Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 102–103
Algeria, 19
Allegheny River, flowback discharges into, 86–87
Alpha Reclaim Technology, 107–108
Altmaier, Peter, 50
American Academy of Pediatrics, 85
American Chemistry Council, 56–57
America’s Natural Gas Association (ANGA), 56, 66–67
Amos, Laura, 93
ancient Babylon, 14
Anadarko-Woodford Shale, 42
anthracite coal, 11
appendix of chemicals, 131
aquifers, effects on, 73–75, 118–119,
Argentina, 19
Arkansas, 43
automobiles. See cars, natural-gas-powered
Baker Hughes, 110
Bakken Shale, 1, 33, 34, 42, 101–102, 118–120
Barclays, 111
Barnett Shale, 28, 28–30, 40–42, 42–43, 94–95, 102–103, 118–120
BaseTrace, 116
Bergius process of conversion, 23
Berkeley Earth, 123
biogenic methane, 82
bituminous coal, 11
black shale, 20
Bloomberg, Michael, 29
blow outs, 35
British Petroleum (BP), 14, 17, 71
Brown, Valerie, 77
BTUs (British Thermal Units), 16
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 35–36, 46
carbon capture and storage (CSS), 13
Carnegie Mellon University, 91–92
cars, natural-gas-powered, 62–63, 120–122
Cathles, Lawrence, 91
CERES, 67
CF Industries, 58
chemicals, listing of, 131
Chesapeake Energy Corp., 73, 77–78, 95–96, 110–111, 111–112, 119–120
Chevron Corp., 49–50, 71, 106–107, 110–111
China
coal production, 12
discovery of coal, 11
energy consumption, 25
reduction of carbon footprint, 122–123
shale oil production, 19
Chow, Justine, 116
Clean Air Act (U.S.), 70, 109, 117
Clean Water Act (U.S.), 70
coal
coal-bed methane, 22
types of, 11
Colborn, Theo, 85
Coleman, Dennis, 83
Colorado Oil and Gas Association, 47
Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC), 36
Colorado School of Mines, 102
Commercialization Plan for Recovery of Natural Gas from Unconventional Sources (DOE), 28
compressed natural gas (CNG), 62–63
Cornell University, 94
Council on Foreign Relations, 47
crises, energy-related, 17
crude oil
components of, 13
refined products of, 15
Cuadrilla Resources Ltd, 48
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport, 62–63
Damon, Matt, 4
Denmark, 125
Devonian Shale, 28
diatoms, 13
Drake, Edwin L., 14
drillrigs, 31
drinking water, effects on, 77–80
Duke University, 116
Durham University, seismic surveys, 89–90
Eagle Ford Shale, 43, 73, 96, 107–108
earthquake concerns, 46, 49–50, 89–90
Eastern Gas Shales Project, 27–28
Ecosphere Technologies, 115
electricity,
coal-based, 12, 12–13, 127–128
hydroelectric/geothermal-based, 125
natural gas-based, 17, 60, 66–69
wind/solar power-based, 124
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (U.S.), 85
The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, 85
Energy Department (U.S.), 28, 61, 91–92
Energy in Depth (EID), 65–66, 68, 83
environmental concerns. See hydrofracking debates/opponents
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
green completions rules, 108–110
on groundwater contamination, 76, 77–80
non-hazardous chemicals in hydrofracking, 65–66
proposed limits on carbon emissions, 13
on water usage in hydrofracking, 38
EQT Corp., 113
Ernst & Young, 111
Europe. See specific countries
Everly, Steve, 68
ExxonMobil, 49–50, 71, 106–107, 113
Farris, Floyd, 27
fluids and chemicals, 37–39, 65–66, 75–80, 83–85
fossil fuel primer,
fracking. See headings at hydrofracking
Fracktrack.org, 117
Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011), 17
future trends,
citizen data compilation, 116–118
global energy consumption, 25
green completions rules by EPA, 108–110
industry business trends, 110–113
local vs. national politics of issue, 103–105
reduction of China’s carbon footprint, 122–123
regulation of hydrofracking, 106–107, 118–120
technological innovations, 113–115
use of tracers, 116
and U.S. shale deposits, 101–103
water conservation in drilling process, 107–108
Gasland/Gasland II (films), 4, 81
gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, 63
global energy crises (1970s), 27, 28
Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas report (IEA), 92
Goldman Sachs, 111
Granite Wash Shale, 43
green completions rules (EPA), 108–110
groundwater, effects on, 75–80, 118–119
Ground Water Protection Council, 76
Groundwater Protection Council, 96
Halliburton Company, 27, 42–43, 115
