 (2007), 471.
43. JC, May 12, 1939.
44. Affirmation (Paris), May 5, 1939.
1. Wachstein memoir, LBINY ME 1068, 106.
2. Goeschel, Suicide in Nazi Germany, 100.
3. Wachstein memoir, LBINY ME 1068, 103.
4. Kellner to Werner Senator, June 30, 1938, quoted in Brian Amkraut, Between Home and Homeland: Youth Aliya from Nazi Germany (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2006), 193; report by Dr. Leo Lauterbach to the Executive of the Zionist Organization on “The Situation of the Jews in Austria,” April 29, 1938, extract in Yitzhak Arad et al., eds., Documents on the Holocaust, 8th ed. (Lincoln, Neb., 1999), 92.
5. A. J. Sherman, Island Refuge: Britain and Refugees from the Third Reich 1933–1939, 2nd ed. (Ilford, Essex, 1994), 134.
6. Dalia Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust: Illegal Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939–1944 (New York, 1990), 14.
7. Mark Wischnitzer, “Bericht über die Lage der Juden in der Tschechoslovakei,” n.d. [late 1938] CAHJP HM2/9373.13 (copy of document in Osobyi archive, Moscow, 1325/1/74).
8. Hugo Jellinek (Brno) to Nadja Jellinek (Palestine), Aug. 12 (or Sept. 12), 1938, Jellinek correspondence.
9. Hugo to Nadja Jellinek, n.d. (August–September 1938), ibid.
10. Hugo to Nadja Jellinek, Aug. 21, 1938, ibid.
11. Hugo to Nadja Jellinek, Aug. 21, 1938, ibid.
12. Kurt Krakauer memoir, LBINY ME 1405.
13. Hugo to Nadja Jellinek, Oct. 14, 1938, Jellinek correspondence.
14. John Abels (Abeles) memoir, LBINY ME 1128, 45.
15. JC, Feb. 24, 1939.
16. Ascher, Community under Siege, 6 and 135–43.
17. V. Bazarov, “HIAS and HICEM in the system of Jewish relief organizations in Europe, 1933–41,” East European Jewish Affairs 39:1 (2009), 72.
18. Diary entry, May 6, 1938, in Dorian, Quality of Witness, 30–31.
19. JC, April 29, 1938.
20. Jacob Lestchinsky, “A shtile khoydesh in poyln,” Parizer haynt, Aug. 23, 1938.
21. Proceedings of the Intergovernmental Committee, Evian, July 6th to 15th, 1938: Verbatim Record of the Plenary Meetings.
22. Copy of communiqué enclosed with Sir H. Kennard (Warsaw) to Lord Halifax, March 31, 1938, BNA FO 371/21808.
23. Jerzy Tomaszewski, “The Civil Rights of Jews in Poland 1918–1939,” Polin 8 (1994), 120.
24. Kennard (Warsaw) to Halifax, March 28, 1938, BNA FO 371/21808.
25. Reich-Ranicki, The Author of Himself, 107.
26. Kennard (Warsaw) to Foreign Office, Nov. 1, 1938, BNA FO 371/21808.
27. A. J. Drexel Biddle, Jr., to Secretary of State, Nov. 5, 1938, in John Mendelsohn and Donald S. Detwiler, eds., The Holocaust: Selected Documents (New York, 1982), vol. 3, 23–24.
28. Text in Sir G. Ogilvie-Forbes (Berlin) to Foreign Office, Oct. 31, 1938, BNA FO 371/21808.
29. Issue dated Oct. 29, 1938, quoted in Karol Grünberg, “The Atrocities Against the Jews in the Third Reich as Seen by the National-Democratic Press (1933–1939),” Polin 5 (1990), 110.
30. Jerzy Tomaszewski, “The Polish Right-Wing Press, the Expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany, and the Deportees in Zbąszyń,” Gal-Ed 18 (2002), 89–100.
31. Harvey F. Fireside (Heinz Wallner) memoir, LBINY ME 1486, 57.
32. Goeschel, Suicide in Nazi Germany, 103.
33. Ibid.
34. Raymond Geist to George S. Messersmith, Oct. 28, 1938, quoted in Richard Breitman et al., eds., Refugees and Rescue: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1935–1945 (Bloomington, Ind., 2009), 143–44.
