Acidalia Planitia, 186
Ackerman, Diane, 285
Air Force Chart and Information Center (ACIC), 49
Airy Sea, 14
Airy, Sir George, 10–12, 27, 28, 112, 125
Alba Patera, 99, 101, 104, 196
AlborTholus, 104
Aldiss, Brian, 135, 213n, 291n
All Terrain Vehicles (ATV), 275
Amazonian period, 117–18, 138, 140
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 81
American Astronomical Association Division of Planetary Sciences, 197
American Geophysical Union, 29, 247
American West, 79–81
See also frontier, rhetoric of
USGS, as link between Mars and the West Ames Research Center. See NASA
Anders, Bill, 31
Antarctica as analogue to Mars, 247
Anthropologist on Mars, An (Sacks), 19
Antoniadi, Eugène Michael, 21, 96, 178
Argyre Planitia, 16, 47, 103, 118, 126, 193–94, 209
Arizona State University (ASU), 92
Arsia Mons, 98
Arvidson, Ray, 100
Astrogeology Study Group (USGS), 88
Atacama Desert (Chile), 247
Athabasca Vallis, 287
Atomic Energy Commission, 88
Babbage, Charles, 84
Baker, David, 261
Baker, Victor, 188–89, 191–92, 193, 196, 197, 205, 209, 215, 222, 266
Ballard, J.G., 320
Barringer, Daniel, 87
Batson, Ray, 51, 54–55, 57, 58
Baxter, Stephen, 289
Bear, Gregory, 36
Benjamin, Walter, 128
Bergmann, Karl George, 108n
Birth of Fire (Pournelle), 178
Bisson, Terry, 289
Blue Mars (Robinson), 36, 177, 177n
Bogdanov, Alexander, 3
Bonestell, Chesley, 54n, 130, 132, 133, 324n
Boston, Penny, 243–45, 250–52, 254, 256, 258, 325
Bova, Ben, 289
Bowie, David, 273
Brackett, Leigh, 17
Bradbury, Ray, 3, 37, 42, 93, 107, 156, 320
Brandenberg, John, 188
Bretz, J Harlan, 189–90
Brezhnev, Leonid, 58
Bridges, Patricia, 49–51, 53–57, 89, 90, 179, 238
British Antarctic Survey, 285
Britt, Dan, 234
Brown, Andrew, 153
Brown, Harold, 58–59
Bureau of Mines, 324
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 3, 17, 93, 178–79, 180
Bush, Vannevar, 264
Cabrol, Nathalie, 207–9, 230–31, 323
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
intellectual belligerence fostered by, 42–44
Cameron, James, 278
Candor Chasma, 101
Carl Sagan Memorial Station, 234
Carpenter, James, 83
Carr, Mike, 112, 117, 142, 143, 153, 154, 162–72, 196, 197, 202, 203, 204, 210, 211, 212, 226
Carson, Rachel, 300
“Case Against Mars, The” (Easterbrook), 260
Case for Mars, The (Zubrin/Wagner), 267
Case for Mars conferences, 246, 260, 263
Celestis Foundation, 324
Chandelier. See Noctis Labyrinthus
channeled scablands, 189–92
Chao, Edward, 162
Chasma Boreale, 97
Chryse Planitia, 2, 16, 98, 120, 164, 169, 184
Clancey, Bill, 274–75, 279, 279n
Claritas Fossae, 101
Clarke, Arthur C., 3, 42, 219, 295, 296, 303, 319
Clements, Edward Henry, 178
climatologists, 62
Clinton, Bill, 253–54
Cockell, Charles, 285, 292, 298, 323
Cole, Thomas, 132, 133, 134, 324n
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 198
Collier’s magazine, 132
Columbia River, 237, 251–52, 251n
Coon Butte (Arizona), 74–76
See also Meteor Crater
Copernicus (lunar crater), 89–90
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 17
Coprates Chasma, 102
Cross, Charles, 50
Dandelion (volcano). See Tyrrhena Patera
