Aaronson, Daniel, 20n
abortion, 237
Abraham, Katherine, 316n
Abramowitz, Alan, 275
Achen, Christopher, 43n, 77n, 78n, 82n, 106n, 131n, 233n, 236n, 306, 319n, 339n, 353n
affirmative action, 237n
Affleck, Ben, 25
Affluence and Influence (Gilens), 249
Affordable Care Act (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; ACA), 65, 237; congressional support, 280–281; impact on inequality of, 279, 333–334; in 2010 election, 283–285
AFL-CIO, 211
after-tax income (CBO), 67
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 11
AIG insurance company, 303
Alesina, Alberto, 17n, 35n, 39–40, 358
Alexander, Herbert, 94n
Alter, Jonathan, 163–164, 360–361
Alternative Minimum Tax, 165, 171
Althaus, Scott, 156n
Alvaredo, Facundo, 1n
American Economic Association survey, 202
American Family Business Institute, 181
American National Election Studies (ANES) surveys, 88, 93n, 98n, 108, 111, 113–114, 116, 118, 121–122, 125, 127, 132, 145, 146n, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156n, 160–161, 162–163n, 164, 173, 176, 177, 180n, 183, 184, 275, 283n, 291, 312, 317
American National Election Studies (ANES) Senate Election Study, 245, 247n, 260–265
American Representation Study (Miller and Stokes), 235n
American State Politics (Key), 349
American Taxpayer Relief Act, 171
Americans for Tax Reform, 144
Anders, George, 26n
Andrews, Edmund, 143n, 165n, 166n, 181n, 196n, 214n
Ansolabehere, Stephen, 267n
Apuzzo, Matt, 302n
Arel-Bundock, Vincent, 84
Arizona minimum wage increase, 224
Arkansas minimum wage, 228
Arrow, Kenneth, 150n
Associated Press (AP), 33, 301
Atkinson, Anthony, 1n, 30–31, 70n, 258
Atlas, John, 225n
attitude polarization: egalitarian values and views about Bush tax cut, 160–162; ideology and views about inequality, 128–134; party identification and views about Bush tax cut, 159–160
Austria, 308
Aviel, Sara, 305
auto industry bailout, 269, 277–278
Bafumi, Joseph, 236n, 237–238n
Bain Capital, 319
Bair, Sheila, 303
Baker, Dean, 252n
Baker, Peter, 172n
Bakija, Jon, 229n
Banaji, Mahzarin, 124n
bank bailouts, 266, 296, 353; distributional implications, 301; public opinion, 278–279, 282
Barnes, Lucy, 67n
Barro, Josh, 332
Bartels, Larry, 43n, 75n, 76n, 77n, 82n, 88n, 106n, 131n, 152n, 156n, 158n, 184n, 215n, 234n, 236n, 239n, 245n, 246n, 252n, 254, 256n, 257n, 259n, 263n, 274n, 275n, 276n, 284n, 306, 308n, 315n, 319n, 324n, 328–329n, 331n, 335n, 339n, 349n, 351, 353n, 365
Bartlett, Bruce, 165
battleground states in 2012 election, 322n, 328
Baucus, Max, 140
BBC World Service poll, 278–279, 282
before-tax income (CBO), 66–67
Beinart, Peter, 275n, 276, 306
Berg, Andrew, 17n
Bergan, Daniel, 258n
Berinsky, Adam, 192n
Berman, Ari, 311
Bernake, Ben, 307
Bernasek, Anna, 17n
Bernstein, Jared, 9n
Besley, Timothy, 350n
Bhatti, Yosef, 234n, 240n, 261n
Biased Pluralism theories, 252
big business, feeling thermometer, 114–115
Biven, W. Carl, 51n
Blanchard, Oliver, 37n
Blank, Rebecca, 30n
Blankfein, Lloyd, 302
Blinder, Alan, 30n, 57, 269n, 277, 284n, 295–296, 301, 304, 305n, 307
Bloom, Allan, 359n
Bloomberg, Michael, 256–257n
Bosworth, Barry, 18n
Bound, John, 73n
Boushey, Heather, 9n
Bowles, Erskine, 285
Bradbury, Bruce, 18n
Bradbury, Katharine, 20n
Brady, Henry, 3n, 257n, 258, 260n, 264, 265n
Brandeis, Louis, 343
Branigan, William, 169n
Breaux, John, 140
Brewer, Mike, 47n
Broder, John, 215n
Brookings Institution, 18
Brown, Dorothy, 230n
Brown, Kevin, 196–197
Brown, Robert, 350
Brunner, Eric, 257n
Budget Control Act of 2011, 286
budget deficits, 64, 137, 143, 178, 180, 269, 285–286, 329, 361; public opinion about, 149, 254, 279, 282, 318, 335–337, 340
Buffett, Warren, 256–257n
Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S., 53n, 200n
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S., 45n, 53n, 225n, 231n
Burns, Arthur, 82
Burns, Charles Montgomery, 136
Burns, Conrad, 225n
Burns, Nancy, 358n
Burtless, Gary, 18n
Bush, George H. W., 63, 165, 193, 195, 210–211
Bush, George W., 22, 24, 30, 33, 37, 42n, 47, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 72, 101, 102, 120, 181, 193, 196–197, 213–214, 223, 252, 275, 291, 292, 295, 296, 315, 354; and Hurricane Katrina, 359–363; tax cuts of (see Bush tax cuts)
