Sir Joseph Ward: A Political Biography

Notes

Abbreviations

ACDA	Auckland Catholic Diocesan Archives
AJHR	Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives
AS	Auckland Star
BNSW	Bank of New South Wales
BNZ	Bank of New Zealand
CBNZ	Colonial Bank of New Zealand
CCDA	Christchurch Catholic Diocesan Archives
CO	Colonial Office
EP	Evening Post (Wellington)
ES	Evening Star (Dunedin)
FP	Fowlds Papers (University of Auckland)
Herald	New Zealand Herald (Auckland)
LFMM	Letters from Men of Mark (Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington)
LT	Lyttelton Times
MHR	Member of the House of Representatives
MP	Member of Parliament (used after Dominion status 1907)
NBLB	National Bank Letter Book
News	Southland Daily News (Invercargill)
NZFL	New Zealand Free Lance
NZJH	New Zealand Journal of History
NZOYB	New Zealand Official Year Book
NZPD	New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
NZT	New Zealand Times
ODT	Otago Daily Times (Dunedin)
PM	Prime Ministers’ Files, National Archives, Wellington
SDN	Southland Daily News (Invercargill)
SFM	Southland Frozen Meat Company
ST	Southland Times (Invercargill)
Times	Southland Times (Invercargill)
WFCB	Ward Family Clipping Books
WFP	Ward Family Papers
WP	Weekly Press
WPA	Westpac Bank Archives (Wellington)

Introduction

1. H. G. R. Mason (40 years); Sir Keith Holyoake (39); Sir Walter Nash (38); Sir Apirana Ngata (38).

2. The phrase was used by Harry Holland after the 1919 election.

3. See, for instance, Bruce Brown, The Rise of New Zealand Labour, Wellington, 1962, pp.37–38, 97–102; P. J. O’Farrell, Harry Holland: Militant Socialist, Canberra, 1964, pp.128, 150; Keith Sinclair, Walter Nash, Auckland, 1976, pp.76–77; Erik Olssen, John A. Lee, Dunedin, 1977, pp.44–47; Michael Bassett, Three Party Politics in New Zealand, 1911–1931, Auckland, 1982, pp.24–25, pp.37–50.

4. R. M. Chapman, ‘The Political Scene 1919–1931, Auckland, 1969. See also his The Significance of the 1928 General Election’, MA thesis, Auckland Univ. College, 1948.

5. Keith Sinclair, A History of New Zealand, Harmondsworth, 1959, revised subsequently many times. Sinclair’s most tart comments about Ward’s foreign policy are to be found in Imperial Federation: A Study of New Zealand Policy and Opinion 1880–1914, London, 1955.

6. Weekly Press (WP), 9 Oct. 1907, p.40.

7. Ibid.

8. Tony Simpson, ‘Pulling Chestnuts for Geordie McLean’, in Shame and Disgrace: A History of Lost Scandals in New Zealand, Auckland, 1992, pp.73–100. This chapter, seemingly the product of no serious research, purports to tell the story of Ward’s collapse. It contains inaccuracies on nearly every page.

9. R. A. Loughnan, The Remarkable Life of Sir Joseph Ward, Wellington, 1929.

10. Published Wellington, 1966, v.3, pp.550–2; published Wellington, 1940, pp.460–4.

11. David Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power 1891–1912, Auckland, 1988, p.126. Hamer has the sequence of Ward’s financial and political downfall out of order. Ward was not ‘engulfed in scandal’ until 1896. He resigned from Cabinet on 16 June 1896 and from Parliament on 8 July 1897 before filing for bankruptcy.

12. Erik Olssen & Marcia Stenson, A Century of Change: New Zealand 1800–1900, Auckland, 1989, p.402. The mistakes made on page 402 are as follows: Ward remained a Minister without Portfolio in Ballance’s Cabinet for ten days only. From 4 February 1891 he was Postmaster General and Electric Telegraph Commissioner. At no stage after he rejoined the Cabinet in 1899 was Ward Commissioner of Customs. He was, however, Minister of Industries and Commerce, 1899–1906. He resigned from Cabinet in 1896, not 1894.

13. Some of the difficulties in writing this biography are discussed in Michael Bassett, ‘In Search of Sir Joseph Ward’, New Zealand Journal of History (NZJH), v.21 (April 1987), pp.112–124.

Chapter 1

1. C. Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger, London, 1962; James S. Donnelly jr., The Land and the People of Nineteenth Century Cork, London, 1975, chapts. 2 & 5; J. C. Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland, 1603–1923, new ed., London, 1981. Beckett estimates that one million died as a direct result of the famine, p.343.

2. I am grateful to Beryl Murton of Avondale, Auckland, for her detail about her ancestors.

3. St Finbarr South Parish Records, Book IDC, 417.

4. Anthony Trollope, Castle Richmond, first published London, 1860, World Classic rep., 1989, pp.54–54.

5. See family notebooks compiled by Sir Cyril Ward in the 1930s, especially Katie Doherty to Cyril Ward, 7 Sept. 1936. These notebooks were updated by Sir Joseph G. D. Ward in the 1960s. Ward Family Papers (WFP).

6. See her death certificate, Bluff Post Office, and WFP.

7. Patrick O’Farrell, The Irish in Australia, Sydney, 1986, p.63.

8. O’Farrell, The Irish in Australia, p.63.

9. Terry Coleman, Passage to America, London, 1972, p.21; p.57; p.115.

10. J.A. Feely of State Library of Victoria to J. G. D. Ward, 21 Oct. 1964, WFP.

11. Terry Coleman, p.57; pp.63–77.

12. J. A. Feely to J. G. D. Ward, 21 Oct. 1964. Also PRO Inward Passenger Lists, Victoria, 053/4, Microfiche, p.6, Information Centre, Victoria.

13. Ian Turner, ‘The Growth of Melbourne’, in J. W. McCarty & C. B. Schedvin (eds), Australian Capital Cities, Sydney, 1978, p.73. See also Geoffrey Blainey, The Tyranny of Distance, Melbourne, 1966, p.196.

14. J. M. Freeland, Architecture in Australia: A History, Melbourne, 1968, p.112. See also James Grant & Geoffrey Serle, The Melbourne Scene, 1803–1956, rep., Sydney, 1983, Chapt. 2.

15. Rate Rolls, Emerald Hill, No 1249, South Melbourne Public Library.

16. Weston Bate, Victorian Gold Rushes, Melbourne, 1988, p.12.

17. Grant & Searle, p.73.

18. Birth certificate, Melbourne, 2322/11465/1856, registered 13 Dec. 1856.

19. Death certificate, Melbourne, 61/5516.

20. Mina Lenihan (daughter of Willie Ward) to J. G. D. Ward, 17 April 1961. WFP.

21. Harriet and Theresa Dorney arrived on the Marco Polo on 18 November 1863. See also J. A. Feely to J. G. D. Ward, 12 Oct. 1964, WFP.

22. Mina Lenihan to J. G. D. Ward, 17 April 1961, WFP.

23. Index to Unassisted Passengers, 1858; Death Index 2110; 5845/6 1859, Information Centre, Victoria.

24. Southland Daily News (SDN), 29 Sept. 1863. Family History Library of LDS/Mormon Church, Glenfield, Auckland. Call no. 284493. The errors of detail only provide further evidence that shipping records were often carelessly compiled.

25. The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, G. H. Scholefield (ed.), Wellington, 1940, p.460, says Ward was born in Emerald Hill on 26 April 1856 and came to New Zealand with his parents when he was three. Walter Leslie in Parliamentary Portraits, Wellington, 1890, v.2 claims that Ward was born on 26 April 1857 in Emerald Hill. The Cyclopaedia of New Zealand, Wellington, 1897, v.1, p.47, asserts that Ward came to New Zealand ‘with his parents’. New Zealand Tablet, 16 July 1930, says that ‘when he was three years of age, his parents brought him across the Tasman Sea’. The only occasion when Ward himself is reported speaking of his arrival in New Zealand he got the year of 1863 correct. See Ward Family Clipping Books (WFCB), v.1, p.28.

26. Mina Lenihan to J. G. D. Ward, 30 July 1961, WFP.

27. John Hall-Jones, Bluff Harbour, Dunedin, 1977, p.130.

28. Ward’s recollections at the laying of the foundation stone of the Bluff Presbyterian Church, 1893, WFCB, v.1, p.28.

29. Anthony Trollope, Australia and New Zealand, v.2, London, 1873, p.321.

30. H. C. Robjohns, Bluff Oyster Industry, Invercargill, 1970, p.4.

31. Sheila McIndoe, ‘The Life of Sir Joseph Ward’, MA thesis, Otago Univ. College, 1932, p.6ff.

32. Vincent Ward Papers, MS Papers 241, Turnbull Library. New Zealand Tablet, 16 July 1930, p.3.

33. C. S. Longuet in Southland Times (ST), 9 July 1930. See also reminiscences at a Club Hotel function in 1912, ST, 25 Nov. 1912.

34. Interview with 85-year-old George Waddel, Bluff, 13 Jan. 1983.

35. McIndoe, p.6.

36. Vincent Ward Papers, Folder 12A.

37. John Fisher’s comments, SDN, 14 July 1930; Hannah Ward Barron to Joseph Ward, 31 July 1898, WFP; Vincent Ward Papers.

38. Vincent Ward Papers, Folder 9. Also ST, 1 Dec. 1910.

39. Jack McClenaghan, A Saga of the South, Invercargill, 1965, p.35.

40. See ‘Parliamentary Silhouettes’, New Zealand Graphic, 1892, p.1004.

41. See James Cowan, ‘Sir Joseph Ward’, New Zealand Railways Magazine, 1 May 1936, pp.17–21. Also McIndoe, pp.6–25.

42. Land Transfer Office, Invercargill, CT 4/39.

43. Heywoods Guide to Invercargill, 1894, pp.47–48. See also Vincent Ward Papers.

Chapter 2

1. R. A. Loughnan, The Remarkable Life of Sir Joseph Ward, p.25. See also James Cowan, ‘Sir Joseph Ward’, New Zealand Railways Magazine, 1 May 1936, pp.17–21; Otago Witness, 15 July 1930, p.45.

2. Ward’s entry in Who’s Who in New Zealand, Wellington, 1908, was obviously written by him, and since in those days elections for local body office usually took place in November, the earlier date must be correct.

3. Auckland, Lyttelton, Wellington and Dunedin, in that order, were ahead of Bluff.

4. See J. G. Ward, Claim for Endowment Land, 25 Sept. 1884, Hocken Library. Also Ward to Hon. E. Richardson, 18 Sept. 1885, Railways 03/520, National Archives.

5. See Southland Harbour Board Clipping Books, Bluff.

6. ST, 19 Jan. 1882.

7. Southland Harbour Board Clipping Books.

8. SDN, 1 Feb. 1882.

9. ST, 8 July, 10 July 1884; 12 Sept. 1884.

10. See New Zealand Heritage, v.3, p.1019.

11. J. Hall-Jones, p.97. Also Clive A. Lind, The Keys to Prosperity; The Centennial History of Southland Frozen Meat Ltd., Invercargill, 1981, Chapt. 3.

12. Ward’s Memo for Messrs Smith, Chapman and Sinclair, April-May 1897, John Fisher Papers, Otautau.

13. ‘The Vice-Regal Visit’, WFCB, v.1, p.64

14. Quoted by M. H. Holcroft, Old Invercargill, Dunedin, 1976, p.89. Port activity is discussed ST, 10 Aug. 1887.

15. Cyril Ward’s notebooks, pp.57–58, WFP.

16. New Zealand Graphic, 1892, p.1004. A similar description was given by Mr Guy Waddel to the author, 13 Jan. 1983.

17. Marriage Certificates 1883/3492 and 1883/3529.

18. ST, 8 Dec. 1883.

19. Told to the author by Ward’s grandson, the late Cyril James Ward, Interview, Christchurch, January 1983. A pipe took the raw sewerage from the new house straight down to the sea.

20. SDN, 1 May 1884.

21. See Land Transfer Office, Invercargill, Transfer 6863,1885; Mortgage 5865, 1886; Transfer 27/273, 1889.

22. Heywood’s Guide, 1894, p.47.

23. Holcroft, p.108.

24. SDN, 21 March 1929. McDougall recalled that Ward was the first man to introduce a separator to Southland, at which a voice from the back of the room called out: ‘We’ve still got it!’

25. Quoted Vincent Ward Papers, Folder 14.

26. Ward to Fisher, 15 Jan. 1885, Fisher MS, Papers 103, Folder 7, Hocken Library.

27. Raewyn Dalziel, Julius Vogel, Auckland, 1986, p.296.

28. For background to the 1887 election see John H. Angus, ‘City and Country, Change and Continuity: Electoral Politics and Society in Otago 1877–1893’, PhD thesis, Univ. of Otago, 1976, Chapt. 3; Judith Bassett, Sir Harry Atkinson, Auckland, 1975, Chapt. 10.

29. SDN, 8 July 1887.

30. SDN, 3 July 1887.

31. ST, 13 Sept. 1887.

32. SDN, 9 July 1887. Kelly was himself to become MP for Invercargill in 1890, serving three terms.

33. For details about Bain and Froggatt, see Cyclopaedia of New Zealand, Southland section, p.802; Holcroft, p.88 and pp.40–44; SDN, 27 July 1887, 13 and 14 Sept. 1887.

34. ST, 29 July 1887; SDN, 13 Sept. 1887.

35. See SDN, 12 May 1888.

36. SDN, 14 July 1930.

37. ST, 13 Sept. 1887.

38. ST, 27 Sept. 1887.

39. ST, 1 Oct. 1887.

Chapter 3

1. See in particular Christopher Aubrey, ‘Wellington from Kelburn, 1888’, Fletcher Challenge Collection, Auckland. The photograph, p.248, in David Hamer & Roberta Nicholls, The Making of Wellington, 1800–1914, Wellington, 1990, is of the city in 1878. The early basilica, which burned down in 1898, is pictured in Terence Hodgson, Colonial Capital: Wellington, 1865–1910, Auckland, 1990, p.106.

2. Judith Bassett, pp.134–8.

3. Later they got his electorate right but still called him Mr A. G. Ward.

4. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), v.58, p.49 (13 Oct. 1887); p.556. Also Railway Files, R3/87/3759, National Archives.

5. Keith Sinclair, William Pember Reeves, Oxford, 1965, p.84.

6. ST, 1 Oct. 1887.

7. NZPD, v.59, 25 Nov. 1887; ST, 12 May 1888. See also James Drummond, The Life and Work of Richard John Seddon, Christchurch, 1906, p.102.