35. Aide-mémoire (1939) by Robert H. Harlan (in possession of Lois S. Harlan).
36. JC, Jan. 6, 1939.
37. Norbert Elias, Reflections on a Life (Cambridge, 1994), 52.
38. Werner Warmbrunn memoir, LBINY ME 1418.
39. “The Fate of German Returning Emigrants” (report by Jewish Central Information Office, Amsterdam), March 31, 1936, YA 448 (Israel Cohen Papers), series 1, file 9.
40. Gertrude van Tijn memoir, LBINY ME 643, 6.
41. Gertrude van Tijn to American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Dec. 26, 1938, JDCNY AR 33–44/695.
42. Yidishe bilder, Dec. 9, 1938.
43. Report on Refugee Work in Holland in February 1939 (probably by Gertrude van Tijn), Amsterdam, March 7, 1939, JDCNY AR 33-44/189.
44. Richard Perls, for Jewish Institute for the Blind, Berlin, to Viscount Samuel, Dec. 6, 1938, WL doc 606.
45. Monika Sonke, “Die Israelitische Taubstummen-Anstalt in Berlin-Weissensee,” in Vera Bendt and Nicola Galliner, “Öffne deine Hand für die Stummen”: Die Geschichte der Israelitischen Taubstummen-Anstalt Berlin-Weissensee, 1873 bis 1942 (Berlin, 1993), 61.
46. Hoffman and Schwarz, “Early but Opposed,” 297–98.
47. Shapiro, Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy, 158.
48. Hoffman and Schwarz, “Early but Opposed,” 267.
49. Hildesheimer, Jüdische Selbstverwaltung, 111; Leonard Baker, Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews (New York, 1978), 246.
50. Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories and Political Significance (Cambridge, 1994), 128.
51. Kaplan, The Jewish Feminist Movement, 49.
52. Amkraut, Between Home and Homeland, 100–1.
53. Vicky Caron, Uneasy Asylum: France and the Jewish Refugee Crisis, 1933–1942 (Stanford, Calif., 1999), 202.
54. Joint Distribution Committee, European Executive Council, February Report, March 17, 1939, JDCNY AR 33-44/189.
55. Gertrude van Tijn memoir, LBINY ME 643, 16.
56. “Report on the Position of the Refugees Work in Holland on April 30th 1939 by Gertrude van Tijn,” May 9, 1939, WL doc 502.
57. Letter to Elise Steiner, March 1, 1939, WL doc 1146/29.
58. Letter to Elise Steiner, May 14, 1939, WL doc 1146/50.
59. Letter to Elise Steiner, April 5, 1939, WL doc 1146/38.
60. Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922–1945 (Oxford, 1978), 28.
61. Ibid., 33–34. Mussolini’s article appeared in Il Popolo d’Italia, May 29, 1932.
62. Dan Vittorio Segre, Memoirs of a Fortunate Jew: An Italian Story (Bethesda, Md., 1987).
63. Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews, 120 ff.
64. Iael Nidam-Orvietto, “The Impact of Anti-Jewish Legislation on Everyday Life and the Response of Italian Jews, 1938–1943,” in Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed., Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945 (Cambridge, 2005), 168.
65. Editorial of Sept. 8, 1938, quoted in Renzo De Felice, The Jews in Fascist Italy: A History (New York, 2001), 321.
66. Anissimov, Primo Levi, 53.
67. De Felice, Jews in Fascist Italy, 325.
1. Chronicle of the Jewish Community of Bamberg. 1930–1938 by Martin Morgenroth, in Karl H. Mistele, The End of a Community: The Destruction of the Jews of Bamberg, Germany, 1938–1942 (Hoboken, N.J., 1995), 207.
2. Leni Yahil, “Jews in Concentration Camps prior to World War II,” in Yisrael Gutman and Avital Saf, eds., The Nazi Concentration Camps (Jerusalem, 1984), 74–76.