Bush tax cuts, 5, 31, 63–64, 135, 252, 266, 358; estate tax repeal, 170–171; passage of, 136–144; public concern about distribution of benefits, 146–147; public opinion about, 144–164, 313–315, 317, 320–321; “sunsetting” of, 139, 164–169, 197, 285, 329–330
business people, feeling thermometer, 114–115
Caine, Herman, 339n
campaign contributions and political influence, 234, 261, 263–265, 267
campaign spending, 76, 93–97; measurement of, 94n; political consequences of, 98–100; sources of incumbent advantage, 94–97
Campbell, James, 42
Canada, 18, 19, 57, 92, 274n, 278
capital gains tax, 257n
Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Piketty), 15
Card, David, 203, 204, 210, 212, 231
Carnahan, Jean, 140
Carnes, Nicholas, 3n, 265–266, 358
Carter, Jimmy, 51–52, 62, 63, 120, 210, 290
Case, Anne, 350n
Cayman Islands, 26
CBS News/New York Times poll, 146, 149, 175
Census Bureau, U.S., 7, 8n, 12n, 35, 46, 53n, 62, 78n, 82–83, 245n, 332; and consumer price index (CPI-U), 53n, 200n
Center for American Progress, 334
Center for Responsive Politics, 265n, 302n
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 137, 230–231n
Chait, Jonathan, 169, 318–319, 329, 341
Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 142
Chicago minimum wage increase, 228
Christiano, Lawrence, 37n
Citizen Participation Study (Verba, Schlozman, and Brady), 93n
Citizens for Tax Justice, 137n, 141
Citizens United v. FEC, 2
Clark, William, 84
class bias in economic voting, 75–76, 87–92; political consequences of, 98–100
class sympathies, 107, 113–115, 136; and social welfare policy preferences, 115–116
Cleary, Matthew, 259n
Cleland, Max, 140
climate change, 237n
Clinton, Bill, 24, 34, 47, 58, 63, 64, 65, 137, 170, 195, 210, 229, 277, 290
CNN, 330
Cochran, John, 143n
Colorado minimum wage increase, 225
Committee on Political Parties (American Political Science Association), 348
Community Action Program, 50
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 51–52
Congress, partisan control, 37
Congressional Budget Office (CBO), 63–69, 137, 181–182, 296n
Congressional Progressive Caucus, 216
congruence between constituents and representatives, 237, 257n
Conrad, Kent, 141
Conservative Party government, United Kingdom, 47
contact with public officials and political influence, 212, 234, 260–263, 267; measurement, 260n
Converse, Philip, 106n, 113n, 260n
Coolidge, Calvin, 194
Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project (CCAP) survey, 292–294, 319–327, 334–340
Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) surveys, 208, 215, 225n, 237, 240, 241n, 243n, 247n
Corker, Bob, 216n
corporate taxes, 63, 257n, 266, 318
Couglin, Father Charles, 192
Council of Economic Advisers, 17, 49, 315, 333
Current Population Survey, 7n, 8n, 46, 259
Cutler, David, 30n
cycles in economic growth, 39
Dahl, Robert, 1–2, 3, 23, 24, 25, 31, 233, 234, 267, 344–345
Daschle, Tom, 140
Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, 74n
Davis, Susan, 216n
de Figueiredo, John, 267n
Debot, Brandon, 172n
debt, government: debt ceiling, 286, 297; public opinion, 335–336, 338, 341, 354
defense spending, 237n
DeFrank, Thomas, 283n
DeLay, Tom, 252–253n
Delli Carpini, Michael, 156n, 260n
Democratic Faith (Deneen), 358
Democratic Leadership Council, 175
Deneen, Patrick, 358–359
Dennis, Christopher, 35
Denton, Nancy, 357n
Department of Labor, U.S., 199n, 225n
DeSilver, Drew, 334n
Dewan, Shaila, 362n
Dew-Becker, Ian, 21–22
Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy (Dahl), 2n
Dimon, Jamie, 302
DiNardo, John, 204n
disparities in political responsiveness, 6
Dodd-Frank (Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act), 278; congressional support for, 280–281; in 2010 election, 283–285
Dole, Bob, 303
domestic spending, 286, 329, 351; and partisan politics, 351; public opinion about, 148–149, 237, 253, 255, 289, 291, 335–337, 340
Dow Jones & Company, 44n
Downs, Anthony, 31n
Dreier, Peter, 225n
Dugan, Andrew, 207n
DW-NOMINATE scores (Poole and Rosenthal), 96n, 236–237, 238, 240–241n, 246n
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 11, 64, 171, 201–202, 202n, 228–231; perceived eligibility for, 151; political advantages of, 229–230
Eastover (New Orleans), 361–362
economic conditions, perceived, 93n; in 2012 election, 322–325
Economic-Elite Domination theories, 252