8. NZPD, v.59, pp.166–7; v.58, 18 Nov. 1887.

9. For a description of the 1888 event, see ST, 4 Jan. 1888.

10. WFCB, v.1, pp.9–10.

11. NZPD, v.60, pp.636–43; v.61, pp.131, 255, 309. For the significance of the issue see Keith Sinclair, ‘The Significance of the “Scarecrow Ministry” 1887–1891’, in Studies of a Small Democracy, K. Sinclair & R. M. Chapman (eds), Auckland, 1963, pp.118–9. Also Sinclair, Reeves, p.90.

12. NZPD, v.63, 1888, pp.108, 113.

13. Ibid, p.127.

14. Comments on Ward’s success made in provincial papers are to be found in ST, 31 Aug. and 3 Sept. 1888. See also New Zealand Herald (Herald), 17 Aug. and 20 Aug. 1888. Supporters of the Government were quickly reminded by their constituents that abolition of the subsidy had their support. See Hall Manuscripts, Folder 148, Turnbull Library.

15. NZPD, v.63, 1888, pp.107–8.

16. Dalziel, Vogel, p.83.

17. ST, 1 Sept. 1888.

18. ST, 30 May 1890.

19. W. P. Reeves, The Long White Cloud, 4th ed., London, 1950, pp.287–8.

20. Drummond, Seddon, p.180.

21. Alfred Saunders, History of New Zealand, v.2, Christchurch, 1899, p.526.

22. NZPD, v.67, p.297.

23. NZPD, v.65, p.290.

24. ST, 14 Oct., 27 Oct., 11 Nov., 23 Dec. 1889 and 10 Feb. 1890.

25. ST, 18–19 June 1889; 14 June 1890.

26. ST, 29 Aug. 1890. For a general description of the strikes see J. D. Salmond, Labour’s Pioneering Days, Auckland, 1950, p.75ff.

27. ST, 2, 3, 10, 11 Sept. 1890.

28. ST, 12, 14, 16, 17 Sept. 1890.

29. ST, 20 Nov. 1890.

30. ST, 29 Nov. 1890.

31. For a description of the post-election period see Judith Bassett, p,161ff.

32. Lord Onslow to Colonial Office, 4 Feb. 1891, CO 209/249–251, National Archives.

33. ST, 26 Jan. 1891.

34. ST, 7 Feb. 1891.

35. Evening Star (ES), 26 Jan. 1891.

36. Auckland Star (AS), 27 Jan. 1891; Lyttelton Times (LT), 26 Jan. 1891; Press, 26 Jan. 1891.

37. ST, 7 Feb. 1891.

38. See Fisher Papers, C/o Allan Fisher, Otautau.

39. Howard Robinson, A History of the Post Office in New Zealand, Wellington, 1964, pp.161–5.

40. Judith Bassett, p.167; ST, 3 March 1891.

41. ST, 14 March 1891.

42. J. G. Ward to Solicitors Smith, Chapman & Sinclair, April-May 1897, Fisher Papers, Otautau.

43. Clive Lind, p.91. Lind’s explanation of Ward’s conduct is less charitable to Ward—and to Bluff.

44. ST, 20 Nov. 1895; Ward Memo to Solicitors, Fisher Papers, Otautau.

45. ST, 20 Nov. 1895.

46. Robert McOwen to General Manager, Bank of New Zealand, 17 Dec. 1891, BNZ Archives. See also ST, 20, 21, 22, 23, Nov. 1895.

47. ST, 25 Feb. 1892.

48. Victor M. Braund, A Romance of Trade and Politics, Wellington, 1905, p.3.

49. WFCB, v.1, p.19.

50. Keith Sinclair & W. F. Mandle, Open Account, Wellington, 1961, pp.126–7.

51. See J. G. Ward Farmers’ Association and the Colonial Bank, Dunedin, 1897, p.31.

52. Press, 8 April 1893.

53. Wellington Evening Press, 30 Aug. 1893.

54. Interim Report of the Official Liquidator, ST, 22 March 1897.

55. I am indebted to a Southland farmer, former colleague, and one-time MP for Awarua, the late Aubrey Begg for this, and many other observations about Ward.

56. ST, 22 March 1897.

57. Fisher to Ward, 14 Jan. 1893, WFCB, v.1, p.95.

58. The J. G. Ward Farmers’ Association and the Colonial Bank, p.35 and especially comment by George McLean, p.32.

Chapter 4

1. Sinclair, Reeves, p.125.

2. Press, 16 July 1892.

3. Press, 3 Aug. 1892.

4. Press, 25 July 1892. See also Evening Press, 18 Aug. 1894 and ST, 26 Aug. 1894. See also T. H. Brooking, ‘Sir John McKenzie’, MA thesis, Massey Univ. 1972, p.13.

5. Press, 20 July 1892; 12 Aug. 1892. See also Evening Press, 18 Aug. 1894.

6. Press, 29 July 1892.

7. Press, 25 July 1892.

8. For a discussion of Liberal attitudes, see Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals, chapt. 2.

9. ST, 8 Aug. 1893.

10. ST, 3 Nov. 1892.

11. WFCB, v.1, pp.3–6. A version of the meeting was recalled many years later, SDN, July 1930, Southland Harbour Board Clipping Books.

12. The purchase is described in Timothy McIvor, The Rainmaker: A Biography of John Ballance, Auckland, 1989, p.230.

13. See Michael Stenson, ‘The Origins of the Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1894’, MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1962, pp.52ff.

14. NZPD, v.74, pp.312–6.

15. See Ward to Ballance, ‘Unlisted Telegrams’, Stout Papers, Folder 38, Turnbull Library. See also J. G. Ward, ‘Why New Zealand Adopted Penny Postage’, Review of Reviews, 20 Feb. 1901, pp.138b-138h.

16. Report of the Post and Telegraph Department, 1893, AJHR, F-l.

17. ST, 18 Sept. 1891.

18. New Zealand Graphic, 8 Sept. 1892.

19. W. Rolleston to Sir John Hall, 1 May 1892, Hall Papers, MS 1784/186, Turnbull Library.

20. NZPD, v.75, 1892, p.518ff.; Herald, 16 July 1892.

21. SDN, 16 July 1892; Press, 18 July 1892.

22. For details of Ballance’s declining health see McIvor, p.223ff.

23. Ballance Papers, MS 25/549, 550, Turnbull Library.

24. ST, 21 Oct. 1892.

25. ST, 12, 13 Jan. 1893.

26. R. T. Shannon, ‘The Liberal Succession Crisis in New Zealand, 1893’, in Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand, v.8 (30), May 1958, p.185. See also LT, 25, 26, 27 April 1893.

27. Herald, 29 April 1893.

28. Lord Glasgow to Colonial Secretary, 16 May 1893, CO 209/252–253, National Archives.

29. Herald, 2 May 1893.

30. R. Oliver to Sir John Hall, 16 May 1893, Hall Papers, MS 1784/196.

31. Shannon, ‘Succession Crisis’, pp.191–201.

32. Herald, 2 May 1893.

33. LT, 1 May 1893.

34. WFCB, v.1, pp.20–27.

35. Holcroft, p.104.

36. The huge George Fowlds collection of papers at the University of Auckland contains hundreds of letters to ministers, many of them to Ward, on behalf of constituents wanting employment.

37. WFCB, v.1, p.53. See also C. Asquith to Sir John Hall, Hall Papers, MS 1784/186.

38. T. E. Y. Seddon, The Seddons, Auckland, 1968, p.49.

39. NZPD, v.79, p.191.

40. Herald, 5 July 1893; NZPD, v. 79, p.199ff.

41. Herald, 5 July 1893.

42. Herald, 10 July 1893.

43. Stenson, p.85.

44. McIvor, pp.231–3; Patricia Grimshaw, Women’s Suffrage in New Zealand, Auckland, 1972, p.88.

45. Lord Emmott’s Diaries, 25 June 1911, p.10, Nuffield College, Oxford.

46. ST, 9 Nov. 1893.

47. ST, 30 Nov. 1893.

48. Richard Shannon, ‘The Fall of Reeves, 1893–1896’, in K M. Chapman & K. Sinclair (eds), Studies of a Small Democracy, Auckland, 1963, p.130.

49. ST, 15 Dec. 1893.

50. See Evening Press, 18 Aug. 1894; AS, 30 Aug. 1893.

51. ST, 6 Jan. 1894.

52. The Colonial Bank of New Zealand, Statement by the Hon Geo McLean, Dunedin, 1897, p.8.

53. The Colonial Bank, p.16.

54. Evening Press, 26 Aug. 1893. The only unmutilated copy of the newspaper is to be seen on microfilm, at the British Museum, Colindale. The real overdraft of the association on balance date if Ward’s account is included was £47,278. See ST, 22 March 1897. For Ward’s reply, see New Zealand Tablet, 8 Sept. 1893, p.7.

55. New Zealand Official Year Book(NZOYB), 1895, p.130.

56. WFCB, v.1, p.39.

57. SDN, 31 March 1894.

58. The Colonial Bank, p.8.

59. WFCB, v.1, p.39.

60. Lord Glasgow to Colonial Secretary, 10 July 1894, CO 209/253–254.

61. Quoted Herald, 2 July 1894.

62. NZPD, v.84, 1894, p.28ff; Herald, 25 July 1894.

63. WFCB, v.1, pp.44–48.

64. Ibid; Herald, 25 July 1894.

65. WFCB, v.1, pp.44–48, quoted also in Herald, 25 July 1894.

66. Herald, 4 Aug. 1894. Reeves’s concerns are discussed in Sinclair, Reeves, p.229.

67. Herald, 15 Sept. 1894.

68. SDN, 21 March 1929, (J. C. Thomson, former MP for Wallace).

69. Full details of the scheme are outlined in NZOYB, 1895, pp.267–73.

70. Treasury Records T95/882/885, National Archives.

71. NZOYB, 1895, pp.180–1. By 1911 28,891 settlers had secured advances totalling £10,180,235. NZOYB, 1911, p.601.

72. The Colonial Bank, p.8. See also Dunedin Evening Star, 10 March 1897.

Chapter 5

1. The Colonial Bank, p.13.

2. WFCB, v.1, p.49.

3. ST, 12 Jan. 1895.

4. WFCB, v.1, p.61; ST, 17 Jan. 1895.

5. ST, 28 Jan. 1895.

6. ST, 29 Jan. 1895

7. ST, 30 Jan. 1895. See also Vincent Ward Papers, MS 241, Folder 8, Turnbull Library. Half Yearly Report from Invercargill Branch BNSW, March 1895, p.160, Westpac Archives, Wellington (WPA).

8. Quoted in SDN, 2 May 1895 and AS, 3 and 20 June 1895.

9. The full text of the speech entitled ‘New Zealand in 1895’ is in the Journal of the Royal Colonial Institute, v.26, part 7, pp.489–500. For brief accounts see SDN, 2 May 1895; AS, 11 June 1895.

10. SDN, 4 and 5 May 1895.

11. AS, 8 May 1895.

12. Quoted in SDN, 8 May 1895.

13. WFCB, v.1, p.1; AS, 20 June 1895. Photos of Theresa in court dress are still cherished by the Ward family. One elderly Bluff neighbour, nearly ninety years after the event, also had one on his wall. The author saw it at the home of Mr Guy Waddel in January 1983.

14. Interim Report of the Liquidator, J. G. Ward Farmers’ Association, ST, 22 March 1897.

15. Ibid.

16. The report of Nelson Brothers presented early in 1896 (Commercial Reports, N-R, Guildhall Library, London) says prices fell to a level ‘lower … than in any previous year’ in 1895 and ‘heavy losses’ were sustained on shipping. Shares which had been selling for nearly £7 at the start of the year were sliding rapidly by mid year.

17. Dunedin Evening Star (ES), 10 March 1897. Evidence of Henry Mackenzie at the Colonial Bank Liquidators’ inquiry.

18. Herald, 6 July 1895.

19. ST, 16 July 1895. There is another account of the occasion in Ross Galbreath, Walter Buller: The Reluctant Conservationist, Wellington, 1988, pp.205–6.

20. Herald, 11 July 1895.

21. Herald, 31 July 1895.

22. Herald, 1, 3 Aug. 1895.

23. AS, 1 Aug. 1895.

24. Herald, 8 Aug. 1895.

25. ST, 29 Sept., 12 Oct. 1896.

26. See Invercargill Land Registry, M9993, M9988, M9987, M9985, M9992, M9993, M9989, M9986, M9990. See Mackenzie’s comment on Liquidators’ Report, ST, 16 Feb. 1897 and his court comments, ES, 8,9 March 1897.

27. See Ward to Cowie, 21 Aug. 1895 in J. G. Ward Farmers’ Association, p.53.

28. Herald, 17 Sept. 1895.

29. George Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 5 Oct. 1895, Fowlds Papers, Univ. of Auckland.

30. N. M. Chappell, New Zealand Bankers Hundred, Wellington, 1961, p.216; The Colonial Bank, p.12.

31. Chappell, pp.216–7. The full text of the agreement is to be found in the Herald, 19 Oct. 1895, and in the ‘Report of the Banking Committee’, AJHR, 1896, p.66.

32. Herald, 10 Oct. 1895.

33. EP, 28, 29 Oct. 1895; NZPD, v.91, p.870ff.

34. ST, 19 Nov. 1895.

35. Herald, 24 Oct. 1895.

36. Herald, 30 Oct. 1895.

37. ES, 9 March 1897.

38. Telegram Ward to Seddon, 23 Nov. 1895, Seddon Family Papers, MS 1619, Folder 28, Turnbull Library.

39. A very full account of the case is to be found in ST, 20–23 Nov. 1895.

40. See Court of Appeal finding, ST, 2 Nov. 1896.

41. Ward to Seddon, 23 Nov. 1895, Seddon Family Papers.

42. ‘Report of the Banking Committee’, pp.320–4.

43. Hall to Hives, 25 Nov. 1895, Hall Papers, v. 17, Turnbull Library.

44. ST, 17 Dec. 1895; 15, 23 Jan. 1896.

45. Robert M. Cameron to Ward, 21 Dec. 1895, WFCB, v.1.

46. The liquidators were W. B. Vigers (a former inspector of the Colonial Bank), Keith Ramsay, a well-known supporter of the Opposition and a director of the bank, and W. J. M. Larnach, a Liberal MP who was also a director of the bank.

47. Michael Davitt Notebook, DN 34, Davitt Papers, Trinity College, Dublin. Davitt found Ward ‘level-headed and able’. I am indebted to Dr Rory Sweetman of Auckland for this reference.

