Abernathy, Ralph David, 366–367, 368, 369, 370, 371
ADA. See Americans for Democratic Action
AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children
affirmative action, 11, 82–83, 185–187, 392
AFL-CIO. See American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
AFQT. See Armed Forces Qualification Test
African Americans, 5, 27, 77, 95, 200; as activist writers and intellectuals, 188, 266, 278; affirmative action for, 185–186; in antiwar movement, 239; crime statistics for, 315–316; government positions for, 207–208, 225; Great Migration and, 263–264; Great Society’s impact on, 392; history of civil rights for, 183–184; Job Corps and, 202; military service and, 242–245, 276, 307; Moynihan report on, 184–185, 186, 209, 243–244, 268, 278, 284, 288, 309, 346; 1966 survey on, 261–263; poverty and, 66, 183–186, 192–193, 268; preferential treatment debate for, 267–269; push for full citizenship rights for, 8, 11, 78, 392, 396, 397–398; radical movement for, 188–189; in urban crisis, 11–12, 183, 271, 321; in Vietnam War, 276, 304, 307, 310; voter registration for, 112–113, 157–158, 180–181. See also black power movement; civil rights movement; racial conflict and violence; racial discrimination
Agnew, Spiro T., 386
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 27, 63, 184, 197, 287–289, 290, 397
Alabama. See Birmingham, Alabama; Montgomery Bus Boycott; Montgomery march; Selma, Alabama
AMA. See American Medical Association
American Creed, 35, 129–130, 186–187
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 81, 97, 205, 213–214, 252
American Medical Association (AMA), 146, 148, 150–151, 152–153, 154
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 54, 113, 302–303
Anderson, Robert, 103
antiwar movement, 2; African Americans in, 239; by black power movement, 304–305; in civil rights movement, 307, 339; communist accusations against, 328, 340–342; LBJ’s stand on, 296, 302–303, 328; leadership in, 327–328, 339, 341–342, 386; liberals and liberalism in, 294, 328; of MLK, 304–306, 317, 328; New Left’s, 294, 303, 399; in presidential race of 1968, 351, 383–384, 385–386; religious groups in, 294–295
Apollo I crash, 302
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 242–243
arts. See fine arts and culture
assassinations, 4, 15, 359–361, 374–375, 377
Baker, Ella, 160–161
Bell, Daniel, 33–34
Bevel, James, 166–167, 168, 169
Birmingham, Alabama, 5, 9, 29, 78, 79, 208–209
birth control, 203
“Black Cabinet,” 29
Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, 312
black power movement, 309; antiwar efforts by, 304–305; CAPs and, 284–285; communism and, 340; LBJ’s feelings about, 270–271; midterm elections and, 298–299; racial integration opposition of, 312; urban riots and, 311–312, 322
blacks. See African Americans
Bloody Sunday, 169, 172, 177, 194
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 77, 209
Brown, Clarence, 82
Brown v. Board of Education, 88, 97, 143, 272, 379
Buckley, William F., 88
budget crisis. See government budget and debt
Busby, Horace “Buzz,” 177; as campaign and speech advisor, 19, 31, 37–38, 103, 120, 139; character of, 17–18; departure of, 246; on Great Society speech, 54–55, 57
business and corporations, 369; appeal to, in 1964 campaign, 104–106; on budget cuts, 323–324; employment rights support from, 81–82; employment training of poor by, 346; filibuster appeal to, 89–90; pollution control for, 234–235; relationship with, 46, 48–50, 211–212
Byrd, Harry F., 46–48, 151–152
Califano, Joseph, 189, 192; as advisor, 7–8, 206, 254–255, 300, 354–355, 363; background of, 246; hunger task force and, 371; as speech writer, 249–250
CAPs. See Community Action Programs
Carmichael, Stokely, 312; antiwar movement and, 303, 399; LBJ’s approach with, 277–278, 347; midterm elections and, 298–299; power of, 188, 248, 320; reaction to Meredith’s shooting, 269–270; reaction to MLK’s assassination, 360; trip to Cuba, 317–318
Cater, S. Douglas, Jr., 62, 128, 131, 139, 246
Catholicism. See religion
CEA. See Council of Economic Advisers
character and reputation, 128; assistants and aids on, 52; as campaigner, 103, 106, 117–118; civil liberty abuses in, 401; in courting Congress, 39–40, 131–132, 354; early influences on, 6, 25, 134, 146; Freeman on, 101–102; on inflation crisis, 252–253; on legislation efforts, 236–237; liberals on, 2, 102–103, 401; during midterm elections, 299; morals and religious conviction in, 248–249, 253, 300; public image advisor for, 245; on Southern redemption, 166; urban crisis impact on, 314, 321; Vietnam War and, 2, 13, 295–296, 307, 356
Chavez, Cesar, 226
Child Safety Act, 300
childhood and adolescence, 6, 25, 78, 134, 146
Christianity. See religion
CIA, 318; surveillance by, 341–342, 365–366, 401; in Vietnam, 330–332, 334; Vietnamese language and culture program and, 335
citizenship rights: LBJ’s belief in full, 8, 11, 78, 392, 396, 397–398; New Deal and, 27, 397; Port Huron Statement on, 33
civil disobedience, nonviolent, 90–91, 159, 267, 278, 368
civil liberties: abuses of, 116, 162–163, 341–342, 377, 401; Safe Streets Act and, 375, 376–377
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS), 334–335, 337, 339
Civil Rights Act of 1966, 361–362
Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965, 1, 157, 297; civil rights organizations and leaders behind, 92; Congress debate of, 82–86; Dirksen’s involvement in, 88–89, 92–93, 94, 274–275, 362–363; on employment discrimination, 82–83, 264–265; federal aid to education and, 4, 9, 13, 41, 136–142; filibuster for, 86, 89–90, 93–94; gender in, 84; Humphrey’s work on, 77, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93; labor rights born from, 214–215; Mansfield’s work on, 85, 87, 89, 93; passing of and signing ceremony for, 95, 97–99; Senate debate of, 86–94
civil rights legislation: on equal public accommodations, 4, 9, 23, 29, 41, 66, 79, 83, 88, 98, 139; gathering support for, 80–82; GOP’s participation in, 76, 80, 81–82, 88, 386; JFK’s, 75–76, 78, 79; key strategists for, 80, 87, 93; LBJ’s commitment to, 75, 77–78, 86–87, 90, 97, 114, 123, 147–148, 174; New Deal and, 26–28; OEO created under, 183; support in South for, 77–78, 91. See also education legislation; employment legislation; health care legislation; housing legislation