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA), 138–142, 164, 166n, 169, 170
economic inequality, 7–16; assessments of, 121–122; explanations fpr, 122–123; perceptions of, 107–108, 118–120, 124–135, 312–313, 353; and support for estate tax repeal, 186–188
Economic Policy Institute, 198
economic voting, 75–82; and class bias, 75–76, 87–92; myopic, 75, 77–82
Edin, Kathryn, 11
Edwards, George, 289n
egalitarian values, 7, 32, 107–113, 136, 312–313, 353; and social welfare policy preferences, 111–113; and support for Bush tax cuts, 160–162
Ehrenfreund, Max, 27n
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 357
Eichenbaum, Martin, 37n
Eichengreen, Barry, 269n
Eichler, Alexander, 310n, 316n
80/20 income ratio, 70–71
Einstein, Katherine Levine, 134n
Eisenhower, Dwight, 49, 52, 101, 102, 195, 223, 290
Electoral College, 352
Emanuel, Rahm, 270
energy policy, 269, 278, 279, 281; in 2010 election, 283–285
Engle, Robert, 222n
Enron scandal, 106
environmental protection, 237n, 256
equal opportunity, 19, 32; and public perceptions, 107, 124, 328n, 335, 338, 354; public support for, 109–110, 113, 312
Erikson, Robert, 76n, 105n, 233n, 234n, 239n, 240n, 261n, 289n, 351
error correction model, 222n
errors-in-variables regression, 251
Espo, David, 213n
estate tax repeal, 5, 135, 137, 144, 169, 170–173, 199, 223, 257n, 330, 346; history of, 193–197; interest groups and, 189–193; and partisan politics, 195–197, 351; public opinion of, 173–193, 335–337
European Social Surveys, 308n
Evans, Charles, 37n
factor analysis, 110n, 236n, 237n
Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, 198
false consciousness, 75; and support for Bush tax cuts, 150–163
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 303
Federal Election Commission, 94n
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 362
Federal Reserve, 48, 64, 82, 84, 296, 303–305, 307
Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 302
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 44n
feeling thermometer, 113–114
Feingold, Russ, 281
Feinstein, Diane, 140
“Fight for $15” minimum wage campaign, 228
filibuster, 139, 196, 213, 276–277, 280–281, 285
financial regulation, 216, 278, 280–281
Fiorina, Morris, 77
Fishkin, James, 156n
flat tax, 189n
Flavin, Patrick, 234–235
Florida minimum wage increase, 224
Foley, Duncan, 356n
Fontevecchia, Agustino, 19n
food stamps, 7n, 50, 62, 67, 269, 333, 335
Forbes 400 list, 19
Fortin, Nicole, 204n
Fortune magazine, 192
Fox, Liana, 11n
Fox News polls, 206n
France, 18, 57, 274n, 278, 282n, 357
Frank, Thomas, 75n
Franken, Al, 277n
Freedman, Jacob, 181n
Friedman, Joel, 137n
Frist, Bill, 196
Fuller, Dan, 202n
Galbraith, James, 84
Gale, William, 137n
Gallup poll, 102, 124, 207, 271n
Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, 231n
Garner, John Nance, 194
Gates, Bill, 256–257n
gay men and lesbians: and feeling thermometer, 114; in the military, 237n
GDP growth, 39, 42; and effect on incomes, 55–57; in Great Recession, 297–298, 305, 307; partisan differences about, 53–57
Geewax, Marilyn, 212–213
Geide-Stevenson, Doris, 202n
Geithner, Timothy, 6, 269, 301–305
Gellad, Walid, 252n
General Accounting Office, U.S., 230n
General Social Survey, 16n, 271n
Germany, 19, 57, 123, 274n, 278, 282n, 308
Geronimus, Arline, 73n
Gilded Age, 309, 343, 353, 354
Gilens, Martin, 3n, 156n, 188n, 208, 234n, 235, 249–254, 267, 345, 358
Gilligan, James, 72
Gingrich, Newt, 290
Gini coefficient, 21n, 47, 66–69, 258, 332
Giovannoni, Olivier, 84
Gitlin, Todd, 14n
Glaeser, Edward, 358
Glazer, Nathan, 106
Godfather's Pizza, 339n
Goldfarb, Zachary, 331–334
Gordon, Robert, 21–22
Gottschalk, Peter, 52n
government spending, 51, 285; partisan differences over, 57; preferences and support for Bush tax cuts, 152–153, 156; preferences and support for estate tax repeal, 180; public opinion of, 149, 256, 271–274, 278–279, 282, 291–292
government waste, perceived: and support for Bush tax cuts, 152–154; and support for estate tax repeal, 178–180
Graetz, Michael, 172, 181, 190–191, 193–195
Granger, C.W.J., 222n
Grassley, Charles, 140, 142, 143
Great Compression, 29
Great Depression, 52, 269, 276