48. The story of the missing oats first became public in the court hearing in June 1896 when the liquidators together with J. B. Reid sought approval for the sale of the association’s liabilities and assets. The revelation was first made to bank officials in a letter (G. A. Birch to Henry Mackenzie, 3 Sept. 1895) printed in The J. G. Ward Farmers’ Association, p.78. Birch gave further details, p.112.

49. ST, 14 and 21 March 1896.

50. ST, 4 March 1896.

51. ST, 24 March 1896.

52. Ibid.

53. ST, 25 March 1896.

54. Herald, 10 June 1896.

55. Full details of the court hearing are in ST, 6 June 1896.

56. ST, 9 June 1896.

57. ST, 6 June 1896.

58. A. A. Christophers to Inspector BNSW, Wellington, 8 June 1896, WPA; EP, 14 June 1896; Herald, 15 June 1896.

59. ST, 16 June 1896.

60. Vincent Ward Papers, MS 241, Folder 8.

61. Herald and ST, 17 June 1896.

62. Glasgow to Colonial Office, 8 July 1896, CO 209, National Archives.

Chapter 6

1. ST, 17 June 1896.

2. Herald, 17 June 1896; see also editorial in ST, 17 June 1896.

3. ST, 19 June 1896.

4. Ward to Seddon, 19 June 1896, Seddon Family Papers, MS 1619, Folder 28.

5. ST, 20 June 1896; New Zealand Times (NZT), 20 June 1896.

6. The Otago Workman and For bury News on 20 June 1896 printed a long editorial critical of Williams’s judgment and sympathetic to Ward’s predicament.

7. ST, 22 June 1896.

8. SDN, 23, 24 June 1896.

9. SDN, 22 June 1896. This sentiment was reiterated by the National Bank’s inspector, J. G. Stott, who reported to his head office: ‘Broadly stated [the money] has been transferred by the reckless trading of the Assoc. from the shareholders in the unfortunate Colonial Bank, to the pockets of the Southland farmers.’ See Inspection Reports, Invercargill, 1896, National Bank Archives.

10. Ibid. See also ST, 7 July 1896.

11. Williams lent a total of thirty-four mortgages, many on properties in the Southland region, between 1877 and 1902. See Dunedin Land Register.

12. The poem by John Patterson appears in WFCB, v.1, p.73.

13. WFCB, v.1, p.84.

14. Herald, 18 June 1896.

15. Herald, 18 July 1896.

16. ST, 30 July 1896.

17. ST, 30 Sept. 1896; The Times (Weekly Edition), 2 Oct. 1896.

18. ‘Report of the Banking Committee’, AJHR, 1896. George Hutchison’s Minority Report acknowledged that Ward had played no part in determining which Colonial Bank accounts appeared on which lists. ST, 20 Oct. 1896.

19. Herald, 29 July 1896.

20. A. Christophers to Inspector, Bank of New South Wales, 3 Nov. 1896, B/INV/13, p.118, WPA.

21. ST, 7 Nov. 1896.

22. ST, 30 Nov. 1896.

23. The third candidate failed, in the end, to nominate.

24. ST, 7 Dec. 1896.

25. Reports cabled by ODT, reporter, 19, 26 June 1896, WFCB, v.1, p.85. See Financial Times (London), 19 June 1896, p.4.

26. Bulletin, 27 June 1896. For a discussion of McIlwraith see Duncan Waterson, ‘Personality, Profit and Polities’, John Murtagh Macrossan Lecture, Macquarie Univ., 1978.

27. Lord Glasgow to Colonial Office, 30 Jan. 1897, CO 209, National Archives.

28. New Zealand Law Reports, v. 14, 1896, p.484ff.

29. ‘Report of the Banking Committee,’ p.xviii.

30. Smith, Chapman & Sinclair to Colonial Bank Liquidators, BNZ Archives, CBNZ, Box 2.

31. Mackenzie to Colonial Bank Liquidators, 11 Feb. 1897, BNZ Archives, CBNZ, Box 2.

32. Smith, Chapman & Sinclair to Colonial Bank Liquidators, 4 Feb. 1897, BNZ Archives, CBNZ, Box 2.

33. See District Land Registry records, Invercargill.

34. See regular reports from A. Christophers to Inspector, BNSW, WPA.

35. ES, 30 March 1897.

36. See ODT, quoted in SDN, 22 Jan. 1897; North Otago Times, quoted in ST, 28 Jan. 1897; ES, 3 Feb. 1897.

37. ST, 21 Jan. 1897.

38. Reprinted in ST, 15, 16, 17 Feb. 1897.

39. ES, 25 March 1897.

40. ES, 5 April 1897.

41. ES, 25 May 1897.

42. See R. J. Johnston (ed.), Urbanisation in New Zealand, Wellington, 1973, pp.41–59.

43. The only study of Williams is a rather inadequate work of devotion by William Downie Stewart, Portrait of a Judge, Wellington, 1945. There is a forthcoming brief study of him by Judith Bassett, to be published in the second volume of the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.

44. ES, 24 June 1897. McKenzie freely labelled Williams a ‘Tory Judge’. See F. Waldegrave to Reeves, 10 Feb. 1897, Letters From Men of Mark (LFMM), Turnbull Library.

45. ES, 4 and 29 June 1897.

46. ES, 24 June 1897.

47. ST, 10 July 1897.

48. WFCB, v.1, p.86.

49. Ward to Reeves, 18 Jan. 1897, LFMM.

50. Ibid.

51. The J. G. Ward Farmers’ Association, Dunedin, 1897, pp.2–43.

52. ST, 10, 17 July 1897.

53. Vincent Ward Papers, Folder 3.

54. Cohen to Reeves, 25 March 1897, LFMM.

55. F. Waldegrave to Reeves, 3 July 1897, LFMM.

56. Charles Wilson to Reeves, 5 Aug. 1897, LFMM.

57. McKenzie to Seddon, 7 June 1897, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 27.

58. WFCB, v.2, p.18.

59. ST, 2, 4 Sept. 1897.

60. NZPD, v.98, 1897, pp.137–8.

61. Much detail about the committee’s proceedings is to be found in the Herald, 1, 2 Oct. 1897.

62. ST, 7 Oct. 1897.

63. Herald, and ST, 26 Oct. 1897. The full text of the judgment is in ST, 8 Nov. 1897.

64. ST, 26 Oct. 1897.

65. SDN, 26 Oct. 1897.

66. Lord Ranfurly to Colonial Office, 30 Sept. 1897, CO 209, National Archives. See also Herald, 26 Oct. 1897; SDN, 30 Oct. 1897; ST, 22 Oct. 1897. Ward’s principal critics were the MHRs T. E. Taylor, W. H. Montgomery, F. Pirani and G. J. Smith.

67. WFCB, v.1, pp.95–6 and p.100. Also ST, 3 Aug. 1897, 23 Sept. 1897.

68. ST, 6 Nov. 1897. See also District Court Minute Book, 1888–1903, Invercargill High Court.

69. WFCB, v.2, p.2. Also Colonial Bank of New Zealand records, BNZ Archives.

70. Quoted by SDN, 15 Nov. 1897.

Chapter 7

1. See Inspectors’ half-yearly reports from Invercargill, BNSW, 1896–9, WPA. Also Inspectors’ reports from Invercargill National Bank, in letter to author, 7 Oct. 1991, National Bank Archives. Also ST, 19 Dec. 1899; AS, 21 Dec. 1899.

2. See Williams’s Clipping Books, 1895–1902, Dunedin High Court.

3. Details of the application and Williams’s judgment are to be found in ST, 9,12 March 1898.

4. See John Fisher Papers, C/o Allan Fisher, Otautau.

5. ST, 9 Nov. 1897. Birch began his own company in Southland, but his excessive drinking led him to a period of hospitalisation at the end of 1898. Inspectors’ Reports, Invercargill, 31 March 1899, WPA.

6. ST, 5, 8 April 1898.

7. See speech by J. W. Kelly MP, ST, 22 June 1898. See also Ward’s speech in Parliament, 16 June 1896, ST and SDN, 17 June 1896. See also Cohen to Reeves, 16 June 1905, LFMM.

8. Williams had been ruled out of contention early in the piece, and the decision narrowed down to a choice between Justice W. B. Edwards and Stout; see Seddon cable to McKenzie, no date 1899, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 27. For land transaction of Williams’s, see Transfer T. 22601, Invercargill Land Registry.

9. The phrase is used by Sheila McIndoe, chapt. 6.

10. SDN, 20 Jan. 1897; ST, 20, 21 Jan. 1897; ES, 8, 9 March 1897. Also W. G. Rhind to Invercargill Manager BNSW, 29 Jan. 1897, and A. Christophers to Inspector, 2 April 1898, WPA.

11. McKenzie to Seddon, 4 May 1900, Seddon Family Papers, Box 27.

12. See A. A. Christophers to Inspector BNSW, 2 Feb. 1898, B/INV/13, pp.391–3, WPA.

13. ST, 16 Nov. 1897.

14. ST, 4 Jan. 1897.

15. The comments were made by the ST, 26 Nov. 1897.

16. Hannah Ward Barron to J. G. Ward, 31 July 1898, WFP.

17. ST, 12 Nov. 1898.

18. See Registry of Deaths, Bluff Post Office. Also obituaries, ST, 14 Nov. 1898; ES, 12 Nov. 1898, WFCB, v.2, p.3.

19. Hannah Ward Barron’s will and accompanying letters, including a memorandum of the solicitor, L. W. G. Watson, dated 14 Nov. 1898, are filed at the Invercargill District Court.

20. See Inspector to Manager, Invercargill BNSW, 12 July, 19 Oct. 1897, Inspectors Files. Also Christophers to Inspector, 26 Jan. 1898, B/INV/13, pp.388–91, WPA.

21. WFCB, v.2, p.2.

22. Inspector to Manager, Invercargill BNSW, 14 Feb. 1898, Inspectors’ Files, WPA.

23. Christophers to Inspector BNSW, 2 Feb. 1898 and 7 Feb. 1898. B/INV/13, pp.391–400, WPA.

24. See Inspectors’ half-yearly reports, 1896–9; A. A. Christophers to Inspector, BNSW, 2 April 1898, WPA. Mortgages registered 5 April 1898, M.11839, Lands Registry, Invercargill.

25. Christophers to Inspector BNSW, 2 Feb. 1898, WPA.

26. See Transfer T.15188; T.15804; M.11825, Lands Registry, Invercargill.

27. Christophers to Inspector, BNSW, 22 April 1898, B/INV/14, p.18, WPA.

28. Inspector’s report on Invercargill Branch, 30 Sept. 1899, WPA.

29. Inspector to Manager, Invercargill BNSW, 14 June 1900, Inspectors Files, WPA.

30. Transfers, T.17741; T.17971; T.20563, Lands Registry, Invercargill.

31. Inspector BNSW to Invercargill Manager, 2 Sept. 1902. Also H. Salmon to Inspector BNSW, 14 April 1904, WPA.

32. F. Waldegrave to Reeves, 10 Feb. 1897, LFMM.

33. McKenzie to Reeves, 16 Feb. 1898, LFMM.

34. NZPD, v.101, 1898, pp.174–5.

35. NZPD, v.104, 1898, pp.577–8.

36. NZPD, v. 102, 1898, pp.280–348.

37. Ibid, p.328.

38. The letter was reprinted in the ST, 3 Dec. 1898. Ward wrote to Seddon about the matter, Ward to Seddon, 18 Nov. 1898, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 28.

39. LT, 2 May 1899.

40. F. Waldegrave to Reeves, 9 March 1899, LFMM.

41. SDN, 9 Jan. 1899. McKenzie’s doctor was Dr Harry Fenwick.

42. Some of the flavour of the London summer of 1899 is captured in Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, London, 1982, chapt. 8.

43. Nelson Brothers Ltd., Annual Report, 1899, in Commercial Reports, N-R, Guildhall Library, London.

44. See ST, 1 Nov. 1899; Manchester Herald, 16 Dec. 1899, WFCB, v.2, p.8. See also Inspector to Invercargill Manager BNSW, 15 Sept. 1899, Inspectors Files, WPA. I am indebted to Dr Tom Brooking of the University of Otago for details about McKenzie’s illness.

45. Financial Times (London), 2,4, 5,9,10 Aug. 1899.

46. Liberal Party pamphlet, Dastardly Attack on Sir Joseph Ward, Wellington, 1910, p.8. The Stock Exchange Daily Official List, says that parcels of shares sold for 415/₁₆ and 4¾ on 11 Aug., Guildhall Library.

47. In fact Ward did well. The share prices for Nelson Brothers Ltd did not rise substantially above this level until 1900–1901.

48. Inspector to Manager Invercargill BNSW, 23 Aug. 1899, Inspectors Files, WPA.

49. A rather highly coloured account of Ward’s round of the business houses is to be found in the Sydney Catholic paper, Freeman’s Journal, 18 Nov. 1899. The story obviously came direct from Ward while he was in Sydney. A more modest version based on reports in British papers is in ST, 20 Oct. 1899.

50. Financial Times (London) 11 Sept. 1899, p.2.

51. ST, 26 Aug. 1899; WFCB, v.2, pp.2–5.

52. ST, 19 Dec. 1899; AS, 21 Dec. 1899. Also WFCB, v.2, p.6.

53. McKenzie to Seddon, 21 Sept. 1899, Seddon Family Papers, Box 27.

54. WFCB, v.2, p.1. The term ‘wrongly judged’ was almost certainly an intended slap at Williams.

55. WFCB, v.2, p.1.

56. ST, 28 Nov. 1899; SDN, 6 Dec. 1899.

57. SDN, 7 Dec. 1899.

58. Herald, 9 Dec. 1899.

59. McKenzie to Reeves, 14 Dec. 1899, LFMM.

60. Cohen to E. Tregear, 18 Dec. 1899, LFMM.

61. ST, 27 Nov. 1899.

62. Ward to Mrs Ward, 21 Dec. 1899, WFCB, v.2, p.A. Ward still sometimes used the term ‘Premier’ although after 1897 the correct term was ‘Prime Minister’.

63. LT, 22 Dec. 1899; SDN, 22 Dec. 1899; AS, 22 Dec. 1899.

64. ST, 29 Dec. 1899.

Chapter 8

1. The first announcement of his plans came in the Herald, 6 March 1900.

2. ST, 11 July 1904.

3. NZPD, v.134, 1905, p.156.

4. See Vincent Ward Papers, File 3.

5. Details were kindly given to the author by Mrs V. E. P. Auckram in a letter dated 6 Aug. 1982.

6. See The Housekeeper, June 1906, p.17.

7. The reporter is quoted by Antony Alpers, Katherine Mansfield, New York, 1980, p.63.

8. WFCB, v.2, p.70.

9. Vincent Ward Papers, File 3.

10. When in Auckland Ward would dine with Bishop Lenihan, and in later years, Bishop Cleary. See Lenihan 5/1, 1900 Diary, 9–16 Dec., Auckland Catholic Diocesan Archives (ACDA).

