1. B. Pierce, J. Coleman, A. Demas: USGS press release: “USGS Releases New Assessment of Gas Resources in the Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin.” Aug 23, 2011. (http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2893). And, Geology.com: “Marcellus Shale—Appalachian Basin Natural Gas Play.”
New research results surprise everyone on the potential of this well-known Devonian black shale.
2. Mireya Navarro, The New York Times: “Signing Drilling Leases, and Now Having Regrets,” Sept 22, 2011. And Pressconnects.com: “Lawyers, landowners in fracking mineral rights ‘force majeure’ battle.” Sept 3, 2010.
3. Edith Honan, Reuters: “NYC’s Bloomberg opposes gas drilling in watershed,” Jan 25, 2010.
4. Siena Research Institute, Siena College, Loudonville, NY: “Opposition to Fracking Falls Slightly as the Issue Continues to Nearly Evenly Divide Voters”(www.siena.edu.sri) May 20, 2013.
5. Allysia Finley, The Wall Street Journal: “Cuomo’s Fracking Decision,” Feb 12, 2013.
6. Clara A. Smith, LegislativeGazette.com: “Gandhi, Ruffalo lead anti-fracking rally in Albany,” Feb 8, 2013. And Mireya Navarro, The New York Times: “Ruffalo Embraces a Role Closer to Home,” Dec 2, 2011.
7. Abrahm Lustgarten, ProPublica: NYC: Gas Drilling Will Raise the Cost of Water by 30 Percent, Dec 16, 2008. http://www.propublica.org/article/new-york-city-calls-gas-drilling-effects-crippling-1216
8. Joint Landowners Coalition of New York http://www.jlcny.org/site/index.php
9. Reid Pillifant, Capitalnewyork.com, “Why fracking has Cuomo at a loss,” Feb. 13, 2013.
10. Freeman Klopott, Bloomberg.com, “New York Assemby Approves Two-year Moratorium on Fracking,” Mar 6, 2013.
1. David Brooks, New York Times: “Shale gas revolution,” Nov. 3, 2011. The term “new energy bonanza” comes from Ian Bremer and Kenneth A. Hersh, New York Times: “When America stops importing energy,” May 22, 2013.
2. US Environmental Protection Agency: “Natural gas: Electricity from natural gas.” http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html.
3. Tenille Tracy, Wall Street Journal: “Shale-gas estimate rises,” Jun 19, 2013.
4. Jad Mouwad, New York Times: “Natural gas now viewed as safer bet,” Mar 21, 2011.
5. Peg Mackey, Reuters: “U.S. to overtake Saudi as top oil producer: IEA,” Nov. 12, 2012.
6. US Energy Information Administration, FAQ: “How much natural gas does the United States have and how long will it last?” http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=58&t=8.
7. Rob Reuteman, CNBC.com: “The math behind the 100-year, natural-gas supply debate,” Jun 20, 2012.
8. Valerie Wood, Pipeline and Gas Journal, “Natural Gas Price Picture May Change By Late 2012,” Sept 2011 (http://www.pipelineandgasjournal.com/natural-gas-price-picture-may-change-late-2012?page=show).
9. Felicity Carus, breakingenergy.com: “The Saudi Arabia of gas,” May 23, 2011. http://breakingenergy.com/2011/05/23/the-saudi-arabia-of-gas/.
10. Artists against Fracking: “Don’t Frack My Mother.” http://artistsagainstfracking.com/dont-frack-my-mother/.
11. David Letterman, The Late Show: Jul 27, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGEc8KBKO8I.
12. New York Times, op-ed: “The Halliburton Loophole,” Nov 2, 2009.
1. California Energy Commission, Energy Quest: “Fossil fuels.” http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html.
2. US Energy Information Administration: AEO2013 Early Release Overview, Dec 5, 2012. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/early_elecgen.cfm.
3. US Department of Energy: “Coal: Our most abundant fuel.” http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/gen_coal.html.
4. Union of Concerned Scientists: “Environmental impacts of coal power: Air pollution.” http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html.
5. Charles C. Mann, The Atlantic, National Journal: “What if oil lasts forever?,” Apr 25, 2013. http://www.nationaljournal.com/energy/what-if-oil-lasts-forever-20130425?mrefid=site_search&page=1.
6. The Economist: “Coal in the rich world: The mixed fortunes of a fuel,” Jan 5, 2013.
7. Bill Chappell: “Coal may pass oil as world’s no. 1 energy source by 2017, study says,” NPR, Dec 18, 2012.
8. The Economist: “Coal in the rich world.”
9. Ibid.
10. Michael Birnbaum, Washington Post: “Europe consuming more coal,” Feb 7, 2013.
11. The Economist: “Coal in the rich world.”
12. William Tucker, American Spectator: “Environmentalist-in-chief,” Jan 30, 2012. And Silvio Marcacci, CleanTechnica: “Sweeping State of the Union speech creates conflicting energy goals,” Jan 25, 2012.
13. Brian Hardwick, NationalGeographic.com: “Obama unveils climate change strategy: End of line for U.S. coal power?” Jun 25, 2013.
14. The Economist: “Coal in the rich world.”
15. California Energy Commission, Energy Quest: “Oil or petroleum.” http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid. And OPEC: “Crude oil.” www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/180.htm. And Kathleen Brooks, Forex.com: “Why oil is measured in barrels.” http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/why-oil-is-measured-in-barrels.html.
18. BP: Statistical Review of World Energy, Jun 2012. http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Statistical-Review-2012/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2012.pdf.
19. Paul Tullis, Bloomberg Businessweek: “‘Peak oil’ is back, but this time it’s a peak in demand,” May 1, 2013.
20. BP: Statistical Review of World Energy.
21. Wendy Lyons Sunshine, EnergyAbout.com: “Crude Oil basics.” http://energy.about.com/od/Oil/a/Crude-Oil-Basics.htm.
22. US Energy Information Administration: Oil (petroleum). http://www.eia.gov/KIDS/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics-k.cfm.
23. Michael A. Levi, Ian W. H. Parry, Anthony Perl, Daniel J. Weiss, and Toni Johnson, Council on Foreign Relations: “Reducing US oil consumption,” Jun 11, 2010.
24. Energy Information Administration: FAQ, “How much gasoline does the United States consume?” http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=23&t=10.
25. Encyclopedia Britannica: “Natural gas.” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-use. And NaturalGas.org: History. http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/history.asp.
26. Chesapeake Energy: “Natural gas terminology.” http://www.chk.com/naturalgas/pages/terminology.aspx.
27. US Energy Information Administration: “Natural gas explained.” http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=natural_gas_home.
28. US Department of Energy: Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer, prepared by Ground Water Protection Council and ALL Consulting, April 2009. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/publications/EPreports/Shale_Gas_Primer_2009.pdf.
29. Kate Galbraith, Texas Tribune: “Rich with natural gas, state eyes more oversight,” Mar 11, 2011.
30. US Energy Information Administration: “How natural gas is used.” http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=natural_gas_use.