Great Recession, 6, 12, 26, 72, 103, 135, 215–216, 222, 269–271, 336, 357; policy response to, 277–281, 295–305, 332; political impact of, 286–295, 305–308, 341; timing and, 274–276; and 2008 election, 274–276; and 2010 election, 281–285; and views about inequality, 309–315
Great Society (Johnson), 50, 58, 253, 277
Green, William, 194
Greenberg, Stanley, 307
Griffin, John, 263n
Grogan, Coleen, 350n
Gross, Daniel, 22n
Grunwald, Michael, 276n, 277, 281n, 285n
gun control, 237n
Hacker, Jacob, 3n, 31n, 147–149, 309, 338, 346
Hall, Richard, 267n
Hand to Mouth: Living in Bootstrap America (Tirado), 357
Harding, David, 20n
Harkin, Tom, 216
Harris, Benjamin, 137n
Harwood, John, 278
Hastert, Dennis, 127
health care, 62, 336, 353; reform of (see health care reform; Affordable Care Act)
health care reform, 216, 269, 278, 280–281, 284–285, 289, 316; Obama (see Affordable Care Act
Heckman, James, 152n
Heritage Foundation, 190–191, 192–193
Herron, Michael, 236n, 237–238n
Herszenhorn, David, 169n, 270n, 285n
Hibbs, Douglas, 35, 48, 50n, 51n, 52, 53, 69, 78
Hicks, Timothy, 92
Hill, Kim, 350n
Hines, James, 30n
Hinton-Andersson, Angela, 350n
Historical Income Tables, 8, 35
Hochschild, Jennifer, 106–107, 122, 134, 149n, 191–192, 192–193, 355, 356
homeland security, 256
home mortgage foreclosures, 277–278, 301, 304–305, 357
homicide rate, partisan difference, 72
“honeymoon” period, presidential, 39, 84
Hook, Janet, 334n
House Ethics Committee, 253n
House of Representatives, 6, 37, 127, 141–144, 165, 171, 194–196, 210n, 211–216, 224, 230, 282–283, 285–286, 290, 343n, 346; responsiveness to constituency opinion, 236–238, 240–242, 243–245; support for Obama legislative agenda, 279–281
House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, 252n
House Ways and Means Committee, 141, 194, 230
Hoynes, Hilary, 30n
Huang, Chye-Ching, 172n
Hubbard, R. Glenn, 142
Huber, Evelyne, 48n
HuffPost Pollster, 295
Hurricane Katrina, 212, 359–363
Hurricane Rita, 362
Hussein, Saddam, 253
Husted, Thomas, 350n
Iceland, 308
IGM Forum survey of economists, 294n
immigrants, illegal, 237n
immigration policy, 269, 279; congressional support for, 280–281
income growth: under Democratic and Republican presidents, 35–47, 332, 351; and electoral cycle, 82–87; in Great Recession, 298–299; historical pattern of, 7–13; and and macroeconomic performance, 54–57
income inequality, 7–15; under Democratic and Republican presidents, 58–62; in Great Recession, 332
income shares, 13–14
incumbent party tenure and presidential election outcomes, 80
inequality and economic growth, 17
Inequality Module (CCAP survey), 292–294, 334–340
Inequality: What Can Be Done? (Atkinson), 258
infant mortality rate, partisan difference, 73
Inflation: effect on incomes, 55–57; and electoral cycle, 82; partisan differences about, 53–55
inheritance, 192–193
initiative and referendum process, 201, 226–228
Institute for Fiscal Studies, 47
Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, 137
instrumental variables regression analysis, 97, 152n, 153, 180n
intergenerational mobility, 20
Internal Revenue Service, 11, 12n, 181, 333; and Earned Income Tax Credit, 230; estate tax auditing, 196–197
International Monetary Fund, 17
International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), 16n, 123, 271n, 274n
iPOLL archive, 148n, 191n, 205
Ireland, 274n
Irwin, Neil, 269n
Israel, 274n
Jackson, Andrew, 29
Jackson Square, New Orleans, 360–363
Jacobs, Alan, 92
Jacobs, Lawrence, 2n, 3n, 233–234, 281n, 341n
Jargowsky, Paul, 357n
Jefferson, Thomas, 29
Jennings, Edward, 350
Jim Crow era, 347
Job Corps, 50
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA), 142–144, 166n
Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 52
Johnson, Lyndon, 49–50, 253, 277, 288, 290
Johnson, Simon, 302
Johnson, Tim, 140
Johnston, David Cay, 14n, 197n
Joint Committee on Taxation, 138–139, 142n, 170
Joint Economic Committee, 182
Jordan, Michael, 25
JPMorgan, 302
“just world” theories, 124
Kaiser, Robert, 281n
Kansas minimum wage increase, 228
Kapur, Sahil, 315
Karier, Thomas, 64n
Katz, Jane, 20n
Katz, Lawrence, 30n
Keech, William, 35n
Kennedy, Edward, 212, 215, 277n
Kenney, Lawrence, 350n
Kenworthy, Lane, 58n, 62, 286–287, 294, 356n
Kerr, William, 356n
Kerry, John, 33, 102, 202, 204, 291, 361
Key, V. O., Jr., 77, 103, 259, 306, 347–349
Kim, Jae-on, 257n
Kim, Walter, 23n
King, Stephen, 25