Danielsen, Ed, 22n
Darling, Louise, 23
Darwin, Charles, 84
Davies, Merton, 22–29, 32, 39, 50, 52, 105
Davis, Don, 130
Davis, William Morris, 79, 189–90
Dawes’ Forked Bay, 16
Dawes, Reverend William Rutter, 14, 21
Deccan Traps (India), 91n
Devon Island (Canada), 273
diatremes, 85
Dickens, Charles, 9
Dickson, Gordon, 319
“Difficulties Involved in Photographing Nix Olympica, The” (Aldiss), 135
Discovery program, 65
Dish, The (film), 38n
Dutton, Clarence, 79, 80, 147, 150
Dzigai Vallis, 96
mapping, 89
Mars compared and contrasted with, 3, 42–45, 92, 106–10, 118, 146–48, 157, 170, 211–12, 214, 215–17, 245, 255–56
possibly colonized by Martians, 313
seen as a planet, 55–56
Earth Is Near, The (Pesek), 319
Easterbrook, Gregg, 260
Eccentric Spaces (Harbison), 112
Edgett, Kenneth, 142, 143, 150, 203, 205n, 230, 231
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 264
Elephant’s Ass, 102
Elysium, 15, 16, 98, 112, 119, 120, 140, 145, 287
Elysium Mons, 104
Emmart, Carter, 244
Encyclopedia of Fantasy, The (Clute/Grant), 95
ERV (Earth Return Vehicle), 262–63, 290, 290n
Europa, 214
exobiology, 105
Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA), 276, 281
Eyck, Jan van, 129–30
“Face on Mars,” 103, 109, 142, 186, 188, 245
Far Call, The (Dickson), 319
Fastigium Aryn, 16
Feynman, Richard, 317
First Landing (Zubrin), 289
First Light (Rawlings), 134–35, 290
Flagstaff (Arizona), 91, 92, 93–94
Flammarion, Camille, 14–15
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station, 273–74, 275–77, 314
Foundation (journal), 175
Fountains of Paradise, The (Clarke), 296
Frey, Herb, 143
Friedman, Lou, 30
Friedrich, Caspar David, 134–35
Frontera (Shiner), 289
frontier, rhetoric of, 92–93, 237, 294
Full Moon (Light), 237n
Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Lovelock), 303
Galle Crater, 103
Ganges Chasma, 231
Ganymede, 214
Garvin, Jim, 198
“Genesis” (Turner), 110–11
geochemists, 62
Geological Society of America, 149
Geological Society of Washington, 83
geophysics, relation to geology, 62
Gibbons, Dave, 134–37
Gibson, Everett, 252
Gibson, William, 264
Gilbert, Grove Karl, 71, 79–84, 85, 86, 87–94, 115, 118, 120, 125, 150, 185
GIS (geographical information system), 240
global warming, 316–17
Goddard Space Flight Center. See NASA
Goetzmann, William, 79
Gold, Thomas, 115n, 144, 250, 254
Golding, William, 302
Golombek, Matt, 228–29, 233–34, 281, 290n
Gore, Al, 254
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, The (Moran), 131
Grand Tour, The (Hartmann/Miller), 131, 133, 173, 176, 176n
Grandin, Temple, 19
Grant, John, 95
Green Mars (Robinson), 36, 173, 176, 177, 117n, 181–82, 213n
Green, Nathaniel, 16
Greenwich meridian, 10–12
Greenwich Park, 9, 10–11, 318, 326
Guest, John, 112
Harbison, Robert, 112
Hartmann, Bill, 128–40, 150, 289, 297n
Haughton Crater, 273–77
Haughton-Mars Project (HMP), 274–79, 298
Head, Jim, 199–200
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 7
Hebe Chasma, 289
Hecates Tholus, 104
Heinlein, Robert, 3, 19, 156, 178, 292, 302n
Heiser, James, 267
Hellas Planitia, 2, 15, 42, 47, 69, 103–4, 118, 196, 209