31. US Energy Information Administration: “Natural gas year-in-review 2008.” http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/
2009/ngyir2008/ngyir2008.html#note2.
32. Clifford Krauss and Eric Lipton, New York Times: “After the boom in natural Gas,” Oct 20, 2012.
33. The Economist: “Bonanza or bane: Natural-gas prices are sure to rise—eventually,” Mar 2, 2013.
34. US Energy Information Administration: Annual Energy Outlook 2013, Market Trends—Natural Gas. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/MT_naturalgas.cfm.
35. Brad Plumer, Washington Post: “Is fracking a ‘bridge’ to a clean-energy future? Ernest Moniz thinks so.” Mar 4, 2013. And John Podesta and Timothy E. Wirth, Center for American Progress: “Natural gas: A bridge fuel for the 21st century,” Aug 10, 2009.
36. T. Boone Pickens: http://www.pickensplan.com/theplan.
37. Joe Romm, ThinkProgress.org: “Natural gas is a bridge to nowhere—absent a serious price for global warming pollution,” Jan 24, 2012. http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/01/24/407765/natural-gas-is-a-bridge-to-nowhere-price-for-global-warming-pollution/?mobile=nc.
38. Mason Inman, National Geographic News: “Natural gas a weak weapon against climate change, new study asserts,” Mar 14, 2012.
39. Winchester Action on Climate Change: “Unconventional hydrocarbons explained,” http://www.winacc.org.uk/unconventional-hydrocarbons-explained.
40. US Energy Information Administration: “Technically recoverable shale oil and shale gas resources: An assessment of 137 shale formations in 41 countries outside the United States,” Jun 13, 2013. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/.
41. Ibid.
42. Tenille Tracy, Wall Street Journal: “Shale-Gas Estimate Rises,” Jun 19, 2013.
43. US Department of Energy: Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States.
44. Abrahm Lustgarten, ProPublica: “Hydrofracked? One man’s mystery leads to a backlash against natural gas drilling,” Feb 25, 2011. http://www.propublica.org/article/hydrofracked-one-mans-mystery-leads-to-a-backlash-against-natural-gas-drill/single.
45. Paul Stevens, Chatham House: “The ‘shale gas revolution’: Developments and changes,” Aug 2012. http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%
20and%20Development/bp0812_stevens.pdf.
46. US Department of Energy: Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States.
47. Shell.com: “Understanding Tight and shale gas.” http://www.shell.us/aboutshell/shell-businesses/onshore/shale-tight.html.
48. Wikipedia: “Shale oil.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_oil.
49. Canadian Society for Unconventional Resources: “Understanding tight oil.” http://www.csur.com/sites/default/files/
Understanding_TightOil_FINAL.pdf. And Scholastic: “Alternate energy sources.” http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/
upfront/grolier/alternate_energy.htm.
50. Investopedia.com: “Oil sands.” http://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/oilsand.asp. And Wikipedia: “Oil sands.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_sands.
51. Shell.com: “Coal gasification.” http://www.shell.com/global/future-energy/unlocking-resources/coal-gasification.html.
1. Energy in Depth: “Just the facts.” http://energyindepth.org/just-the-facts/.
2. Greenbang.com: “How much energy does the world use?” Mar 7, 2012. http://www.greenbang.com/how-much-energy-does-the-world-use_21568.html.
3. Daniel Yergin, CNBC.com: “The Globalization of energy demand” Jun 3, 2013. And Margo Habiby, Bloomberg.com: “Yergin predicts global energy demand to rise 30% to 40% in next 20 years,” Sep 13, 2010.
4. National Academies: “What you need to know about energy.” http://www.nap.edu/reports/energy/supply.html.
5. Wall Street Journal: “China tops U.S. in energy use,” Jul 18, 2010.
6. Mark Weisbrot, Guardian: “2016: When China overtakes the US,” Apr 27, 2011.
7. List compiled from EID: Just the Facts http://energyindepth.org/just-the-facts/. And Wikipedia: “Hydraulic fracturing.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing#Uses.
8. Carl T. Montgomery and Michael B. Smith, Journal of Petroleum Technology (JPT): “Hydraulic fracturing: History of an enduring technology.” (http://www.spe.org/jpt/print/archives/2010/
12/10Hydraulic.pdf. And Alex Tremblath, Jesse Jenkins, Ted Nordhaus, and Michael Shellenberger, Breakthrough Institute: “Where the shale gas revolution came from,” May 2012.
9. Ibid. And Fareed Zakaria, Washington Post: “Natural gas, fueling an economic revolution,” Mar 29, 2012.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. The Economist: “America’s bounty: Gas works,” Jul. 14 2012.
13. Douglas Martin, New York Times: “George Mitchell, a pioneer in hydraulic fracturing, dies at 94,” July 26, 2013. Daniel Yergin, Wall Street Journal: “Stepping on the gas,” Apr 2, 2011.
14. Edward E. Cohen, Aubrey K. McClendon, and Paul Gallay, Wall Street Journal: “The battle over fracking,” Mar 26, 2012.
15. Ibid.
16. US Energy Information Administration: “Review of emerging resources: U.S. shale gas and shale oil plays,” July 2011. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/pdf/usshaleplays.pdf.
17. Forbes: “George Mitchell.” http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-mitchell/.
1. George V. Chilingar, John O. Robertson, and Sanjay Kumar: Surface Operations in Petroleum Production. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1989.
2. American Exploration & Production Council (AXPC): “The real facts about fracture stimulation: The technology behind America’s new natural gas supplies.” http://www.axpc.us/download/issues_and_info/natural%20gas/nat_gas_14apr2010.pdf. And ProPublica: “What is hydraulic fracturing?” http://www.propublica.org/special/hydraulic-fracturing-national.
3. Michael B. McElroy and Xi Lu, Harvard Magazine: “Fracking’s Future,” Jan–Feb 2013.
4. PennState Marcellus Center for Outreach & Research: http://www.marcellus.psu.edu/resources/maps.php; and Exploreshale.org. And Penn State Public Broadcasting and the Colcom Foundation: http://exploreshale.org.
5. Sen. John Kerry, Popular Mechanics: “Is fracking safe? The top 10 controversial claims about natural gas drilling,” May 2010.
6. Michael B. McElroy and Xi Lu: “Fracking’s future.”
7. AXPC: “The real facts about fracture stimulation.”
8. Edwin Dobb, National Geographic: “Bakken Shale oil: The new oil landscape,” Mar 2013.
9. Rigzone.com: “How does directional drilling work?” http://www.rigzone.com/training/insight.asp?insight_id=295&c_id=1. Lynn Helms, DMR Newsletter: “Horizontal drilling.” https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/newsletter/NL0308/pdfs/Horizontal.pdf. Wikipedia: “Directional drilling.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling. David Blackmon, Forbes: “Horizontal drilling: A technological marvel ignored,” Jan 28, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidblackmon/2013/01/28/horizontal-drilling-a-technological-marvel-ignored/.