civil rights movement, 1, 4–5, 66; antiwar movement in, 307, 339; beginnings of, 76–77; black activist differences in, 265–267; CAPs approval in, 200; behind Civil Rights Acts, 92; commitment to, 23, 103, 122–123; communism and, 12–13, 340; disarray of 1968, 368–369; FBI involvement in, 111–112; Freedom Summer in, 95–96, 112, 157; MFDP mobilization in, 112–114, 118; on military service, 243–244; murders associated with, 96–97, 359–360; 1963 commencement address on, 24; in North compared to South, 263–266, 368; in presidential race of 1964, 124; radicals in, 188–189, 190–191, 248, 312, 317–318; relationship with black leaders in, 80–81, 159; religion and, 82, 271–272; urban riots impact on, 263; Vietnam War and, 303, 304–307; whites and, 109, 262. See also black power movement; Hispanic empowerment movement; Poor People’s Campaign; protest
Civil War: amendments and reform after, 37, 177; racial cooperation during, 218; welfare and pension system from, 285–286
Clark, Ramsey, 176, 192, 269, 275, 313–314, 347
Cloward, Richard, 61, 289–290, 339–340
Cohen, Wilbur, 131, 148–151, 274, 292
Cold War, 4, 13, 29–30, 143–144, 196
Committee of Welfare Families, 289
communism: antiwar movement accused of, 328, 340–341; civil rights movement and, 12–13, 340; Goldwater’s campaign against, 107; Ku Klux Klan and, 189; LBJ’s stand on, 24, 30, 164, 245–246; liberals in opposition to, 335–336; MLK surveillance and accusations of, 111, 112, 117, 161–164, 306, 317, 376; political discrimination and, 73–74; Schlesinger and, 54; urban crisis link to, 317, 318; War on Poverty and, 63, 73–74. See also House Un-American Activities Committee; Marxist-Leninism; Vietnam War
Community Action Programs (CAPs), 197, 209, 336; black power movement and, 284–285; controversy over, 198, 201, 285–286, 290–291, 292; LBJ’s support of, 199–200, 201–202; in Port Huron Statement, 9–10, 199; protest led by, 292; in War on Poverty, 68, 198, 200, 284
The Confessions of Nat Turner (Styron), 345
Congress: debate of Civil Rights Acts in, 82–86; “fabulous eighty-ninth,” 235–236; Great Society presentation to, 132–133; LBJ’s relationship with, 39–40, 131–132, 354; liaison teams for, 131–132, 139; partisan politics and, 38–39, 130–131; reforms for legislation process in, 133
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 80, 284; blacks in civil rights movement and, 5; Civil Rights Act and, 92; Freedom Summer and, 95–96; MFDP mobilization and, 114, 118; segregation protest by, 77; welfare recruitment and controversy of, 289–290
consensus politics, 10, 31, 51, 129–130
conservation-environmental movement: history of, 227–229; LBJ’s approach to, 230, 231, 280–281, 393–394
conservatives, 2, 9; on budget management, 251–252; on CAPs, 285–286; on civil rights and communism, 12–13; civil rights support by, 82; consensus politics and, 129–130; on environmental legislation, 227; GOP taken by, 34; on Great Society, 2, 12, 129, 251; on limiting government intervention, 34–35, 103; on social reforms of 1960s, 391–392; on urban crisis, 12, 189, 317
Constitution, US, 76, 78, 135, 267; American Creed and, 35, 129; ERA amendment to, 84; on health care and education, 137, 147–148; immigration in, 218; LBJ on civil rights and, 90, 97, 114, 123, 147–148, 174; voting rights and, 165, 176–177, 178–179, 180. See also Fifteenth Amendment rights
consumer protection legislation, 300, 349
Cooper, Annie Lee, 167–168
Corcoran, Tommy, 21
CORDS. See Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support
CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality
Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 280
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), 43–44, 60, 240, 322–323
Criswell, John, 384–385
cultural life. See fine arts and culture
Daley, Richard, 276, 285, 291–292, 320; CAPs opposition of, 201; at Democratic National Convention of 1968, 384–386; on HEW withholding school funds, 273–274
DeLoach, Deke, 111, 116, 162–163, 164
Democratic National Committee (DNC), 10, 37–38, 39, 297–298
Democratic National Convention of 1968, 383–386
Democratic Party: Great Society support from, 296–297; LBJ’s approach to, 38–39, 297–298; majority leadership of, 38, 103, 130; in presidential race of 1968, 351–352, 382, 383–386, 388–389; race issues and divide of, 81, 121; reform movements and, 37; War on Poverty and, 63–64, 205. See also Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Department of Defense (DOD), 192, 240–242, 243, 244
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), 66, 142, 149, 203, 272–274, 396
Department of Transportation, 254
Dewey, John, 26
Dillon, Douglas, 46
Dirksen, Everett, 69; Civil Rights Acts and, 88–89, 92–93, 94, 274–275, 362–363; presidential race of 1968 and, 380–381
Dixie Association, 85, 91, 93–94, 95
Dixiecrats, 12, 13, 88, 106, 108, 401
DNC. See Democratic National Committee
DOD. See Department of Defense
Dubinsky, David, 251–252
Eastland, James, 12, 117, 178, 221, 380
economic growth, 45–46, 50–51, 60–61
Economic Opportunity Act (EOA), 183; anticommunist issues in passing, 73–74; debates on, 69–70, 204–205; funding regulations and process in, 68–70; maximum feasible participation in, 9–10, 68, 198, 200, 225, 284–285; racial issues with support of, 71–72; women as head of household in, 288–289
education: Constitution on, 137, 147–148; early career in and passion for, 36, 134–135, 224; evolution of national standard for, 135–136, 400; government budget and debt for, 284; government spending on, 284; in Mississippi, 136, 140; racial discrimination in, 264, 265, 273
education legislation, 1, 72, 98, 135; federal aid in, 4, 9, 13, 41, 136–142; impact of 1965, 145; JFK and, 23–24, 50, 137–138; LBJ’s support for, 5, 8, 16, 51, 53, 56, 94, 138–139, 143–144; religion and, 136–138, 140; for War on Poverty, 63, 68, 142, 144–145. See also Brown v. Board of Education; Elementary and Secondary Education Act
EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Eisenhower administration, 5, 43
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), 11, 138, 139–142, 145, 272, 392, 396
Ellington, Buford, 97, 107, 166, 170, 175
employment discrimination, 161, 397; Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 on, 82–83, 264–265; corporate leaders and, 81–82, 346; in military service, 243–244
employment legislation, 369, 397; in Civil Rights Acts, 82–83, 98, 264–265; minimum wage and, 27, 251–252; minorities exclusion in, 27–28; for poor and disadvantaged, 346; workplace safety in, 235. See also Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
environmental legislation, 4, 130; dams and power in, 230; Lady Bird’s work for, 233–234; LBJ’s support of, 228, 232–233, 235, 281, 393–394; roots of, 227–229; water and air pollution in, 231–233, 234–235. See also conservation-environmental movement
EOA. See Economic Opportunity Act
Equal Accommodations Act of 1964, 4, 23, 41, 83, 98
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 309; affirmative action and, 187; enforcement power of, 264, 362; establishment of, 75, 83; impact of, 214, 225; LBJ as chair of, 185
equal rights amendment (ERA), 84
ESEA. See Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 27, 28, 397
Fairlie, Henry, 129–130
FBI, 13, 164; civil rights abuses investigations by, 111–112, 275–276; racial discrimination in hiring, 161; in South for racial violence, 98; surveillance by, 110–111, 116, 342, 365–366, 376–377, 401. See also Hoover, J. Edgar
FDR. See Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Fifteenth Amendment rights, 177, 178
fine arts and culture, 215, 235, 279–280
FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act
food stamp program, 63, 205, 369, 371
Fortas, Abe, 22–23; as advisor, 103, 110, 313, 314; improprieties and scandals of, 380–381, 382; Supreme Court nominations and, 203–204, 378–382
Free Speech Movement, 6, 10, 33
Freedom Summer, 95–96, 112, 157
Freeman, Orville, 47, 70–71, 93–94, 375; on budget cuts, 323–324; on hunger campaign, 370–371; LBJ assessment by, 101–102; on pollution control, 231–232; presidential race of 1968 and, 371–372
Fulbright, J. William, 293–294, 295, 339
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 22–23, 50, 51, 59, 102, 239
Gardner, John, 137, 274, 350–351, 352
ghetto. See urban crisis
Ghetto Informant Program (GIP), 365–366, 401
GIP. See Ghetto Informant Program
Goldman, Eric, 52–53, 103–104, 139
Goldschmidt, Arthur, 61–62
Goldwater, Barry, 3, 8, 12; on Big Government, 34–35; civil rights opposition of, 88; GOP’s nomination of, 107–108, 113; 1964 election defeat of, 102–103, 119–120, 124
Goodwin, Richard, 51, 52–54, 55, 57, 249–250
GOP (Grand Old Party), 38, 329; civil rights legislation support and, 76, 80, 81–82, 88, 386; conservatives capturing, 34; creative arts support of, 279; on EOA funding, 72; midterm elections and, 298, 299; nomination of Goldwater, 107–108, 113; presidential race of 1968 and, 343–344, 380, 383, 386, 388; reform movements and, 37; second term Congress minority of, 130–131; South’s shift to, 99, 352, 399–400; urban crisis blame by, 319, 323; War on Poverty and, 63–64, 69–70
Gordon, Kermit, 43, 46, 47, 62
government budget and debt, 128, 325–326, 344; crisis beginnings, 240; debate over management of, 236–237, 251–252, 322–324; for education, 284; first term cuts to, 45–48; for health care, 156, 284; for hunger, 371; second term cuts to, 240–241, 247–248, 251, 323–324, 364, 371, 372; for Vietnam War, 234, 239, 240–242, 262, 322, 323, 353–354; for War on Poverty, 205, 244, 284, 323–324, 345
government funding and subsidies, 44, 48–49, 68–70, 198, 203, 336, 349
government intervention and control: conservatives on limiting, 34–35, 103; in creative arts, 215; in economic rights, 36–37; in environmental issues, 228, 231–232, 234–235; Goldwater on, 34–35; Great Society programs and, 129, 199, 391; in gun sales and ownership, 345, 375, 377; individualism and, 26, 35, 63, 103–104, 207; in racial conflict, 170, 175, 189–190, 191–193, 209–210, 272, 310–311, 313–314, 340, 360–361; on sex education and birth control, 203; of transportation, 253–256; in urban crisis, 189–190, 191–193, 206–207, 340; in War on Poverty, 63, 197–198, 400
Graham, Billy, 30–31
Grand Old Party. See GOP
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 25, 59
Great Migration, 263–264
Great Society, 1, 4, 13; achievements overview for, 392–395, 396–400; citizenship rights in, 8, 11, 78, 392, 396, 397–398; comparisons of prior reform movements with, 392, 394–396; conservatives view of, 2, 12, 129, 251; critics of, 57, 129, 258, 259, 296–297, 369, 391–392; Democratic Party support of, 296–297; environmental protection and, 228, 235, 393–394; goals for, 55–56, 129–130, 132–133, 155, 395–396; government intervention for, 129, 199, 391; immigration as key to, 130, 217; influences for idea of, 6, 53–54, 57, 193; labor legislation as key to, 132, 213–214; liberals on, 2, 102–103, 401; minorities and women benefiting from, 11, 224–225, 392; New Deal reforms influence on, 6, 8, 215, 394–395; presentation to Congress, 132–133; program protection from conservative cuts, 377–378; programs cost for, 128, 236, 344–345; programs cuts for, 247–248, 251, 325–326; religious revival and, 7, 30–32; speech on, 4, 52–57; task forces for, 67, 68, 127–128, 191–192, 199–200, 240, 249, 371; threats to, 303, 325–326; Vietnam War and, 7–8, 239, 336–337, 398–399; War on Poverty and, 56, 197; welfare consequences of, 9–10, 392
Greatest Generation, 5, 6, 20, 32, 147, 302
Green, Edith, 140–141
Griffiths, Martha, 84
gun control legislation, 345, 375, 377
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 115–116, 118
Harrington, Michael, 15, 67, 199
Hayden, Tom, 6, 33, 35, 303, 341, 399
Head Start, 292; criticism of, 315; equal opportunity in, 138; government funding for, 198, 319, 349, 367
health care legislation, 148, 392; for disease research, 235; government spending on, 156, 284; history of, 145–146, 397; passion for, 146–147. See also Medicare and Medicaid
