1. Ernest R. May, Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 4.
2. Andrew S. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive (New York: Currency, 1999), 33.
1. Lee Allen, Cooperstown Corner (Cleveland: SABR, 1990), 164.
2. Fred Lieb, The Pittsburgh Pirates (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1948), 41.
3. Sporting Life, May 8, 1897, 9.
4. Joe King, “The ‘Wonder Man’ of Pittsburgh: The Story of Fred Clarke, Part 2,” Sporting News, March 21, 1951, 16.
5. Thanks to Bill Lamb for his feedback on the ownership factions.
6. “Savannah Sayings,” Sporting Life, May 5, 1894, 6.
7. Ronald T. Waldo, Fred Clarke: A Biography of the Baseball Hall of Fame Player-Manager (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2011), 16–17.
8. Waldo, Fred Clarke, 16–17.
9. Lieb, The Pittsburgh Pirates, 62.
10. Fred Lieb, “Pittsburgh Mourns Early Star Fred Clarke,” Sporting News, August 24, 1960, 13.
11. Waldo, Fred Clarke, 23–24.
12. Waldo, Fred Clarke, 24.
13. “Association Meet,” Sporting Life, July 12, 1890, 9.
14. Edward Lyell Fox, “Finding the Stars of Baseball,” Outing, August 5, 1913.
15. Dennis DeValeria and Jeanne Burke DeValeria, Honus Wagner (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 41.
16. “Wagner, Winner,” Sporting Life, December 28, 1907, 3.
17. William Hageman, Honus: The Life and Times of a Baseball Legend (Champaign IL: Sagamore, 1996), 11–12.
18. “Wagner, Winner,” Sporting Life, December 28, 1907, 3.
19. Daniel R. Levitt, Ed Barrow: The Bulldog Who Built the Yankees’ First Dynasty (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 32.
20. Sporting Life, January 8, 1898, 4.
21. Mark Armour, “Tommie Leach,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
22. Robert Peyton Wiggins, The Deacon and the Schoolmaster (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2011), 19.
23. Sporting Life, November 26, 1898, 9.
24. Mark L. Armour and Daniel R. Levitt, Paths to Glory (Washington DC: Brassey’s, 2003), 7–12.
25. Sporting Life, September 2, 1899.
26. Sporting Life, April 22, 1899.
27. Sporting Life, October 14, 1899, 7.
28. The six other players were Cliff Latimer, Walter Woods, Patsy Flaherty, Elton Cunningham, Conny Doyle, and Mike Massit.
29. Daniel Ginsburg, “Ginger Beaumont,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
30. Waldo, Fred Clarke, 43.
31. Waldo, Fred Clarke, 45.
32. King, “‘Wonder Man’ of Pittsburgh,” 16.
33. King, “‘Wonder Man’ of Pittsburgh,” 16.
34. Honus Wagner, “Honus Wagner’s Story,” Los Angeles Times, June 14, 1924, B2.
35. William F. Lamb, “A Fearsome Collaboration,” in Base Ball: A Journal of the Early Game 3, no. 2 (2009): 11.
36. Waldo, Fred Clarke, 75.
37. Waldo, Fred Clarke, 76.
38. Lieb, The Pittsburgh Pirates, 95.
39. Lieb, The Pittsburgh Pirates, 46.
40. Lawrence S. Ritter, The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It (New York: Vintage Books, 1985), 75–76.
41. Levitt, Ed Barrow, 212–13.
42. Bill Lamberty, “George Sisler,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
43. “Sam Dreyfuss Dead: A Baseball Notable,” New York Times, February 23, 1931.
44. “Dreyfuss, 66, Dead: Owner of Pirates,” New York Times, February 6, 1932.
45. Lieb, The Pittsburgh Pirates, 47.
Epigraph: Randy Roberts, “When the Bear Left for Bama,” Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2013, D10.
1. Harold Seymour and Dorothy Seymour Mills, Baseball: The Golden Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 24–25; Harry Pulliam, letter to Barney Dreyfuss, May 23, 1905, August Herrmann Papers, National Baseball Library; Dreyfuss affidavit, May 24, 1905, August Herrmann Papers, National Baseball Library.
2. King, “‘Wonder Man’ of Pittsburgh,” 16.
3. Frank Graham, The New York Giants (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2002), 35.
4. Armour and Levitt, Paths to Glory.
5. Chris Jaffe, Evaluating Baseball’s Managers: A History and Analysis of Performance in the Major Leagues, 1876–2008 (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2010), 106; Armour and Levitt, Paths to Glory, 95.
6. Edward Mott Wolley, “The Business of Baseball,” McClure’s, July 1912, 244.
7. Leonard Koppett, The Man in the Dugout: Baseball’s Top Managers and How They Got That Way (New York: Crown, 1993), 34.
8. Koppett, Man in the Dugout, 50.
9. Daniel R. Levitt, The Battle That Forged Modern Baseball: The Federal League Challenge and Its Legacy (Lanham MD: Ivan R. Dee, 2012), 178–79.
10. Charles C. Alexander, John McGraw (New York: Penguin, 1989), 238.
11. Harold Kaese, The Boston Braves, 1871–1953 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004), 181; Seymour and Mills, Baseball: The Golden Age, 32.
12. David Pietrusza et al., eds., Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia (Toronto: Sport Classic Books, 2003), 1273.
13. Jim Sandoval, “Dick Kinsella,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
14. Lee Allen, The Cincinnati Reds (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1948), 126.
15. John Lardner, “That Was Baseball: The Crime of Shufflin’ Phil Douglas,” New Yorker, May 12, 1956, 140.
16. Lardner, “That Was Baseball,” 143.
17. Pietrusza et al., Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia, 384–85; Sporting News, March 24, 1973, 54.
18. Sporting News, October 29, 1984, 57.
19. Jude Novi, “A Hall of Famer Recalls the Game 50 Years Ago,” Baseball Digest, June 1978, 44.
20. Pietrusza et al., Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia, 51.
21. Alexander, John McGraw, 228–29; Daniel E. Ginsburg, The Fix Is In: A History of Baseball Gambling and Game Fixing Scandals (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 1995), 168; David Pietrusza, Judge and Jury: The Life and Times of Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis (South Bend IN: Diamond Communications, 1998), 180–82; New York Times, February 20, 1920.
22. Leonard Koppett, The Rise and Fall of the Press Box (Toronto: Sport Classic Books, 2003), 197.
23. New York Times, December 7, 1921; Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 183; Allen, The Cincinnati Reds, 156.
24. Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 183.
25. Sporting News, July 18, August 4, 1921; Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 185–86; Frank Graham, The New York Yankees: An Informal History (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2002), 80–81; Lieb, The Pittsburgh Pirates, 190–91.
26. New York Times, July 27, 1921; Alexander, John McGraw, 235.
27. Alexander, John McGraw, 236.
28. Lardner, “That Was Baseball,” 151.
29. Sporting News, December 9, 1959.
30. Arthur Nehf, “World’s Series and My Friend McGraw,” Baseball Magazine, November 1926, 533.
31. Nehf, “World’s Series and My Friend McGraw,” 533.
32. Sporting News, January 1, 1989; Peter Williams, When the Giants Were Giants: Bill Terry and the Golden Age of New York Baseball (Chapel Hill NC: Algonquin Books, 1994), 39–45.
33. Alexander, John McGraw, 255.
34. New York Times, February 26, 1934.
35. Alexander, John McGraw, 281–82; Steve Steinberg, correspondence with author.
1. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1998), 19.
2. Chandler, Strategy and Structure, 40.
3. Peter Drucker, The Essential Drucker: The Best of Sixty Years of Peter Drucker’s Essential Writings on Management (New York: Collins Business, 2005), 5.
4. Lee Lowenfish, Branch Rickey: Baseball’s Ferocious Gentleman (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), 83.
5. Craig Lammers, “Bob Quinn and the Farm System,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
6. Correspondence with Steinberg.
7. Harry Neily, “Hard-Fisted Policies Only Masked Human Side of Veeck,” Sporting News, October 26, 1933.
8. James Crusinberry, “General Managers,” Baseball Magazine, June 1950, 219.
9. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 150.
10. Bill James, The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (New York: Free Press, 2003), 128; David Anderson, “Billy Evans,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject; Franklin Lewis, The Cleveland Indians (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1949), 157; Sporting News, February 1, 1956, 21.