11. Beryl Smedley, Homewood and its Families, Wellington, 1980, p.97.

12. ST, 22 Nov. 1900; WFCB, v.2, pp.25–26.

13. Conversation with the late Jim Ward, Cyril’s second son, Christchurch, Jan. 1983.

14. ST, 29 Dec. 1899.

15. ST, 21 Jan., 1 Feb., 5 Feb. 1900; ODT, 3 Feb. 1900.

16. Letter to author dated 1 Aug. 1991 from Dr A. C. Wilson, historian for the New Zealand Post Office/Telecom. He is completing a history of telecommunications in New Zealand between 1860 and 1987.

17. Howard Robinson, p.179; NZOYB, 1913, p.477.

18. Ward’s hopes for penny postage were fully explained in the Herald, 1 May 1899. See also J. G. Ward, ‘Why New Zealand Adopted Penny Postage’, Review of Reviews, 20 Feb. 1901, pp.138b-h.

19. See SDN, 31 Dec. 1900; WFCB, v.2, p.42.

20. See Annual Report, Post and Telegraph Department, AJHR, 1904, F.1, p.ii.

21. Howard Robinson, pp.171–2.

22. LT, 5 April 1905.

23. Howard Robinson, pp.182–3.

24. Annual Report, Post and Telegraph Department, AJHR, 1904, F.1, p.ix.

25. ST, 9 Aug. 1905.

26. There are many ‘Ward’ post offices around New Zealand. The Ponsonby Post Office at Three Lamps, opened in 1911, is a fine example, as was the recently destroyed building at Bulls.

27. SDN, 25 Dec. 1901. J. G. Ward, ‘Government Ownership of Railways’, Red Funnel, v.11, no. 4, 1 May 1906, p.294.

28. NZPD, v.144, 1900, p.130.

29. Press, 10 Feb. 1900.

30. See Memo C. Hudson to T. Ronayne, R.3, 1900/73, Railways Department Records, National Archives. Ward explained his philosophy on railways to a London audience in 1907. See LT, 3 July 1907.

31. See R. S. Fletcher, Single Track: The Construction of the North Island Main Trunk Railway, Auckland, 1978, and Bill Pierre, North Island Main Trunk: An Illustrated History, Wellington, 1981. Details on progress each year are to be found in the annual Public Works Statements, AJHR, D.1.

32. LT, 6 April 1905. See pamphlet, North Island Main Trunk Railway, published by N.I. Main Trunk Railway League, 1906, p.31.

33. E. J. McCoy & J. G. Blackman, Victorian City of New Zealand, Dunedin, 1968, pp.30–32.

34. Otago Witness, 15 June 1904. The building was expected to cost £43,000 with the land adding another £47,000. Seddon opened the building not long before his death in June 1906.

35. NZPD, v.120, 1902, p.97.

36. Bert Roth, Along the Line: 100 Years of Post Office Unionism, Wellington, 1990, pp.17–54. Editorial, New Zealand Railways Magazine, v.5, 1 July 1930, p.7.

37. Ian S. Ewing, ‘Public Service Reform in New Zealand, 1866–1912’, MA Thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1979, p.15. A full recent study of the State Services Commission is Alan Henderson, The Quest for Efficiency, Wellington, 1990.

38. George Fowlds’s papers at the University of Auckland contain many one-or two-sentence letters or telegrams to Ward on behalf of constituents seeking employment.

39. W. A. Chapple to G. Fowlds, 1 May 1905, Fowlds Papers (FP) University of Auckland.

40. ST, 25 July 1904. For a more extensive coverage of the charges, see New Zealand Tablet, 28 July 1904, p.3.

41. F. Waldegrave to Reeves, 25 March 1901, LFMM.

42. ST, 20 April 1904.

43. Herald, 8 Jan. 1901. The development of spas in New Zealand is described by Ian Rockel, Taking the Waters, Wellington, 1986.

44. SDN, 4 Nov. 1902.

45. Herald, 27 Aug. 1904; Rockel, Chapt. 10.

46. F. S. Maclean, Challenge for Health; A History of Public Health in New Zealand, Wellington, 1964, pp.12–13.

47. Herald, 16, 17 April 1900.

48. Annual Report, Department of Health, AJHR, 1902, H.31, pp.32–33.

49. Herald, 9, 20 March 1900.

50. ST, 29 June 1900.

51. Herald, 30 June 1900.

52. NZPD, v.111, 1900, p.94ff.

53. SDN, 10, 12 Aug. 1900.

54. Herald, 2 May 1901.

55. SDN, 13 Aug. 1901.

56. See Linda Bryder (ed.), A Healthy Country: Essays on the Social History of Medicine in New Zealand, Wellington, 1991.

57. R. A. Loughnan, Royalty in New Zealand, Wellington, 1902, pp.3–4; Judith Bassett, ‘A Thousand Miles of Loyalty: The Royal Tour of 1901’, NZJH, v.21, no.2, April 1987, pp.125–38.

58. Railways Files, R.3, 1901/400, National Archives.

59. Herald, 8 June 1901. For a description of the tour, see Judith Bassett, pp.125–38.

60. Weekly Press, 26 June 1901.

61. Herald, 14 June 1901.

62. The clip is in the possession of the New Zealand Film Archives.

63. Vincent Ward Papers, File 3.

64. An account of the investiture is contained in Loughnan, Royalty, p.161. McKenzie’s knighthood was conferred on him by the Duke at his home near Palmerston.

65. Herald, editorial, 29 June 1901; Herald, 22 June 1901.

66. Ballance to Westby Perceval, Jan. 1892, Ballance Papers, MS 25/448; McKenzie to Seddon, 4 May 1900, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 27. Honours are also discussed in W. P. Reeves to Seddon, 16 May 1896, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 1.

67. Herald, 21 June 1901; ST, 20 June 1901.

68. New Zealand Mail, 22 June 1901, p.8.

69. ST, 20 June 1901.

70. M. Cohen to Reeves, 30 Aug. 1900, LFMM; undecipherable name to Reeves, 12 Aug. 1901, LFMM, v.3, pp.221–2.

71. McKenzie to Seddon, 4 May 1900, LFMM.

72. Lord Ranfurly to Seddon, 9 March 1901, Seddon Papers, 2/33, National Archives. The English MP was probably Henneker Heaton with whom Ward had been in intermittent correspondence on the subject of penny postage.

73. Sinclair, Reeves, p.288; Seddon telegram to Reeves, no date, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 2; Seddon telegram to McKenzie, 6 May, 16 May 1901, Seddon Family Papers. Folder 27.

74. WFCB, v.2, pp.38–39.

Chapter 9

1. See M. J. Cullen, Lawfully Occupied: The Centennial History of the Otago District Law Society, Dunedin, 1979, p.65. See also photo, Sydney Mail, 11 March 1903.

2. Herald, 27 Oct. 1902.

3. David Low, Low’s Autobiography, London, 1956, p.39.

4. See Loughnan, Royalty, p.211.

5. Ward seems occasionally to have called her Dorothy rather than Dorothea, although the family always knew her as Theresa.

6. WFCB, v.2, p.40.

7. SDN, 1 Jan. 1902.

8. Cohen to Tregear, 18 Dec. 1899, LFMM.

9. Waldegrave to Reeves, 10 May 1900, LFMM.

10. WFCB, v.2, p.17.

11. Quoted by ST, in WFCB, v.2, p.17.

12. Seddon to Ward, 11 July 1902, PM 9/26.

13. Ward to Seddon, 15 May 1902; Seddon to Ward, 15 May, 20 June 1902; Ward to Seddon, 19 July 1902, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 18, National Archives. SDN, 18 Nov. 1902.

14. Waldegrave to Reeves, 16 Oct. 1901, LFMM.

15. New Zealand Free Lance (NZFL), 13 Sept. 1902, 11 Oct. 1902.

16. Weekly Press (WP) 30 July 1902, p.50. A photograph of the new tearoom is in WFCB, v.2, p.50.

17. WP, 2 July 1902.

18. Herald, 1 July 1902.

19. Herald, 29 Oct. 1902.

20. Waldegrave to Reeves, 6 Dec. 1902, LFMM.

21. See the Herald’s summation of the session, 6 Oct. 1902.

22. See for instance SDN, 6 Jan. 1902.

23. WP, 16 July 1902, p.20.

24. Herald, 26 Aug. 1902. The population of Auckland grew between 1896 and 1916 by 132 per cent (from 57,616 to 133,712); Wellington by 128 per cent (from 41,758 to 95,235); Christchurch by 81 per cent (from 51,330 to 92,733); and Dunedin by 45 per cent (from 47,280 to 68,716). See NZOYB, 1896 and 1917.

25. SDN, 18 Nov. 1902.

26. NZFL, 5 July, 12 July, 29 Nov. 1902.

27. ST, 29 Nov. 1902.

28. ST, 26, 28 Nov. 1902.

29. Ward gave an account of his trip in the ST, 1 April 1903.

30. ST, 12 March 1903.

31. Ibid.

32. Cohen to Reeves, 18 April 1903, LFMM.

33. Ibid; Hamer, Chapt. 7.

34. WP, 9 July 1902; ST, 4 Feb. 1903.

35. NZPD, v.123, 1903, p.307.

36. ST, 26 Sept. 1903.

37. Lord Ranfurly to Seddon, 26 June 1904, Seddon Family Papers, Folder 7, Turnbull Library.

38. Hamer, p.241; Cohen to Reeves, 16 May, 16 July 1904, LFMM.

39. See McNab to Fowlds, 14 March 1904; 22 Nov. 1904, FP; See also P. S. O’Connor, ‘King Dick,’ New Zealand’s Heritage, v.5, p.1742.

40. Chapple to Fowlds, 1 May 1905, FP. The NZFL, 15 Nov. 1902, called Chapple an ‘Adonis’.

41. Hamer, pp.240–3. P. J. O’Regan to Reeves, 23 Oct. 1904; Waldegrave to Reeves, 10 Aug. 1904, LFMM.

42. Waldegrave to Reeves, 31 Oct. 1904, LFMM.

43. See ST, 8 Dec. 1904; 10, 24, 28 April 1905.

44. McNab to Fowlds, 4 March 1904; Chapple to Fowlds, 1 May 1905, FP.

45. Chapple to Fowlds, 21 May 1905, FP. The 1905 winter of discontent within the Liberal Party is discussed by G. F. Whitcher, ‘The New Liberals,’ MA thesis, Univ. of Canterbury, 1966.

46. G. R. Hawke, ‘W. Pember Reeves: Some New Evidence,’ NZJH, v.7, no.1 (April 1973), pp.60–69. See Coates to Reeves, 19 April, 28 April, 10 May, 21 June 1905; also Ross Gore, ‘A History of the National Bank of New Zealand’, unpublished MS, National Bank Archives, Wellington.

47. Cohen to Reeves, 16 June 1905, LFMM.

48. WP, 7 Sept. 1904.

49. NZPD, v.134, 1905, p.429fF.

50. NZPD, v.132, 1905, p.564ff.

51. The case for Bible-reading in schools is set out in The Outlook, 26 Nov. 1904, pp.23–24.

52. Richard P. Davis, Irish Issues in New Zealand Politics, 1868–1922, Dunedin, 1974, p.75; pp.182–3; H. S. Moores, ‘The Rise of the Protestant Political Association’, MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1966, Chapt. 1.

53. See Cleary Papers, Box 91–1, No. 7, Part 7, 1902–13, ACDA. Ward’s speech on the Bill is to be found in NZPD, v.132, 1905, p.714.

54. Cohen to Reeves, 16 June 1905, LFMM; ‘Seddon has lost a lot of weight—doubt he’s more than 16 or 17 stone today’. There is much detail about Seddon’s fitness in the diary of T. E. Y. Seddon, who tells of almost daily massages and gives details of the Prime Minister’s low pulse rate during 1904–5. Seddon Family Papers, Folder 130.

55. ST, 15 Nov. 1905. Further thoughts on superannuation were given in a speech in Masterton on 25 April 1906.

56. ST, 15 Nov., 21 Nov. A partial itinerary of Seddon’s last campaign is in James Drummond, The Life and Work of Richard John Seddon, Christchurch, 1906, pp.354–5.

57. NZFL, 3 Nov. 1905.

58. A report of his trip is in ST, 20 June 1905. See also interview with Melbourne Examiner, WFCB, v.2, p.45.

59. Eventually the issue was settled with an apology from the Post which also paid Ward’s costs, ST, 7 March 1906. No doubt Ward’s decision to seek a court order to permit destruction of records of his financial collapse stemmed from his concern over Braund.

60. Coates to Reeves, 5 Nov. 1905, National Bank Records. A copy of the manuscript plus Braund’s letter to Ward are to be found in the General Assembly Library.

61. ST, 24 Oct. 1905; ODT, quoted by the New Zealand Tablet, 26 Oct. 1905. See also NZFL, 28 Oct. 1905, p.6.

62. ST, 4 Dec. 1905. There is no indication about the material Ward had used to arrive at this conclusion.

63. SDN, 28 Nov. 1905. The Times also praised him, ST, 16 Nov. 1905.

64. SDN, 7 Dec. 1905.

65. Plunket to Colonial Office, 19 Jan. 1906, CO 209/268, National Archives.

66. Catholic Press, 11 May 1905, WFCB, v.2, p.51.

67. The full text of Ward’s speech is to be found in the Vincent Ward Papers. See also ST, 8 June 1906.

68. ST, 2 June 1906.

69. Details of the trip are mostly from Vincent Ward’s Papers.

Chapter 10

1. Plunket to Colonial Office, 9 July 1906, CO 209/268, National Archives.

2. An account of Seddon’s last hours is in the Herald, 12 June 1906.

3. Plunket to Colonial Office, 23 June, 9 July 1906, CO 209/268.

4. SDN, 13 June 1906.

5. Herald, 12 June 1906.

6. LT, 2 Aug. 1906; ST, 21 June 1906.

7. Details of Ward’s activities in London are given in ST, 16 July 1906.

8. LT, 31 July 1906.

9. Ward’s comments reprinted from the New York Herald, by the LT, 3 Aug. 1906. For a discussion of the growing links between American and New Zealand reformers, see Peter J. Coleman, progressivism and the World of Reform: New Zealand and the Origins of the American Welfare State, Kansas, 1987.