Heller, Walter, 23, 43, 44–46, 47, 59–60, 62
HEW. See Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Higher Education Act of 1965, 142–145
Hill-Burton Act, 146
Hirshhorn Museum, 280
Hispanic empowerment movement, 222–226
Hoover, J. Edgar, 13, 245, 299, 340; Ku Klux Klan and, 176; on MFDP surveillance, 116, 401; relationship with Kennedys, 111, 161; relationship with LBJ, 11–112, 119, 163–164; surveillance and dislike of MLK, 111, 112, 117, 161–164, 306, 376
House Un-American Activities Committee, 176, 277
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 207–208, 236, 256–259
housing legislation, 4; commitment to fair, 248, 275–276, 309–310; opposition to, 274–275, 346, 361–362; passing of, 372; racial discrimination and, 248, 276–277, 362–363; set backs in, 277; support for, 297
Howard University speech, 11, 185–187, 209
HUD. See Housing and Urban Development
Humphrey, Hubert Horatio, 23, 95, 351; Civil Rights Act work of, 77, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93; in presidential race of 1964, 110, 119; in presidential race of 1968, 371–372, 373, 382–384, 388–389; relationship with, 247, 310–311, 382, 384, 388
Hunger in America, 371
ILGWU. See International Ladies Garment Workers Union
immigration: deportation of illegal, 223–224; as key to Great Society, 130, 217; Latino, 222–223; poverty and, 286; racial discrimination and, 219–220; US history of, 217–219
Immigration Acts, 217, 219, 220–222, 400–401
individualism, 54; consensus politics and, 10; government intervention and, 26, 35, 63, 103–104, 207; Great Society programs and, 129
intellectuals and academics, 2; black activists as, 188, 266, 278; distrust of organized religion, 90; on economic growth, 50–51; in Great Society task forces, 127–128, 240; on LBJ, 102–103, 215; in New Deal policy making, 143; Niebuhr for, 31; to US after World War II, 5–6
International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 33, 251
Jackson, Andrew, 36–37
Jenkins, Walter, 18, 116, 124, 245
JFK. See Kennedy, John F.
Jim Crow, 184; campaign against, 11, 396; Dixie Association support of, 85; enforcement of, 167; in North, 264; Port Huron Statement on, 6, 33
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 280
Johnson, Lady Bird (wife), 70, 106, 301, 356; as campaign emissary in South, 121–122; environmental protection actions of, 233–234
Johnson, Lynda (daughter), 122, 356
Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ). See specific topics
Johnson, Rebecca Baines (mother), 6, 25, 58, 134
Johnson, Samuel Ealy (father), 6, 25
Jury Selection and Service Act, 362
juvenile delinquency, 61, 64, 66
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 110; as civil rights legislation strategist, 80, 87, 93; Voting Rights Act work of, 98, 158, 165, 177; War on Poverty task force and, 191–192
Kennedy, John F. (JFK), 2, 273, 291; assassination of, 4, 15; civil rights legislation and, 75–76, 78, 79; economic conditions under, 43–44; education legislation and, 23–24, 50, 137–138; environmental protection under, 228–229, 231; global modernization and, 329–330; Hoover and, 111; legacy of, 7, 280; on poverty, 60, 61, 63–64; task force on health care under, 148; on tax cut legislation, 43–44, 45; Vietnam War and, 195, 196
Kennedy, Robert F. (RFK), 258, 361; antiwar stand by, 351; assassination of, 374–375, 377; Hoover’s relationship with, 111, 161; LBJ’s conflict with, 291, 318, 372–373; presidential race of 1964 and, 39, 48, 64, 109–110; in presidential race of 1968, 352–353, 370, 373–374; as reelection threat, 39, 48, 64, 291, 298, 318, 350; as running mate consideration, 109–110; on urban crisis, 318–319
Kerner report, 347–349
Keynes, John Maynard, 44
Keynesian economics, 43–45, 50, 60, 66, 323
King, Coretta Scott, 164, 360, 366–367
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (MLK), 4; antiwar efforts of, 304–306, 317, 328; approach to racial justice, 267–269, 368–369, 399; arrests of, 168; assassination and aftermath of, 359–361; Civil Rights Act and, 92; decline in influence of, 277–278; as inspiration for Great Society, 54; march to Montgomery and, 168–169, 171, 175–176; midterm elections and, 298–299; Nobel Peace Prize to, 164, 267, 304, 368; Poor People’s Campaign founded by, 365–366, 369; presidential race of 1964 and, 124; protests by, 9, 114, 167–169, 175, 276–277; reaction to Meredith’s shooting, 269–270; relationship and political partnering with, 2, 80, 160–161, 164–165, 168, 172, 306, 360–361, 363, 396; religion and, 159–160, 267; sex tapes of, 162–163; speeches by, 77, 305–306; surveillance and communist accusations of, 111, 112, 117, 161–164, 306, 317, 376; on urban crisis, 191, 365; voting rights work of, 114, 159–160, 164–166, 167–169, 174–175. See also Southern Christian Leadership Conference
King-Anderson bill. See Medicare and Medicaid
Kintner, Robert E., 245
Komer, Robert, 334–335
La Raza Unida, 226
labor industry, 132–133; appeal to, in presidential race of 1968, 343–344; LBJ’s intervention in, 104–106, 210–212, 214, 215; in Poor People’s March, 366; wage and price increase debate in, 210–211, 212–213, 251–252; War on Poverty support of, 205. See also business and corporations
labor legislation, 27; from Civil Rights Act, 214–215; for unions, 132–133, 213–214
Lady Bird. See Johnson, Lady Bird
Lansdale, Edward, 330, 332, 337
Latino movement, 217–227
LBJ. See Johnson, Lyndon Baines
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), 222–223, 224
liberals and liberalism, 13, 17, 394; anticommunism of, 335–336; antiwar movement and, 294, 328; arguments against, 34–35, 339; on LBJ and Great Society, 2, 102–103, 401; MLK’s evangelism and, 160; on Model Cities Act, 257–258; New Deal’s, 24–27, 33, 397; pro-war faction of, 361
Lincoln, Abraham, 80, 81, 82, 174, 303–304, 345–346
Lingo, Albert J., 169, 171, 271
Lippmann, Walter, 50–51, 104, 293
Liuzzo, Viola, 176
LULAC. See League of United Latin American Citizens
Madison, James, 35
Malthus, Thomas, 63
Mann, Horace, 135
Mansfield, Mike, 85, 87, 89, 93, 247
March on Washington of 1963, 77, 108
Marshall, Thurgood, 180, 207, 267, 310