11. Reach Official American League Baseball Guide, 1928 (New York: A. J. Reach, Wright & Ditson, 1928), 23.
12. John Kieran, “Big-League Business,” Saturday Evening Post, May 31, 1930, 17.
13. John Drebinger, “The Changing Trend,” Baseball Magazine, February 1940, 402.
14. Drebinger, “The Changing Trend,” 401.
15. Warren Brown, The Chicago Cubs (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946), 134.
16. “Sporting News” Record Book for 1938 (St. Louis: Sporting News, 1938).
Epigraph: Branch Rickey, Branch Rickey’s Little Blue Book (New York: Macmillan, 1995), 4.
1. “Bachelor Apartment,” unidentified article in Jacob Ruppert’s file at the Baseball Hall of Fame.
2. George Perry, Sporting News, March 2, 1939.
3. Letter from Tillinghast Huston to Jacob Ruppert and other documents included in Robert Edward Auctions May 18, 2013, lot 1284; Levitt, Ed Barrow, 181. Years later it was occasionally reported that the American League contributed fifty thousand dollars toward the purchase by Ruppert and Huston. We have found no contemporary evidence of this, and given the strained baseball finances of the time, it is highly unlikely.
4. The purchase prices and Yankee player salaries come from the New York Yankees’ financial records on file at the Baseball Hall of Fame.
5. Sporting News, October 12, 1933, 4.
6. Timothy R. Hylan et al., “The Coase Theorem, Free Agency, and Major League Baseball: A Study of Pitcher Mobility from 1961 to 1992,” Southern Economic Journal, April 1996, 1029.
7. Jay Maeder, “Jacob Ruppert the Old Ball Game,” New York Daily News, March 2, 1999.
8. Alva Johnston, “Beer and Baseball,” New Yorker, September, 24, 1932.
1. Craig Lammers, “Bob Quinn and the Farm System,” http://sabr.org/bioproject.
2. Lammers, “Bob Quinn and the Farm System.”
3. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power of the Committee on the Judiciary: Organized Baseball, 82nd Cong., 2nd sess. (1952), 63.
4. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 63.
5. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 989.
6. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 65.
7. Jonathan Frazer Light, The Cultural Encyclopedia of Baseball, 2nd ed. (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2005), 312.
8. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 66.
9. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 1582.
10. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 1035–36.
11. Henry D. Fetter, Taking on the Yankees: Winning and Losing in the Business of Baseball, 1903–2003 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 163.
12. U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 1559.
13. All the data for this graph were derived from SABR’s Minor League database as shown at http://baseball-reference.com/minors.
Epigraph: Drucker, Essential Drucker, 5.
1. Unidentified newspaper article, Joe McCarthy’s file at the Baseball Hall of Fame, September 20, 1938.
2. Washington Post, December, 2, 1937.
3. In 1931 the Yankees paid Connery forty thousand dollars for Jack Saltzgaver, a player Ruppert later came to believe the Yankees already owned the rights to.
4. Levitt, Ed Barrow, 277–79.
5. Levitt, Ed Barrow, 325; Sporting News, November 12, 1936, 5; December 3, 1936, 1; New York Sun, January 13, 1939.
6. New York World-Telegram, February 21, 1938.
7. Levitt, Ed Barrow, 309.
8. Chris Lamb, “L’Affaire Jake Powell: The Minority Press Goes to Bat against Segregated Baseball,” J&MC Quarterly (Spring 1999).
9. Sporting News, January 19, 1939.
10. Mark Armour, Joe Cronin: A Life in Baseball (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010), 119.
11. Pat Gillick, phone interview, October 2, 2012.
1. Jim Murray, “Busy Buzzie,” Los Angeles Times, September 9, 1962.
2. Buzzie Bavasi and Jack Olson, “The Real Secret of Trading,” Sports Illustrated, June 5, 1967.
3. Buzzie Bavasi and John Strege, Off the Record (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1987).
4. Andy McCue, Mover and Shaker: Walter O’Malley, the Dodgers and Baseball’s Westward Expansion (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 33.
5. Mark Stewart, “Pete Reiser,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
6. Kevin Kerrane, Dollar Sign on the Muscle (New York: Beaufort Books, 1984), 9.
7. Charles Maher, “Bavasi: Baseball’s Smartest Operator,” Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1967.
8. Charles Maher, “Bavasi’s First Love Was Giants,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1967.
9. Hugh Bradley, “Bavasi . . . He’s the Dodger Buzz-Saw,” New York Journal-American, October 20, 1963.
10. Charles Maher, “Bavasi Breaks in Baseball as Winner—Loses Money,” Los Angeles Times, March 9, 1967.
11. Murray, “Busy Buzzie.”
12. Bavasi and Olson, “Real Secret of Trading.”
13. Myron Cope, “How the Dodgers Are Building a Dynasty,” Sport, July 1961, 50.
14. Andy McCue, “A Half-Century of Springs: Vero Beach and the Dodgers,” in From McGillicuddy to McGwire: Baseball in Florida and the Caribbean (Cleveland OH: SABR, 1999), 8–13.
15. Frank Graham Jr., “Spanish-Speaking Al Campanis Lures Latin Talent for Dodgers,” Sporting News, January 12, 1955, 21.
16. Ben Gould, “Dodgers, Not Senators, Top Favorites in Latin-America, Campanis Finds,” Sporting News, October 22, 1952, 6.
17. Al Campanis, The Dodgers’ Way to Play Baseball (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954).
18. The “Sporting News” Official Baseball Guide, 1951 (St. Louis: Charles C. Spink & Son, 1951), 151.
19. The “Sporting News” Official Baseball Guide, 1953 (St. Louis: Charles C. Spink & Son, 1953), 97.
20. “Sporting News” Official Baseball Guide, 1953, 97.
21. Kerrane, Dollar Sign on the Muscle, 17.
22. Bavasi and Olson, “Real Secret of Trading.” More recent scholarship by Stew Thornley calls into question whether the Dodgers were really trying to “hide” Clemente from discovery by other teams. Stew Thornley, “Roberto Clemente’s Entry into Organized Baseball: Was He Hidden in Montreal?,” http://milkeespress.com/clemente1954.html.
23. Bavasi and Olson, “Real Secret of Trading.”
24. Brent Kelley, Baseball’s Biggest Blunder (Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997).
25. Bradley, “Bavasi . . . He’s the Dodger Buzz-Saw.”
26. Cope, “How the Dodgers Are Building a Dynasty,” 50.
27. Cope, “How the Dodgers Are Building a Dynasty,” 50.
28. Cope, “How the Dodgers Are Building a Dynasty,” 50.
29. New York World Telegram & Sun, August 29, 1955.
30. Cope, “How the Dodgers Are Building a Dynasty,” 85.
31. Arnold Hano, “The High-Octane Confidence of Willie Davis,” Sport, December 1962, 18.
32. John Roseboro with Bill Libby, Glory Days with the Dodgers—and Other Days with Others (New York: Atheneum, 1978), 226.
33. Jerry Hicks, “Baseball and His Daughter Keep Myers’ Name Alive,” Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1996.
34. Rick Obrand, “The Sandlot Mentors of Los Angeles,” in The National Pastime, edited by Jean Hastings Ardell and Andy McCue (Phoenix: SABR, 2011), 27.
35. Bill James, The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (New York: Scribner, 1997), 208.
36. Mark Armour, “Frank Howard,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
37. Paul Hirsch, “Ron Fairly,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
38. Murray, “Busy Buzzie.”
39. Maher, “Bavasi: Baseball’s Smartest Operator.”
40. New York World Telegram & Sun, May 26, 1961.
41. Maher, “Bavasi: Baseball’s Smartest Operator.”
42. Maher, “Bavasi: Baseball’s Smartest Operator.”
43. McCue, Mover and Shaker, 313–16.
Epigraph: Earl Lawson, “Reds Sail to Gold, Glory with Howsam at Helm,” Sporting News, October 30, 1976.
1. Levitt, Ed Barrow, 361.
2. Many years later a plausible explanation surfaced for the Yankees’ seemingly inexplicable sale of Borowy to the Cubs. It was, the theory went, Larry MacPhail’s repayment to Chicago general manager Jim Gallagher for the 1941 deal that brought Billy Herman to Brooklyn.