Hematite site (Terra Meridiani), 205, 230, 232, 287
Herbert, Frank, 178
Herodotus, 15
Hesperia Planum, 103, 112, 117
Hesperian period, 117, 138, 207
Hoffman, Nicholas, 213
Holmes, William, 147–49
Horowitz, Norman, 320
Hourglass Sea, 13, 14, 15, 103
See also Syrtis Major Planum
Hughes, Robert, 132
Hynes, Nancy, 322
Icarus journal, 250
Imbrium basin, 119
“In Praise of Limestone” (Auden), 151
In Suspect Terrain (McPhee), 22
Inca City, 104–5
Inge, Jay, 51, 53–57, 179, 238
International Astronautical Federation, 268, 268n
International Astronomical Union (IAU), 21, 28, 95, 321
International Space Station, 93
Internet, 237–38, 241–42, 278–79
Isidis Planitia, 98, 103, 118, 126
lus Chasma, 101
Ivanov, Mikhail, 243–47, 250–51
Japan launches Mars mission, 288
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 24, 30–36, 37, 61, 67–68
Johnson Space Center. See NASA
“Julian and Maddalo” (Shelley), 173
Kaiser, Frederik, 15
Kaiser Sea, 15
Kant, Immanuel, 166
Kargel, Jeff, 192–93, 196, 209, 213
Kasei Vallis, 96
Kay, Marshall, 166
Key, The (Rawlings), 134
Kirschvink, Joe, 254–56
Kissinger, Henry, 58–59
Kitt Peak Observatory, 92
“Kubla Khan” (Coleridge), 198
Landis, Geoffrey, 213, 249n, 289
Landscape and Memory (Schama), 324n
Lederberg, Joshua, 105
Lee, Pamela, 289
Lee, Pascal, 274
Leighton, Robert, 24, 39, 42, 212
Lemke, Larry, 251
lemmings, 323
Levin, Gil, 248
Life magazine, 132
“Life on Mars” (Bowie), 273
Light, Michael, 237n
Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 264, 269
Lonar (India), 91n
Lorenz, Ralph, 315n
Lovelock, Jim, 247, 302, 303, 306, 307
Lowell, Percival, 15, 16–17, 17–21, 73, 79, 92, 93, 96, 102, 108, 108n, 109, 112, 156, 157, 160, 177–78, 292n, 320
Lowell Observatory, 49, 51, 73–74
Lucchitta, Baerbel, 145–46, 188n, 204, 216, 230, 290
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 93
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
(1979), 304
(1990), 196
(1999), 200
McAuley, Paul, 271n
McCauley, Jack, 169
McEwen, Alfred, 57, 93, 140, 144, 150, 203
McKay, Chris, 243–45, 247–48, 250–52, 253, 254–56, 281, 306, 311–12, 313–14, 316, 325
McKay, David, 252
McPhee, John, 22
Ma’dler, Johann von, 13–14, 21
Malin, Mike, 141–43, 163, 206, 209–12, 230
Malinovsky, Alexander, 178
“Man Who Lost the Sea, The” (Sturgeon), 319
maps and mapmaking, 13–14
airbrush, use of, 53–59
albedo, 51
digital, 238–40
history of, 54–55
quadrangles, 98
See also Mars (maps)
Mare Cimmerium, 15
Mare Erythraeum, 101n
Mare Orientale, 131
Margaritifer Terra, 102
Mariner program, 23, 24–25, 64–65, 156, 163, 184, 216
Mariner 9, 37–48, 55, 56n, 69, 95, 96, 100, 102, 112, 146, 157, 164, 178, 198, 316
Mars
American West, comparisons of with. See American West
axis of rotation, 106
basins, 119–20
calendar, 268
canals, 16–17, 102, 121, 177–78, 320
crustal thickness, 126–27
as dying planet, 108–9, 319–22
Earth, compared and contrasted with. See Earth
geological ages, 117
Marsquakes, 287n
MGS studies, 65–68
landing sites, 221–232, 289–90
layering, 141–50
life on, 17–22, 39–40, 108–9, 135–36