10. Hobart King, Geology.com: “Directional and horizontal drilling in oil and gas wells: Methods used to increase production and hit targets that can not be reached with a vertical well.” http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/.
11. University of Texas at Arlington Natural Gas Program: http://www.uta.edu/ucomm/naturalgas/FrequentlyAskedQuestions.php. Bill Toland, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: “Drilling in the city: Lessons from Texas, part II,” Mar 7, 2011.
12. Holly Deese and Robbie Brown, New York Times: “University of Tennessee wins approval for hydraulic fracturing plan,” Mar 15, 2013.
13. Hobart King: “Directional and Horizontal drilling in oil and gas wells.” Kevin Fisher, The American Oil & Gas Reporter: “Trends take fracturing ‘back to future,’” Aug 2012. http://www.aogr.com/index.php/magazine/frac-facts.
14. King. “Directional and horizontal drilling in oil and gas wells.”
15. Hobart King, Geology.com: “Mineral rights: Basic information about mineral, surface, oil and gas rights.” http://geology.com/articles/mineral-rights.shtml.
16. Edwin Dobb: “Bakken Shale oil.”
17. Environmental Working Group: “Who owns the West: Oil & gas leases.” http://www.ewg.org/oil_and_gas/part2.php.
18. T. R. Miller, ranchandresorttv.com: “Colorado laws on mineral rights,” Apr 15, 2010. http://www.ranchandresorttv.com/f/Water%20and%20Mineral%20Rights.
19. Anthony Andrews et al., Congressional Research Service: “Unconventional gas shales: Development, technology, and policy issues,” Oct 30, 2009.
20. FracFocus.org: “Chemical use in hydraulic fracturing.” http://fracfocus.org/water-protection/drilling-usage.
21. Sourcewatch.org: “Fracking.” http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Fracking.
22. Chesapeake Energy: “Hydraulic fracturing facts.” http://www.hydraulicfracturing.com/Water-Usage/Pages/Information.aspx.
23. US Environmental Protection Agency: “Study of the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources: Progress report,” Dec 2012. http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/hf-report20121214.pdf.
24. William Ellsworth, Jessica Robertson, and Christopher Hook, US Geological Survey: “Man-made earthquakes,” Jul 12, 2013. http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/man-made-earthquakes/.
1. Railroad Commission of Texas: “Barnett Shale.” http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/barnettshale/index.php.
2. Wikipedia: “Barnett Shale.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnett_Shale.
3. Marianne Lavelle, National Geographic News: “Forcing gas out of rock with water,” Oct 17, 2010. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/101022-energy-marcellus-shale-gas-science-technology-water/. Independent Oil and Gas Association of New York: “The facts about natural gas exploration in the Marcellus Shale.” http://www.marcellusfacts.com/pdf/homegrownenergy.pdf.
4. Marilyn Alva, Investor’s Business Daily: “Range Resources ties fortune to Marcellus Shale.” http://news.investors.com/business-the-new-america/071913-664449-range-resources-and-cabot-oil-play-marcellus.htm.
5. Don Warlick, Warlick Energy: “7 shale plays currently driving US drilling and development,” Aug 1, 2012. http://warlickenergy.com/articles/7-shale-plays-currently-driving-us-drilling-and-development/.
6. Ibid. US Energy Information Administration: “Review of emerging resources: U.S. shale gas and shale oil plays,” Jul 2011. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/. Ron Nickelson, Clover Global Solutions: “The seven major US shale plays.” http://www.usasymposium.com/bakken/docs/Clover%20Global%20Solutions,LP%20-%20The%20Seven%20Major%20US%20Shale%20Plays.pdf.
7. Noelle Straub, New York Times, Greenwire: “BLM suspends some oil and gas lease sales to review warming impacts,” Apr 9, 2010.
8. Sourcewatch.com: “Marcellus Shale.” http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Marcellus_Shale#New_Jersey_State_
Senate_Passes_Fracking_Ban.
9. EcoWatch.com: “Ohio governor halts four more fracking wastewater injection wells after yesterday’s quake,” Jan 1, 2012. http://ecowatch.com/2012/breaking-ohio-govenor-halts-four-more-fracking-wastewater-injection-wells-after-yesterdays-quake/.
10. CNN.com: “Vermont first state to ban fracking,” May 17, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/17/us/vermont-fracking.
11. Mark Jaffe, Denver Post: “Colorado joins in suit to knock down Longmont fracking ban,” Jul 11, 2013. http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_23643679/state-joins-suit-knock-down-longmont-fracking-ban. Ben Wolfgang, Washington Times: “I drank fracking fluid, says Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper,” Feb 12, 2013.
12. Gary Wockner, EcoWatch.com: “Colorado’s bully governor says he will sue Fort Collins to overturn fracking ban,” Feb 27, 2013. http://ecowatch.com/2013/fort-collins-overturn-fracking-ban/.
13. Blake Clayton, CFR.org: “Could the North American shale boom happen elsewhere?,” Mar 15, 2013. http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2013/03/15/could-the-north-american-shale-boom-happen-elsewhere/.
14. Pavel Molchanov and Alex Morris, Raymond James: “Who’ll be the first outside North America to commercialize shale gas?,” Apr 18, 2011. http://www.anga.us/media/content/F7CEF91B-C242-11F8-265AC0573BFC90D8/files/raymond%20james_034616%20(2).pdf.
15. Kari Lundgren, Bloomberg.com: “Shale gas explorer says U.K. production may start in 2014,” May 10, 2012.
16. Katarzyna Klimasinska, Bloomberg.com: “European fracking bans open market for U.S. gas exports,” May 23, 2012.
17. Detlef Mader: Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing and Gravel Packing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science: 1989. Schumpeter, The Economist: “Spooked by shale: The shale-gas revolution unnerves Russian state capitalism,” Jun 29, 2013. Wall Street Journal: “Government of Mongolia and Genie Energy sign strategic oil shale development agreement,” Apr 19, 2013.
18. Schumpeter: “Spooked by shale.”
19. Ibid.
20. US Energy Information Administration: “Technically recoverable shale oil and shale gas resources: An assessment of 137 shale formations in 41 countries outside the United States,” Jun 2013. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/. Catherine T. Yang, National Geographic News: “China drills into shale gas, targeting huge reserves amid challenges,” Aug 8, 2012. Bloomberg View: “How shale gas can save China from itself,” Jul 11, 2013. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-07-11/bloomberg-view-how-shale-gas-can-save-china-from-itself.
21. Andrew C. Revkin, New York Times, Dot Earth: “A look at the role of policy in America’s shale oil and gas era,” Feb 6, 2013. http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/a-look-at-the-role-of-policy-in-americas-shale-oil-and-gas-era/.
22. Tara Patel, Bloomberg.com: “France vote outlaws ‘fracking’ shale for natural gas, oil extraction,” Jul 1, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-01/france-vote-outlaws-fracking-shale-for-natural-gas-oil-extraction.html.