3. G. Richard McKelvey, The MacPhails (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2000), 75.
4. J. G. Taylor Spink, “Battle of the Biltmore: Victory Brawl,” Sporting News, October 15, 1947, 1, 4.
5. Spink, “Battle of the Biltmore,” 1, 4.
6. Spink, “Battle of the Biltmore,” 1, 4.
7. Spink, “Battle of the Biltmore,” 1, 4.
8. Spink, “Battle of the Biltmore,” 1, 4.
9. Dan Daniel, “Bombers to Ban Ballyhoo in New Regime,” Sporting News, October 15, 1947.
10. Stanley Frank, “Yankee Kingmaker,” Saturday Evening Post, May 24, 1948, 110.
11. Levitt, Ed Barrow, 350–51.
12. Sporting News, November 29, 1945.
13. Tom Meany, The Yankee Story (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1960), 144.
14. Baseball Digest, April 1959, 64.
15. Charles Maher, “Bavasi: Baseball’s Smartest Operator,” Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1967.
16. Meany, The Yankee Story, 145.
17. Jack Mann, The Decline and Fall of the New York Yankees (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967), 174–75.
18. Newsweek, July 15, 1957, 62.
19. Lee MacPhail, My Nine Innings: An Autobiography of 50 Years in Baseball (Westport CT: Meckler, 1989), 52–53.
20. George Weiss with Robert Shaplen, “The Best Decision I Ever Made,” Sports Illustrated, March 13, 1961, 32.
21. Sporting News, July 19, 1961, 2.
22. George M. Weiss with Robert Shaplen, “The Man of Silence Speaks,” Sports Illustrated, March 6, 1961, 48.
23. MacPhail, My Nine Innings, 49; Sporting News, November 25, 1949, 18.
24. U.S. Senate, Organized Professional Team Sports: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary, 85th Cong., 2nd sess. (July 1958), 648.
25. Robert Shaplen, “The Yankees’ Real Boss,” Sports Illustrated, September 20, 1954.
26. New York Times, October 6, 1953.
27. Stanley Frank, “Boss of the Yankees,” Saturday Evening Post, April 16, 1960, 111.
28. New York Times, November 3, 1960, 50.
1. For a more complete look at this subject, see Mark Armour, “Integration, 1947–1986,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproj.
2. Jules Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 329–30; Jules Tygiel, email correspondence, May 2007.
3. Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 286.
4. Chicago Defender, May 24, 1952, 17.
5. Nick Miroff, “After 50 Years Cuba Says Its Baseball Players Can Go Abroad,” http://npr.org/blogs, November 28, 2013.
Epigraph: Philadelphia Daily News, April 2, 2007.
1. David Halberstam, October 1964 (New York: Villard, 1994), 57–58. Historian Bill Lamb has pointed out that in the 1950s, black was a pejorative slur and that Busch more likely used the term colored or Negro, which at the time were more commonly used on television and in polite society. Regardless of the exact word, Busch’s message was clear.
2. Peter Golenbock, The Spirit of St. Louis (New York: Spike, 2000), 399.
3. New York Times, February 21, 1953, 1.
4. Burton A. Boxerman and Benita W. Boxerman, Ebbets to Veeck to Busch (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2003), 181.
5. Boxerman, Ebbets to Veeck to Busch, 183.
6. Golenbock, Spirit of St. Louis, 405.
7. New York Times, May 27, 1953, 32.
8. Christian Science Monitor, October 8, 1953.
9. Halberstam, October 1964, 21–22.
10. Charles Maher, “Bavasi: Baseball’s Smartest Operator,” Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1967.
11. Bob Vanderberg, Frantic Frank Lane: Baseball’s Ultimate Wheeler-Dealer (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2013), 72–73.
12. Golenbock, Spirit of St. Louis, 416–17; Steve Treder, “Frantic Frankie Lane,” Outside the Lines (newsletter of SABR’s Business of Baseball Committee), October 19, 2008, 1.
13. Bing Devine, The Memoirs of Bing Devine (Champaign IL: Sports Publishing, 2004), 62–82.
14. Washington Post, November 6, 1957, A21; New York Times, November 22, 1957, 28; Dick Schaap, “What They Say in the Dugouts About: The St. Louis Cardinals,” Sport, August 1958, 72.
15. Tommy Holmes. “Boyer Is Doing It Now,” Sport, July 1957, 60.
16. Devine, Memoirs of Bing Devine, 4.
17. Devine, Memoirs of Bing Devine, 141.
18. Bob Burnes, “Why Solly Hemus?,” Sport, April 1959, 18.
19. Phil Pepe, “How Flood Finally Made It,” Sport, November 1962, 4.
20. Russ J. Cowans, “Russ’s Corner,” Chicago Daily Defender, March 17, 1958, 23; Bill Lee, “With Malice toward None,” Hartford (CT) Courant, March 28, 1958, A23.
21. Devine, Memoirs of Bing Devine, 89–90.
22. Barry Gottehrer, “Bill White Is a Hitter,” Sport, September 1960, 47.
23. Bob Gibson and Lonnie Wheeler, Stranger to the Game (New York: Viking, 1994), 52–53; Curt Flood, The Way It Is (New York: Trident, 1971), 67.
24. Halberstam, October 1964, 110.
25. Flood, The Way It Is, 70–71.
26. Chicago Defender, August 15, 1962, 22.
27. New York Times, October 30, 1962, 55; Devine, Memoirs of Bing Devine, 14–16; Washington Post, November 6, 1962, A17.
28. Washington Post, November 7, 1962, D4.
29. Devine, Memoirs of Bing Devine, 17.
30. Shirley Povich, “This Morning,” Washington Post, April 2, 1963, A17; Arthur Daley, “Sports of the Times,” New York Times, March 15, 1963, 16.
31. Chicago Daily Defender, October 30, 1963, A24.
32. Larry Williams, “That McCarver Is a Bulldog,” Sport, May 1964, 40.
33. Sports Illustrated, April 13, 1964, 52–53.
34. Halberstam, October 1964, 219–22; Gibson, Stranger to the Game, 59–60.
35. Halberstam, October 1964, 37.
36. Golenbock, Spirit of St. Louis, 454–55.
37. Golenbock, Spirit of St. Louis, 459.
38. Golenbock, Spirit of St. Louis, 457–58.
39. Devine, Memoirs of Bing Devine, 18–19.
40. Leo Durocher, Nice Guys Finish Last (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975), 335–47.
41. Bob Gibson with Phil Pepe, From Ghetto to Glory: The Story of Bob Gibson (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968), 87.
42. Gibson, From Ghetto to Glory, 87.
43. Robert Lee Howsam, My Life in Sports (self-published, 1999), 73.
44. Gibson, From Ghetto to Glory, 101.
45. Hartford (CT) Courant, October 17, 1964, 35.
1. Ken Coleman and Dan Valenti, The Impossible Dream Remembered (Lexington MA: Stephen Greene Press, 1987), 289.
2. “Rising Dynasty for the Birds?,” Sports Illustrated, April 17, 1967, 76.
3. Kerry Keene, “Dick O’Connell,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
4. All transaction details from http://Retrosheet.org.
5. Dave Williams, “Mike Ryan,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
6. Dick Williams and Bill Plashke, No More Mr. Nice Guy (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1990), 72.
7. Leigh Montville, Why Not Us: The 86-Year of the Boston Red Sox Fans from Unparalleled Suffering to the Promised Land of the 2004 World Series (New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), 55.
8. Dan Ewald, John Fetzer: On a Handshake; The Times and Triumphs of a Tiger Owner (Champaign IL: Sagamore, 1997), 83.
9. Jeanne Mallett, “Jim Campbell,” SABR’s Baseball Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproject.
10. Mallett, “Jim Campbell.”
11. Tim Wendel, Summer of ’68: The Season That Changed Baseball—and America—Forever (Cambridge MA: Da Capo, 2012), 139.
12. Warren Corbett, The Wizard of Waxahachie: Paul Richards and the End of Baseball as We Knew It (Dallas: Southern University Press, 2009), 174.
13. John Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards: An Oral History of the Baltimore Orioles (New York: Contemporary Books, 2001), 68.