10. Vincent Ward Papers, Folder 3, p.5.

11. LT, 31 July 1906.

12. See Herald, 13 June 1906.

13. Quoted by Herald and SDN, 14 June 1906.

14. Quoted by Herald, 14 June 1906.

15. Quoted by Herald, 15 June 1906.

16. SDN, 19 June 1906.

17. A. C. Martin to McNab, 28 June 1906, McNab Papers, MS 47, Turnbull Library.

18. Findlay to McNab, 30 June 1906, McNab Papers.

19. F. G. Hall-Jones, Sir William Hall-Jones, Dunedin, 1969, p.80; Tregear to Reeves, 18 July 1906, LFMM.

20. Cohen to Reeves, 16 June 1906, LFMM. See also Herald, 16 June 1906; SDN, 19 June 1906.

21. P. J. O’Regan to Ward, 17 July 1906, FP.

22. Plunket to Colonial Office, 9 July 1906, CO 209/268.

23. Herald, and LT, 31 July 1907; WP, 8 Aug. 1906, p.38.

24. Vincent Ward Papers, Folder 3, p.5.

25. Editor to McNab, 31 July 1906, McNab Papers; LT, 31 July 1906; WP, 8 Aug. 1906.

26. Ward to McNab, 3 Aug. 1906, McNab Papers. See Cohen to Reeves, 7 Sept. 1906, LFMM.

27. Herald, and LT, 7 Aug. 1906.

28. Herald, 7 Aug.; LT, 8 Aug. 1906.

29. LT, 8 Aug. 1906. A good summary of contemporary attitudes to the land is to be found in R. K. Newman, ‘Liberal Policy and the Left Wing’, MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1965, p.125ff.

30. LT, 24 Aug. 1906; see also McNab’s speech, NZPD, 1906, v.137, pp.337–8.

31. NZPD, 1906, v.137, pp.184–6.

32. ST, and SDN, 29 Aug. 1906. Cohen told Reeves the new Bill ‘has fairly paralysed the country by the breadth of its scope’. Cohen to Reeves, 7 Sept. 1906, LFMM.

33. NZPD, 1906, v.137, p.332.

34. Herald, 30 Aug. 1906.

35. The group identified consisted of A. W. Rutherford (Hurunui); W. T. Jennings (Egmont); J. Graham (Nelson); R. McKenzie (Motueka) and C. E. Major (Hawera).

36. Coates to Reeves, 8 Sept. 1906, National Bank Letter Book, National Bank Archives.

37. See Plunket to Colonial Office, 28 Nov. 1906, CO 209/269.

38. Cohen to Reeves, 7 Sept. 1906, LFMM.

39. Coates to Reeves, 15 Oct. 1906, NBLB.

40. WP, 10 Oct. 1906.

41. NZPD, 1906, v.137, pp.31–32.

42. For comments on Findlay see Robin Cooke (ed.), Portrait of a Profession, Wellington, 1969, pp.75, 403.

43. EP, 23 May 1902.

44. Lord Plunket told the Colonial Office (28 Nov. 1906, CO 209/269) that Ward ‘has always been Imperialistic, thoroughly loyal’.

45. ST, 6 and 7 Feb. 1907.

46. See P. S. O’Connor, ‘Keeping New Zealand White, 1908–20’, NZJH, v.2, no.1, April 1968, pp.41–65. See also NZPD, 1906, v.138, p.693.

47. ST, 13 May 1907.

48. LT, 13 Feb. 1907.

49. LT, 27 June 1907. There is a good description of the Hotel Cecil by Brian Chappell in ‘A Large and Stately House’, Journal of the London Society, no.416, 1988, pp.5–7, Guildhall Library.

50. Minutes of the Conference were published in AJHR, 1907, A5A.

51. LT, 8 May 1907.

52. A good summary of conference deliberations is to be found in Maurice Ollivier (ed.), The Colonial and Imperial Conferences from 1887 to 1937, Ottawa, 1954, v.1.

53. J. E. Kendle, The Colonial and Imperial Conferences, 1887–1911, London, 1967, p.86.

54. ‘Minutes of Proceedings of the Colonial Conference, 1907’, AJHR, 1907, A.5, pp.229–65; p.269. See also Kendle, pp.92–95.

55. Deakin’s role at the conference is described by J. A. La Nauze, Alfred Deakin, v.2, Melbourne, 1966, chap, 22.

56. Minutes, Colonial Conference, pp.538–9.

57. Minutes, pp.276–7.

58. I. C. McGibbon, Blue Water Rationale: The Naval Defence of New Zealand, 1914–42, Wellington, 1981, p.10; Minutes, Colonial Conference, pp.476–8.

59. LT, 21 June 1907; see also G. Souter, Lion and Kangaroo: The Initiation of Australia, 1901–1919, Sydney, 1976, p.131.

60. An account is given in the New Zealand Graphic, 29 June 1907.

61. Kendle, p.228.

62. ST, 15 April 1907.

63. La Nauze, Alfred Deakin, v.1, p.8.

64. Quoted by J. A. La Nauze, Alfred Deakin: Two Lectures, Brisbane, 1960, p.7.

65. Diary of Alfred Emmott, Nuffield College, Oxford, Black Volume 4, May 1907, p.28.

66. See LT, and ST, 29 April 1907; ST, 10 May 1907. There is an interesting Australian comparison between Deakin and Ward in the Australian Punch, 14 Feb. 1907. The prediction was that in oratory Ward would be ‘completely overshadowed’ at the conference, but that he possessed more initiative in business matters and ‘knows his way about’.

67. LT, 14 May 1907.

68. An account of the launching is in the New Zealand Graphic, 29 June 1907. Gavin McLean, The Southern Octopus, Wellington, 1990, discusses the ship and Ward’s friendship with its owner, Sir James Mills, pp.144–70.

69. ST, 20 May 1907.

Chapter 11

1. Fowlds to Ward, 6 May 1907, FP 1/12, pp.141, 149. Univ. of Auckland.

2. See Grant Watson, ‘“Something More Than a Civil Offence”; Illegal Strikes in New Zealand, 1906–8’, MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1981, chapt. 2. Also James Holt, Compulsory Arbitration in New Zealand: The First Forty Years, Auckland, 1986, p.71.

3. Holt, chapt. 3; LT, 3, 4, 5 and 9 April 1907.

4. Watson, pp.102–7.

5. ST, 27 June 1906.

6. New Zealand Graphic, 6 July 1907.

7. Evening Post, quoted in ST, 27 June 1907; LT, 27 June 1907.

8. Plunket to Colonial Office, 26 July 1907, CO 418/53.

9. The three were C. M. Gray (Christchurch), J. C. Thomson (Wallace), and C. H. Poole (Auckland West).

10. ST, 4 July 1907.

11. Fowlds to Ward, 6 May 1907, FP 1/12, p.149.

12. LT, 17 July 1907.

13. ST, 20 July 1907.

14. Herald, 22 July 1907.

15. NZPD, 1907, v.139, p.390ff.

16. ‘Pamela’, WP, 18 Sept. 1907.

17. Herald, 5 Sept. 1907.

18. See ST, 19 Sept. 1907; LT, 7 Sept. 1907.

19. ES, 6 Sept. 1907.

20. Press, 6 Sept. 1907; Herald, 7 Sept. 1907.

21. NZPD, 1907, v.141, p.368ff.

22. LT, 12 Oct. 1907.

23. LT, 14 Oct. 1907.

24. Plunket to Colonial Office, 26 Oct. 1907, CO 418/53.

25. WP, 9 Oct. 1907.

26. Plunket to Colonial Office, 26 Oct. 1907, CO 418/53.

27. Press, 3, 5 Sept. 1907; Herald, 3 Oct. 1907.

28. Holt, pp.80–81.

29. Plunket to Colonial Office, 26 Oct. 1907, CO 418/53.

30. LT, 25 Sept. 1907.

31. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 7 Nov. 1907, FP.

32. The same ‘temporary’ accommodation remained in use until pulled down to make way for the Beehive in 1969.

33. Matthewman’s design is the frontispiece to the New Zealand Parliamentary Record, Wellington, 1913.

34. Vincent Ward Papers, Folder 3, p.46.

35. See Fowlds to Ward, 22 Feb. 1908, FP 1/23/117.

36. ST, 8 Feb. 1908.

37. The Herald covered the trip in detail. See Herald, 2, 3, 5, 6 March 1908.

38. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 22 April 1908, FP 1/24, p.234.

39. Herald, 2 March 1908.

40. Herald, 19, 20 March 1908.

41. A brief summary of changes in government policy and Maori responses to it, is to be found in ‘Native Lands and Native Land Tenure’, AJHR, 1907, G/c.

42. Judith Binney, Gillian Chaplin, Craig Wallace, Mihaia, Wellington, 1979, pp.35–36.

43. ST, 25 March 1908.

44. Binney et al; pp.36–38.

45. Herald, 24 March 1908.

46. Ibid.

47. Plunket to Colonial Office, 26 May 1908, CO 418/62.

48. NZPD, 1908, v.143, p.184.

49. Ibid; pp.171–85. The push for a comprehensive government superannuation scheme is described by Bert Roth, Remedy for Present Evils: A History of the New Zealand Public Service Association, Wellington, 1987, pp.17–23.

50. For a description of the background see Holt, pp.81–88. Also P. J. O’Farrell, ‘The 1908 Blackball Strike’, Political Science, v.11, March 1959, pp.53–64; H. Roth, Trade Unions in New Zealand, Wellington, 1973, chapt. 2.

51. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 22 May 1908, FP 1/26/47.

52. Holt, p.84.

53. Holt, pp.84–87.

54. NZPD, 1908, v.145, p.202.

55. ST, 10 Sept. 1908. The brief experiment with the second ballot is described by David Hamer, ‘The Second Ballot: A New Zealand Electoral Experiment’, NZJH, v.21, April 1987, pp.97–111.

56. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 20 Aug. 1908, FP 1/29/182. Electricity which, at the time, was wired to only 90 consumers in Auckland, was used to light many of the arches. See James R. Reckner, ‘Stars and Stripes if You Please: New Zealand and the Great White Fleet,’ MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1983, p.69.

57. Early in 1908, Ward indicated that New Zealand would increase its subsidy to the Royal Navy from £40,000 to £100,000.

58. There is a full account of the visit, speeches and photographs in the Weekly Graphic, v.xli no. 7, 12 Aug. 1908.

59. ST, 26 Sept. 1908.

60. Plunket to Colonial Office, 26 May 1908. CO 418/62.

61. LT, 13 Oct. 1908; ST, 16 Oct. 1908.

62. Downie Stewart to Reeves, 15 March 1908, LFMM; Downie Stewart to Stout, 15 Nov. 1908, Stout MS, Folder 27.

63. ST, 28 Oct. 1908.

64. LT, 31 Oct. 1908.

65. ST, 14 Nov. 1908.

66. The election is analysed by Newman, chapt. 1.

67. SDN, 25 Nov. 1908.

Chapter 12

1. The average length of time in Parliament for the 132 Members of Parliament who voted with the Liberals in 1890–1912 was 12.4 years. Only Sir Apirana Ngata, MP for Eastern Maori 1905–43 among those Liberals was to exceed Ward’s 37 years of service, and for the later part of Ngata’s career he, in any case, voted with the National Party.

2. ST, 28 Sept. 1908.

3. LT, 11 Dec. 1908; ST, 4 Jan. 1909.

4. Cyril Ward, later Sir Cyril, died in 1940. Eileen Ward (1886–1952) attended Teschemakers College, secured her LTCL in music and lived with her parents at Awarua House until marrying Bernard Bedingfield Wood in 1913. It was not a particularly happy marriage. They had four children. Vincent Aubrey Ward (1888–1946) also attended St Patrick’s before joining the National Bank. He lived in Britain, Canada and the United States until 1920, working for shipping companies. Back in New Zealand he was employed first by J. G. Ward and Co., before becoming private secretary to his father in 1922. In 1930–31 he served briefly as MP for Invercargill and was a Member of the Legislative Council from 1934 until his death. His marriage to Mary Sybil Petre in 1926 produced several children, none of whom lived more than two days. Gladstone William Ward (1891–1965) was educated at St Patrick’s and at St Ignatius College, New South Wales. He served in the First World War, travelled widely and married a Greek (Sophia Polomedis) in Jerusalem in 1920 before settling in Christchurch. There were two daughters. Gladstone was active politically, and was National candidate for Christchurch South in 1938. Awarua Patrick Joseph George Ward, known as Pat (1901–1961), went to school in Wellington until he was taken to England in 1913, where he was enrolled at Downside. He returned to New Zealand to work for the National Bank at the end of the war. He was restless and loved touring. In 1930 he married Marjorie MacCormack of Detroit. There was one daughter from a marriage that lasted nine years. He returned again to New Zealand where he settled in Ponsonby with a young hairdresser, Harold Nicholson.

5. Interview with Jim Ward, Christchurch, 18 March 1983.

6. G. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 1 Dec. 1908, FP 1/33/186.

7. The Citizen, 15 Jan. 1909, p.7.

8. Ibid.

9. Fowlds to W. Hall-Jones, 11 Feb. 1909, FP 1/37.

10. AS, 7 Jan. 1909; EP, 7 Jan. 1909; AS, 8 Jan. 1909.

11. See comments of A. R. Guinness MP quoted by Hamer, p.315; also J. H. Sexton to G. Fowlds, 8 Jan. 1909, FP.

12. ST, 9 Jan. 1909. For other comments see Herald, Dominion, LT, 7 Jan. 1909.

13. A. W. Hogg Papers, MS Papers 1618, Folder 1, Turnbull Library.

14. Fowlds to Ward, May 1910, FP. The letter appears not to have been sent.

15. Herald, 20 Jan., 29 Jan., 5 Feb. 1909. The Rangitikei by-election on 23 Sept. 1909 saw the seat held by the Government on the second ballot, albeit by a vigorous freeholder.

16. Herald, 3 Feb. 1909.

17. Herald, 14–15 Jan. 1909.

18. Plunket to Colonial Office, 1 May 1909, CO 209/270.

19. Plunket to Colonial Office, 8 Dec. 1909, CO 209/270.

20. Plunket to Colonial Office, 18 May 1910, CO 209/270.

21. Herald, 19 Jan., 1 and 5 Feb. 1909.

22. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 24 Feb. 1909, FP 1/38; Fowlds to Hall-Jones, 11 Feb. 1909, FP 1/37. See also ST, 3 March 1909.