Kirkland, Lane, 211
Kissinger, Henry, 303n
Klein, Ezra, 311
Kluegel, James, 118n
Knight, Brian, 350n
Kohl, Herbert, 140
Kohut, Andrew, 334
Krehbiel, Keith, 210n, 219n, 281n
Krueger, Alan, 17, 30n, 203, 204–205, 210, 212, 217, 228, 231,, 315
Krugman, Paul, 15n, 21, 29–30, 70n, 163, 170, 296–297, 333, 341
Krupnikov, Yanna, 183n
Labaton, Stephen, 165n, 198n, 214n
labor force participation, 44–45
labor unions, 2, 4, 5, 29, 107, 196, 338; and minimum wage, 201, 211, 217–223, 228; feeling thermometer, 114–115; public opinion, 335, 338–339
Labour Party government, United Kingdom, 47
Lacombe, Matthew, 256n
Landrieu, Mary, 140
Landsburg, Steven, 202n
Lane, Randall, 19n
Lauer, Matt, 316
Lee, David, 204
Lee, Mike, 243
Lehman Brothers, 271, 275, 307
Leighley, Jan, 257n, 259n, 350n
Lemieux, Thomas, 204n
Lenz, Gabriel, 319n
Leonhardt, David, 19n, 279, 333n
Lerner, Melvin, 124n
Lester, T. William, 203
Lewis, Ken, 303
liberal-conservative ideology, 112n, 237n, 245n, 247n
Lieberman, Joseph, 277n
Lincoln, Blanche, 140
Lippmann, Walter, 118
Lipton, Eric, 286n
Londregan, John, 39n
Long, Huey, 192
Long, Phil, 360n
Los Angeles minimum wage increase, 228
Los Angeles Times poll, 148, 149n
Lott, Trent, 144
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 105n
Lower Ninth Ward (New Orleans), 361–363
Luxembourg Income Study, 18n
life expectancy, 18
Lupia, Arthur, 158
Lynch, David, 284n
Mack, Connie, 181–182
MacKuen, Michael, 105n, 233n, 239n, 289n, 351
Macpherson, David, 219n
Madonna, 25
Major, John, 47
Majoritarian Electoral Democracy theories, 252
Majoritarian Pluralism theories, 252
Mankiw, Gregory, 230
Mann, Thomas, 247n
Margalit, Yotam, 287–288
market income (CBO), 66–67, 331
Marmot, Michael, 18n
Marr, Chuck, 230–231n
Marshall, Ray, 51n
Martinez, Gebe, 211n
Marzilli, Ted, 339n
Massachusetts minimum wage, 228
Massey, Douglas, 357n
Matthews, J. Scott, 92
Mayer, Gerald, 219n
Mayer, Susan, 357n
Mayhew, David, 349
Mazumder, Bhashkar, 20n
McCain, John, 102–103, 140, 141, 166, 291
McCall, Leslie, 17n, 118n, 119
McCarty, Nolan, 31n, 209–210, 281n
McCaskill, Claire, 225n
McClosky, Herbert, 106–107, 125n
McConnell, Mitch, 270, 276, 280, 285, 330–331
McCormick, John, 343
McGhee, Eric, 283–284n
McIver, John, 233n
Mead, Lawrence, 34
Medicare, 7n, 50, 67, 139, 146n, 147–148, 149n, 253, 279, 333; Medicare payroll tax, 151; prescription drug benefit of, 252
Medina, Jennifer, 228n
Mellon, Andrew, 194
Meltzer, Allan, 31n
Merrill Lynch, 303
Merzer, Martin, 360n
middle-class people, feeling thermometer, 114–115
Miller, George, 216
Miller, Warren, 233n, 235, 327n
Miller, Zell, 140n
minimum wage, 5, 30, 32, 51, 135, 196, 197, 198–228, 231–232, 346; and average hourly wage, 199–201, 220–223, 225–228, 353, 358; and congressional inaction, 209–217; and congressional representation, 214–215; effects on earnings, 203–204; effects on employment, 201, 203–205; effects on inequality, 204; history of, 199–201; indexing for inflation, 209–210; and labor unions, 217–223, 225–228; local action regarding, 224, 228; partisan control of state governments, 225–228; and partisan politics, 217–223, 351; public opinion of, 199, 201, 205–209, 217–228; state action regarding, 224–228
Mishel, Lawrence, 9n
misinformation and support for estate tax repeal, 181–189
Mississippi minimum wage, 228
Missouri minimum wage increase, 225
MIT Dictionary of Modern Economics, 202
monetary policy, partisan differences, 57, 84
Montana minimum wage increase, 225
Montgomery, Lori, 169n
Montopoli, Brian, 265n
moral hazard, 304
Morath, Eric, 207n
Morgan Stanley, 302
Munk, Nina, 19n
Murdoch, Rupert, 19
Murnane, Richard, 30n
Murray, Patty, 216
Murray, Shailagh, 169n
Muslims, feeling thermometer, 114
MX missile, 267
myopic economic voting, 4, 75, 77–82; political consequences of, 100–101
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Business Cycle Dating Committee, 274n
National Conference of State Legislatures, 225n
National Economic Council, 304
National Federation of Independent Business, 213
National Industrial Recovery Act, 199n
nationalization of banks, 303, 304
National Public Radio/Kaiser Family Foundation/Kennedy School of Government survey, 151, 173, 175, 182–183, 189n, 231
Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (Zaller), 130
“Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics” (Converse), 106n
NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, 146, 148, 149, 174, 206
Neckerman, Kathryn, 18n
Nelson, Ben, 140
Nelson, Candice, 94n
Nelson, Thomas, 113n
Nevada minimum wage increase, 225
New Deal era, 58, 253n, 294, 306–307, 343–344, 354
New Economic Policy (Nixon), 50
New Gilded Age, 15, 24, 26, 27, 32, 75, 76, 107, 108, 170, 235, 310, 334, 341, 344, 353, 356
New New Deal (Obama), 6, 274, 276, 279, 291, 305–307
New Orleans, 359–363
New York City minimum wage campaign, 228
New York Times Magazine, 26–27
New York Times poll, 174
Newman, Brian, 263n
News Interest Index poll, 207n
Nickel and Dimed (Ehrenreich), 357
Nie, Norman, 257n
Nitschke, Lori, 140n, 141n, 142n, 211n
Nixon, Richard, 50, 82, 101, 223, 229
non-linear least squares regression, 221
non-linear model of congressional responsiveness, 244n, 246n, 261n
Norquist, Grover, 144
Obama, Barack, 6, 37, 58, 63, 65, 94n, 102–103, 120, 171, 245, 270–271, 290, 306–307, 354; and Bush tax cuts, 165–169, 197; and inequality, 309–315, 329–334; and minimum wage, 224; response to Great Recession, 277–281, 295–297, 303–305; and 2008 election, 275–276; and 2010 election, 282–285; and 2012 election, 315–329
O'Brien, Matthew, 171n
obtuse support for estate tax repeal, 176–177
Occupy Wall Street movement, 6, 14, 289, 353; and views about inequality, 310–316, 341
Ohio minimum wage increase, 225
Oliver, Eric, 357n
On Deaf Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit (Edwards), 289n
On Political Equality (Dahl), 2n
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 50
Ornstein, Norman, 247n
Orren, Gary, 6–7, 28, 113, 257–258, 343–344
Osawatomie, Kansas (Obama speech), 310–315, 321
Ostrogorski, Moiseide, 74, 75, 102, 354
Ostry, Jonathan, 17n
Ovalle, David, 360n
Page, Benjamin, 3n, 64n, 199n, 233–234, 234n, 250n, 251–252, 254, 256n, 257, 267, 341n, 346
Palin, Sarah, 281–282
Pandit, Vikram, 302
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 300, 301
Parade magazine, 25–26
Parks Daniel, 139n, 141n, 142n, 165n
partial adjustment in dynamic models, 69n
partisan polarization, 259, 294, 339–341, 353
partisan politics, 4; and homicide, 72; and income growth, 35–47, 58–62, 351; and infant mortality, 73; and macroeconomic performance, 53–57; and minimum wage, 201, 217–223; and national policy, 351; and redistribution, 62–69; and state policy, 350; and suicide, 72
partisan turnover, presidential, 41–43
party competition, 352; and political inequality, 347–352
party identification, 88, 112, 294–295, 351; and support for estate tax repeal, 179–180, 184–185, 349; and support for minimum wage, 208–209; in 2012 election, 322–326; and views about Bush tax cut, 152–160, 158n; and voting behavior, 349
Paulson, Henry, 22, 33, 70, 303, 304, 356n
payroll tax cut, 169, 269, 285, 313, 317, 329, 330, 333; public opinion of, 335, 337
Pear, Robert, 286n
Pearce, David, 202n
Pedulla, David, 287n
Penn, Mark, 175
Perotti, Roberto, 17n, 31n, 37n, 356n
Persson, Torsten, 17n
Peru, 25
Peterson, Peter, 143n
Pethokoukis, James, 166n
Pfeffer, Fabian, 300
Phillips, Kevin, 29, 309, 343, 353, 354
Pickett, Kate, 18n
Pierson, Paul, 3n, 31n, 147–149, 309, 338, 346
Plato, 358–359
pluralism, 1
plutocracy, 254–257
political business cycle, 82–87
political ideology, 107, 112; and electoral responses to the Great Recession, 307–308; and perceptions of inequality, 124–135; and support for estate tax repeal, 179–180; in 2012 election, 322–325; and views about Bush tax cut, 152–155
political information, 107; measurement of, 127, 260n; and partisan biases in perceptions, 131, 355; and political influence, 260–263, 267; and views about Bush tax cut, 155–163; and views about inequality, 127–135
political participation and political influence, 257–263
political parties, macroeconomic policies, 48–52
political representation, 215, 233–268, 344–345; unequal (see responsiveness, unequal)
political salience of economic inequality, 23
Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups (Key), 103n
Pollin, Robert, 58
polyarchy (Dahl), 345
Pontusson, Jonas, 356n
Poole, Keith, 31n, 209–210, 236
poor people, feeling thermometer, 114–115, 118
Porter, Eduardo, 6n, 11n, 165n, 316n
Portugal, 308