14. Corbett, Wizard of Waxahachie, 114.
15. Brent Kelley, Baseball’s Biggest Blunder: The Bonus Rule of 1953 to 1957 (Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997), 67.
16. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 70.
17. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 67.
18. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 70.
19. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 132.
20. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 137.
21. Farm Department Memo, February 23, 1961, Harry Dalton Papers, Baseball Hall of Fame Library.
22. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 233.
23. MacPhail, My Nine Innings, 79.
24. MacPhail, My Nine Innings, 80.
25. Paul Wilkes, “Don Buford and the Dignity of a Dirty Uniform,” Sport, December 1968.
26. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 233.
27. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 76.
28. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 233.
29. See Dalton Papers, Baseball Hall of Fame Library.
Epigraph: Carrie Muskat, “Epstein Addresses Manager, Other Topics,” MLB.com, October 26, 2011.
1. The “Sporting News” Official Baseball Guide, 1965 (St. Louis: Charles C. Spink & Son, 1965), 168–69.
2. We use WAR from http://baseball-reference.com. All data courtesy of Sean Lahman’s database.
3. Harry Dalton, note to Frank Cashen dated October 19, 1971, from the Dalton Papers at the National Baseball Hall of Fame Library.
1. Greg Rhodes and John Erardi, Big Red Dynasty: How Bob Howsam & Sparky Anderson Built the Big Red Machine (Cincinnati: Road West, 1997), 113.
2. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 39.
3. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 47.
4. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 40.
5. MacPhail, My Nine Innings, 55.
6. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 47.
7. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 61–63.
8. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 75–76.
9. Dick Kaegel, “Howsam Happy with Revamped Cards,” Sporting News, November 29, 1965, 1.
10. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 77.
11. Associated Press, “Red Hire Bob Howsam as Manager,” St. Josephs (MO) Gazette, January 23, 1967.
12. Lawson, “Reds Sail to Gold.”
13. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 100.
14. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 55–56.
15. Earl Lawson, “Hypnosis, Motivation: Howsam Probing Deeply,” Sporting News, January 6, 1973, 48.
16. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 54–55.
17. Earl Lawson, “Forecast by Pappas Comes Oh So True in Six Player Deal,” Sporting News, June 22, 1968, 16.
18. Associated Press, “Atlanta Swaps with Cincinnati to Bolster Pitching,” Gadsen (AL) Times, June 12, 1968, 11.
19. “National Nuggets,” Sporting News, September 7, 1968, 28.
20. Earl Lawson, “Reds to Transplant Rose Again—to CF,” Sporting News, October 26, 1968, 22.
21. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 57.
22. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 61.
23. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 76.
24. Daryl Smith, Making the Big Red Machine: Bob Howsam and the Cincinnati Reds of the 1970s (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2009), 55–56.
25. Lawson, “Reds Sail to Gold.”
26. Pat Harmon, “Reds Are a Team on Rise; Reason Is Howsam,” Sporting News, October 24, 1970, 47.
27. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 109.
28. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 115.
29. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 111.
30. Smith, Making the Big Red Machine, 59.
31. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 116.
32. Earl Lawson, “Howsam in Top Fielding Form on Questions from Reds Fans,” Sporting News, January 29, 1972, 29.
33. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 119–20.
34. Armour and Levitt, Paths to Glory.
35. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 119–20, 124.
36. Earl Lawson, “Minor Deals Made Howsam Top Major Exec,” Sporting News, December 8, 1973, 29.
37. Bob Hertzel, “Racial Prejudice a Definite Stranger to Reds,” Sporting News, April 28, 1973, 7.
38. Howsam, My Life in Sports, 127.
39. Rhodes and Erardi, Big Red Dynasty, 167.
Epigraph: David Haugh, “Tigers’ Dombrowski Knows How to Build a Winner,” Chicago Tribune, June 12, 2012.
1. Richard Goldstein, “George Steinbrenner, Who Built Yankees into Powerhouse, Dies at 80,” New York Times, July 13, 2010.
2. Matt Schudel, “George Steinbrenner Dies at 80; Yankees Owner Built Billion-Dollar Empire,” Washington Post, July 13, 2010; David Kozo, “Yankees Owner George Steinbrenner Dies,” Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2010.
3. Jane Leavy, The Last Boy: Mickey Mantle and the End of America’s Childhood (New York: Harper, 2010), 270.
4. Jim Bouton, Ball Four: My Life and Hard Times Throwing the Knuckleball in the Big Leagues, edited by Leonard Shecter (New York: World, 1970).
5. Leavy, Last Boy, 270–72.
6. Mann, Decline and Fall of the New York Yankees, 19.
7. Hal Bock, Associated Press, “Yankee Housecleaning Begins at Top with Dan Topping,” New London (CT) Day, September 20, 1966, 13.
8. William Reel, “The Go-Getter of Sports and Business Isn’t Going to Stop until He’s Got the Yankees Playing Like Yankees Again,” New York Daily News, July 8, 1967, 98.
9. “Yankee Broadcaster Have Brighter Future,” Miami News, September 21, 1966, C1.
10. Red Smith, “Red Had to Go,” New London (CT) Day, September 29, 1966, 26.
11. Associated Press, “Yanks Hire MacPhail to Do Rebuilding Job,” Meriden (CT) Morning Record, October 14, 1966, 13.
12. Milton Gross, “Operation Trio,” St. Petersburg (FL) Independent, October 18, 1966, A16.
13. Joe Falls, “What’s Ahead for the Yankees,” Baseball Digest, January 1967, 47.
14. Edgar Munzel, “N.L. Prexy Giles’ Persuasion Blocked More Deals with A.L.,” Sporting News, December 31, 1966, 28, 34.
15. “Scorecard,” Sports Illustrated, June 5, 1967.
16. Peter Carry, “The Yankees Are Coming, or So They Hope,” Sports Illustrated, April 6, 1970.
17. Reel, “Go-Getter of Sports and Business,” 98.
18. Mann, Decline and Fall of the New York Yankees, 226.
19. Jimmy Cannon, “Only Burke Can Save Baseball,” Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, December 16, 1968, D2.
20. MacPhail, My Nine Innings, 118.
21. MacPhail, My Nine Innings, 119.
22. Peter Carry, “Dreamy Times for Mini-Bombers,” Sports Illustrated, June 22, 1970.
23. Jim Ogle, “Yanks’ MacPhail Lashes at Baying Wolves,” Sporting News, June 17, 1972.
24. Sports Illustrated, August 22, 1972.
25. Jim Ogle, “Yanks Terrific, Soul-Searching Reveals,” Sporting News, August 19, 1972.
26. Joseph Durso, “Mets Send Agee to the Astros for Pair; Yanks Trade Four to Get Graig Nettles,” New York Times, November 28, 1972, 57.
27. Howard Cosell, “Mike Burke: A Great Man Who Cared,” New York Daily News, February 11, 1987.
28. “They’ve Got The Race Right Here: American League East,” Sports Illustrated, April 9, 1973.
29. William Johnson, “Yankee R[x] Is Good Therapy,” Sports Illustrated, February 12, 1973.
30. Howard Cosell, “Mike Burke: A Great Man Who Cared,” New York Daily News, February 11, 1987.
31. William Leggett, “Pinstripes Are Back in Style,” Sports Illustrated, July 2, 1973.
32. MacPhail, My Nine Innings, 124.
1. Dave Nightengale, “Free-Agent Draft: It Was a Farce,” Sporting News, November 28, 1981, 53.
2. Dickson Terry, “Kaycee ‘Will Never Lose This Team,’” Sporting News, January 27, 1968, 23–24.
3. Allan T. Demaree, “Ewing Kauffman Sold Himself Rich in Kansas City,” Fortune, October 1972, 101.
4. Anne Morgan, Prescription for Success: The Life and Values of Ewing Marion Kauffman (Kansas City MO: Andrews and McMeel, 1995), 266.
5. Demaree, “Ewing Kauffman Sold Himself,” 100.
6. Mark Mulvoy, “KC Is Back with a Vengeance,” Sports Illustrated, May 26, 1969.
7. “Army Captain Gets G.M. Post,” Sporting News, February 18, 1948, 23; “Near Riot at Thomasville,” Sporting News, June 23, 1948, 36.