3. Sonia Wachstein memoir, LBINY ME 1068, 100.
4. Felix Klein memoir, LBINY ME 1414; Sonia Wachstein memoir, LBINY ME 1068, 113.
5. Bruno Stern to Robert H. Harlan, Aug. 17, 1943 (possession of Lois S. Harlan).
6. Recollections of Harvey P. Newton (Hermann Neustadt), written in 1944, Gross Breesen Rundbrief, 28 (1994), http://grossbreesensilesia.com/.
7. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 26–27.
8. David R. Shearer, Policing Stalin’s Socialism: Repression and Social Order in the Soviet Union, 1924–1953 (New Haven, Conn., 2009), 317.
9. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 2, Reformer 1945–1964 (University Park, Pa., 2006), 174–75 and 196.
10. Mikhail Mitsel, “The final chapter: Agro-Joint workers—victims of the Great Terror in the USSR, 1937–40,” East European Jewish Affairs 39:1 (2009), 91.
11. Ibid., 86.
12. Ibid., 87.
13. Shapiro, Di yidishe kolonye friling, 150.
14. Gerben Zaagsma, “The Local and the International—Jewish Communists in Paris Between the Wars,” Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook 8 (2009), 358.
15. Report to Gulag NKVD, 1939, on conditions in Karagandinskii Corrective Labor Camp, Archive Department of the Center for Legal Statistics and Information under the Procurator of the Karaganda Region, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, AOTsPSIpPKO sv. 10 uro, d. 79, 11. 85–95, copy at http://gulaghistory.org/items/show/766.
16. Zalcman, Histoire véridique, 188.
17. Vilner tog, Jan. 2, 1939.
18. Report by Harvey C. Perry and Julianna R. Perry on visit to Poland, July 20–27, 1939, reproduced in Henry Friedlander and Sybil Milton, eds., Archives of the Holocaust, vol. 2 (New York, 1990), 618.
19. JC, Jan. 6, 1939.
20. JC, Jan. 13, 1939.
21. Correspondance Juive, June 20, 1939.
22. Caron, Uneasy Asylum, 62.
23. JC, Feb. 24, 1939.
24. Anne Grynberg, Les Camps de la honte: Les internés juifs des camps français 1939–1944 (Paris, 1999), 20–21.
25. Ibid., 57.
26. Moore, Refugees from Nazi Germany, 98–99.
27. Müller, Anne Frank, 86.
28. C. L. van den Heuvel and P. G. van den Heuvel-Vermaat, Joodse Vluchtelingen en het Kamp in Hellevoetsluis (Hellevoetsluis, 1995), 25.
29. Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad, Jan. 3, 1939.
30. Prof. D. Cohen (Chairman, Jewish Refugees Committee, Amsterdam), circular letters, March 17 and 28, 1939, Bibl. Ros. Vereenigingen (Comité–G).
31. “Report on the Position of the Refugees Work in Holland on April 30th 1939 by Gertrude van Tijn,” May 9, 1939, enclosure A, WL doc 502.
32. “Camps,” memoranda by Jewish Refugees Committee, Amsterdam, May and June 1939, JDCNY AR 33–44/700.
33. Gino Huiskes and Reinhilde van der Kroef, comp., Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork, Westerbork Cahiers 7 (Assen, 1999), 25.
34. Weizmann testimony to Royal Commission on Palestine, Nov. 25, 1936, in Barnett Litvinoff, ed., The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series B: Papers, vol. 2 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1984), 102.
35. Diary entry, Jan. 12, 1939, in Dorian, Quality of Witness, 56–57.
36. Der moment, Nov. 24, 1938.
37. Tsentralrat fun di prof. klasen-fareynen in varshe, Barikht fun der tetikeyt fun tsentralrat un di ongeshlosene fareynen far di yorn 1937–1938 (Warsaw, April 1939), 24, YA 1400 MG 9 and 10/box 36/220.
38. “The Jewish Community of Prague,” report to Joint Distribution Committee, Aug. 14, 1939, JDCNY AR 33–44/535.
39. Memorandum on Latvia by E. K. Schwartz, May 1, 1939, JDCNY AR 33–44/727.
40. Report dated July 26, 1939, by Martin Rosenblüth (London), CZA S7/902, copied in Frank Nicosia, ed., Archives of the Holocaust, vol. 3 (New York, 1990), 323.