23. Hogg’s Scrapbook, A. W. Hogg Papers, MS 1618, Folder 1, Turnbull Library.

24. ST, 1 March 1909. See also Herald, 11, 14 Jan. 1909; Weekly Graphic, 6 Jan. 1909; LT, 11 Jan. 1909.

25. Erik Olssen, The Red Feds, Auckland, 1988, p.27; ST, 8 Nov. 1909.

26. I am indebted to Susan Glazebrook for this story, which she discovered in the course of her MA research.

27. ST, 23 March 1909.

28. Plunket to Colonial Office, 17 March 1908, G. 25/23; see also I. C. McGibbon, Blue Water Rationale, Wellington, 1981, pp.5–10. Ward’s views on naval defence are also discussed by I. R. Hancock, ‘The 1911 Imperial Conference’, Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand, v.12, no.47, Oct. 1966, pp.357–8.

29. The text of the memo is to be found in NZPD, v.146, 1909, Appendix, p.4.

30. Hogg’s Scrapbook, loc. cit.; see also Plunket to Colonial Office, 1 May 1909, CO 209/270, and G. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 27 March 1909, FP 1/39. There is no doubt that by early 1909 a naval race between Germany and Great Britain was well under way, the suspicion being that the Germans were building more dreadnoughts than Britain. In mid March the Bosnian crisis ‘first showed to Europe the shadow of a general war’. A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918, London, 1954, p.457. See also M. R. D. Foot, British Foreign Policy since 1898, London, 1956, p.43.

31. ST, 26 March 1909.

32. Quoted in ST, 26 March 1909.

33. Ward to Bishop Grimes, 23 March 1909, Christchurch Diocesan Archives. Ward spoke of ‘universal approval’.

34. ST, 23 March 1909.

35. ST, 6 April 1909; see also Plunket to Colonial Office, 1 May 1909, CO 209/270.

36. Perhaps the fullest explanation was made by Ward in a speech in Invercargill early in May. See ST, 3 May 1909.

37. Plunket to Colonial Office, 14 June 1909, CO 209/270.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. ST, 8 June 1909.

41. NZPD, v.146, 1909, pp.100–104. A humorous account of the speech is to be found in the ST, 14 June 1909.

42. Hogg’s brief ministerial career is discussed by Newman, pp.89–113. See also LT, and Press, 14–15 June 1909.

43. ST, 19 June 1909.

44. Ward’s hopes for the conference are outlined in Plunket to the Colonial Office, 14 June 1909, CO 209/270.

45. Ward’s comments from Ottawa, ST, 3 Sept. 1909. See also R. McKenna to Ward, 18 Aug. 1909, quoted in Maurice Ollivier (ed.), The Colonial and Imperial Conferences from 1887–1937, Ottawa, 1954, p.44.

46. See AS, 18 June 1957.

47. See correspondence between Ward and Sidney Buxton, CO 209/270.

48. ST, 7 Oct. 1909.

49. Newman, p.171.

50. Newman, p.174.

51. ST, 17 Dec. 1909.

52. Plunket to Colonial Office, 8 Dec. 1909, CO 209/270. See also G. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 9 Dec. 1909, FP 1/48.

53. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 10 Feb. 1910, FP 1/50.

54. The Citizen, 29 Jan. 1909, p.31.

55. The Citizen, 19 Nov. 1909, p.551.

56. Hogg Scrapbook, loc.cit., p.32.

57. LT, 18 Dec. 1906.

58. Fowlds to P. J. O’Regan, 15 Nov. 1909, FP.

59. ST, 18 Feb. 1910. The trip is described in Philip Magnus, Kitchener, London, 1968, pp.293–4

60. ST, 10–11 March 1910 and 6 May 1910. A large scrapbook of press reports on Kitchener’s visit, plus some accompanying correspondence, is to be found in Kitchener’s papers at the Public Record Office, Kew.

61. ST, 4 April 1910.

62. Plunket to Colonial Office, 18 May 1910, CO 209/271.

63. Ward’s idea of a sinking fund is fully outlined in a memo, 19 Sept. 1910, CO 209/271.

64. ST, 5 and 7 May 1910. The Fund was slow to catch public enthusiasm, but by the early 1930s more than 80,000 people had entered it. NZOYB, 1933, p.472.

65. Fowlds to Ward, May 1910, FP.

66. Fowlds to W. A. Chapple, 16 May 1910, FP 1/53.

67. W. F. Massey to F. M. B. Fisher, 28 May and 5 June 1910, Fisher Family Papers, 103, Box 5, Turnbull Library.

68. ST, 20 July 1910.

69. Newman, p.199. Newman points out that the Bill as introduced contained innumerable drafting errors; even its title was incorrect.

70. Newman, p.200. Details of the Bill are contained in the ST, 8 Sept. 1910.

71. Herald, 8 Sept. 1910.

72. ST, 11 March 1910.

73. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 11 Nov. 1909, FP.

74. ST, 13 June 1910.

75. Between 1905 and 1913 only 264 dwellings were erected under the legislation. NZOYB, 1913, p.702.

76. See ‘The Knyvett Case 1910’, AJHR, H. 19B; Hamer, p.323. Also NZPD, v.149, 14 July 1910, pp.507–68.

77. ST, 19 and 22 July 1910; 3 Nov. 1910; 1 Dec. 1910.

78. J. Cocker & J. Malton Murray, Temperance and Prohibition in New Zealand, Wellington, 1930, pp.104–6. Details of the Bill are in ST, 8 Oct. 1910.

79. Liberal Party Pamphlet, Dastardly Attack on Sir Joseph Ward, Wellington, 1910. I am indebted to Bert Roth for details about W. P. Black, including a letter sent to Roth by a colleague of Way’s and Black’s called T. Walsh, 20 March 1958. This letter suggests that the pamphlets were run off on a press at 13 Gore Street, and that only about 1000 were produced.

80. [Attributed to W. P. Black], Sir Joseph Ward: How He Became Premier of New Zealand, Auckland, 1910.

81. I am indebted to Dr Gavin McLean for his manuscript, later published as The Southern Octopus, Wellington, 1990, footnote, Chapt. 13/10, p.224, for this information.

82. Maoriland Worker, 22 March 1912, ‘Heard & Said’ column refers to talk of a wealthy Reformer being prosecuted over the pamphlet.

83. Dastardly Attack, p.9.

84. See third edition. The speech also appears in ST, 1 Dec. 1910 and in NZPD, vol.153, 1910, pp.1189–94.

85. A. R. Barclay, The Premier and his Troubles, Dunedin, 1910.

86. See, for instance ST, 25 Aug. 1910; 4 Oct. 1910.

87. Lord Islington to Colonial Office, 21 Sept. 1910, CO 209/271.

88. Fowlds to T. W. Orr, 27 Jan. 1911, FP 1/58.

89. Some details of their trip to Rotorua are to be found in P. W. Robinson, ‘A Young Tourist in Rotorua in 1910’, Historical Review, Bay of Plenty Journal of History, v.32, Nov. 1984. Ward, Theresa, Eileen and Pat seem to have been indefatigable tourists.

Chapter 13

1. ST, 16 Jan. 1911.

2. The country’s total population passed the one-million mark in 1910.

3. Curtis spent two months in New Zealand in the winter of 1910.

4. See Kendle, Chapt. 7; Keith Sinclair, Imperial Federation, London, 1955, pp.40–42.

5. ST, 23 Jan. 1911.

6. ST, 22 Feb. 1911.

7. J. G. Findlay to Sir Robert Stout, 14 Feb. 1911; Ward to Stout, 23 May 1911, Stout Ms, Papers 40, Folder 28.

8. Ward to Fowlds, 20 Jan. 1911, FP 2/140.

9. Herald, 2 Feb. 1911.

10. See reports of his speeches, ST, 27, 28, 30 Jan. 1911 and 6–21 Feb. 1911; Herald, 30 Jan. 1911, 2 Feb. 1911.

11. Islington to Colonial Office, 31 March 1911, CO 209/273.

12. ST, 7 March 1911.

13. ST, 13 March 1911; Sinclair, Imperial Federation, p.41; Kendle, pp.172–3.

14. Quoted in ST, 15 March 1911.

15. Asquith Papers, Ms Asquith No. 105, Bodleian Library, Oxford.

16. Quoted by the ST, 26 April 1911.

17. There is a humorous description of the engagements, Herald, 5 June 1911.

18. Asquith to King George V, Weekly Report on Cabinet, 31 May 1911, MS Asquith No. 6, Bodleian Library, Oxford.

19. Sir John Findlay, The Imperial Conference of 1911 From Within, London 1912, describes some of the characters in his first chapter.

20. For a description of Fisher see J. A. La Nauze, Alfred Deakin, p.430; Colin Hughes, Mr Prime Minister, Melbourne, 1976, pp.43–46.

21. Laurier’s ministerial career was almost confined to his lengthy prime-ministerial reign, 1896–1911.

22. I. R. Hancock, ‘The 1911 Imperial Conference’, p.359.

23. The fullest account of Ward’s speech is in Maurice Ollivier (ed.), The Colonial and Imperial Conferences from 1887–1937, v.2, pp.54–59. See also Kendle, pp.175–6; ST, 27 May 1911; Herald, 27 May 1911.

24. Ollivier, p.59ff; Laurier’s views of Ward are to be found in O. D. S. Skelton, Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Toronto, 1921, v.2, p.342.

25. W. K. Hancock, Smuts: The Sanguine Years, Cambridge, 1962, p.351.

26. Ollivier, p.59ff; Kendle, pp.177–8; Findlay, p.75.

27. Diary of Lord Emmott, 25 June 1911, red volume, p.10, Nuffield College, Oxford.

28. Sinclair, Imperial Federation, p.41.

29. Hancock, Smuts: The Sanguine Years, p.351. I. R. Hancock also makes caustic comments about Ward, pp.357–9, and Nicholas Mansergh calls Ward’s speech ‘the longest and possibly the most confusing speech ever recorded at such a gathering’. See The Commonwealth Experience, v.1, Toronto, 1969, p.177.

30. ST, 6, 9, 21 June 1911.

31. ST, 16 June 1911.

32. ST, 22 June, 27 July, 13 Nov. 1911.

33. Findlay and Sir James Carroll.

34. See A. J. P. Taylor, Beaverbrook, London, 1972, pp.94–97.

35. Asquith to Ward, 13 June 1911; Ward to Asquith, 14 June 1911, J. G. D. Ward Papers.

36. See Debretts Peerage and Baronetage, London, 1980, B.833.

37. Findlay to Stout, 16 June 1911, Stout Mss Papers 40, Folder 28.

38. ST, 3 Aug. 1911. See also Islington to Colonial Office, 10 July 1911, CO 209/273.

39. Maoriland Worker, 2 June 1911.

40. Maoriland Worker, 15 Sept. 1911, p.9. It was not correct that Ward was the first New Zealand baronet. Sir Charles Clifford, Parliament’s first Speaker, had been created a baronet. As a small coincidence, Ward’s great-granddaughter married Clifford’s great-grandson, Sir Roger Clifford Bt.

41. Maoriland Worker, 22 Sept. 1911, reprinted in Labour History, v.38, Canberra, May 1980, p.57.

42. SDN, 3 July 1911.

43. ST, 21 Aug. 1911.

44. ST, 26, 28 Aug. 1911.

45. ST, 2 Sept. 1911.

46. ST, 18 April 1911.

47. ST, 19 April 1911. Trade unions and their changing attitudes to arbitration are fully discussed in Holt, Chapt. 4.

48. ST, 30 March, 24 May 1911.

49. ST, 31 May, 2 June 1911.

50. Newman, p.336; Hamer, p.333.

51. Fowlds had been at best a restless colleague of Ward’s. His correspondence reveals that he waxed and waned about the Government’s electoral chances and his relationship with the Prime Minister seemed always uncertain. Fowlds’s resignation letter of May 1910 was never sent, but a few months later when the Prime Minister demurred about granting him leave to attend the union celebrations in South Africa, Fowlds revived his threat. It is clear from Fowlds’s correspondence with his friends that he had little confidence in Ward’s ‘weak’ leadership and by the middle of 1911 believed the time propitious to strike out with a new policy. ‘The Party, like the Cabinet is all at sixes and sevens’, Fowlds wrote to Hall-Jones in London: ‘a complete reorganisation and a fresh alignment … will be required before any satisfactory progressive work can be done by the Government.’ See Ward to Fowlds, 23 Aug. 1910, FP 2/31 and Fowlds to Hall-Jones, 20 Oct. 1911, FP 1/67. Fowlds’s conduct in 1908–11 is analysed by Newman, pp.339–63.

52. Islington to Colonial Office, 12 Oct. 1911, CO 209/273. Original consulted in Public Record Office, Kew.

53. ST, 11 Sept. 1911.

54. Budget 1911, AJHR, B-6.

55. Newman, p.364.

56. Quoted ST, 11 Sept. 1911; SDN, 9 Sept. 1911.

57. Dominion, 12 Sept. 1911.

58. ST, 31 Oct. 1911.

59. LT, 1 Dec. 1911.

60. ST, 13 Sept. 1911.

61. SDN, 30 Nov. 1911.

62. Ward to Bishop Grimes, 9 Dec. 1911. On 18 Dec. Ward told Grimes that the ‘bigotry, envy & hatred … manifested towards us … was incredible’, Christchurch Catholic Diocesan Archives (CCDA).The nature of the smear campaign against some of the Liberals is discussed in the New Zealand Tablet, 4 Jan. 1912, pp.29–30 and 29 Feb. 1912, pp.33–34. Of the daily newspapers, the Press seems to have given the most space to the anti-Catholic campaign.

63. Quoted ST, 24 Oct. 1911.

64. Newman, p.368.

65. ST, 8 Nov. 1911.

66. ST, 13 Sept. 1911.

67. ST, 7 Dec. 1911; see also LT, 5 Dec. 1911 which gives a full account of his Oreti meeting.

68. SDN, 18 Nov. 1911.

69. The ES, quoted in the ST, 9 Dec. 1912, called Ward’s result closer than expected. The most reliable list of results is ‘The General Elections of 1911’, AJHR, H–12, 1912.

70. ST, 8 Dec. 1911; LT, 8 Dec. 1911.

71. Herald, 8 Dec. 1911; Dominion, 8 Dec. 1911.

72. LT, 8 Dec. 1911.

73. ST, & LT, 11 Dec. 1911.

74. Hamer, pp.335–40.

75. Islington to Colonial Office, 10 Jan. 1912, CO 209/275.

76. EP, 13 Dec. 1911.

77. Herald, 16 Dec. 1911.

78. LT, 15 Dec. 1911.

79. Islington to Colonial Office, 10 Jan. 1912, CO 209/275.

80. Ward to Islington, 22 Dec. 1911, Gov, G.15/10., National Archives. LT, 23 Dec. 1911.

81. Herald, 1 Jan. 1912. Ward himself gave some details about the caucuses several months later. It is clear that the attitude of many of his ministers rankled. See ST, 30 July 1912.