Marshall plan, 185, 247, 270, 320, 347–348
Martin, Louis, 79, 140, 270, 320
Marxist-Leninism, 5, 12, 29, 143–144, 317–318
McCarthy, Eugene, 351, 352–353, 361, 370, 383–384
McClellan, John, 254–255
McCormack, John, 72
McCulloch, William, 82
McKissick, Floyd, 248, 269, 270, 276, 289, 304, 312
McNamara, Robert, 47, 72, 149, 224, 240–242, 243–244
McPherson, Harry: as advisor, 31, 155, 172, 203, 275, 303, 304, 348–349, 375–376; Moynihan’s relationship with, 184–185; report on urban rioting, 320–321; as speech writer, 247
Medicare and Medicaid, 4, 13, 147, 392, 400; AMA opposition to, 146, 148, 150–151, 152–153, 154; budget and implementation of, 154–156; legislation process for, 130, 134, 149–152; racial discrimination and, 155–156, 396
Mekong River development project, 329–330
Meredith, James, 269
Mexican Americans, 27, 222–224, 226
MFDP. See Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
military service, 242–245, 272, 276, 307
military-industrial complex, 6, 10, 33, 369
Mills, Wilbur, 69, 134, 148–151, 156, 324–326, 363–364
minorities, 222–223, 226; employment legislation and, 27–28; Great Society benefiting, 11, 224–225, 392; in Poor People’s March, 365, 368
Mississippi: education in, 136, 140; racial violence in, 95–97
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP): civil rights movement behind, 112–114, 118; delegation for voting rights, 115, 157; FBI surveillance of, 116, 401; impact of, 118–119, 399; presidential race of 1964 and, 112–117
MLK. See King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Model Cities Act, 4, 256–259, 319, 323, 345
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 4, 160, 177
Montgomery march, 168–169, 171, 175–176
Moyers, Billy Don, 31, 192; on birth control funding, 203; departure of, 299–300; early life and education of, 19–20; as FBI liaison, 164; on Great Society speech, 55; on loyalty oath for EOA, 74; relationship with, 8–9, 20–21; as second term aide, 127–128; War on Poverty and, 62
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick: on African American families and poverty, 184–185, 186, 209, 268, 278, 284, 288, 309, 346; on African Americans and military service, 243–244; in Catholic social work movement, 246
Muskie, Edmund, 232, 257, 384, 389
Muste, A. J., 294
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Nader, Ralph, 54, 234–235, 349
National Alliance of Businessmen, 346, 369
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 36, 66, 77, 80, 114, 368, 369. See also Wilkins, Roy
National Education Association, 72, 137, 140
National Labor Relations Act, 27
national reform movements, 1–2, 6–7, 8, 28–29, 37, 129, 391–396. See also New Deal; Populist movement; Progressive movement
National Service Corps, 63
National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO), 10, 289–290
New Deal, 2, 129, 236; civil rights legislation and, 26–28, 397; education legislation under, 143; Great Society reforms influenced by, 6, 8, 215, 394–395; health care legislation under, 146; liberalism and natural rights with, 24–27, 33, 397; supporters of, in LBJ’s circle, 17, 21, 22
New Frontier, 2, 15, 63–64, 199
New Left, 34, 401; antiwar movement within, 294, 303, 399; college students and, 32–33; leadership of, 6, 33, 35, 303, 399; participatory democracy of, 199
New Republic, 26, 129–130, 240, 295–296
New Right, 107–108
NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations
Nixon, Richard, 107, 333, 361, 377; election to president of, 388–389; midterm elections and, 298; presidential race of 1960 and, 4, 148; in presidential race of 1968, 373, 383, 384, 385, 388; racial justice and, 88; Supreme Court appointments by, 382; on War on Poverty, 63–64
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 68–69, 336
North: civil rights movement in South compared to, 263–266, 368; Jim Crow in, 264; protest in, 92, 276–277; racial discrimination in, 11, 264–265; racial justice in, 266–267
NWRO. See National Welfare Rights Organization
O’Brien, Larry, 40, 69; as campaign advisor, 103; as civil rights legislation strategist, 80; as liaison to Congress, 131, 139
Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA), 235
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 10, 12, 68, 69, 336–337; abuse of funds from, 292, 368; as civil rights program, 183; education programs of, 138, 197; programs funded by, 200–201; sex education and birth control by, 203. See also Community Action Programs
Olive, Milton, II, 276
OSHA. See Occupational Health and Safety Act
Paine, Thomas, 35
parks and recreation. See conservation-environmental movement; environmental legislation
participatory democracy, 6, 33, 199, 340
partisan politics, 37–39, 112–113, 130–131, 298
Peale, Norman Vincent, 30
Pinchot, Gifford, 227–228
police: racial conflict and violence by, 78, 97, 109, 168, 169, 310, 386; racial discrimination by, 167; in Watts riots, 187–188
pollution. See environmental legislation
Poor People’s Campaign, 370; economic legislation proposals by, 366–367; FBI surveillance of, 365–366; hunger campaign by, 371–372; march on Washington by, 364–368; MLK’s founding of, 365–366, 369
Populist movement, 2, 8, 25, 28, 37, 129, 395–396
Port Huron Statement, 6, 9–10, 33, 161, 199
Potofsky, Jacob, 251–252
poverty, 394; African Americans and, 66, 183–186, 192–193, 268; awareness of, 58–59; cause and perpetuation of, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 136; decline in, after tax cut, 49–50; employment support for, 346; hunger and, 370–371; immigration and, 286; JFK on, 60, 61, 63–64; LBJ’s impact on, 369, 392; Moynihan report on African Americans and, 184–185, 186, 209, 268, 278, 284, 288, 309, 346; New Left on, 33; 1960’s literature and media on, 59; polls on, 9; racial discrimination and, 185–186; RFK on, 370; rural, support, 69; Watts riot and, 191; women and, 288–289. See also food stamp program; Poor People’s Campaign; War on Poverty
poverty bill. See Economic Opportunity Act
Powell, Adam Clayton, 71, 139–140, 201, 301, 320
Power of Positive Thinking (Peale), 30