poverty, 11, 18, 47, 107, 224, 253, 332, 357, 360–361
PRI (Mexico), 259n
probit regression model, 88–89n
Progressive Era, 311, 341, 343–344, 353, 354
public policy mood (Stimson), 289–290, 351
public works spending, 267
Putnam, Robert, 18n
Pytte, Alyson, 211n
quantitative easing, 296
Rampell, Catherine, 286n
Rational Public (Page, Shapiro), 346
Rawls, John, 16
Reagan, Ronald, 24, 47, 52, 58, 63, 64, 65, 69, 165, 193, 195, 201, 229, 253n, 277, 290, 291
Recovery Act (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act), 277; congressional support of, 280–281; in 2010 election, 283–285; public opinion about, 292–294, 296n
redistribution of income, 17, 31, 62–69, 136, 333, 352, 356; public support for, 121–122, 272, 287, 347, 355–356, 358
Rehnquist, William, 127
Reich, Michael, 203
Reich, Robert, 338n
Reinhart, Carmen, 276n
Remnick, David, 15n
Republic (Plato), 358–359
Republican success in presidential elections, 74–76; due to biases in economic accountability, 101–104; and impact on inequality, 69–73
Resnikoff, Ned, 216n
Responsible Electorate (Key), 103n
responsiveness, unequal, 239–247, 345, 347; and political resources, 257–265; and partisan differences, 248–249; systemic, 249–254
retrospective voting, 76–77, 103
rich people, feeling thermometer, 114–115
Richard, Scott, 31n
Rigby, Elizabeth, 234
Riker, William, 150n
Rivers, Douglas, 219n, 236n, 237n
Roaring Twenties, 309, 343, 353
Rodriguez, Francisco, 31n
Rodriguez, Javier, 73n
Rodrik, Dani, 17n
Roemer, John, 31n
Rogers, Diane, 350n
Rogers, John, 350n
Rogoff, Kenneth, 276n
Role of Government survey, 271–273
Romney, Mitt, 291, 310, 316–329, 353; class sympathies of, 321–327, 341
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 29, 199n, 276, 277, 288, 306–307
Roosevelt, Theodore, 311
Rosenbaum, David, 143n
Rosenstone, Steven, 257n
Rosenthal, Howard, 31n, 39n, 209–210, 236
Ross, Stephen, 257n
Rothstein, Jesse, 230n
Ruffing, Kathy, 137n
Russo, Ann, 84
Ryan, Paul, 230
Saad, Lydia, 271n
Sachs, Jeffrey, 35n
Saez, Emmanuel, 1n, 2n, 11–16, 20n, 21n, 299, 300n, 332
Safire, William, 213n
Sahadi, Jeanne, 65n
Samuelson, Paul, 49
Samuelson, Robert, 106
San Francisco minimum wage increase, 228
Sanders, Bernie, 216, 238n, 243, 277n, 353
Santorum, Rick, 321
Sargent, Greg, 316n
Schattschneider, E. E., 150, 348–349
Scheiber, Noam, 228n, 269n, 331n
Schlozman, Kay, 3n, 257n, 258, 260n, 264, 265n, 286–287
Schoeni, Robert, 300
Schumer, Charles, 224
Schumpeter, Joseph, 346
Schwab, Charles, 142
Schwabish, Jonathan, 18n
Schwandt, Kimberly, 283n
Scott, Janny, 19n
Scott, Robert, 216
Seattle minimum wage increase, 228
Seawright, Jason, 3n, 254n, 256n, 257n
seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimator, 43n
Senate, 6, 37n, 127, 139–144, 149, 165, 171, 172, 182, 194–196, 211–216, 224, 346; responsiveness to constituency opinion, 237–239, 242–247; support for Obama legislative agenda in, 279–281
Senate Appropriations Committee, 182
Senate Budget Committee, 141
Senate Finance Committee, 140, 182, 194
separation of powers, 249
sequester provision (of Budget Control Act of 2011), 286
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 207, 228
Shaefer, Luke, 11
Shani, Danielle, 131n
Shanks, J. Merrill, 327n
Shapiro, Ian, 172, 181, 190–191, 193–195
Shea, Christopher, 23n
Sides, John, 276n, 282–283n, 292n, 319n
Simpson, Alan, 285
Simpson-Bowles Commission (National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform), 285
Simpson, Homer, 136
Sinclair, T. A., 343n
Skocpol, Theda, 2n, 276, 277n, 279, 281n, 288–289, 305–306
Slemrod, Joel, 62n, 183, 189, 229n
Sloan, Allan, 143n
Smeeding, Timothy, 18n, 123n, 356n
Smith, Adam, 359
Smith, Eliot, 118n
Smith, Matt, 330n
Smoot, Reed, 194
Snow, John, 22
Snyder, James, 267n
Sobel, Russell, 204
Social Security, 7n, 62, 67, 78n, 139, 146n, 147–148, 199, 256, 341n; Social Security payroll tax, 151
Social Security Administration, 18
Solomon, Deborah, 182n
Solow, Robert, 49
Southern Politics in State and Nation (Key), 347–349
Specter, Arlen, 277n
spheres of justice, 28, 106, 343–344, 355
SpongeBob Squarepants, 25
“stagflation,” 52
Standard & Poor's, 286
Starobin, Paul, 211n
Steinbrenner, George, 171
Steinfels, Peter, 356n
Steinhauer, Jennifer, 171n
stem cell research, 267
Stenner, Karen, 125n
Stephens, John, 48n