8. “Henry Aaron Aims at RBI Mark,” Sporting News, June 24, 1953, 33.
9. Keith Mathews, “Tallis Drafts Plan for New Coast League,” Sporting News, September 18, 1957, 9.
10. “Mounties Seek Home-Grown Talent, Hold Six-Day Clinic,” Sporting News, August 13, 1958, 34.
11. Hy Zimmerman, “G.M. Tallis Resigns His Seattle Post,” Sporting News, October 12, 1960, 24.
12. Earl Lawson, “Tallis, Ex-Boss of Seattle, Top Choice for Post,” Sporting News, November 2, 1960, 5.
13. Ross Newhan, “Angel Finale—Chavez Quiet as Tomb,” Sporting News, October 9, 1965, 15.
14. Bill Madden, Steinbrenner: The Last Lion of Baseball (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 202; Jack McKeon and Kevin Kernan, I’m Just Getting Started: Baseball’s Best Story Teller on Old School Baseball, Defying the Odds, and Good Cigars (Chicago: Triumph, 2005), 106.
15. Lou Gorman, High and Inside: My Life in the Front Offices of Baseball (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2008), 117.
16. Bob Andelman, Stadium for Rent: Tampa Bay’s Quest for Major League Baseball (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 1993), 77.
17. Charlie Metro with Tom Altherr, Safe by a Mile (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 331; Gorman, High and Inside, 81–82.
18. Gorman, High and Inside, 94.
19. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 12–13, 132, 133.
20. Joe McGuff, “Metro Goes to Bat for Sunken Bases,” Sporting News, May 2, 1970; Joe Falls, unidentified article from Charlie Metro’s Hall of Fame file, June 6, 1970.
21. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 320.
22. John Schuerholz, interview with Dan Levitt, March 11, 2013.
23. Unidentified clipping, Cedric Tallis Hall of Fame file.
24. Gorman, High and Inside, 83; Allan Simpson, ed., The Baseball Draft: The First 25 Years, 1965–1989 (Durham NC: American Sports, 1990), 65.
25. Steve Treder, “The Royals of Sir Cedric,” http://www.hardballtimes.com, December 21, 2004.
26. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 327–28, 330, 344.
27. Schuerholz interview.
28. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 330, 333.
29. Frank Deford, “It Ain’t Necessarily So, and Never Was,” Sports Illustrated, March 6, 1972.
30. Joe McGuff, “Kauffman Goal: Flag in Five Years; Royals’ Boss Weighs Daring Plan,” Sporting News, June 7, 1969, 16.
31. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 335–36; Syd Thrift and Barry Shapiro, The Game according to Syd: The Theories and Teachings of Baseball’s Leading Innovator (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 33.
32. Joe McGuff, “Royals Will Build Florida Academy; Cost Is $3 Million,” Sporting News, September 27, 1969, 20; Spike Claassen, “42 Survive Cuts for Royals’ Academy,” Sporting News, September 5, 1970, 42.
33. William Leggett, “School’s In: Watch Out for Baseball Players,” Sports Illustrated, August 23, 1971; Spike Claassen, “K.C. Baseball Academy Dedication on March 21,” Sporting News, February 27, 1971, 31.
34. Thrift, Game according to Syd, 27; Morgan, Prescription for Success, 253.
35. Richard J. Peurzer, “The Kansas City Royals’ Baseball Academy,” in The National Pastime (Cleveland: SABR, 2004), 3; Claassen, “42 Survive Cuts for Royals’ Academy,” 42; Claassen, “K.C. Baseball Academy Dedication on March 21,” 31.
36. Peurzer, “Kansas City Royals’ Baseball Academy,” 10; The “Sporting News” Official Guide (St. Louis: Sporting News, 1972), 579.
37. Thrift, Game according to Syd, 33; Metro, Safe by a Mile, 332; Gorman, High and Inside, 109.
38. Joe McGuff, “Pay Cuts on Tap for Royals Who Slumped in 1970,” Sporting News, January 30, 1971.
39. Peurzer, “ Kansas City Royals’ Baseball Academy,” 10; Gorman, High and Inside, 113; Joe McGuff, “Kaycee Academy Grooms Rejects, but Cost Is High,” Sporting News, April 21, 1973, 17.
40. McGuff, “Kaycee Academy,” 17.
41. Frank White with Bill Althaus, One Man’s Dream: My Town, My Team, My Time (Olathe KS: Ascend Books, 2012), 51.
42. Jesse W. Markham and Paul V. Teplitz, Baseball Economics and Public Policy (Lexington MA: Lexington Books, 1981), 148, 151; McGuff, “Kaycee Academy,” 17.
43. Peurzer, “Kansas City Royals’ Baseball Academy,” 12.
44. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 323.
45. Joe McGuff, “Royals Take Stock after Milkes’ Jab,” Sporting News, August 16, 1969.
46. Gorman, High and Inside, 100; Metro, Safe by a Mile, 321.
47. Joe McGuff, “Tallis’ Shrewd Trades Fuel Royals’ Fast Start,” Sporting News, June 26, 1971.
48. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 323–24; Gorman, High and Inside, 101–2; McGuff, “Tallis’ Shrewd Trades.”
49. Gorman, High and Inside, 105; Metro, Safe by a Mile, 337.
50. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 324–35; Gorman, High and Inside, 116.
51. Ralph Ray, “Instead It’s No Season,” Sporting News, June 27, 1981.
52. Associated Press, “Royals Air Dirty Laundry as Lemon Is Dismissed,” St. Joseph (MO) News-Press, October 4, 1972.
53. Joe McGuff, “‘Blame Me for Lemon’s Exit,’ Says Kauffman,” Sporting News, October 21, 1972; Joe McGuff, “Tallis-Kauffman Split Linked to Lemon Firing,” Sporting News, July 6, 1974.
54. McKeon, I’m Just Getting Started, 107. In his first book, Jack of All Trades (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1988), Jack McKeon attributed the accusation of lying to Gorman.
55. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 332; Gorman, High and Inside, 128–29.
56. Gorman, High and Inside, 128–29.
57. Joe McGuff, “McKeon Sees Red over Royal Dearth of Deals,” Sporting News, June 30, 1973.
58. Metro, Safe by a Mile, 336–37.
59. Sid Bordman, “Royals Promote Burke to G.M. Post,” Sporting News, June 29, 1974.
60. “Joe Burke Joins Royals,” Sporting News, September 22, 1975.
61. Morgan, Prescription for Success, 260.
62. Joe McGuff, “Royals Remain on Roller-Coaster,” Sporting News, June 22, 1974.
63. Morgan, Prescription for Success, 261.
64. Joe McGuff, “Player Yelps Follow Bouncing of Lau,” Sporting News, October 19, 1974.
65. Herm Weiskopf, “Baseball’s Members in Good Standing,” Sports Illustrated, December 19, 1983.
66. McGuff, “Tallis’ Shrewd Trades.”
67. Joe McGuff, “Tallis’ Work with Royals Earns Executive Accolade,” Sporting News, December 4, 1971.
Epigraph: Peter Bavasi, email to author, January 19, 2013.
1. The “Sporting News” Official Baseball Guide, 1968 (St. Louis: Sporting News, 1968), 175; Ken Harrelson with Al Hirshberg, Hawk (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 200–204.
2. John Helyar, The Lords of the Realm: The Real History of Baseball (New York: Villard Books, 1994), 149.
3. “Sporting News” Official Baseball Guide, 1968, 300.
4. Earl Lawson, “‘Arbitration Too One-Sided’—Morgan,” Sporting News, January 31, 1976, 46.
5. Ralph Ray, “Camps Delayed: Player-Owners Gap Still Wide,” Sporting News, March 6, 1976, 12.
6. Mike Haupert, Haupert Baseball Salary Database, private collection.
7. Marvin Miller, A Whole Different Ball Game: The Sport and Business of Baseball (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1991), 248.
8. Miller, Whole Different Ball Game, 252.
9. Jesse W. Markham and Paul V. Teplitz, Baseball Economics and Public Policy (Lexington MA: Lexington Books, 1981), 147, 150; U.S. House of Representatives, Report of the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power, 1603, 1607; Travis Sawchik, “Production Shift Changes MLB Free Agency,” November 2, 2013, http://triblive.com/sports/pirates/4962321-74/free-players-agency#axzz3BMxnV1jB.