presidency (1963–1964): commencement address for, 4, 22–25; goals for, 16, 48–49; key staff and advisors during, 16–22, 40; legislative power in, 35–36; recordings of conversations during, 40–41; relationship with Congress during, 39–40; social and economic legislation during, 4, 41; tax cut legislation in, 43–50. See also presidential race of 1964
presidency (1965–1969): aides during, 127–128; budget crisis and cuts during, 240–241, 247–248, 251, 323–324, 364, 371, 372; fine arts and culture supported in, 279–280; goals in, 35, 129–130, 158, 250–251, 372–373; Great Society program protection at end of, 377–378; inflation battles during, 251–253; legislation passed under, 235–237, 284, 362–363, 369; midterm elections during, 296–299; personal aides and staff changes in, 245–247; socioeconomic progress during, 296; State of the Union addresses in, 128–129, 131, 132, 158, 247, 249–250, 300–302, 376; Supreme Court nominations, 203–204, 377–382; task force under, 127–128; urban crisis blame on, 314, 315, 318–320, 321; Vietnam War and, 296–297, 382–383, 388–389. See also presidential race of 1968
presidential race of 1960, 4, 20, 148
presidential race of 1964, 8–9, 12, 95; civil rights leaders support in, 124; civil rights legislation threat to, 78, 86; Galbraith’s support of LBJ in, 102; Humphrey in, 110, 119; MFDP fight for rights and, 112–117; MLK and, 124; nomination acceptance in, 119; outcome of, 124–125, 128; railroad strike negotiations and, 104–106; RFK and, 39, 48, 64, 109–110; running mate debate in, 109–111; Southern support in, 106–107, 108–109, 113–115, 117, 120–124; speeches for, 343–344; strategists for, 103; Wallace in, 108–109; War on Poverty and, 62, 292; white voters in, 109. See also Goldwater, Barry
presidential race of 1968: antiwar movement in, 351, 383–384, 385–386; anxiety and doubts about, 349–351, 354–355; appeal to labor industry in, 343–344; declining candidacy for, 357–358, 363, 372, 382, 383; Democratic Party in, 351–352, 382, 383–386, 388–389; Dirksen and, 380–381; Freeman on, 371–372; GOP and, 343–344, 380, 383, 386, 388; Humphrey in, 371–372, 373, 382–384, 388–389; McCarthy in, 351, 352–353, 361, 370, 383–384; Nixon in, 373, 383, 384, 385, 388; outcome of, 388–389; race relations in, 387–388; RFK in, 352–353, 370, 373–374; strategies for, 342–343, 346–347, 352; Vietnam War and, 351–352, 382–383, 386, 388–389; Wallace in, 342–343, 385, 386–389
press, 299–300
Progressive movement, 2, 8, 25, 129; environmental conservation during, 227–228, 393–394; partisan politics and, 37; racial justice and, 28–29, 199
Project 100,000, 244–245
protest: in Birmingham, 5, 9; at Democratic National Convention of 1968, 385–386; LBJ’s discomfort with, 159; led by CAPs, 292; march after Meredith’s shooting, 269–270; march in Chicago, 276–277; by Mexican Americans, 226; by MLK, 9, 114, 167–169, 175, 276–277; in northern cities, 92, 276–277; segregation, 76–77; Vietnam Summer, 327–328; for voting rights, 167–176. See also Poor People’s Campaign
public accommodations. See civil rights legislation; Equal Accommodations Act of 1964
racial conflict and violence, 261; in Birmingham, Alabama, 5, 9, 29, 78, 79, 208–209; FBI in South for, 98; government intervention and control in, 170, 175, 189–190, 191–193, 209–210, 272, 310–311, 313–314, 340, 360–361; in Mississippi, 95–97; after MLK’s assassination, 360–361; by police, 78, 97, 109, 168, 169, 310, 386; in school integration, 273; by segregationists, 77, 78; in Selma, Alabama, 167–171, 175, 176; theory of segregation reducing, 29; voter registration and, 158, 168, 269. See also urban riots
racial discrimination: affirmative action as, 186–187; burden of proof of, 363; in education, 264, 265, 273; eugenics and, 219; in FBI’s hiring practices, 161; in housing, 248, 276–277, 362–363; immigration and, 219–220; juvenile delinquency and, 61; LBJ’s impact on, 391–392; Medicare and, 155–156, 396; Mexican Americans and, 222–223; in North, 11, 264–265; poverty and, 185–186; reform movements and, 28–29, 396; in Selma, Alabama, 167–170; of unions, 265; in Vietnam War, 310; in voting registration, 112–113; during World War II, 29. See also employment discrimination; segregation
racial integration: autonomy over, 226; in military service, 272; opposition to, 79, 312; radical activists on, 188, 312; of schools, 136–137, 139–142, 157, 272–274, 392, 396; in South, 98, 157
racial justice, 121–122, 297; approach differences to, 266–267; commitment to, 261, 399; Lincoln on, 345–346; MLK approach to, 267–269, 368–369, 399; Nixon and, 88; in North, 266–267; reform movements and, 28–29, 199; in South, 78–79; speeches on, 16, 24, 173–174, 303–304, 309–310; voting rights key to, 98, 114, 158, 165, 172, 180. See also civil rights movement
racism. See racial conflict and violence; racial discrimination
RAM. See Revolutionary Action Movement
Randolph, A. Philip, 77, 114, 209; decline in influence of, 277; on racial justice, 266; relationship with, 80; on urban crisis, 340; on Vietnam War, 306–307
Rat Extermination Act, 311
Rauh, Joe, 13, 84, 92, 113, 116
Rayburn, Sam, 75–76
Reagan, Ronald, 2, 192, 327–328, 340, 343, 346
Reeb, James, 170–171
Reedy, George, 19, 146; on affirmative action, 187; character of, 16–17; on civil rights legislation, 77; departure of, 246; on Great Society speech, 54–55, 57; racial justice in South and, 79
religion: academics distrust of organized, 90; antiwar movement and, 294–295; birth control debate and, 203; civil rights movement and, 82, 271–272; federal aid to education and, 136–138, 140; filibuster appeal to, 89–91; Great Society’s revival of, 7, 30–32; immigration and, 218; in LBJ’s character and reputation, 248–249, 253, 300; March on Washington and, 77; MLK’s devotion to, 159–160, 267; Moynihan’s social work movement and, 246; postwar increase in, 7; social and economic justice and, 25; state separation from, 32, 304; War on Poverty and, 58–59
Republican Party. See GOP
Reston, James, 34, 301, 302, 340–341
Reuther, Walter, 132–133, 205, 206, 214, 256, 351
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), 312
RFK. See Kennedy, Robert F.