Halliburton Loophole, 65–66, 94, 95–97
Hang, Walter, 118
Harvard University, 61, 127–128
Haynesville Shale, 43–44, 110, 111–112, 118–120
health reports, quality, 93–95
Hickenlooper, John, 47
Holland, 48
Holt, Maynard, 110
Honeywell, 59
horizontal vs. vertical wells, 2, 32–36
Hubbert, M. King, 54
hydrofracking, overview,
defined, 24
international development, 47–50
hydrofracking, techniques of,
equipment, 31
horizontal vs. vertical wells, 32–36
use of fluids and chemicals, 37–39
wastewater treatment, 38–39, 109, 115
hydrofracking debates/opponents,
earthquake concerns, 46, 49–50, 89–90
fluids and chemicals, effects of, 75–80, 83–85
groundwater, effects on, 75–80
health reports, quality of, 93–95
methane migration, 80–83, 90–93
protests against hydrofracking, 35, 36, 46, 49–50
radioactivity of flowback, 87–88
wastewater injection wells, 88–89
water supplies, effects on, 72–80,
hydrofracking debates/proponents,
and employment, 55
and foreign investment in U.S., 60
and global energy market, 61
global warming, effects on, 66–69
and Halliburton Loophole, 65–66
halo effect of gas prices on other industries, 58–60
individual wealth due to, 53–54
and natural gas prices, 55–56, 57–58
non-industrial benefits of, 60
petrochemical industry, effects on, 56–57
transportation, effects on, 62–63
U.S. economy, effects on, 54
water supplies, effects on, 64–65
Iceland, 125
IHS CERA, 63
Illinois Chamber Foundation, 104–105
Independent Oil and Gas Association of New York, 82
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 67
Interior Department (U.S.), 64, 107
International Energy Agency (IEA)
on China’s demand for coal, 12
on electricity from solar power, 124
on global renewable energy, 125
Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas report, 92
on U.S. energy independence, 3
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 25
Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, 96
Italy, 12
Jackson, Lisa, 64
Jacobson, Mark Z., 126
Jefferies & Company, 111
Jewell, Sally, 107
job creation and employment, 55, 55, 56–57, 57–58, 61
Kansas, 45
Keffer, James, 74
Keystone XL Pipeline, 22, 71, 119
Lawrence Livermore, 28
Lennon, Sean, 4
Letterman, David, 4
Libya, 19
lignite coal, 11
liquid natural gas (LNG), 62–63, 112
Mall, Amy, 78
Manitoba, Canada, 42
Marcellus Shale, 1, 28, 31, 34, 40–42, 44, 55, 60, 86–87, 94–95, 106–107, 108–109, 116–117, 118–120
McClendon, Aubrey, 95–96, 110–111, 113
McKibben, Bill, 68
McNally, Scott, 64
methane (CH4), 15–18, 22, 66–69, 80–83, 90–93
Methanex Corp., 58
Mexico, 19
Miller, Alexey, 49
mineral rights regulation, 35–36
Mitchell, George Phydias, 28–30
Moily, Veerapa, 49
Moniz, Ernest, 64
Montana, 42
Mordick, Briana, 118
Morgan Stanley, 62
Morse, Ed, 55
Mothersbaugh, TJ, 115
Mufson, Steven, 54
National Conference of State Legislatures, 106
National Intelligence Council (NIC), 61
National Labs, Sandia/Los Alamos, 28
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 68, 91
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 126
National Research Council, 12, 120
Native Americans, use of oil, 14
natural gas,
processing of, 16
U.S. energy sources, 10
uses of, 17
volume, measurement of, 16, 9–10, 15–18
natural gas cars. See cars, natural-gas-powered
natural gas-powered vehicles (NGVs), 62–63
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 108
Navigant, 13
Nebraska, 45
new energy bonanza, use of term, 2
New Mexico, 45
New York (state), 44, 45–46, 85, 86–87, 88
nickel, 21
Niobrara Shale, 45
nitroglycerin (NG), 26
Norse Energy Corp., 111
Norway, 125
nuclear power, 10, 17, 50, 64–65
Obama, Barack
energy policy, 25–26, 62, 79, 105
on job creation due to hydrofracking, 55
as pro energy, 13
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 84
Ogallala Aquifer, 119
the Oil Age, 14
oil and gasoline
barrels, measurement of, 14
early uses of, 14
oil refineries, 15
oil sands. See tar sands
Ono, Yoko, 4
Orascom Construction Industries, 60
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 61
Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 74–75
Pecos River, Texas contamination, 88–89
Pennsylvania
Dimock water contamination, 80–82
job creation, 55
Marcellus Shale, 44, 55, 60, 86–87