41. Kurt Krakauer memoir, LBINY ME 1405.
42. Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland to Council for German Jewry, London, Feb. 3, 1939, WL doc 606.
43. Council for German Jewry, London, to Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, Feb. 6, 1939, ibid.
44. Council for German Jewry, London, to Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland, Aug. 16, 1939, ibid.
45. Report on Germany and Austria, February 1939, submitted with Morris Troper (Paris) to AJDC (New York), March 17, 1939, JDCNY AR 33-44/189.
46. Morris Troper (Paris) to JDC (New York), March 17, 1939, JDCNY AR 33-44/189.
1. Article by Yoshue Perle, Literarishe bleter, Jan. 1, 1939.
2. Shandler, ed., Awakening Lives, 376.
3. Pickhan, “Yidishkayt and class consciousness,” 258.
4. Shapiro, “Polish Kehillah Elections,” 218.
5. “A ruf tsu der yidisher arbetndiker froy,” election leaflet, Vilna, 1939, YA 1400/11/128.
6. “Birger veyler!” election leaflet, Vilna, May 1939, ibid.
7. M. Troper (Paris) to Joseph Hyman (New York), June 10, 1939, JDCNY AR 33-44/794.
8. “2 yor arbet un kamf” (report on Tsukunft, 1937–39), YA 1400 MG 9&10/40/269.
9. Howard (Chanoch) Rosenblum, “Promoting an International Conference to Solve the Jewish Problem: The New Zionist Organization’s Alliance with Poland, 1938–1939,” Slavonic and East European Review 69:3 (1991), 480.
10. Ibid., 489.
11. JC, March 3, 1939.
12. Nowogrodski, Jewish Labor Bund in Poland, 251.
13. L. Jaffe (Warsaw) to head office of Keren Hayesod, Jerusalem, March 10, 1939, CZA S5/544.
14. Laurence Weinbaum, “Jabotinsky and the Poles,” Polin 5 (1990), 159.
15. J. Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1918–1939 (Berlin, 1983), 410.
16. Affirmation, May 26, 1939.
17. Yaakov-Yosef Gerstein (in Yednitsy/Edineţi) to his children in Palestine, July 9, 1939, CAHJP INV/8494, 44.
18. See Morris Troper for JDC to Comite Voor Joodsche Vluchtelingen, Oct. 16, 1939, JDCNY AR 1933–44, folder 44.
19. Chaya Brasz, “‘Dodenschip’ Dora,” Vrij Nederland, May 1, 1993, 38–41.
20. Memoir of Gertrude van Tijn, LBINY ME 643, 17.
21. Sherman, Island Refuge, 253.
22. O. D. Kulka, “The ‘Reichsvereinigung of the Jews in Germany’ (1938/9–1943),” in Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe 1933–1945, Proceedings of the Third Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem, 1979, 45–58.
23. Letter from Goldmann, n.d. [May 1939], quoted in Kurt Jacob Ball-Kaduri, Vor der Katastrophe: Juden in Deutschland 1934–1939 (Tel Aviv, 1967), 252–53.
24. Hartwig Behr und Horst F. Rupp, Vom Leben und Sterben: Juden in Creglingen (Würzburg, 1999), 177.
25. Silvia Cohn to Hilde Cohn, June 27, 1939, quoted in Trude Maurer, “Jüdisches Bürgertum 1933–1939: Die Erfahrung der Verarmung,” in Stefi Jersch-Wenzel et al., eds., Juden und Armut in Mittelund Ost-Europa (Cologne, 2000), 389.
26. “Le déclin du judaïsme autrichien, Revue “OSÉ,” March 1940, 30.
27. Lorenz Mikoletzky, ed., Archives of the Holocaust, vol. 21 (New York, 1995), 1199.
28. Report by Wohnungsreferat, Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien, May 16, 1939, WL doc 1254/2.
29. Erwin Lichtenstein, Die Juden der freien Stadt Danzig unter der Herrschaft des Nationalsozialismus (Tübingen, 1973), 88–89; Manchester Guardian Weekly, Jan. 20, 1939.