23. Novinite.com: “Bulgaria’s GERB lifts Chevron shale gas license,” Jan 17, 2012. Matthew Brown, Businessweek.com: “Fracking is flopping overseas,” May 3, 2012.
24. BBC News: “Blackpool shale gas drilling suspended after quake,” May 31, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-13599161.
25. BBC News: “North American firms quit shale gas fracking in Poland,” May 8, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22459629.
26. Rt.com: “Germany may ban fracking over environmental concerns,” Feb 18, 2013.
1. Edwin Dobb, National Geographic, “Bakken Shale oil: The new oil landscape,” Mar 2013.
2. Clifford Krauss and Eric Lipton, New York Times: “The energy rush: After the boom in natural gas,” Oct 20, 2012.
3. Ibid.
4. The Economist, Focus: “Peak oil,” Mar 5, 2013. http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/03/focus-0.
5. Steven Mufson, Washington Post: “The new boom: Shale gas fueling an American industrial revival,” Nov 14, 2012. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-11-14/business/35506130_1_
natural-gas-shale-cf-industries.
6. American Petroleum Institute: “Shale energy: 10 Points everyone should know.” http://www.api.org/~/media/Files/Policy/Hydraulic_Fracturing
/Hydraulic-Fracturing-10-points.ashx.
7. The Economist: “Deep sigh of relief: The shale gas and oil bonanza is transforming America’s energy outlook and boosting its economy,” Mar 16, 2013.
8. Adam Davidson, New York Times Magazine: “Welcome to Saudi Albany?,” Dec 11, 2012.
9. The White House: “Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address,” Jan 24, 2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/24/remarks-president-state-union-address.
10. Douglas Holtz-Eakin, New York Daily News, Opinion: “N.Y., start hydrofracking: Jobs await, and we all need cleaner, homegrown energy,” Jul 13, 2011.
11. Robert Bradley, Post-Journal: “New York’s energy bounty,” Oct 16, 2011. http://www.post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/592707/New-York-s-Energy-Bounty.html?nav=5071.
12. US Energy Information Administration: “U.S. Crude oil, natural gas, and NG liquids proved reserves,” Aug 1, 2012. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/.
13. Gary J. Schmitt, Weekly Standard: “Strategic gas,” Apr 22, 2013. http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/defense/strategic-gas/.
14. American Petroleum Institute: “Shale energy.”
15. The Economist: “America’s bounty: Gas works,” Jul 14, 2012.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Mufson: “The new boom.”
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Davidson: “Welcome to Saudi Albany?”
24. Honeywell.com, press release: “Honeywell completes acquisition of majority stake in Thomas Russell Co.; expands offerings for natural gas processing,” Oct 22, 2012.
25. The Economist: “Gas works.”
26. Mufson: “The new boom.”
27. Ibid.
28. Jim Snyder, Bloomberg.com: “Fracking seen robbing OPEC of gasoline pricing power,” Dec 10, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-10/fracking-seen-robbing-opec-of-gasoline-pricing-power.html.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. James F. Smith, Belfer Center, The Geopolitics of Energy Project, press release: “New study by Harvard Kennedy School researcher forecasts sharp increase in world oil production capacity, and risk of price collapse,” Jun 2012. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22145/new_study_by
_harvard_kennedy_school_researcher_forecasts_sharp_increase_in_world_oil_production
_capacity_and_risk_of_price_collapse.html.
32. Alan Riley, New York Times, op-ed: “The shale revolution’s shifting geopolitics,” Dec 25, 2012.
33. Christopher R. Knittel, MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research: “Reducing petroleum consumption from transportation,” 2012.
34. Jackie Calmes and John M. Broder, New York Times: “Obama sets goal of one-third cut in oil imports,” Mar 30, 2011. Matthew L. Wald, New York Times: “Energy secretary optimistic on Obama’s plan to reduce emissions,” Jun 27, 2013.
35. NaturalGas.org: “Natural gas and the environment.” http://www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp.
36. Stanley Reed, New York Times: “Shell makes big bet on boom in natural gas,” May 1, 2013.
37. Riley: “The shale revolution’s shifting geopolitics.”
38. The Economist: “Gas works.”
39. Ibid. and Tom Fowler, Wall Street Journal: “America, start your natural-gas engines,” Jun 18, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240
52702304192704577406431047638416.html
40. Keith Barry, Wired.com: “Staten Island Ferry goes green with natural gas,” Jan 4, 2013.
41. Reed: “Shell makes big bet on boom in natural gas.”
42. The Economist: “Gas works.”
43. Ernest J. Moniz et al., MIT Energy Initiative: “The future of natural gas,” Jun 6, 2011. http://mitei.mit.edu/publications/reports-studies/future-natural-gas.
44. Scott McNally, Scientificamerican.com: “Guest post: Water contamination—fracking is not the problem,” Jan 25, 2012.
45. Houston Chronicle blog, Texas on the Potomac: “Citing new evidence, Democrats push for hydraulic fracturing hearings,” May 27, 2011.
46. Energy in Depth: “Just the facts.” http://energyindepth.org/just-the-facts/.
47. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory: Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer (Report), April 2009. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/publications/EPreports/Shale_Gas_Primer_2009.pdf.
48. Jesse Jenkins, TheEnergyCollective.com: “Energy facts: How much water does fracking for shale gas consume?” Apr 6, 2013. http://theenergycollective.com/jessejenkins/205481/friday-energy-facts-how-much-water-does-fracking-shale-gas-consume.
49. ConocoPhilips: “Why natural gas?,” Sep 2011. http://www.powerincooperation.com/EN/Documents/11-2801%20NatGas-WhyNaturalGas.pdf.
50. New York Times, editorial: “The Halliburton Loophole,” Nov 2, 2009.
51. Energy in Depth: “Just the facts.” http://energyindepth.org/just-the-facts/.
52. US Environmental Protection Agency: “Clean energy: Natural gas.” http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html.
53. Guy Chazan, Financial Times: “Shale gas boom helps slash US emissions,” May 23, 2012. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3aa19200-a4eb-11e1-b421-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2aTaFwUDh.
54. US Energy Information Administration: “Annual energy outlook 2013,” Apr 15, 2013.
55. ANGA, Natural Gas: “Smart power, smart politics,” Oct 18, 2012. http://anga.us/blog/2012/10/18/natural-gas-smart-power-smart-politics.
56. Ibid.
57. US Energy Information Administation: “U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions in early 2012 lowest since 1992,” Aug 1, 2012. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7350.
58. The Economist: “The mixed fortunes of a fuel,” Jan 15, 2013. http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21569037-why-worlds-most-harmful-fossil-fuel-being-burned-less-america-and-more-europe.
59. Tom Zeller Jr., New York Times, Green Blog: “Methane losses stir debate on natural gas,” Apr 12, 2011. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/fugitive-methane-stirs-debate-on-natural-gas/.