natural gas production, 56
regulation of hydrofracking, 104, 106–107
Royal Dutch Shell plant, 60
wastewater treatment, 38–39, 86–87
permeability, defined, 21
Permian Basin Shale, 45
petrochemical industry, effects on, 56–57
Petrohawk Energy, 53–54, 111–112
petroleum, defined, 13
Pickens, T. Boone, 18, 111–112
Place, Andrew, 113
pollution. See also specific natural resources and events
CO2 emissions due to coal, 10–11
greenhouse gas, 12
reduction of China’s carbon footprint, 122–123
reduction of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, 67, 69,
porosity, defined, 21
Portugal, 125
Preventive Medicine and Family Health Committee (New York), 88
produced water, defined, 38
Promised Land (film), 4
protests. See hydrofracking debates/opponents
Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (Yergin), 25
radioactivity of flowback, 87–88
Railroad Commission of Texas, 88–89
Ranger, Richard, 76
Range Resources Corp., 42, 79, 119–120
federal exemptions, 70
future trends, 106–107, 118–120
horizontal vs. vertical wells, 35–36
local vs. national politics of issue, 103–105
mineral rights regulation, 35–36
temporary state bans on, 44
renewable energy
and greenhouse gas emissions, 124–127
and low natural gas prices, 127–128
U.S. energy sources, 10
resource wars, 74
Revkin, Andrew, 123
Riley, Alan, 61
Rolling Stones (rock group), 71
Royal Dutch Shell, 53–54, 60, 63, 71, 110–111, 113, 121
Ruhl, Christof, 105
Safe Drinking Water Act (U.S.), 70, 84, 84–85, 86–87
Saskatchewan, Canada, 42
Schlumberger Ltd, 113–114, 114
Securities and Exchange Commission, 110–111
Serra, Jamie, 117
shale gas
overview, 20
explanation of, 1
extraction of, 16
shale oil, 21
shipping industry, 63
Smith, Jim, 82
Société Générale, 3
solar energy, 124
sour gas, 21
Spain, 12
Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation, 27
subbituminous coal, 11
synfuels, 23
tar sands, 22
technological innovations, 113–115
Texas
gas field discovery in (1918), 17
Granite Wash Shale, 43
Permian Basin Shale, 45
wastewater injection wells, 88–89
Weatherford water contamination, 79
TheEnergyCollective.com, 64
therm, 16
thermogenic methane, 82
Thomas Russell, 59
3M, 121
three-dimensional microseismic imaging, 28, 34
Titusville, Pennsylvania oil discovery, 14
Toxic Targeting, 118
tracers, 116
trade secret exemption. See Halliburton Loophole
transportation, effects on, 15, 62–63, 120–122
Tudor Pickering Holt & Co., 110
Tverberg, Gail, 102
UBS, 56
Ultimate Economic Recovery (UER), 102–103
unconventional fuels,
coal-bed methane, 22
shale gas, 20
shale oil, 21
sour gas, 21
synfuels, 23
tar sands, 22
Union of Concerned Scientists, 10–11
United Kingdom, 12, 48, 49–50, 89–90
United States. See also specific legislation and government agencies
annual drilling of natural gas wells, 20
CO2 emissions due to utility coal plants, 10–11
deaths due to greenhouse gas, 12
economic impact of hydrofracking, 54
governmental research and development, 27–28
job creation, 55
local vs. national politics of issue, 103–105
natural gas, 3, 17, 30, 48–49, 55–56
petroleum consumption, 15
renewable energy, 125
shale gas production, 54
University of Colorado, 91
University of Tennessee, 35
University of Texas, 34–35, 74
Upper Cretaceous period, 43
U.S. Congress, report on carcinogenic chemicals, 84
US Energy Information Administration (EIA),
on gas reserves in China, 122
on global energy consumption, 25
on increase in natural-gas based electric generation, 66–69
on Monterey Shale deposits, 44
on natural gas production, 55–56
projected natural gas production, 18
projected oil demand, 14
on shale oil production, 19, 20
on U.S. reduction in carbon emissions, 67
on U.S. shale deposits, 101–102
on Western Europe shale gas deposits, 48, 3, 10
US Geological Survey, 42, 90, 101–102
Utah, 91
utilities, 10–11, 12, 17–18, 35, 67
vanadium, 21
Venezuela, 21
Ventura, Jeff, 42
vertical vs. horizontal wells, 32–36
Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup, 121
wastewater injection wells, 86–87, 88–89
wastewater treatment, 38–39, 109, 115
water supplies, effects on, 64–65, 72–80, 107–108, 118–119
WaterTectonics, 115
West Virginia, 55
Williams (company), 58
Windfall Profits Tax Act (U.S.), 28
Woodford Shale, 46