literature set on, 17, 36, 93, 135–36, 173–83, 236n
magnetic field, 124–25
mascons (mass concentrations), 126
megaregolith, 167
moon, compared and contrasted with. See moon
paintings of, 128–40
plate tectonics, evidence for and against, 121–23, 145, 216
polar layered terrains, 141–50
prime meridian, 13
size, 13–14
sky, 99
Viking studies, 99–100, 164–65
valleys, 164–65
world, as part of our. See world
Mars (atmosphere)
carbon dioxide, effects of, 211–15
dust storms, 316
Gaia hypothesis and, 301–34
greenhouse effect, 158–60, 304
ozone, lack of, 248
terraforming, 303–18
water. See Mars (water)
Mars (climate)
computer models, 208–9
greenhouse effect, 158–60
long-winter model, 304–5
methane, effect of, 255
terraforming, 303–18
Mars (craters)
earth craters, comparing, 76–77
Schiaparelli crater, 102–3
Mars (maps), 1–2
airbrush, use of, 53–59
albedo, 51
Beer and Mädler, 13–14
digital, 238–40
Flammarion, 14–15
Mars Digital Image Mosaic 1:2 million series, 57–59
1:15,000,000 USGS maps, 3–4, 179, 287
1:5,000,000 maps, 57
photomosaics, 52–53
Proctor, 14
quadrangles, 98
shaded relief, 50–51
Scott and Carr’s synoptic map of 1978, 113
See also United States Geological Survey
Mars (meteorites from), 138–39, 249, 312
ALH 84001, 210, 224, 252–54, 255, 256–57, 311–13
Mars (moons), 106–8
Deimos, 107
Phobos, 107–8, 134n, 296, 315n
Mars (nomenclature), 14–16, 21
IMP, 233–36
Mars (ocean), 199–206
release of during terraforming, 296–99
shorelines, suggestion of, 184–97, 206
Mars (polar caps), 105–6
deliberate melting of, 304–6
northern, 105
southern, 105
Mars (settlement of)
mineral exploitation during, 305–306, 305n
railways as part of, 294–95
space elevator, 295–96
transformation caused by, 110–11
Mars (subsurface)
anaerobes, 255
bacteria, 210, 224, 252–54, 255, 256–57, 309–10, 311–13
Mars (surface)
age, 109
layering, 254
Mars (terraforming), 296–99
carbon dioxide, effects of increasing levels, 304–5
CFCs, effects of increasing levels, 300, 306
literary interpretations, 178
nuclear weapons, for the release of oceans, 298–99
aquifer system, possibility of, 167–72, 250
carbon dioxide as an alternative to, 156–57, 211–15
clathrates, 211–15
crater palaeolakes, 207–8
fretted channels, 163, 164, 164n
greenhouse effect, relation to presence of, 158–60, 306
gullies, water as explanation for, 209–11, 212
ice caps, presence of water in, 208–9
outflow channels, 163–64, 164n, 168, 207–8, 212
run-off channels, 163, 164n, 164–65
scarcity, 156
symbolic importance of, 155–56, 217
valleys as evidence of, 164–65, 199–206
See also Mars (ocean)
“Mars” (Ackerman), 285
Mars (Bova), 289
Mars and Its Canals (Lowell), 292n
“Mars and the Mind of Man” symposium, 37, 107
Mars Climate Orbiter, 27n, 31–32, 37, 67, 221, 223, 224
Mars Crossing (Landis), 249n, 289
Mars Geoscience/Climatory Orbiter, 62–63
See also Mars Observer
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), 29, 65–68, 198
aerobraking, 66
gravity studies by, 126–27
magnetic field discovered by, 124–25
MOC. See Mars Observer Camera
plate tectonics, sparks interest in, 123–24
success, 66
Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), 114–15, 205–6, 214, 215
Mars 01 Lander, 223–24, 229–32
Mars 01 Orbiter (Mars Odyssey), 224
Mars Observer, 37, 63–65, 223–24, 224n
Mars Observer Camera (MOC), 230
lost on Mars Observer, 228
spacecraft, attempts to pick out, 29
water, reveals possibility of, 209
Mars Observer Laser Altimeter (MOLA), 64–66, 68–70
crust, allows estimations of thickness, 126
hidden craters, discovers, 76
Mars Odyssey. See Mars 01 Orbiter
Mars Pathfinder, 2–3, 28, 65, 224n
IMP (Imager for Mars Pathfinder), 233–36
landing and landing site, 233–34
rock color studies, 100, 234–35
Sojourner (rover), 32, 235–39, 325
Mars Polar Lander
failure, 30–36, 37, 67, 221, 223
landing ellipse, 232
Scott and Amundsen microprobes, 35, 48
Mars Society, 267–72, 269n, 273, 275–77, 278, 279, 309, 310–11
Mars Surveyor program, 67–68, 211
Mars Underground (Hartmann), 297n
Mars Underground, 245–46, 261, 267, 302, 303, 321–22
“Marsprojekt” (von Braun), 260
Martian Chronicles (Bradbury), 93, 107, 156
Martian Inca, The (Watson), 174–75, 178
Martian Race, The (Benford), 36
“Martian Sends a Postcard Home, A” (Raine), 19
Martian Time-Slip (Dick), 156
Martin Marietta, 266n
Masursky, Hal, 40–41, 44, 47–48, 54–55, 62, 95, 175, 226, 228, 245
Mawrth Vallis, 96
Medusae Fossae, 143–45
MEGAOUTFLO (Mars Episodic Glacial Atmospheric Oceanic Upwelling by Thermotectonic Flood Outbursts), 205
Melas Chasma, 101
Meteor Crater (Flagstaff), 73–78, 85–86, 86–87, 91, 91n
micro-oases, 298–99
Middle Spot (Pavonis Mons), 44, 46, 98
Miller, Walter M., Jr., 283
Milton, Danny, 90, 162, 191, 212, 215
Mission to Mars (film), 290, 290n
MOC. See Mars Observer Camera
MOLA. See Mars Observer Laser Altimeter
moon (earth’s satellite), 84, 129
Apollo missions, 50, 57, 60, 92, 221–22, 281, 312
Earth compared and contrasted with, 91n
Mars compared and contrasted with, 118, 137
geological history, 89–90, 90n, 118, 129, 167
Lunar Prospector, 324
Shoemaker commemorated on, 95
Tranquillity Base, 92
Moon: Considered as a Planet, a World and a Satellite, The (Carpenter/Nasmyth), 83
Moon over Half Dome (Adams), 130
Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico (Adams), 130
Moore, Alan, 134–37
Moore, Hank, 228
Moore, Jeff, 205n
Moore, Patrick, 50
Moran, Thomas, 131
Mount Wilson Observatory, 24
Moving Mars (Bear), 36
Murray, Bruce, 22n, 24–26, 30, 42–43, 44, 47–48, 58, 105, 141, 156–57, 212, 268
musk oxen, death of, 323, 325n
Mutch Memorial Station, 234n
See also Viking
Mutch, Thomas, 234n
MX “Peacemaker” nuclear missile
Nakhlites (meteorite), 139
ALH 84001, press conference about and effect upon, 210, 224
Ames Research Center, 207, 238, 274
birth of, 88
budgets, 60–61
Case for Mars, relationship with, 260
craft sterilization, 326
Discovery program, 65
first Mars mission (Mariner 4), 24–25, 26
Goddard Space Flight Center, 63–65
Haughton-Mars Project, 274
Johnson Space Center, 252
Long Duration Exposure Facility, 312
mapmaking responsibilities withheld, 40
NASA rover (2004), 224
Space Shuttle, 60–61
See also Mars Surveyor program; individual missions