60. Kevin Begos, Associated Press: “EPA methane report further divides fracking camps,” Apr 28, 2013. Tina Gerhardt, Huffington Post: “Obama’s climate action plan: Natural gas, fracking, methane and Mexico,” Jul 1, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tina-gerhardt/obamas-climate-action-plan2_b_3523002.html.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Associated Press: “EPA lowers gas leak effect, climate harm from fracking,” Apr 29, 2013. http://azstarnet.com/news/science/environment/epa-lowers-gas-leak-effect-climate-harm-from-fracking/article_a81cd5e4-aba4-5178-b760-3379df6d0ba4.html.
1. Mark Schlosberg, Food & Water Watch: “Why it’s time for a global frackdown,” Sep 21, 2012. http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/blogs/why-its-time-for-a-global-frackdown.
2. International Energy Agency: “Golden rules for a golden age of gas,” May 29, 2012. http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2013/unconventionalgas
forum/0_2_BIROL.pdf.
3. Jenkins, TheEnergyCollective.com: “Energy facts: How much water does fracking for shale gas consume?,” Apr 6, 2013. http://theenergycollective.com/jessejenkins/205481/friday-energy-facts-how-much-water-does-fracking-shale-gas-consume.
4. Chesapeake Energy: “Hydraulic fracturing facts, water usage.” http://www.hydraulicfracturing.com/Water-Usage/Pages/Information.aspx.
5. Heather Cooley and Kristina Donnelly, Pacific Institute: “Hydraulic fracturing and water resources: Separating the frack from the fiction,” Jun 2012.
6. Bruce Finley, Denver Post: “Colorado farms planning for dry spell losing auction bids for water to fracking projects,” Apr 1, 2012. http://www.denverpost.com/environment/ci_20299962/colorado-farms-planning-dry.
7. Kate Galbraith, Texas Tribune: “In Texas, water use for fracking stirs concerns,” Mar 8, 2013. http://www.texastribune. org/2013/03/08/texas-water-use-fracking-stirs-concerns.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Faucon, Benoît, Wall Street Journal: “Shale-gas boom hits Eastern Europe,” Sep 17, 2012.
11. Alex Prud’homme, Men’s Journal: “Bob Bea, the master of disaster,” Feb 2013. http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/bob-bea-the-master-of-disaster.
12. David Biello, Scientific American: “Natural gas cracked out of shale deposits may mean the U.S. has a stable supply for a century—but at what cost to the environment and human health?,” Mar 30, 2010.
13. Abrahm Lustgarten, ProPublica: “Natural gas drilling: What we don’t know,” Dec 31, 2009. http://www.propublica.org/article/natural-gas-drilling-what-we-dont-know-1231.
14. Ibid.
15. Amy Mall, Natural Resources Defense Council, Switchboard: NRDC Staff Blog: “Incidents where hydraulic fracturing is a suspected cause of drinking water contamination,” Dec 19, 2011.
16. Abrahm Lustgarten: “Natural gas drilling.”
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Valerie J. Brown, Environmental Health Perspectives: “Industry issues: Putting the heat on gas,” Feb 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1817691/.
20. US Environmental Protection Agency, news release: “EPA releases draft findings of Pavillion, Wyoming ground water investigation for public comment and independent scientific review,” Dec 8, 2011. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/
0/EF35BD26A80D6CE3852579600065C94E.
21. Abrahm Lustgarten, ProPublica, “EPA’s abandoned Wyoming fracking study one retreat of many,” July 3, 2013. http://www.propublica.org/article/epas-abandoned-wyoming-fracking-study-one-retreat-of-many.
22. Russell Gold, Wall Street Journal: “EPA ties fracking, pollution,” Dec 9, 2011. http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052970203501304577086472373346232.html.
23. Bill McKibben, New York Review of Books: “Why not frack?” Mar 8, 2012. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/mar/08/why-not-frack/.
24. Russell Gold: “EPA ties fracking, pollution.”
25. Abrahm Lustgarten: “EPA’s abandoned Wyoming fracking study one retreat of many.”
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Tina Gerhardt, Huffington Post: “Obama’s climate action plan: natural gas, fracking, methane and Mexico,” Jul 1, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tina-gerhardt/obamas-climateaction-plan2_b_3523002.html.
31. R. L. Miller, Climate Hawks: “Why Lisa Jackson is leaving the EPA: The Keystone XL pipeline,” Dec 27, 2012. http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/12/27/1174315/-Why-Lisa-Jackson-is-leaving-the-EPA-the-Keystone-XL-pipeline.
32. Ramit Plushnick-Masti, Associated Press: “EPA backed off Weatherford water contamination probe after gas drilling company protested,” Jan 16, 2013. http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20130116-epa-backed-off-weatherford-water-contamination-probe-after-gas-drilling-company-protested.ece.
33. Abrahm Lustgarten: “EPA’s abandoned Wyoming fracking study one retreat of many.”
34. Ian Urbina, New York Times: “A tainted water well, and concern there may be more,” Aug 3, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/us/04natgas.html.
35. Susan Phillips, StateImpact: “Dimock: A town divided,” Mar 28, 2012.
36. Associated Press: “Tests: Pa. gas drilling town’s water still fouled,” Oct 15, 2011.
37. Mike DiPaola, Bloomberg.com: “Fracking’s toll on pets, livestock chills farmers: Commentary,” Feb. 8, 2012.
38. StateImpact: “Dimock, PA: ‘Ground zero’ in the fight over fracking,” http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/dimock/.
39. Lee O. Fuller, Energy in Depth, letter to Josh Fox: “Recommendations for GasLand 2,” Aug 21, 2012. http://energyindepth.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/EID-Letter-to-JF-082112.pdf.
40. Susan Phillips, StateImpact: “Flaming taps: Methane migration and the fracking debate,” Dec 19, 2011. http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2011/12/19/flaming-taps-methane-migration-and-the-fracking-debate/.
41. Josh Fox: “Affirming GasLand: A de-debunking document in response to specious and misleading gas industry claims against the film,” Jul 2010. http://1trickpony.cachefly.net/gas/pdf/Affirming_Gasland_Sept_2010.pdf.
42. StateImpact: “Dimock, PA.”
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Abrahm Lustgarten: “Natural gas drilling.”
46. Energy in depth: “Just the facts.” http://energyindepth.org/just-the-facts/.
47. Ronald Bailey, Reason.com: “The top 5 lies about fracking,” Jul 5, 2013. http://reason.com/archives/2013/07/05/the-top-5-lies-about-fracking.
48. US Department of Energy: “Modern shale gas development in the United States,” Apr 2009. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oilgas/
publications/EPreports/Shale_Gas_Primer_2009.pdf.
49. US House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce Minority Staff: “Chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing,” April 2011. http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/
documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf.
50. Ian Urbina, New York Times: “Chemicals were injected into wells, report says,” Apr 16, 2011.
51. Jennifer Hiller, MySanAntonio.com: “Exact mix of fracking fluids remain a mystery,” Feb 2, 2013. http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/energy/article/Fracking-formulas-still-secret-4246634.php.