10. Markham and Teplitz, Baseball Economics and Public Policy, 147; Matt Snyder, “Report: MLB Revenues in 2012 Were $7.5 Billion,” http://CBSSports.com, December 9, 2012.
11. Sawchik, “Production Shift.”
1. Ed Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1982), 63.
2. Steve Jacobson, The Best Team Money Could Buy (New York: Atheneum, 1978), 14–15.
3. Marty Appel, Pinstripe Empire: From before the Babe to after the Boss (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), 394–95.
4. Joseph Durso, “Yankees Hire Williams, Risking Legal Struggle,” New York Times, December 14, 1973, 1.
5. Associated Press, “Angry Yanks Criticize Trade,” Washington Post, April 27, 1974.
6. Madden, Steinbrenner, 61–62.
7. Red Smith, “Teacher Sends George Home,” New York Times, November 29, 1974.
8. Appel, Pinstripe Empire, 398; Madden, Steinbrenner, 62–63.
9. UPI, “Giants Trade Bonds for Yanks’ Murcer,” Wilmington (NC) News, October 21, 1974, 38.
10. Phil Pepe, “Bonds, Hunter—and Good Times Come Again,” Sporting News, March 8, 1975, 3.
11. Ron Fimrite, “A City on Pinstripes and Needles,” Sports Illustrated, April 21, 1975.
12. “Gillick Brings Master Farm Talent to Yankee Job,” Sporting News, September 14, 1974.
13. John Schuerholz, Built to Win: Inside Stories and Leadership Strategies from Baseball’s Winningest GM (New York: Warner Books, 2006), 127–28.
14. Madden, Steinbrenner, 96–97.
15. Phil Pepe, “Yankees Adopting 3-R Plan: Rivers, Randolph—and Runs,” Sporting News, December 27, 1975, 44.
16. Pepe, “Yankees Adopting,” 44.
17. Madden, Steinbrenner, 98.
18. Murray Chase, “Yankees Claim Messersmith; Pitcher Denies Deal,” New York Times, April 1, 1976, 54.
19. UPI, “Messersmith Is a Free Agent All over Again,” Los Angeles Times, April 4, 1976.
20. Associated Press, “Aftershocks Rattle Baseball World,” Spokesman (WA) Review, June 16, 1976, 54.
21. Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees, 67.
22. Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees, 74.
23. Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees, 74; Murray Chass, “Yanks Stalking Jackson Instead of Grich,” New York Times, November 21, 1976, 181.
24. Robert Ward, “Reggie Jackson in No-Man’s Land,” Sport, June 1977.
25. Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees, 124.
26. Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees, 143.
27. Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees, 162, 172.
28. Terry Pluto, The Curse of Rocky Colavito: A Loving Look at a Thirty-Year Slump (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 206.
29. Linn, Steinbrenner’s Yankees, 66.
Epigraph: Whitey Herzog and Kevin Horrigan, The White Rat: A Life in Baseball (New York: HarperCollins, 1987), 85.
1. “The Press: New Owner,” Time, February 21, 1955.
2. Larry Millson, Ballpark Figures: The Blue Jays and the Business of Baseball (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987), 137.
3. Stephen Brunt, Diamond Dreams: 20 Years of Blue Jays Baseball (Toronto: Viking, 1996), 191.
4. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 133.
5. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 53; Millson, Ballpark Figures, 119–22.
6. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 55; Millson, Ballpark Figures, 121.
7. Unidentified article, Peter Bavasi Hall of Fame file, January 27, 1973.
8. Tom Weir, USA Today, October 9, 1985.
9. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 125.
10. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 55.
11. Peter Bavasi, email correspondence with author, January 19, 2013.
12. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 134.
13. Bavasi, email.
14. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 134.
15. Bavasi, email.
16. Bavasi, email.
17. Frank Fitzpatrick, “In College, Pat Gillick Discovered His Baseball Savvy,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 23, 2011
18. Philippe van Rjndt and Patrick Blednick, Fungo Blues: An Uncontrolled Look at the Toronto Blue Jays (Toronto: Seal, 1985), 196.
19. Michael P. Geffner, “Orioles G.M. Pat Gillick Is His Usual Stressed-Out Self in His Quest to Reach Baseball’s Top Perch Once Again,” Sporting News, April 22, 1996.
20. Unidentified clipping, Pat Gillick Hall of Fame file.
21. John Wilson, “Cesar Cedeno . . . the Next Superstar?,” Sporting News, August 19, 1972.
22. Bob Elliott, “The Skill to Find the Talent,” Memories and Dreams, April 2013, 20.
23. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 75–78.
24. Terry Pluto, The Curse of Rocky Colavito: A Loving Look at a Thirty-Year Slump (New York: Fireside, 1995), 262.
25. Pat Gillick, interview with Levitt, October 2, 2012.
26. Bavasi, email.
27. Gillick, interview.
28. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 76.
29. Bavasi, email.
30. William Plummer, “Baseball Scout Epy Guerrero Looks for Rough Diamonds amid Hunger and Poverty,” People, April 10, 1989; Jim Sandoval in Jim Sandoval and Bill Nowlin, eds., “Epy Guerrero: Super Scout,” in Can He Play? A Look at Baseball Scouts and Their Profession (Phoenix: SABR, 2011), 103.
31. Jim Kaplan, “How to Succeed in the Baseball Business: A Blueprint for Major League Expansion Teams,” in Bill Mazeroski’s Baseball, 1991 (annual preview magazine): 13.
32. Ian Thomsen, “Do They Hate Danny Boy,” Sporting News, March 21, 1988, 10; Paul Attner, “Remodeling the Redskins,” Sporting News, September 8, 1986, 12–14.
33. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 161–62.
34. Bavasi, email.
35. Sporting News, undated article in Peter Bavasi’s Hall of Fame file.
36. Jim Kaplan, “Ringing in the New,” Sports Illustrated, January 10, 1977.
37. Dave Stieb with Kevin Boland, Tomorrow I’ll Be Perfect (Toronto: Doubleday, 1986), 27–32.
38. Alison Gordon, Foul Balls: Five Years in the American League (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1984), 57.
39. Toronto Globe and Mail, quoted in Tom Cheek, Road to Glory: Sixteen Years of Blue Jay Fever (Toronto: Warwick, 1993), 122; Sporting News, October 13, 1979, 36.
40. Gordon, Foul Balls, 60.
41. Gordon, Foul Balls, 62.
42. Bob Elliott, “The Skill to Find the Talent,” Memories and Dreams, April, 2013, 20.
43. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 32.
44. Cheek, Road to Glory, 135–36.
45. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 125.
46. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 140.
47. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 140.
48. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 127.
49. Cheek, Road to Glory, 131.
50. Gillick, interview.
51. Millson, Ballpark Figures, 33.
52. Herzog and Horrigan, White Rat, 106.
53. Cheek, Road to Glory, 167.
54. Gillick, interview; Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 158.
1. Cheek, Road to Glory, 198.
2. Peter Gammons, “Toronto Blue Jays,” Sports Illustrated, April 6, 1987.
3. Sporting News, December 19, 1988, 56.
4. Ernie Whitt and Greg Cable, Catch: A Major League Life (Scarborough ON: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 218–21.
5. George Bell and Bob Elliot, Hardball (Toronto: Key Porter, 1990), 121–22; Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 183; Cheek, Road to Glory, 233.
6. Art Thiel, Out of Left Field: How the Mariners Made Baseball Fly in Seattle (Seattle: Sasquatch, 2003), 85–86.
7. Franz Lidz, “Birdland,” Sports Illustrated, September 11, 1989.
8. Lidz, “Birdland.”
9. “Forbes Valuations of the 30 Clubs in MLB,” http://bizofbaseball.com.
10. Bob Elliott, “The Skill to Find the Talent,” Memories and Dreams, April 2013, 20.
11. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 291–92.
12. Brunt, Diamond Dreams, 232.
13. Steve Wulf, “The Blue Jay Way,” Sports Illustrated, November 2, 1992.
14. Bavasi, email.
15. Larry Stone, “Big Deals Could Determine Who Wins Baseball’s Stretch Run,” Seattle Times, July 19, 2003.
16. Frank Fitzpatrick, “Before Hall, Gillick Talks of Phils,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 16, 2011.