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. See NASA
National Space Society, 267
Naval Observatory (Washington, D.C.), 81
Neptune, 214
Netlander, 287
Neukum, Gerhard, 138
New Mars, The (Hartmann/Raper), 130
Nilosyrtis Mensae, 104
Nix Olympica. See Olympus Mons
Nixon, Richard, 60
Noctis Labyrinthus, 100–101, 135
North Spot (Ascraeus Mons), 44, 46, 98–99
Nowell, Lisa, 176
nuclear weapons, 298
nuclear winter, 46
Nye, Bill, 36
Oberg, James, 304
Oceanus Borealis. See Mars (ocean)
Olympus Mons, 44, 45–46, 47–48, 96, 99, 110, 115n, 137–38, 140, 146, 179
difficulties involved in representing, 135
“On the Origin of Hypotheses” (Gilbert), 71, 83
Ophir, 101
O’Sullivan, Timothy, 237
Our Mutual Friend (Dickens), 9
Out of the Cradle (Hartmann/Miller/Lee), 289
Oyama, Vance, 300
Pacific Edge (Robinson), 176
Panetta, Leon, 253–54
Pardee, Joseph Thomas, 190–91
Parker, Tim, 184–88, 200–206, 213, 228, 234, 298
Penrose, Roger, 213n
Phlegra Montes, 123
Pigwad (Planetary Interactive GIS-on-the Web Analyzable Database), 240
Pioneer Astronautics, 273
Pioneer mission, 61
“Pioneering the Space Frontier” (Paine), 246, 260
Place and Placelessness (Relph), 222–23
Planetary Explorer program, 65
Planetary Society, 30
Pohl, Frederik, 173–75, 178, 179
Pollack, James, 46, 100, 121, 158–60, 304
Poundstone, William, 100
Pournelle, Jerry, 178
Proctor, Richard, 14
Ptolemaus (crater), 2
Rainbow Mars (Niven), 213n
Raine, Craig, 19
Reagan, Ronald, 185
Red Mars (Robinson), 36, 108n, 177, 179, 186, 289, 319, 322
Red Planet (Hemlein), 178
“Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia, The” (Bogdanov), 178
Relph, Edward, 222–23
Return to Utopia (Rawlings), 32
Robinson, Kim Stanley, 36, 108n, 173–83, 205n, 213n, 257n, 281, 289, 308, 310–11, 319, 322, 323
Roddenberry, Gene, 264
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 324–25
Royal Astronomical Society, 12
Royal Greenwich Observatory, 10–11
Sacks, Oliver, 19
Sagan, Carl, 30, 42, 46, 95, 96, 100, 108n, 158, 197, 227, 234, 240, 257, 268, 303, 304–5
San Juan Mountains (Colorado), 91
Sand Dunes, Carson Desert, Nevada (O’Sullivan), 237
Sands of Mars, The (Clarke), 219, 303
Saunders, Steve, 188
Schama, Simon, 324n
Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 15–16, 21, 44, 96, 100, 101n, 102
Schiaparelli (crater), 102–3
Schrödinger, Irwin, 301
Schmitt, Harrison, 57
Schultz, Peter, 144–45, 150, 222
Science (journal), 68, 190, 210, 211,
science fiction, 17, 36, 93, 135–36, 173–83, 289–90, 319–23
and Martian giganticism, 108n
See also individual authors
Scott, Dave, 112–16, 115n, 117, 150, 167–72, 324
Scott, Robert Falcon, 30
Scout missions, 287
Secchi, Father Angelo, 14, 155
Secchi Continent, 14
Secret of Life, The (McAuley), 271n
Seed, David, 175
Service, Robert W., 141
Shakespeare, William, 324–25
Sheffield, Charles, 180
Shergotty meteorites, 139, 247
Shelley, Percy, 173
Shiner, Lewis, 289
Shirley, Donna, 61n
Shoemaker, Gene, 84–92, 95, 148, 150, 162, 254, 324–25
Shultz, Peter, 254
“Significance of the Frontier in American History, The” (Turner), 263, 264