52. Abrahm Lustgarten: “Natural gas drilling.”
53. EPA.gov: “Regulation of hydraulic fracturing under the Safe Drinking Water Act.” http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/
class2/hydraulicfracturing/wells_hydroreg.cfm.
54. US Environmental Protection Agency: “Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA).” http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/lcra.html.
55. American Academy of Pediatrics: “Update on hydrofracking: A report by the American Academy of Pediatrics.” http://aapdistrictii.org/update-on-hydrofracking.
56. Abrahm Lustgarten, ProPublica, “Hydrofracked? One man’s mystery leads to a backlash against natural gas drilling,” Feb 25, 2011. http://www.propublica.org/article/hydrofracked-one-mans-mystery-leads-to-a-backlash-against-natural-gas-drill/single.
57. ScienceDaily: “Analysis of Marcellus flowback finds high level of ancient brine,” Dec 18, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121218203537.htm.
58. FracFocus: “Fracturing fluid management.” http://fracfocus.org/hydraulic-fracturing-how-it-works/drilling-risks-safeguards.
59. Terrence Henry and Kate Galbraith, New York Times/Texas Tribune: “As fracking proliferates, so do wastewater wells,” Mar 28, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/us/wastewater-disposal-wells-proliferate-along-with-fracking.html.
60. Eliza Griswold, New York Times Magazine: “The fracturing of Pennsylvania,” Nov 17, 2011.
61. Bob Downing, Akron Journal Beacon online: “Pennsylvania drilling wastes might overwhelm Ohio injection wells,” Jan 22, 2013. http://www.ohio.com/news/local/pennsylvania-drilling-wastes-might-overwhelm-ohio-injection-wells-1.367102.
62. Ian Urbina, New York Times: “Regulation lax as gas wells’ tainted water hits rivers,” Feb 26, 2011.
63. Ibid.
64. Andy Sheehan, Pittsburgh.CBSLocal: “State official: Pa. water meets safe drinking standards,” Jan 2, 2011. http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/01/04/state-official-pa-water-meets-safe-drinking-standards. John Hanger, Morning Call: “Pa. is monitoring Marcellus Shale wastewater,” Jan 5, 2011. http://articles.mcall.com/2011-01-05/opinion/mc-dep-waste-water-hanger-yv-0106-20110105_1_drinking-water-wastewater-water-supply.
65. Don Hopey, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: “EPA agrees to settle violations at water treatment plants in Venango, Indiana counties,” May 23, 2013.
66. David B. Caruso, NBC Philadelphia: “44,000 barrels of tainted water dumped into Neshaminy Creek,” Jan 3, 2011. http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Pennsylvania-Allows-Fracking-Tainted-Water-Dumping-Gas-Drilling-112804034.html. John C. Reis: Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering. Gulf Professional Publishers, 1976.
67. Bob Weinhold, Environmental Health Perspectives: “Unknown quantity: Regulating radionuclides in tap water.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440123.
68. Ian Urbina, New York Times: “Pressure limits efforts to police drilling for gas,” Mar 3, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/us/04gas.html.
69. Sheila Bushkin-Bedient, Geoffrey E. Moore, and the Preventive Medicine and Family Health Committee of the State of New York: “Update on hydrofracking.” http://aapdistrictii.org/update-on-hydrofracking.
70. Ian Urbina: “Regulation lax as gas wells’ tainted water hits rivers.”
71. Henry and Kate Galbraith, New York Times/Texas Tribune: “As fracking proliferates, so do wastewater wells,” Mar 28, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/us/wastewater-disposal-wells-proliferate-along-with-fracking.html.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Nick McDermott, Daily Mail: “Fracking causes as much seismic activity as ‘jumping off a ladder’: Controversial method for extracting gas is ‘extremely unlikely to trigger an earthquake we would feel,’” Apr 9, 2013.
75. Terrence Henry, StateImpact: “More on the science linking fracking disposal wells to earthquakes,” Jul 12, 2012. http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/07/12/more-on-the-science-linking-fracking-disposal-wells-to-earthquakes/.
76. Energy & Environment: “Fracking report says fugitive emissions, not earthquakes are the real risk,” Apr 10, 2013. http://www.eaem.co.uk/news/fracking-report-says-fugitive-emissions-not-earthquakes-are-real-risk.
77. Katie Davis, Daily Mail: “Largest ever man-made earthquake? Experts link 5.6 Oklahoma quake which buckled a highway and destroyed 14 homes to oil drilling,” Mar 26, 2013. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2299736/Largest-man-earthquake-Experts-link-5-6-Oklahoma-quake-buckled-highway-destroyed-14-homes-oil-drilling.html.
78. David J. Hayes, Deputy Secretary, US Department of the Interior, blog post: “Is the recent increase in felt earthquakes in the central US natural or manmade?” Apr 11, 2012. http://www.doi.gov/news/doinews/Is-the-Recent-Increase-in-Felt-Earthquakes-in-the-Central-US-Natural-or-Manmade.cfm.
79. Andrew C. Revkin, New York Times, Dot Earth: “Mapping gas leaks from aging urban pipes,” Nov 20, 2012.
80. Stefan Lechtenbohmer et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control: “Tapping the leakages: Methane losses, mitigation options and policy issues for Russian long distance gas transmission pipelines,” Oct 2007. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583607000898.
81. Steve Hamburg, Ecowatch: “Measuring fugitive methane emissions from fracking,” Jan 4, 2013. http://ecowatch.com/2013/fugitive-methane-emissions-fracking/.
82. Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea, Climate Change, DOI: “Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations: A letter,” Mar 13, 2011. http://www.sustainablefuture.cornell.edu/news/attachments/Howarth-EtAl-2011.pdf.
83. Anne Ju, Cornell Chronicle: “Researchers challenge study on hydrofracking’s gas footprint,” Jul 29, 2013.
84. Andrew C. Revkin, New York Times, Dot Earth: “On shale gas, warming and whiplash,” Jan 6, 2012. http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/06/on-shale-gas-warming-and-whiplash/.
85. Jon Entine, Forbes: “New York Times reversal: Cornell University research undermines hysteria contention that shale gas is ‘dirty,’” Mar 2, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonentine/2012/03/02/new-york-times-reversal-cornell-university-research-undermines-hysteria-contention-that-shale-gas-is-dirty/. Climate Central: “Limiting methane leaks critical to gas, climate benefits,” May 22, 2013. http://www.climatecentral.org/news/limiting-methane-leaks-critical-to-gas-climate-benefits-16020. America’s Natural Gas Alliance, “Howarth: A Credibility Gap.” (http://anga.us/links-and-resources/howarth-a-credibility-gap#.Uff0BxY1ZFI)
86. IEA: “Golden rules for a golden age of gas,” Nov 2012. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite
/2012/goldenrules/weo2012_goldenrulesreport.pdf.