17. Wulf, “The Blue Jay Way.”
18. Tim Kurkjian, “The Blue Days,” Sports Illustrated, July 11, 1994.
19. The usatoday.com salary database is available at http://content.usatoday.com/sportsdata/baseball/mlb/salaries/team/1993.
20. Martin O’Malley and Sean O’Malley, Game Day: The Blue Jays at SkyDome (Toronto: Viking, 1994), 126–45.
21. Sporting News, December 13, 1993, 34.
22. Pat Gillick, email correspondence with author, August 19, 2014.
23. Sporting News, December 11, 1995, 54.
24. Roland Hemond, interview with Levitt, February 28, 2013.
25. John Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards: An Oral History of the Baltimore Orioles (New York: Contemporary Books, 2001), 435.
26. Tim Kurkjian, “One Quick Fix,” Sports Illustrated, February 21, 1994.
27. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 437.
28. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 451.
29. Sporting News, December 11, 1995, 54.
30. Bob Cohn, “Mariners’ Gillick Builds Baseball’s Best,” Washington Times, May 22, 2001.
31. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 455.
32. Sporting News, June 10, 1996, 12; Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 456–57.
33. Tom Verducci, “Losing Their Way,” Sports Illustrated, April 26, 1999.
34. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 458.
35. Tom Verducci, “Liar’s Poker,” Sports Illustrated, August 25, 1997.
36. Sporting News, October 28, 1996, 12; Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 460–62.
37. Gerry Callahan, “In Flight,” Sports Illustrated, May 19, 1997.
38. Pat Gillick, interview with Levitt, October 2, 2012; Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 465–66.
39. Callahan, “In Flight.”
40. Sporting News, November 10, 1997, 38; Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 473–77.
41. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 485.
42. Eric Young, “One-on-One with Giants CEO Larry Baer,” http://www.bizjournals.com, October 4, 2012.
43. Eisenberg, From 33rd Street to Camden Yards, 477.
44. Joe Strauss, “Murray, O’s Chat,” Baltimore Sun, October 26, 1999.
45. Jon Wells, Shipwrecked: A Peoples’ History of the Seattle Mariners (Kenmore WA: Epicenter, 2012), 84.
46. Wells, Shipwrecked, 68.
47. Thiel, Out of Left Field, 184.
48. Thiel, Out of Left Field, 187–90.
49. Laura Vecsey, “Mariners’ Gillick Will Get Players, Not Played,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 25, 2000; Linda Tischler, “Seattle Mariners: (Re) Build It and They Will Come,” Fast Company, June 14, 2002.
50. Wells, Shipwrecked, 141.
51. John Heyman, “Thanks to Gillick, Seattle Boasts a Slew of New Talent,” Sporting News, January 24, 2000.
52. Gillick, interview; Thiel, Out of Left Field, 204.
53. Thiel, Out of Left Field, 203.
54. John Hickey, “Gillick Seeks No. 1 Starter,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 9, 2001.
55. Tom Verducci, “Crunch Time,” Sports Illustrated, August 27, 2001.
56. Phil Rogers, “Mariners Won’t Add to Payroll,” Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, July 27, 2002.
57. Rogers, “Mariners Won’t Add to Payroll.”
58. Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives on HR 3288, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (December 6, 2001), 230.
59. Larry Stone, “Mariners Are among Baseball’s Money Men,” Seattle Times, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive, December 4, 2001.
60. Blaine Newnhan, “M’s Climb Is a Wondrous Achievement,” Seattle Times, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive, July 1, 2001.
61. “Mariners Keep Most Crucial Piece on the Board,” Seattle Times, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive, October 10, 2002.
62. Wells, Shipwrecked, 153.
63. Bob Finnigan, “Gillick to Turn over the Reins: M’s General Manager Steps Down,” Seattle Times, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive, October 1, 2003.
64. Finnigan, “Gillick to Turn over the Reins.”
65. Zack Zolecki, “Gillick’s Mission: Complex Challenges Already Awaiting Phils’ General Manager,” Philadelphia Inquirer, November 3, 2005.
Epigraph: “Emotional Breakdown,” Economist, April 6, 2013.
1. Michael Lewis, Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 37.
2. Joel Sherman, Birth of a Dynasty: Behind the Pinstripes with the 1996 Yankees ([Emmaus PA]: Rodale, 2006), 76.
3. Jack Etkin, “At Last, Rockies Have Mile High Math,” Yahoo Sports, April 19, 2000.
4. Larry Stone, “A’s, M’s Not Quite on the Same Page,” Seattle Times, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive, September 19, 2003.
5. Stone, “A’s, M’s.”
6. Larry Stone, “Inside Pitch: Paying the Price of ‘Moneyball,’” Seattle Times, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive, April 18, 2004.
7. Stone, “A’s, M’s.”
8. Stone, “A’s, M’s.”
9. Farhan Zaidi, interview with David Laurila, http://fangraphs.com, March 18, 2013.
10. Edward Grant Barrow with James Kahn, My Fifty Years in Baseball (New York: Coward-McCann, 1951), 126.
11. Brian Costa, “Never Managed? You’re Hired!,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2013.
12. Lewis, Moneyball, 154.
13. Terry Francona and Dan Shaughnessy, Francona: The Red Sox Years (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), 161, 247.
14. Andrew Keh, “Mets’ Latest Weapon, So They Hope,” New York Times, March 22, 2013.
15. Paul Swydan, “Covert Tracking,” ESPN the Magazine, September 2, 2013, 28.
16. Matthew Leach, “Track to the Future: The Game’s New Metrics,” May 20, 2014, http://mlb.com.
17. “Supercomputers: Game On,” Babbage (blog), Economist, May 10, 2014, http://www.economist.com.
18. Jonah Keri, The Extra 2%: How Wall Street Strategies Took a Major League Baseball Team from Worst to First (New York: ESPN Books, 2011), 187–203.
19. Steve Melewski, “Rick Peterson Brings Biomechanical Analysis to the Orioles,” http://www.masnsports.com, January 20, 2012.
20. Jim Summers, interview with David Laurila, http://fangraphs.com, May 3, 2013.
21. “Cubs, Bloomberg Sports to Partner on New Baseball Analytic Technology Solutions System,” http://mlb.com, January 12, 2012.
22. Brian Peterson, interview with David Laurila, http://fangraphs.com, February 3, 2012.
23. Brian Costa, “Steel City’s Alternate Universe Is Reality,” Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2013, D6.
24. Travis Sawchik, “Aggressive Defensive Plan Has Led to Pirates’ Turnaround,” http://www.triblive.com, September 14, 2013.
25. Tom Verducci, “Stephen Strasburg Shut Down Is Right Decision by Rizzo,” Sports Illustrated, September 4, 2012; Matt Gelb, “Phillies Continue to Rely More on Scouting than Sabermetrics,” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 29, 2013.
26. Adam Kilgore, “The Nationals and Analytics, Extended Cut,” http://www.washingtonpost.com, March 28, 2013.
1. “Phillies Fire GM Wade after Eight Seasons,” http://ESPN.com, October 10, 2005.
2. Jim Salisbury, “One More Kick at the Can,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 12, 2006.
3. Salisbury, “One More Kick at the Can.”
4. Zolecki, “Gillick’s Mission.”
5. Rich Hofmann, “Still Itching for Some Pitching,” Philadelphia Daily News, January 11, 2006.
6. Rich Hofmann, “2007: A Year to Forget,” Philadelphia Daily News, July 31, 2006.
7. Gillick, interview.
8. Marcus Hayes, “Reconstruction Era,” Philadelphia Daily News, April 2, 2007.
9. Bill Evans, “Phillies Tenure Capped Gillick’s Hall of Fame Resume,” http://www.nj.com, July 24, 2011.
10. Gillick, interview.
11. John R. Finger, “Gutsy Moves Put Pat Gillick in the Hall of Fame,” http://www.CSNPhilly.com, July 22, 2011.
12. Gillick, interview.
13. Paul Hagen, “In Hiring Pat Gillick as GM, Phillies Made a Hall of a Choice,” Philadelphia Daily News, July 22, 2011.
14. Ray Ratto, http://www.csnbayarea.com, September 15, 2011.
15. Ann Killion, “A Giant Leap,” Stanford Magazine, July–August 2011.
16. “Talkin’ Baseball (and More) with Neukom,” http://www.pressdemocrat.com, May 31, 2009.