Stevenson, Richard, 326n
Stiglitz, Joseph, 17, 70, 338n
Stimson, James, 105n, 233n, 239n, 289–290, 351
stimulus spending, 51, 216, 269, 277, 280–281; public opinion about, 272–273, 282–285, 292–294, 296
Stoker, Laura, 188n
Stokes, Bruce, 334n
suicide rate, partisan difference, 72
Sullivan, Paul, 171n
Sulzberger, A. G., 311
Summers, Lawrence, 304
“sunsetting” of Bush tax cuts, 139, 164–169, 197
Sununu, John, 211
super PACS, 2
Supreme Court, 199n
Survey of Consumer Finances, 16n, 301
Survey of Economically Successful Americans (SESA), 254–256
Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 88n
Swindell, Bill, 141n, 142n, 165n
Switzerland, 274n
system justification theories, 124
Tabellini, Guido, 17n
Talbert, Elizabeth, 11n
Talent, Jim, 225n
Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy (American Political Science Association), 2–3, 34
Tauzin, Billy, 253n
Tavernise, Sabrina, 18n
tax burdens, perceived, 116–118, 136, 138, 339–340; and support for estate tax repeal, 177–180; and views about Bush tax cut, 152–155, 166
tax cuts, 51, 63–65, 194–195, 277, 281, 361; Bush administration (see Bush tax cuts); estate tax (see estate tax repeal); public opinion about, 254–257, 279, 282, 335–338, 341
Tax Policy Center, 137, 229, 230n, 330n
tax rates, 62, 65–66; partisan differences, 57
Tax Relief Act (2010), 171
taxing the rich, 6, 316–327, 353, 354
Tea Party movement, 271, 281–282, 289
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 11, 229
Tester, Jon, 225n
Thatcher, Margaret, 47
Thomas, Bill, 142
Thompson, Derek, 316n
Throw Momma From the Train Act of 2001 (estate tax repeal), 170
Tilove, Jonathan, 360n
Time magazine, 276
Tirado, Linda, 357
Tobias, Andrew, 25
tobit regression analysis, 225n, 226, 227
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 28
Torricelli, Robert, 140
Townsend, Francis, 192
transfer payments, electoral cycle, 82
Treasury Department, 48, 278, 286, 301–305, 307
“trickle-down” income growth, 46
Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), 277–278, 303; public opinion about, 292–294
Tsangarides, Charalambos, 17n
Tufte, Edward, 48, 49, 73, 76n, 82, 83
turnout and political influence, 234, 258–263, 267
Twain, Mark, 28–29
2000 presidential election, effect on inequality, 72
2008 presidential election, 274–276
2010 midterm election, 271, 281, 282–285
2012 presidential election, 286, 310, 353; effect on inequality, 333, 341
Uchitelle, Louis, 15n
Uganda, 25
unemployment, 316, 332, 339; and effect on incomes, 55–57; and electoral cycle, 82; in Great Recession, 298; partisan differences about, 53–55; and perceptions, 355
unemployment benefits, 62, 69, 78n, 169, 267, 269, 285, 332, 333, 336
unenlightened self-interest, 150–155, 346
Unheavenly Chorus, The (Schlozman, Verba, Brady), 258n
United Kingdom, 47, 57, 92, 123, 278
USA Today, 284
Van Dongen, Rachel, 196n
Vavreck, Lynn, 237n, 292n, 319
Ventry, Dennis, 229n
Verba, Sidney, 3n, 6–7, 28, 113, 257–258, 260n, 264, 265n, 286–287, 343–344
Vieregge, Dale, 358n
Voice and Equality (Verba, Schlozman, Brady), 258
Vroman, Wayne, 219n
Wachovia bank, 303
Wagner, Daniel, 302n
Wall Street Journal, 202, 204, 270, 271
Wall Street meltdown of 2008, 6, 135, 269m 270–271, 275, 300–301, 355
Warner, Charles, 28–29
Washington, Ebonya, 257n
Washington Post/ABC News poll, 284n, 354
Wasik, Daniel, 366
Watson, Mark, 53
Waxman, Henry, 193
Wayman, Frank, 267n
Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich (Phillips), 29
wealth inequality, 15–16; in Great Recession, 300–301, 305
Weisman, Steven, 165n
Weissberg, Robert, 347
welfare benefits, 350
welfare recipients, feeling thermometer, 118
Why Americans Hate Welfare (Gilens), 358
Wilensky, Harold, 356n
Wilkinson, Richard, 18n
Will, George, 142n
Winfrey, Oprah, 19
Winner-Take-All Politics (Hacker, Pierson), 309
Wlezien, Christopher, 47, 267n, 290
Wolfinger, Raymond, 257n
working-class people: feeling thermometer, 114–115; political representation, 266, 358
World Bank, 11n
World Top Incomes Database, 1n, 12n, 13n
World War II, 29
Yakovenko, Victor, 23
YouGov surveys, 166–169, 237n, 313–315, 317, 319, 335n, 357n
Zaller, John, 76n, 106–107, 127n, 130–131, 149n
Zandi, Mark, 284n, 295–296, 307
Zeleny, Jeff, 270n
Zellner, Arnold, 43n
Zhang, Kan, 18n
Zidar, Owen, 64n