87. Charles W. Schmidt, Environmental Health Perspectives: “Blind rush? Shale gas boom proceeds amid human health questions,” Aug 2011. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/119-a348/#r13.
88. Ibid.
89. James Bradbury et al., World Resources Institute working paper: “Clearing the air: Reducing upstream greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. natural gas systems,” Apr. 2013. http://www.wri.org/publication/clearing-the-air.
90. Vinesh Gowrishankar, Natural Resources Defense Council blog: “Clearing the air, and making clear more is needed to control methane leakage from natural gas,” Apr 3, 2013. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/vgowrishankar
/clearing_the_air_and_making_cl.html.
91. Mike Soraghan, New York Times, Greenwire, “Baffled about fracking? You’re not alone,” May 13, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/05/13/13greenwire-baffled-about-fracking-youre-not-alone-44383.html.
92. Jim Efstathiou Jr. and Mark Drajem, Bloomberg.com: “Drillers silence fracking claims with sealed settlements,” Jun 6, 2013.
93. Ian Urbina, New York Times: “Pressure limits efforts to police drilling for gas,” Mar 3, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/us/04gas.html.
94. Krishna Ramanujan, Cornell Chronicle: “Study suggests hydrofracking is killing farm animals, pets,” Mar 7, 2012. http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2012/03/reproductive-problems-death-animals-exposed-fracking.
95. Jon Hurdle, New York Times, Green Blog, “Taking a harder look at fracking and health,” Jan 21, 2013. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/taking-a-harder-look-at-fracking-and-health/.
96. The Economist: “Fracking great: The promised gas revolution can do the environment more good than harm,” Jun 2, 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/21556249.
97. Abrahm Lustgarten: “Natural gas drilling.”
98. Mark Drajem, Bloomberg.com: “FracFocus drillers’ registry to create chemicals database,” May 23, 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-23/fracfocus-drillers-registry-to-create-chemicals-database.html.
99. Hiller: “Exact mix of fracking fluids remain a mystery.”
100. Jennifer Hiller, Austin Statesman: “Frackers avoid fluid disclosure despite new law,” Feb 9, 2013. http://www.statesman.com/news/news/opinion/frackers-avoid-fluid-disclosure-despite-new-law/nWHKZ/.
101. Ibid.
102. David R. Baker, SFGate blog: “Salazar: Frackers should disclose chemicals,” Mar 13, 2013. http://blog.sfgate.com/energy/2013/03/13/salazar-frackers-should-disclose-chemicals/.
1. US Energy Information Administration: “Technically recoverable shale oil and shale gas resources: An assessment of 137 shale formations in 41 countries outside the United States,” Jun 10, 2013. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/
worldshalegas/#.UbXmXBnIKs8.twitter. Zach Colman, The Hill, “Energy agency: US oil-and-gas reserves up 35 percent, thanks to shale boom,” Jun 10, 2013. http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/304495-eia-shale-boom-drives-us-oil-and-gas-reserves-up-35-percent. Ian Urbina, New York Times: “New report by agency lowers estimates of natural gas in U.S.,” Jan 28, 2012.
2. Ian Urbina, New York Times: “Geologists Sharply Cut Estimate of Shale Gas,” Aug 24, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/us/25gas.html.
3. Jeff Goodell, Rolling Stone: “The big fracking bubble: The scam behind Aubrey McClendon’s gas boom,” Mar 1, 2012. http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-big-fracking-bubble-the-scam-behind-the-gas-boom-20120301.
4. Gail Tverberg, “Our finite world: The myth that the US will soon become an oil exporter,” Apr 16, 2012. http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/04/16/the-myth-that-the-us-will-soon-become-an-oil-exporter/.
5. Russell Gold, Wall Street Journal: “Gas boom projected to grow for decades,” Feb 27, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127
887323293704578330700203397128.html.
6. Ibid.
7. Agathena, Daily Kos: “To the gas industry: ‘What the frack are you doing to our air and water?,’” Aug 9, 2012. http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/08/09/1116090/-To-the-Gas-Industry-What-the-frack-are-you-doing-to-our-air-and-water.
8. Russell Gold: “Gas boom projected to grow for decades.”
9. Lisa Margonelli, Pacific Standard: “The debate we aren’t having,” Mar 5, 2013. http://www.psmag.com/environment/the-energy-debate-we-arent-having-53400/.
10. Brad Plummer, Washington Post: “How states are regulating fracking (in maps),” Jul 16, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/07/16/how-states-are-regulating-fracking-in-maps/.
11. Karen Showalter, PriceofOil.org: “New EPA regs address fracking … in 2015.” http://priceofoil.org/2012/04/20/new-epa-regs-address-fracking-in-2015/.
12. Source Watch: “California and fracking.” http://ftp.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_and_fracking. Aaron Sankin, Huffington Post: “California fracking moratorium: Trio of bills would halt controversial drilling practice,” May 1, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/01/california-fracking-moratorium_n_3194576.html. Norimitsu Onishi, New York Times: “Fracking tests ties between California ‘oil and ag’ interests,” Jun 1, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/us/california-oil-and-ag-face-rift-on-fracking.html.
13. Crain’s Chicago Business: “Illinois Republicans push for fracking bill vote,” Apr 30, 2013. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20130430/NEWS02
/130439971/illinois-republicans-push-for-fracking-bill-vote.
14. Kerry Lester, Associated Press: “Illinois fracking bill: State legislature passes nation’s toughest fracking regulations,” May 31, 2013.
15. The White House: “Remarks by the president in State of the Union Address,” Jan 24, 2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/24/remarks-president-state-union-address.
16. Christof Ruhl, New York Times, Opinion: “Spreading an energy revolution,” Feb 5, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/opinion/global/spreading-an-energy-revolution.html.
17. National Conference of State Legislatures: “States take the lead on regulating hydraulic fracturing: Overview of 2012 state legislation.” http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/energyhome/regulating-hydraulic-fracturing-legislation.aspx.
18. Daniel Gilbert and Russell Gold, Wall Street Journal: “As big drillers move in, safety goes up,” April 2, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127
887324582804578346741120261384.html.
19. Ibid.
20. Balazs Koranyi, Reuters: “U.S. needs federal fracking rules—Salazar,” Jun 25, 2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-06-25/news/sns-rt-us-energysalazar-interview-pix-20120625_1_fracking-natural-gas-shale-gas.
21. John M. Broder, New York Times: “New fracking rules proposed for U.S. land,” May 16, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/us/interior-proposes-new-rules-for-fracking-on-us-land.html.
22. Erica Gies, New York Times: “Race Is on to clean up hydraulic fracturing,” Dec 4, 2012.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Kate Galbraith, Texas Tribune: “In Texas, water use for fracking stirs concerns,” Mar 8, 2013. http://www.texastribune.org/2013/03/08/texas-water-use-fracking-stirs-concerns/.