17. Lowell Cohn, “Bill Neukom Speaks about Himself and the Giants,” http://cohn.blogs.pressdemocrat.com, May 30, 2009.
18. William Neukom biographical information from Conor Dougherty, interview with Bill Neukom, “From Windows to Box Seats,” http://wsj.com, August 27, 2009; Cohn, “Bill Neukom Speaks”; Andrew Baggarly, “Bill Neukom Articulates the ‘Giants Way,’ and Yes It Includes a Bit of ‘Moneyball,’” http://blogs.mercurynews.com, October 7, 2008; Ray Ratto, “Bill Neukom Redefines the Giants’ Approach,” http://www.sfgate.com, October 8, 2008; “Talkin’ Baseball”; Killion, “A Giant Leap”; Lloyd Duhaime, “Bill Neukom, Lawyer Biography,” http://www.duhaime.org/LawFun/LawArticle-1220/Bill-Neukom-Lawyer-Biography.aspx.
19. Baggarly, “Bill Neukom Articulates.”
20. Dougherty, interview with Neukom, “From Windows to Box Seats.”
21. Rick Wartzman, “Peter Drucker’s Winning Team,” Business Week, April 10, 2008.
22. Bill Neukom, interview with Levitt, December 16, 2013.
23. Baggarly, “Bill Neukom Articulates.”
24. The outline list of four points under the players, their development, and their game on the field and the ten points under the business–front office side come from slides shown as part of Neukom’s presentation at the Santa Clara Law Sports Law Symposium, September 16, 2010, available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kxFjqVCNGA, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXMDuX-6xt4, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po_YKTj4EiU, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDCusog1pt4.
25. Andrew Baggarly, “New Giants Boss Neukom Lays Out His Vision,” http://www.mercurynews.com, October 7, 2008.
26. Baggarly, “Bill Neukom Articulates.”
27. Dougherty, interview with Neukom, “From Windows to Box Seats.”
28. Neukom presentation.
29. Baggarly, “Bill Neukom Articulates.”
30. Neukom presentation.
31. Dougherty, interview with Neukom, “From Windows to Box Seats.”
32. Baggarly, “Bill Neukom Articulates.”
33. Cohn, “Bill Neukom Speaks.”
34. Baggarly, “Bill Neukom Articulates.”
35. Cohn, “Bill Neukom Speaks.”
36. Chris Haft, “Front Office Enjoying Fruits of Its Labor,” http://mlb.com, October 26, 2010.
37. Jerry Crasnick, “Bringing the Giants Forward, from Behind,” http://ESPN.com, November 15, 2010.
38. San Francisco front-office bios at http://mlb.com.
39. Chris Haft, “Neukom Puts His Stamp on Giants,” http://mlb.com, February 27, 2009.
40. Mathew Futterman, “The Warm-Body Theory,” Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2012, D6.
41. Molly Knight, “The Hurt Talker,” http:// ESPN.com, August 13, 2012.
42. Peter Keating, “Son of Moneyball,” ESPN the Magazine, October 13, 2004.
43. Futterman, “The Warm-Body Theory”
44. Futterman, “The Warm-Body Theory”
45. Colin Wyers, “BP Unfiltered: Do the Giants Signal the End of Moneyball?,” http://baseballprospectus.com, October 30, 2012.
46. Andy Altman-Ohr, “Unknown Hero Helps Make Giants World Series Champions,” http://jweekly.com, November 4, 2010.
47. Haft, “Neukom Puts His Stamp.”
48. Haft, “Front Office Enjoying Fruits of Its Labor,” http://mlb.com, October 26, 2010.
49. Darren Everson, “Where Did That Guy Come From?,” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2009.
50. Matt Eddy, “Clubs Use Dual Criteria to Find Potential Fits,” http://baseballamerica.com, May 9, 2009.
51. Gwen Knapp, “Neukom’s Ouster a Misplay by Giants’ Ownership,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 16, 2011.
52. Mark Purdy, “Bill Neukom Out as S.F. Giants Honcho,” Mercury (CA) News, September 14, 2011.
53. “Baer Takes Giants Reins; Neukom Denies Management Friction,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 15, 2011.
54. Mike Fast, “What the Heck Is Pitch F/X,” in Hardball Times Baseball Annual, 2010 (Skokie IL: ACTA Sports, 2009), 153; Darren Everson, “Baseball’s Nerd Machine,” Wall Street Journal, May 23, 2008.
55. Futterman, “The Warm-Body Theory.”
56. Hank Adams, http://mlb.com, March 12, 2012.
57. Peter H. Lewis, “For the Love of the Technology, the Bay Area Is Reinventing Baseball (Again),” New York Times, April 26, 2012.
58. John Boudreau, “AT&T Leading the Way in Digitally Enhanced Baseball,” Mercury (CA) News, July 17, 2009.
59. Neukom, interview.
60. Peter H. Lewis, “For the Love of the Technology.”
61. “San Francisco Giants Ride Techball to the Top,” USA Today, March 31, 2013.
62. “Info Hungry Baseball Teams’ Secret Sauce: Data,” USA Today, March 31, 2013.
63. “San Francisco Giants Ride Techball to the Top.”
64. “San Francisco Giants Ride Techball to the top.”
Epigraph: Brian MacPherson, “Ten Years after ‘Moneyball,’ Billy Beane Both Pleased, Dismayed There’s No Longer ‘Low-Hanging Fruit,’” Providence (RI) Journal, April 23, 2013.
1. Casey Ross and Callum Borchers, “John W. Henry, Soft-Spoken Businessman with an Appetite for Risk,” Boston Globe, August 8, 2013.
2. Seth Mnookin, Feeding the Monster: How Money, Smarts and Nerve Took a Team to the Top (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 166–67.
3. Mnookin, Feeding the Monster, 174.
4. “Theo Epstein Chat,” http://bostondirtdogs.com, February 6, 2003.
5. WEEI, “Theo Epstein Talks about His Time in Boston and Building World Championship Teams,” http://audio.weei.com/a/87165587/theo-epstein-talks-about-his-time-in-boston-and-building-world-champion-teams.htm.
6. Francona and Shaughnessy, Francona, 163.
7. Amalie Benjamin, “Steering It from the ‘Bridge,’” Boston Globe, December 9, 2009.
8. Dan Shaughnessy, “Sox Have a Bridge to Sell Us,” Boston Globe, December 10, 2009.
9. Francona and Shaughnessy, Francona, 252.
10. Francona and Shaughnessy, Francona, 252.
11. Francona and Shaughnessy, Francona, 264.
12. Francona and Shaughnessy, Francona, 277–78.
13. Joshua Green, “John Henry and the Making of a Red Sox Baseball Dynasty,” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 24, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com.
14. Tyler Kepner, “Cardinals’ Strategy Replaces Big Names with Ingenuity,” New York Times, October 19, 2013.
15. Bill Madden, “Walt Jocketty Gets Axed from Cards Because of Numbers Crunch,” New York Daily News, October 7, 2007.
16. “Mozeliak Replaces Former Boss Jocketty with Cardinals,” http://ESPN.com, October 31, 2007.
18. Kepner, “Cardinals’ Strategy.”
19. Ben Reiter, “Birds on a Power Line,” Sports Illustrated, May 27, 2013.
20. Reiter, “Birds on a Power Line.”
21. David Laurila, “Q&A: Michael Girsch, St. Louis Cardinals Assistant General Manager,” http://fangraphs.com, November 21, 2013.
22. Derrick Goold, “2014 St. Louis Cardinals Top 10 Prospects,” http://baseballamerica.com, November 20, 2013.
23. Tracy Ringolsby, “Fuson, Beane Reunite for Sake of A’s,” http://www.foxsports.com, March 4, 2010.
24. Ringolsby, “Fuson, Beane Reunite for Sake of A’s.”
25. U.S. Senate, Organized Professional Team Sports: Hearings, 650.
26. “Sporting News” 1955 Baseball Guide (St. Louis: Charles C. Spink and Son, 1955), 10.
27. Boston Red Sox 2013 Media Guide (St. Louis: STATS, 2013).