82. Herald, 2 Jan. 1912.

83. Islington to Colonial Office, 10 Jan. 1912, CO 209/275.

84. Ibid.

85. T. E. Y. Seddon, The Seddons, Auckland 1968, p.204.

86. Some more detail is provided in Michael Bassett, Three Party Politics in New Zealand 1911–31, Auckland, 1982, pp.6–7.

87. Bassett, Three Party Politics, pp.8–11.

88. Islington to Colonial Office, 10 April 1912, CO 209/275. The full text of the speech is in NZPD, v. 157, p.4.

89. Barry Gustafson, Labour’s Path to Political Independence, Auckland, 1980, p.44.

90. Herald, 17 Feb. 1912.

91. Herald, 19 Feb. 1912; ST, 17 Feb. 1912.

92. Seddon, pp.204–9.

93. Leslie Lipson, The Politics of Equality, Chicago, 1948, p.187, gives different figures, presumably drawn from the results of the first ballot.

94. This claim is discussed—and qualified—by James Watson, ‘Were Catholics Over-represented in the Public Service During the Early Twentieth Century?’ Political Science, v.42, no.2 (Dec. 1990), pp.20–34.

95. The speech in full is to be found in NZPD, v.157, Feb. 1912, pp.65–78.

96. Ibid.

97. Gustafson discusses Veitch, p.44.

98. ST, 28 Feb. 1912.

99. ST, Dominion, ODT, 29 Feb. 1912. Massey’s bewilderment at his defeat is described by T. E. Y. Seddon, pp.209–11.

100. Press, 29 Feb. 1912.

101. ST, 2 March 1912.

102. See H. G. Ell Papers, Christchurch Public Library, for details of the gathering.

103. ST, 2 March 1912.

104. ST, 22 March 1912. The LT, suggested on 22 March that people would forgive Ward if he changed his mind and hung on to office.

105. The fullest account of the caucus is in Hamer, pp.348–52. Hamer does not acknowledge Millar’s health as the factor in his decision not to stand, preferring to argue that he was not acceptable to organised labour—an argument that was not strongly advanced at the time, and which overlooks the fact that there were now many fewer urban seats in the Liberal caucus. Mackenzie was certainly no more acceptable to organised labour.

106. NZPD, v.158, p.373.

107. The full text of the statement, which traversed what Ward believed had been his achievements, and pledged assistance to the Liberal Party, is contained in the New Zealand Tablet, 4 April 1912, p.15.

108. The Press spoke of his ‘injured vanity’. See ST, 30 March 1912. None of the libel actions seems ever to have been begun.

Chapter 14

1. H. G. Ell to Ward, 6 April 1912, Ell Papers.

2. ST, 14 May 1912.

3. He was president in 1908–20 and again in 1925–30.

4. Ward purchased the property from Augustus Samuel Biss, paying £650 for it on 31 Jan. 1913. In Nov. 1914 he bought an adjoining section from Biss for a further £550. See Wellington District Land Registry, 215/339 and 215/40. Transfers 88643 and 97138.

5. See Skelton p.384.

6. ST, and LT, 16 April 1912. Ward made a number of further comments in Christchurch. See New Zealand Tablet, 18 April 1912, p.31.

7. The ODT made this suggestion, see LT, 22 Feb. 1912. The LT made the same assertion, 27 March 1912. See also ST, 23 March 1912.

8. LT, 18 April 1912.

9. La Nauze, Chapt. 26.

10. LT, 28 May, 30 May, 7 June 1912.

11. The illuminated address is in the hands of Ward’s grandson (Eileen’s son), Anthony Wood of Silverstream. The banquet, at which the press complained they were inadequately seated, is reported ST, 5 July 1912.

12. W. F. Massey to F. M. B. Fisher, 2 May 1912, Fisher Family Papers.

13. See Ell to R. McCallum MP, 4 April 1912, MS 8/1/11, p.83, Ell Papers.

14. Ell to Mackenzie, 24 April 1912, MS 8/1/78, p.79, Ell Papers. For some of the atmosphere inside Mackenzie’s Government, see also P. J. Stewart, ‘The Hon J. A. Hanan: His Association with the Liberal Party, 1899–1925’, MA thesis, Otago Univ. College, 1955, pp.43–45.

15. Mary Devonport, ‘The Mackenzie Ministry, 1912’, MA thesis, Canterbury Univ. College, 1949, pp.11 Iff.

16. Herald, 3 April 1912.

17. Massey to Fisher, 2 May 1912, op.cit.

18. Reeves to W. Downie Stewart, 3 May 1912, Downie Stewart Papers 192, Hocken Library.

19. Evening Star, 7 June 1912; LT, 11 June 1912.

20. This was a considerable exaggeration. The figures he had quoted in Parliament on 20 Feb. showed a plurality of not much more than half this figure.

21. Ward to Harcourt, 8 June 1912, Lewis Harcourt Papers, 467/271, Bodleian Library, Oxford.

22. The Herald political reporter on 1 July claimed that any meeting of the Liberal caucus, were one to be called, would ‘degenerate into an assemblage of irreconcilables’.

23. Herald, 24 June 1912.

24. Herald, 1 July 1912.

25. Herald, 3 July 1912.

26. NZPD, v.158, July 1912, pp.367–9; ST, 8 July 1912.

27. LT, 8 July 1912.

28. Some more detail about the manoeuvres is given in Bassett, Three Party Politics, pp.12–14.

29. Massey to Fisher, 2 May 1912, op.cit.

30. ST, 7 Aug. 1912.

31. Gustafson, p.62. A rather contrary view of Massey has recently been advanced by Miles Fairburn, ‘The Farmers Take Over, 1912–1930’, in Keith Sinclair (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand, Auckland, 1990, pp.185–210.

32. ES, quoted by LT, 8 June 1912. See also ODT, quoted in the LT, 27 Aug. 1912.

33. ST, 30 July 1912; LT, 30 July 1912.

34. Quoted ST, 31 July 1912.

35. ST, 23, 24 Oct. 1912; 2 Nov. 1912.

36. ST, 25 Nov. 1912.

37. Awarua Patrick Joseph George Ward was the 1938th boy enrolled at the school, which had begun in 1814. He was at school there from 22 Jan. 1913 till July 1920. See Lucius Graham & D. M. H. Dewar, St Gregory’s Downside, Exeter, 1951. For a history of the college see Pax, Downside College: Its Origin and Principal Features, Bath, 1890. Pat Ward gave his first press interview on 17 Jan. 1913, see ST, 10 March 1913.

38. There is a handwritten invitation to Ward from Churchill dated 4 Feb. 1913 in the WFP.

39. ST, 19 March 1913. Ward’s comments are reported fairly fully in New Zealand Tablet, 8 May 1913, p.17.

40. ST, 1 July 1913; 18 Aug. 1913. There is also a full description of the day, plus photographs, in the weekly magazine, Flight, 31 May 1913. I am indebted to Mr Errol W. Martyn of Invercargill for this information.

41. Quoted by ST, 18 April 1913.

42. ST, 5 May 1913. See also editorial, 15 May 1913.

43. ST, 29 July 1913.

44. ST, 25 July 1913.

45. ST, 16 May 1913.

46. ST, 2 Aug. 1913.

47. Dominion, quoted by ST, 11 Sept. 1913.

48. See T. E. Y. Seddon, pp.213–5.

49. See Gustafson, Chapt. 6.

50. See Ward’s statements, LT, 25, 29, 30 Oct. 1913; 3, 5, 6 Nov. 1913; LT, editorial, 12 Nov. 1913. Also NZPD, v.166, Oct. 1913, pp.440–3. ST, 31 Oct. 1913.

51. LT, 27 Nov. 1913.

52. Quoted ST, 6 Jan. 1914.

53. ST, 5 Feb. 1914. See also NZT, 3 Feb. 1914.

54. O’Regan to H. Betts, 25 March 1914, O’Regan Papers, Folder 1900–1918, Turnbull Library.

55. ST, 5 May, 4 June 1914. See also Antony Wood, ‘The Origins of the First National Government’, MA thesis, Univ. of Canterbury, 1963. Chapt. 4 deals with Ward’s policy difficulties.

56. ST, 6 Aug. 1914. Some of the fervour of the occasion is described by T. E. Y. Seddon, pp.220–1.

57. Herald, 21 Aug. 1914. See Ward’s claims, SDN, 25 May 1914.

58. ST, 17 Nov. 1914. See also Antony Wood, Chapt. 3.

59. Gustafson, pp.83–88. See also Antony Wood, pp.100–110.

60. ‘The General Election 1914’, H–24, AJHR, 1915. Ward received more than 62 per cent of the vote in Awarua.

61. More details of post-election manoeuvrings are provided in Bassett, Three Party Politics, pp.15–20, and Antony Wood, Chapt. 4.

62. ODT, 11 and 29 Jan. 1915.

63. ODT, 3 Feb. 1915.

64. Herald, 30 Jan. 1915. See also ODT, 2 Feb. 1915.

65. For a discussion in detail of the formation of the National Government, see Antony Wood, Chapt. 5.

66. Antony Wood, pp.203–4.

67. The Ministry taking office that day was: W. F. Massey, Reform, (P.M., Lands, Labour, Industries and Commerce); J. G. Ward, Liberal (Finance, Postmaster-General, Telegraphs); J. Allen, Reform (Defence); W. H. Herries, Reform (Railways, Native Affairs); A. LHerdman, Reform (Attorney-General); R. McNab, Liberal (Justice, Marine); W. Fraser, Reform (Public Works); G. W. Russell, Liberal (Internal Affairs, Health); A. M. Myers, Liberal (Customs); W. D. S. Macdonald, Liberal (Agriculture, Mines). J. A. Hanan, Liberal (Education) and F. H. Bell, Reform (Immigration) were the Ministers who did not receive ministerial pay. See J. O. Wilson, New Zealand Parliamentary Record, Wellington, 1985, p.76.

68. Ward to W. T. Henderson, 14 May 1915, Ward Family Papers. Henderson’s checking revealed that Henry de Smidt, Theresa’s father, was of French origin and born in Belgium. Theresa’s mother, Louisa Gohl, had been born in Stuttgart. Thus she was of German birth. About this time the Wards took to anglicising her name, referring to her as Mrs de Smith.

69. See Alan Paton, Hofmeyer, Cape Town, 1964, p.194.

70. Mackenzie to Secretary of the Treasury, 5 Aug. 1915, Treasury Records, T 26/1, National Archives.

71. Ward to Mackenzie, 20 June 1916, T 26/1. Allen had doubts about Ward’s policy which he expressed privately to General Birdwood, 5 June 1917, Allen Papers, National Archives.

72. SDN, 22 Sept. 1915.

73. SDN, 11 Sept. 1915.

74. SDN, 6, 7 Oct. 1915.

75. Allen to Massey, 11 and 28 Oct. 1916, Allen Papers, v.9, National Archives.

76. Allen to Mackenzie, 21 Sept. 1915, Allen Papers, Misc. Correspondence, No 1 File, National Archives.

77. Allen to W. Downie Stewart, 7 July 1916, Allen Papers File 3, Hocken Library. See also Allen to Massey, 11 Sept. 1916; 29 Sept. 1916; 28 Oct. 1916; 8 Nov. 1916, Allen Papers, National Archives.

78. For comments on Allen, see Paul Baker, King and Country Call, Auckland, 1988, p.34. Also Liverpool to Harcourt, 23 Jan. 1916, Harcourt Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, p.359.

79. Hindmarsh’s letter to Ward on the subject is in the Press, 5 Aug. 1915.

80. LT, 7 Aug. 1915.

81. Maoriland Worker, 11 Aug. 1915.

82. Allen to Massey, 20 Jan. 1917, Allen Papers, National Archives. Liverpool to Harcourt, 18 June 1917, Harcourt Papers, Bodleian Library, pp.385–6.

83. This is what did happen in 1919.

84. Bishop Cleary to Ward, 4 April 1912; Ward to Cleary, 9 April 1912, Auckland Catholic Diocesan Archives (ACDA), Cleary 83–5.

85. Bishop Grimes to Cleary, 8 April 1912; Cleary to Ward, 4 April 1912, ACDA.

86. Ward to Cleary, 15 April 1912, ACDA.

87. See P. S. O’Connor, ‘“Protestants”, Catholics and the New Zealand Government, 1916–18’, in G. A. Wood and P. S. O’Connor (eds), W. P. Morrell: A Tribute, Dunedin, 1973, pp.185–202. See also Cleary to Ward, 20 Jan. 1914; Ward to Cleary, 1 July 1914; Ward to Cleary, 2 July 1914, ACDA.

88. H. S. Moores, ‘The Rise of the Protestant Political Association’, MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1966. See also P. S. O’Connor, ‘Sectarian Conflict in New Zealand, 1911–1920’, Political Science, v. 19, no.1, 1967, pp.3–16.

89. P. S. O’Connor, ‘Storm over the Clergy—New Zealand 1917’, Journal of Religious History, v.4, no.2, 1967. Father Coffey to Ward, 22 Sept. 1915, Marist Archives, General House Letter, 7, Folder 137–140.

90. P. J. O’Regan to J. Scanlon, 25 Nov. 1916, O’Regan Papers, Turnbull Library.

91. Cleary to Ward, 24 April 1917, ACDA.

92. Ward to Cleary, 2 May 1917, ACDA. Paul Baker has a good account of the issue, pp.124–32.

93. Archbishop O’Shea to Monsignor ?, 3 July 1917, CLE 95–3, ACDA.

94. O’Shea to Cleary, 18 July 1917, CLE 95–3, ACDA.

95. O’Shea to Cleary, 27 Oct. 1917, CLE 95–3, ACDA.

96. Ward to Cleary, 3 Nov. 1917, 95–3, ACDA.

97. O’Shea to Kelly, 17 Aug. 1917, CLE 97–1, ACDA; New Zealand Tablet, 1 Nov. 1917.

Chapter 15

1. SDN, 20 May 1916; 15 June 1916; Herald, 13 July 1916. Payne was suspended from Parliament for the rest of the session when he repeatedly refused to withdraw his comment about Ward.

2. See his comments in the House, Herald, 13 July 1916 and 12 Aug. 1916.

3. Liverpool to Harcourt, 19 Nov. 1915; 23 Jan. 1916. See also Liverpool to CO., coded telegram, 27 Dec. 1915, Harcourt Papers, Bodleian Library.