Ribicoff, Abraham, 198, 201, 206, 256, 258
rights: of college students, 32–33; FDR’s speeches on, 26–27, 53; government protection of economic, 26, 35–36, 44; health care and, 147–148. See also citizenship rights; civil rights legislation; civil rights movement
riots. See urban riots
Rivers, Mendel, 241–242
Roche, John, 196, 291, 297, 342, 344, 351
Romney, George, 313–314
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 29
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR), 2, 6, 395; emulation of, 21; on national health insurance, 146, 397; partisan politics of, 38–39; speeches on rights by, 26–27, 53
Roosevelt, Theodore, 6–7, 35–36, 227–228, 232, 393
Rowe, James, 21, 103, 297–298, 342, 351
Russell, Richard, 86; as campaign advisor, 103, 117–118; on civil rights and desegregation, 12, 24, 78, 85, 91–92, 93–95
Safe Streets Act, 375–377
Salinger, Pierre, 17
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 54, 57, 146, 318
schools: free lunch program in, 249; HEW withholding funds from, 273–274; racial integration of, 108–109, 136–137, 139–142, 157, 272–274, 387, 392, 396; segregation in, 59, 75, 79, 88, 89, 92, 108
SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Scotton, Frank, 331–332
SDS. See Students for a Democratic Society
Seale, Bobby, 188
Second Reconstruction, 12, 75–76, 79, 162, 222
segregation: in hospitals, 155–156; informal, and urban crisis, 11; laws against, 97; of Mexican Americans, 223; protests against, 76–77; racial conflict avoidance through, 29; in schools, 59, 75, 79, 88, 89, 92, 108. See also Jim Crow; racial integration
segregationists, 9, 10, 77, 78, 113, 345. See also Russell, Richard
Selma, Alabama: government intervention in racial conflict in, 170, 175; march to Montgomery from, 168–169, 171, 175–176; voting rights campaign and violence in, 165, 166–173, 175–176
Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC), 293–294
Shriver, Sargent, 31, 62, 336; on birth control funding, 203; criticism of, 201; on loyalty oath for EOA, 74; as Peace Corps leader, 20, 64–65; War on Poverty work of, 65, 67, 69, 197, 200, 292; in Yarmolinsky’s defense, 73
Silent Spring (Carson), 229, 231
SLID. See Student League of Industrial Democracy
Smith, Howard, 65, 74, 76, 82, 133–134, 137
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Social Security Act, 27, 146, 148, 286, 287, 326, 397
Social Security Amendments of 1965, 149–150, 151–152, 153–154
South: civil rights legislation support from, 77–78, 91; civil rights movement in North compared to, 263–266, 368; GOP in, 99, 352, 399–400; racial integration in, 98, 157; racial justice in, 78–79; support in presidential race of 1964, 106–107, 108–109, 113–115, 117, 120–124; voting rights in, 112–113, 157, 166–172, 180. See also Birmingham, Alabama; Mississippi; Selma, Alabama
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 4, 77, 267; Civil Rights Act and, 92; criticisms of, 161; MFDP mobilization of, 114; Poor People’s March by, 364–368
speeches, 18, 147; abdication, 357–358, 363, 372, 382, 383; advisors and writers for, 19, 23, 52, 54–55, 57, 88, 247, 249–250; on civil rights and racial justice, 16, 24, 173–174, 303–304, 309–310; on economic policy, 49; evangelism of, 31, 70, 138–139, 174, 249, 303–304; FDR’s, on rights, 26–27, 53; Great Society, 4, 52–57; Howard University commencement, 11, 185–187, 209; MLK’s, 77, 305–306; in New Orleans, 122–123; 1963 commencement address, 4, 22–25; 1964 Cadillac Square, 2–3; 1965 commencement address, 127; 1965 State of the Union, 128–129, 131, 132, 158; 1966 State of the Union, 247, 249–250; 1967 State of the Union, 300–302; 1968 State of the Union, 376; in presidential race of 1964, 343–344; on RFK’s assassination, 374–375; on social reform, 394–395; on urban riots, 314, 320; on Vietnam War, 196, 250, 333, 356–357; on Voting Rights Act, 172–174, 177–178; on War on Poverty, 25, 62–63, 70–71, 301–302
Stevenson, Coke, 17
structuralists, 60–61
Student League of Industrial Democracy (SLID), 33
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 5, 284; Civil Rights Act and, 92; founding of, 160–161; Freedom Summer and, 95–96; MFDP mobilization and, 114, 118; protests by, 76–77, 299
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS): antiwar movement leadership of, 327–328, 386; CIA surveillance of, 341; manifesto of, 6, 33
Styron, William, 345
Supreme Court appointments, 203–204, 377–382
Taft-Hartley Bill, 132–133, 213
tax cut legislation: consequences of 1964’s, 49–50, 58, 66; economic growth with, 45–46; first term push for, 43–50; JFK and, 43–44, 45
tax increase legislation, 297, 301, 322; surtax bill in, 323–325, 343–344, 348, 363–364, 372; threat to Great Society programs, 325–326
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 74, 281
Thurmond, Strom, 106–107, 342, 381
Traffic Safety Act of 1966, 254
transportation legislation, 253–256
Truman, Harry, 136, 146, 342–343
TVA. See Tennessee Valley Authority
UAW. See United Auto Workers
Udall, Stewart, 94, 95, 228–229, 231, 232, 233, 235
Unemployment Insurance (UI), 27
unions, 33, 251; African American, 77; labor legislation for, 132–133, 213–214; racial discrimination by, 265; strike negotiations with, 104–106, 210–212. See also labor industry
United Auto Workers (UAW), 132–133, 205, 214
United States (US): counterinsurgency-pacification efforts in, 339–341; events leading to, involvement in Vietnam War, 193–195; health care system for elderly in 1960s, 145–146; immigration history in, 217–219; intellectuals to, after World War II, 5–6; religious crusading in, 7; welfare history in, 285–287. See also Constitution, US
Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 54, 234–235
urban crisis, 181, 239, 270; African Americans in, 11–12, 183, 271, 321; commitment to, 192–193; communism link to, 317, 318; conservatives’ view of, 12, 189, 317; efforts to combat, 278–279; ghetto culture and, 265–266; GOP’s view on, 319, 323; government intervention and control in, 206–207, 340; LBJ blamed for, 314, 315, 318–320, 321; Marshall plan for, 185, 247, 270, 320, 347–348; MLK on, 191, 365; programs for, 206, 256; RFK on, 318–319; rights expectations and, 11–12; roots of, 183–184, 264–266, 321–322, 347; survey indicators of, 262–263; Wallace’s response to, 340, 387; War on Poverty and, 183, 270, 315, 401. See also urban riots; War on Crime; Watts riot
urban riots, 277, 351–352, 375–376; black power movement and, 311–312, 322; in Detroit, 312–315, 316, 320; impact on civil rights movement, 263; LBJ’s feeling about, 270–271; in Newark, New Jersey, 310–311; report on, 320–322; in response to MLK’s assassination, 360–361; rise in, 261; speeches on, 314, 320; white backlash to, 321, 344, 345, 389, 399. See also Watts riot
US. See United States
Valenti, Jack, 18, 31; departure of, 246; as speech adviser, 23, 54–55, 57, 249–250; War on Poverty and, 62
vice presidency, 15, 31, 51, 80, 161, 185. See also Humphrey, Hubert Horatio
Vietnam: CORDS development efforts in, 335; counterinsurgency-pacification efforts in, 330–332, 339, 340–341; modernization initiatives for, 329–330, 337; nation-building efforts in, 336–338; rural reform and security efforts in, 334–335
Vietnam Summer, 327–328
Vietnam War, 1, 153; African Americans in, 276, 304, 307, 310; budget and troops increase for, 234, 239, 240–242, 262, 322, 323, 353–354; Chicano activists on, 226; civil rights movement and, 303, 304–307; deescalation efforts for, 354, 355–356, 382–383; events leading to US involvement in, 193–195; Fulbright’s hearings on, 293–294; Great Society and, 7–8, 239, 336–337, 398–399; LBJ’s speeches on, 196, 250, 333, 356–357; LBJ’s stand and actions on, 195–196, 210, 247, 253, 296–297, 304, 328–329, 332–334, 340–341, 382–383; liberals in support of, 361; negotiations on, 333–334, 383; presidential race of 1968 and, 351–352, 382–383, 386, 388–389; racial discrimination in, 310; reputation influenced by, 2, 13, 295–296, 307, 356; Tet Offensive in, 13, 335, 353. See also antiwar movement
violence. See racial conflict and violence; urban riots
voting rights, 9, 29, 66; Constitution and, 165, 176–177, 178–179, 180; as key to racial justice, 98, 114, 158, 165, 172, 180; LBJ’s support of and impact on, 158, 165–166, 171–172, 174, 399–400; MLK’s work on, 114, 159–160, 164–166, 167–169, 174–175; racial discrimination and violence and, 112–113, 158, 168, 269; in South, 112–113, 157, 166–172, 180. See also Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 1, 4, 11, 130; implementation of, 180–181; Katzenbach’s work on, 98, 158, 165, 177; key players for, 98; legislative process for, 176–180; speeches on, 172–174, 177–178
Wallace, George Corley, 3, 91, 107, 271; in presidential race of 1964, 108–109; in presidential race of 1968, 342–343, 385, 386–389; school integration fought by, 108–109, 387; urban crisis response of, 340, 387; voting rights protest and, 167–169, 170–172, 175
Wallas, Graham, 53
War on Crime, 12, 309, 315–316, 375, 401
War on Poverty, 7, 11, 235–236, 396–397; agencies and programs for, 63, 66–67, 197–198, 400; CAPs in, 68, 198, 200, 284; communism and, 63, 73–74; criticism of, 198, 268, 291–292, 302; Democratic Party and, 63–64, 205; education legislation for, 63, 68, 142, 144–145; exploitation of, 265, 289–291; GOP’s criticism of, 63–64, 69–70; government budget for, 205, 244, 284, 323–324, 345; Great Society and, 56, 197; influences for, 8, 15–16, 58–59; labor industry support in, 205; Nixon on, 63–64; presidential race of 1964 and, 62, 292; religion and, 58–59; Shriver’s work on, 65, 67, 69, 197, 200, 292; speeches on, 25, 62–63, 70–71, 301–302; task force for, 67, 68, 191–192, 199–200; tax cut legislation and, 49–50; traditional family model supported in, 202–203; urban crisis and, 183, 270, 315, 401; War on Crime with, 12; Watts riots reviving, 193, 204–205; welfare in, 65–66, 288–290; Wilkins and, 66, 71. See also Economic Opportunity Act
Warren, Earl, 377–378, 379–380, 381
Warren Court, 4, 12, 135, 203, 379–380
Watson, W. Marvin, 245–246
Watts riot, 11–12, 265; beginning of, 187–188; government aid to, 189–190, 191–193; impact of, 261; programs developed due to, 206, 256; radical civil rights leaders and, 188–189, 190–191; War on Poverty impact of, 193, 204–205
Weaver, Robert, 207–208
welfare: Great Society’s impact on, 9–10, 392; history of US, system, 285–287; legislation cutting, 325–326; programs and recruitment for, 197, 287–288, 289–290; stigmatization of, 288–289; in War on Poverty, 65–66, 288–290. See also Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Westmoreland, William, 194, 353–354, 360
Whittington, Gerry, 86
Wickenden, Elizabeth, 61–62, 68
Wilkins, Roy, 36, 114; Civil Rights Act and, 92; on MLK’s reputation, 163; relationship and conversations with, 80, 158, 160, 208; on Vietnam War, 307; War on Poverty and, 66, 71
Williams, Robert F., Jr., 312
Wilson, Woodrow, 6–7, 35–36, 228
women, 11, 27–28, 83–84, 203, 288–289, 397
World War II: economy during, 323; FDR’s reputation and, 2; federal spending in, 28; intellectuals fleeing to US after, 5–6; racial discrimination in, 29
Yarmolinsky, Adam, 67, 68, 72–73
Young, Whitney, 11, 98–99, 114; decline in influence of, 277; MLK’s sex tapes and, 163; relationship with, 80, 160, 185; on urban crisis, 270; on Vietnam War, 306–307