*Although the Constitution did not explicitly empower the Court to review acts of Congress, Hamilton argued in Federalist No. 78 that in cases where law conflicts with constitutional principle, “the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute” (The Federalist, ed. Jacob E. Cooke [Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1961], 525). The principle of judicial review was established in 1803, when, in a unanimous ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that “the powers of the Legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken, or forgotten, the Constitution is written.”