30. Police-President to Jewish Community, Danzig, Jan. 21, 1939, reproduced in Sheila Schwartz, ed., Danzig 1939: Treasures of a Destroyed Community (Detroit, 1980), 19.
31. Greiser to Carl Burckhardt, Feb. 9, 1939, in Lichtenstein, Die Juden, 101.
32. “Bericht über den Auswanderungstransport von Danzig mit der ‘Astir’ von Irma Feibusch” (a passenger on the Astir), Lichtenstein, Die Juden, 226–31.
33. L’Univers Israélite, July 28, 1939.
34. Leyzer Ran, “Vilna: A fertel yorhundert yidisher teater,” in Itzik Manger, Jonas Turkow, and Moyshe Perenson, eds., Yidisher teater in eyrope tsvishn beyde velt-milkhomes (New York, 1968), 233–34.
35. Bemporad, “Red Star on the Jewish Street,” 240.
36. Even-Shoshan, ed., Minsk, ir va-em, vol. 2, 78.
37. Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue, The Jews of the Balkans: The Judeo-Spanish Community, 15th to 20th Centuries (Oxford, 1995), 142.
38. L’Indépendant, Feb. 9, 1939.
39. “Kipur al Kal” (Yom Kippur in the Synagogue), Acción, 11:3106 (1939), reprinted in Bunis, ed., Cazés, Voices from Jewish Salonika, 390–92.
40. “Le estás bevyendo la sangre” (You’re driving him crazy), Mesajero 4:1008 (1939), reprinted in Bunis, ed., Cazés, Voices from Jewish Salonika, 406–8.
41. Correspondence in YA 207/87.
42. President and Secretary, Asilo de Locos to Community Council, May 17, 1939, YA 207/87.
43. Report of the Refugees Committee, Amsterdam, August–October 1939, WL doc 502.
44. Hugo to Nadja Jellinek, n.d. [late March–May 1939], Jellinek correspondence.
45. Gisela Schlesinger (Vienna) to Anna Nadler (Sydney), June 21, 1939, ibid.
46. Max Weinreich, “A Tentative Scheme for the History of Yiddish,” 5th International Congress of Linguists, Brussels, Aug. 28–Sept. 2, 1939, Résumés des communications (Bruges, 1939), 49–51.
47. Albert Resis, “The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact,” Europe-Asia Studies 52:1 (2000), 35.
48. Ha-kongres ha-tsiyoni ha-21: Din ve-heshbon stenografi (Jerusalem, 1939), 222–23. The phrase appears in Genesis 32:9 and 2 Kings 19:30–31.
1. New York Times, March 26, 1933.
2. Jacob Lestchinsky, “Vu iz der oysgang?” Naye Shtime, July 1938, 8.
3. Jacob Lestchinsky, “Farshveygen oder bald entfern?” Unzer lebn (Białystok), July 21, 1939. The article probably also appeared in other Yiddish papers.
4. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, esp. 454 ff.
5. Transcript of interview with Prinz, Oral History Archive, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, printed in Herbert A. Strauss and Kurt R. Grossman, eds., Gegenwart im Rückblick: Festgabe für die Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin 25 Jahre nach dem Neubeginn (Heidelberg, 1970), 232. The original article appeared in the Jüdische Rundschau, April 17, 1935.
6. Lederun shikh-tsaytung, May 1937, 4.
7. Benjamin and Barbara Harshav, American Yiddish Poetry: A Bilingual Anthology (Berkeley, 1986), 304–7.
8. Y. Rapoport, “Tsurik zum geto?” Naye shtime, July 1938, 12–13.
9. A[haron] Kremer, “Tsurik in geto?” Parizer haynt, July 12, 1938.
10. Karlip, “Between Martyrology and historiography,” 257.
11. Ibid., 271 [translation amended].
12. The biblical reference is to Esther 3:13 (Jewish Publication Society of America translation).
13. Haynt, Aug. 25, 1939. For the background to this article, see Dubnow-Erlich, Life and Work of S. M. Dubnow, 233–36.
14. See above p. 13.
15. Zygmunt Bauman, “Exit Visas and Entry Tickets: Paradoxes of Jewish Assimilation,” Telos 77 (1988), 51.