“Significance of the Martian Frontier, The” (Zubrin), 265
Silent Spring (Carson), 300
Sinai Planum, 101
Smith, David, 63–64, 65, 69–70
Smith, Peter, 69, 100, 233–34, 235, 236, 239, 239, 315n
Smithsonian Air & Space Museum (Washington, D.C.), 322
SNC meteorites, 249
Snell, Willebrord, 25
Snyder, Gary, 180n
Solis Lacus, 16
South Spot (Arsia Mons), 44, 46, 98
Space Shuttle, 60–61
Space Task Group, 60
“Spell of the Yukon, The” (Service), 141
Sputnik, 85
Squyres, Steve, 119
Star Trek, 93
Stoker, Carol, 244, 246, 263, 276, 293
Storm, Bob, 196
Stranger in a Strange Land (Heinlein), 19, 156, 302n
Strickland, Ed, 134n
Sturgeon, Theodore, 319
Surface of Mars, The (Carr), 163
Syria Planum, 101
Syrtis Major Planum, 13, 14, 15, 103
See also Hourglass Sea
Taber, Frank, 324–25
Tanaka, Kenneth, 112, 211, 240
Teapot Ess, 86
Tempe Terra, 186
Terra Meridiani, 102, 143, 203, 205–206, 232, 287
Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments (Fogg), 315
Tharsis, 15, 46, 98–101, 112, 145, 179
Titan, 316
Tithonium Chasma, 101
Tolkien, J.R.R., 309
TOPS probes, 61
“Transit of Earth” (Clarke), 319
Traveler’s Guide to the Solar System, The (Hartmann/Miller), 130–31, 136
See also Grand Tour, The Triton, 96, 214
true polar wander, 144–45
Truman, Harry, 264
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 110–11, 263–64
Tyrrhena Patera, 103
Tyrrhenian Sea, 15
“Under the Surface” (Brown), 153
Understanding Comics (McCloud), 116
United States Geological Survey (USGS), 40, 84, 88
Apollo missions, contribution to, 167
given Mars mapping role, 50
as link between Mars and the West, 85–88
Mars Digital Image Mosaic, 57
1:15,000,000 maps, 3–4
1:5,000,000 maps, 57
Pigwad, development of, 240
University of Washington Department of Nuclear Engineering, 254
Utopia Planitia, 2, 16, 104, 119–21
Valles Marineris, 46–47, 57, 101, 101n, 102, 121, 135, 143, 169
Grand Canyon, compared with, 146–48
influence on fictional landing sites, 289–90
“Value of Outrageous Geological Hypotheses, The” (Davis), 184
van Hoogstraten, Samuel, 49
Van Sant, Tom, 297
Venus, 81, 109n, 170, 214, 236n, 304
Verne, Jules, 295
Victoria, Queen, 58n
Viking (missions), 2, 28, 39–40, 61, 184, 234n, 322
crater pictures, 76
exobiology experiments, 301–2
landing sites, 227–28
picture archive, 193, 198, 234
replica lander, 322
success of, 61
Thomas Mutch Memorial Station, 322
“Viking Results—The Case for Man on Mars, The” (Clark), 243, 245
Von Braun Planitia, 275
Voyage (Baxter), 289
Voyage to the Red Planet (Bisson), 289
Voyager, 214
Wagner, Richard, 267
Wallace, Alfred, 211–12
Wanderer Above the Sea of Mist (Friedrich), 134–25
Watchmen (Moore/Gibbons), 134–37
Weinbaum, Stanley, 3
White Mars, 213
White Mars (Penrose/Aldiss), 213n
Wild Shore, The (Robinson), 173, 176
Wilhelms, Don, 119
Williamson, Jack, 178
Wise, Donald, 138
“Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, The” (Benjamin), 128
Works Progress Administration, 25–27
Woude, Jurrie van der, 41, 58–59
Wu, Sherman, 63
Xiaotong, Fei, 321
Zelazny, Roger, 319
Zubrin, Robert, 259–72, 281, 289, 293, 305, 305n, 308–10, 317, 322