26. Ibid.
27. David Donger, NRDC Switchboard blog: “Leading companies already meet EPA’s ‘fracking’ air pollution standards,” Apr 18, 2012. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ddoniger/leading
_companies_already_meet.html.
28. Pam Kasey, State Journal: “Expert: Green completion technology varies by natural gas region,” May 7, 2012. http://www.statejournal.com/story/18165012/expert-green-completion-technology-varies-by-natural-gas-region.
29. Andrew Maykuth, Philadelphia Inquirer: “Natural gas producers turn to ‘green completion,’” Nov 26, 2012. http://articles.philly.com/2012-11-26/business/35348948_1_natural-gas-shale-gas-marcellus-shale.
30. Ibid.
31. EPA: “Overview of final amendments to air regulations for the oil and natural gas industry,” Apr 17, 2012. http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/pdfs/20120417fs.pdf.
32. Clifford Krauss and Eric Lipton, New York Times: “After the boom in natural gas,” Oct 20, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/business/energy-environment/in-a-natural-gas-glut-big-winners-and-losers.html.
33. The Economist: “America’s cheap gas: Bonanza or bane,” Mar 2, 2013. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21572815-natural-gas-prices-are-sure-riseeventually-bonanza-or-bane. Reuters: “EIA raises U.S. natgas production estimate for 2013,” Jun 11, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/11/eia-outlook-natgas-idUSL2N0EN12L20130611.
34. J. Lester, Cleantech Finance: “The DOE and the exporting of liquefied natural gas,” Mar 6, 2013. http://www.cleantechfinance.net/2013/doe-lngexports.
35. Jonathan Fahey, Associated Press: “Natural gas glut means drilling boom must slow,” Apr 8, 2012. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/MONEY/usaedition/2012-04-09-APUSNaturalGasGlut_ST_U.htm.
36. John Kemp, Reuters: “McClendon’s exit will not solve Chesapeake’s problems: Kemp,” Jan 31, 2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/31/us-column-kemp-chesapeake-usgas-idUSBRE90U0K720130131.
37. Marcellus Drilling News: “New rough patch for Norse Energy: Force majeure lawsuit.” http://marcellusdrilling.com/2013/05/new-rough-patch-for-norse-energy-force-majeure-lawsuit/.
38. Clifford Krauss and Eric Lipton: “After the boom in natural gas.”
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. The Economist: “America’s cheap gas.”
42. Ibid.
43. Andrew Maykuth: “Natural gas producers turn to ‘green completion.’”
44. Jeannie Kever, FuelFix: “Technology draws bead on hydraulic fracturing,” Jan 14, 2013. http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/01/14/technology-draws-bead-on-hydraulic-fracturing/. Alison Sider, Russell Gold, and Ben Lefebvre, Wall Street Journal: “Drillers begin reusing ‘frack water,’” Nov 20, 2012.
45. Alison Sider, Russell Gold, and Ben Lefebvre: “Drillers begin reusing ‘frack water.’”
46. Erica Geis, New York Times: “Race is on to clean up hydraulic fracturing,” Dec 4, 2012.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Basetrace.com: “About our technology.” http://www.basetrace.com/technology.
51. Cecelia Mason, West Virginia Public Broadcasting: “SkyTruth expands, offers Marcellus drilling data,” Oct 27, 2011. http://www.wvpubcast.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=22364.
52. Andrew Revkin, Dot Earth: “The do-it-yourself approach to tracking gas drilling,” Nov 14, 2012. http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/the-d-i-y-do-it-yourself-approach-to-tracking-frackin/.
53. Andrew C. Revkin, New York Times, Dot Earth: “Can public leak patrols stem gas emissions at a profit?,” Nov 16, 2012. http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/can-public-leak-patrols-stem-gas-emissions-at-a-profit/.
54. Ibid.
55. Leslie Kaufman, New York Times, Green Blog: “Fracking and water: E.P.A. zeroes in on 7 sites,” Jun 23, 2011. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/fracking-and-water-e-p-a-zeroes-in-on-7-sites.
56. Tenille Tracy, RigZone, DJ Newswire: “Chesapeake Energy to host EPA in study of fracking risk to water,” Jan 24, 2013. http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/123748/Chesapeake_Energy
_to_Host_EPA_in_Study_of_Fracking_Risk_to_Water.
57. EPA: “Potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources: Progress report.” http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/hf-report20121214.pdf#page=18.
58. Wall Street Journal: “Chesapeake to host EPA in study of fracking risk: Natural-gas producer to host federal study of drilling’s risk to water quality,” Jan 23, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887
323854904578260173099118476.html.
59. Elisabeth Rosenthal, New York Times: “Life after oil and gas,” Mar 23, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/sunday-review/life-after-oil-and-gas.html.
60. Andrea Bernstein, WNYC: “Obama: Cut oil imports by a third in the next decade,” Mar 30, 2011. http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/transportation-nation/2011/mar/30/obama-cut-oil-consumption-by-a-third-in-the-next-decade.
61. Andrew E. Kramer, New York Times: “Russia skips hybrids in push for cars using natural gas,” Apr 11, 2013.
62. Tom Fowler, Wall Street Journal: “America, start your natural-gas engines,” Jun 18, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240
52702304192704577406431047638416.html.
63. Ibid. and AAA NewsRoom: “AAA Monthly Gas Price Report: highest Increase in Gas Prices to Begin Year on Record,” Feb 28, 2013 newsroom.aaa.com
64. Ibid.
65. Andrew E. Kramer, New York Times: “Russia skips hybrids in push for cars using natural gas,” Apr 11, 2013.
66. Tom Fowler: “America, start your natural-gas engines.”
67. Elizabeth Miller, New York Times: “China must exploit its shale gas,” Apr 12, 2013.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Andrew Revkin, New York Times, Opinion, DotEarth Blog: “A fracking method with fewer water woes?” Nov 8, 2011. http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/a-fracking-method-with-fewe-water-woes/.
1. Ben Sills, Bloomberg.com: “Solar may produce most of world’s power by 2060, IEA says,” Aug 29, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-29/solar-may-produce-most-of-worlds-power-by-2060-iea-says.html.
2. Elisabeth Rosenthal, New York Times: “Life after oil and gas,” Mar 23, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/sunday-review/life-after-oil-and-gas.html.
3. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century: “Renewables 2010 Global status report,” 2010.
4. Erik Kirschbaum, Reuters: “Renewable energy fosters a boom in depressed German state,” Oct 6, 2011.
5. Elisabeth Rosenthal: “Life after oil and gas.”
6. Michael McElroy and Xi Lu, Harvard Magazine: “Fracking’s future: Natural gas, the economy, and America’s energy prospects,” Jan–Feb 2013.
7. Euractiv.com: “IEA chief: Energy efficiency directive is ‘a must,’” Jun 14, 2012. http://www.euractiv.com/energy-efficiency/fatih-birol-iea-chief-energy-eff-news-513287.
8. Michael McElroy and Xi Lu: “Fracking’s future.”