4. Quoted in Nicholas Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, London, 1969, p.173. The same phrase is used by P. S. O’Connor, ‘Some Political Preoccupations of Mr Massey, 1918–20’, Political Science, v.18, Sept. 1966, p.26. The London Financier, 9 Oct. 1916, described Massey and Ward as ‘running together in double harness’.

5. See Liverpool to Harcourt, 21 July 1916, Harcourt Papers. On the first trip Ward and Massey left New Zealand in Aug. 1916 and returned in June 1917; on the second trip they were away from early May 1918 to 12 Oct. 1918; on the third occasion the absence was from 11 Dec. 1918 to 5 Aug. 1919.

6. Massey to Allen, 21 Sept. 1916, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives. See Ward’s comments about submarines and mines, ST, 26 June 1917. Also The Times, 9 Oct. 1916. Files of British press clippings covering their three trips to London are to be found in Massey’s Papers, MS 1398, Turnbull Library.

7. Roy Jenkins, Asquith, N.Y., 1966, p.417.

8. Massey’s Clipping Book, 1916, p.75. Jenkins, p.461.

9. Massey to Allen, 2 Jan. 1917, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives.

10. W. H. Long to Lloyd George, 12 Jan. 1917, F/32/4/20, Lloyd George Papers, House of Lords Records Office. See also Massey to Allen, 2 Jan. 1917, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives.

11. Herald, 16 Jan. 1917; ST, 12 July 1917. There are reports of many of Ward’s speeches in Massey’s Clipping Books, 1916–17.

12. Leo Amery, My Political Life, v.2, London, 1953, pp.105–6. See also G. T. Allen, ‘New Zealand and the Imperial Ward Cabinet’, MA thesis, Univ. of Canterbury, 1975, p.19ff. Minutes of the Imperial War Cabinet, CAB 23/40, 41, 43, 44 are held at the Public Record Office (PRO), Kew.

13. Ollivier, pp.205–14.

14. Harcourt to Liverpool, 3 July 1917, Harcourt Papers, Bodleian Library.

15. Ollivier, p.250.

16. New Zealand Film Archives Clip, 1 May 1917. British Australasian, 12 Oct. 1916, p.19.

17. ST, 26 June 1917.

18. ST, 23 July, 25 July, 28 July 1917; LT, 25 July 1917.

19. LT, 28 July 1917.

20. LT, 25 Aug. 1917; 7 Sept., 8 Sept. 1917.

21. Allen to Massey, 27 Feb. 1917, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives.

22. ST, 11 Aug. 1917.

23. LT, 17 Nov. 1917.

24. LT, 12 March, 13 March 1918.

25. ST, 19 Nov. 1917; LT, 23 Nov. 1917.

26. The Katipo, Journal of the P&T Officers’ Association, 20 July 1930, p.vii. I am indebted to Dr A. C. Wilson for drawing this reference to my attention.

27. Details of the trip are to be found in LT, 18 June 1918, and in Massey’s Clipping Books, 1918. Ward spoke about future Empire relations to the London Morning Post, 23 Aug. 1918.

28. Ollivier, pp.347–71.

29. W. H. Long to Lloyd George, 14 Feb. 1918, Lloyd George Papers, F/32/5/7, House of Lords Records Office. Minutes of the Imperial Ward Cabinet, CAB 23/44, PRO, Kew.

30. Quoted by G. T. Allen, p.90.

31. H. F. Battersbee to Hankey, 1 Nov. 1918, Lloyd George Papers, F/23/3/18, House of Lords Records Office.

32. Allen to Massey, 24 June 1918; 12 Aug. 1918; 19 Sept. 1918, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives.

33. W. H. Long to Lord Liverpool, 27 Nov. 1918, Lloyd George Papers, F/33/l/38(b). Also PM 9/17, Archives.

34. Herald, 9 Dec. 1918.

35. Massey to Allen, 26 April 1919, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives.

36. Herald, 30 Jan. 1919.

37. Massey to Allen, 13 Feb. 1919, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives. See also P. S. O’Connor, ‘Some Political Preoccupations of Mr Massey, 1918–20’, Political Science, v.18, Sept. 1966, p.26.

38. Massey to Lloyd George, 24 Jan. 1919, PM 9/8, Archives.

39. Herald, 29 March 1919.

40. A. J. Balfour to Massey, 3 April 1919, Massey Collection, MS 1398, Folder 1, Turnbull Library. Massey to Allen, 13 Feb. 1919; 26 April 1919, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives; Herald, 29 March 1919.

41. Massey to Milner, 9 April 1919, Lloyd George Papers, F/36/4, House of Lords Records Office; Massey to Allen, 26 April 1919, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives.

42. Ward to Lloyd George, 2 June 1919, Lloyd George Papers, F/36/4/17. Ward made some public comments in London on 14 June 1919 that were somewhat more belligerent. LT, 29 July 1919.

43. Massey to Lloyd George, 23 June 1919, F/36/4/19, Lloyd George Papers, House of Lords Records Office.

44. Press, 16 Nov. 1918.

45. Allen to Massey, 23 May 1919, PM 9/8, Archives.

46. Allen to Massey, 11 June 1919; 7 July 1919, Allen Papers, v.9.

47. See P. S. O’Connor, ‘Some Political Preoccupations’, pp.22–26.

48. Allen to Liverpool, 5 June 1919, PM 9/8.

49. NZT, 4 June 1919.

50. Allen to Massey, 4 June 1919, PM 9/8.

51. Herald, 17 July 1919; LT, 6 Aug. 1919.

52. Allen to Massey, 1 Aug. 1919, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives.

53. Herald, 6 Aug. 1919.

54. LT, 6 Aug. 1919.

55. Allen to Massey, 1 Aug. 1919, Allen Papers, v.9, Archives. See also Allen’s comments in Clutha Leader, 28 Nov. 1919; LT, 15 Dec. 1919.

56. LT, 22 Aug. 1919.

57. LT, 25 Aug. 1919.

58. LT, 22 Aug. 1919.

59. LT, 22, 23 Aug. 1919.

60. LT, 28 Aug. 1919.

61. LT, 30 Aug. 1919.

62. Told to me in 1983 by J. O. Wilson, formerly Parliamentary Librarian.

63. Herald, 11 Nov. 1919.

64. See especially Herald, 1 Dec. 1919.

65. Herald, 6 Dec. 1919.

66. Herald, 13 Dec. 1919.

67. See Ward’s Wellington meeting, Herald, 16 Dec. 1919.

68. See ‘The General Election, 1919’, AJHR, H. 33A, 1921.

69. P. J. O’Regan to F. Kirby, 24 Dec. 1919, O’Regan Papers, 1910–19, Turnbull Library. See also comments of LT, 19 Dec. 1919.

70. Quoted Herald, 19 Dec. 1919.

71. Press, 18 Dec. 1919.

72. Robert Blake, Disraeli, N.Y., 1967, p.487. Ward to Stout, 30 Dec. 1919, Stout MS Papers, 40, Folder 29, Turnbull.

73. Herald, 22 Jan. 1920. A few weeks later Ward called the sectarian campaign against him ‘flagrant, notorious and unashamed’. See speech reprinted by NZT, 24 Feb. 1920.

74. New Zealand Truth, 27 Dec. 1919.

75. ‘Awarua Election Campaign of J. R. Hamilton’, Misc, MS 462, Hocken Library.

76. LT, 19, 20 Dec. 1919; 25 Feb. 1920. EP, quoted in LT, 27 Feb. 1920.

77. See especially the speech in Winton, Herald, 25 Feb. 1920; AS, 25 Feb. 1920. The speech, entitled ‘A Political Good-Bye’, was reprinted in pamphlet form by the NZT.

78. P. S. O’Connor, ‘Sectarian Conflict’, p.14.

79. H. S. Moores, p.316. Both the Pressed the ST agree with this view.

80. Dunedin ES, quoted by NZT, ‘A Political Good-Bye’.

81. See for instance reports of Ward’s speech in Winton on 24 Feb. 1920 followed by Elliott’s reply two days later, Ward’s further comment, Herald, 6 March 1920 and Elliott’s retort, Herald, 11 March 1920. See Ward to Cleary, 25 Nov. 1925, Cleary 97–1, ADCA.

82. I am indebted to P. S. O’Connor for this information contained in letters from the Invercargill Manager of the Bank of New South Wales, 1914–15, Australian Banking Archives. There is much detail about the accounts of J. G. Ward & Co. and their wartime profits, in the Inspectors’ Half Yearly Reports, Westpac Bank Archives, Wellington.

83. LT, 11 May 1920.

84. Herald, 21 Nov., 22 Nov. 1921; AS, 22 Nov. 1921.

85. See correspondence between E. A. James and W. F. Massey, 1920, PM 9/9, Archives.

86. Massey to Andrew Gray, 15 June 1920; Massey to J. P. Campbell, 13 Aug. 1920, PM 9/9, Archives.

87. Diary of P. J. O’Regan, 1921–22, Turnbull Library.

88. Dominion, 14 Jan. 1922, p.6. New Zealand Sentinel, 1 Jan. 1922.

89. Dominion, 14 Jan. 1922, p.6.

90. Herald, 9 Nov. 1922.

Chapter 16

1. Quoted by Robert Chapman, The Political Scene 1919–1931, Auckland, 1969, p.17.

2. P. J. O’Farrell, Harry Holland, p.126.

3. Bassett, Three Party Politics, pp.26–28.

4. Herald, 6 Dec. 1922.

5. Details of the post-election period are in Bassett, Three Party Politics, pp.27–33. See also Prime Minister’s Secretary to Governor General’s Secretary, 18 Jan. 1923, G48 P/5, National Archives.

6. P. J. O’Regan Diary, 27 Feb. 1923, p.23, Turnbull Library.

7. Lawrence Barber, ‘Tauranga’s Clash of the Titans: the 1923 By Election’, NZ Law Journal, Jan. 1984, pp.23–25.

8. Herald, 6 March 1923.

9. Herald, 8 March 1923.

10. P. J. O’Regan Diary, 20 March 1923.

11. See AS, 27 March 1925.

12. Ward to O’Regan, 19 March 1923, O’Regan Papers, Turnbull Library.

13. Barber, p.25.

14. Herald, 29 March 1923.

15. Herald, 31 March 1923.

16. P. J. O’Regan Diary, 28 March 1923.

17. Herald, 29 March 1923; ST, 29 March 1923.

18. William Downie Stewart, Sir Francis Bell, Wellington, 1937, p.231.

19. AS, 2 April 1925.

20. AS, 31 March 1925.

21. Diary of Governor General, Sir Charles Fergusson, 8 Jan. 1925, in possession of Fergusson Family, Ayrshire, Scotland.

22. Herald, 2 March 1925

23. Fergusson Diary, 31 March 1925.

24. Fergusson Diary, 31 March, 9, 20, 23 April, 2, 10 May 1925.

25. AS, 27 March, 1 April 1925.

26. Herald, 31 March 1925; AS, 31 March 1925.

27. Herald, 1 April 1925. There is a full report of the deputation in ST, 1 April 1925.

28. Herald, 6 Oct. 1925.

29. ST, 20 Oct. 1925. There is a full report of the speech on p.6. See also Herald, 20 Oct. 1925.

30. Ward to Bishop Cleary, 25 Nov. 1925, Cleary Papers, 97/1, ACDA.

31. Herald, 6 Nov. 1925.

32. The National (Liberal) caucus consisted after the 1925 election of G. W. Forbes (Hurunui); E. A. Ransom (Pahiatua); R. W. Smith (Waimarino); W. A. Veitch (Wanganui); H. Atmore (Nelson); D. Buddo (Kaiapoi); T. K. Sidey (Dunedin South); J. Horn (Wakatipu); A. T. Ngata (Eastern Maori) and T. E. Y. Seddon (Westland).

33. According to J. O. Wilson, former Parliamentary Librarian, the typewriter was stored for many years in the Library wing of Parliament Buildings.

34. AS, 10 June 1926. There is a report of Ward’s Australian trip and his reflection on developments in Sydney, ST, 17 June 1926.

35. Herald, 17 June 1926; AS, 17 June 1926; ST, 17 June 1926. See also NZPD, v.209, 16 June 1926, p.68.

36. LT, 27 Oct. 1928.

37. ST, 14 Feb. 1927. See also EP, 8 Feb. 1927.

38. Harold Nicholson, Pat’s companion in later life, told the author that Pat brought back from England a toilet-roll holder with a music box concealed in it. When the paper was tugged, it triggered the playing of ‘God Save the King’. When Ward first encountered it, he leapt to his feet, trousers at half mast. The old man was so incensed at this lèse majesté that he smashed the device. Interview with Harold Nicholson, Ponsonby, 4 April 1983.

39. Veitch’s role is discussed in Chapman, p.45.

40. Details about the origin of the United Party are to be found in Michael Pugh, ‘The New Zealand Legion and Conservative Protest in the Great Depression’, MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1969, Chapt. 2. See also J. H. Gaudin, ‘The Coates Government 1925–1928’, MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland 1971, Chapt. 7.

41. See Gaudin, p.147.

42. Herald, 16 July 1927.

43. AS, 18 Sept. 1928.

44. Gaudin, p.153.

45. Dominion, 22 Aug. 1928; see also R. M. Burdon, The New Dominion: A Social and Political History of New Zealand 1918–39, Wellington, 1965, p.119.

46. LT, 11 and 12 Sept. 1928.

47. Herald, 15 Sept. 1928.

48. LT, 17 Sept. 1928.

49. Gaudin, pp.157–8.

50. Chapman, p.46.

51. Gaudin, pp.157–8. Part of the problem with all details about the conference is that the ever-so-manipulative Davy seems to have been handling all the press briefings.

52. LT, 18 Sept. 1928.

53. See, for instance, Herald, 18 Sept. 1928.

54. AS, 18 Sept. 1928; LT, 18 Sept. 1928. By 25 September the Lyttelton Times was more enthusiastic, calling United ‘the middle way—the only sane and safe way’.

55. Herald, 18 Sept. 1928.

56. Chapman, pp.49–52, gives a big piece of the speech.

57. NZPD, v.215, 27 Oct. 1927, p.345.

58. Chapman, p.48.

59. Herald, 18 April 1935; Auckland Weekly News, 24 April 1935, p.14; Burdon, pp.120–2.

60. Herald, 18 April 1935.

61. Chapman, p.50; LT, 18 Oct. 1928. Ward himself issued a long explanatory statement to the Evening Post early in November in which he reiterated that the £70 million would be borrowed at the rate of £6 to £8 million per annum. LT, 3 Nov. 1928.

62. LT, 18 Oct. 1928.

63. LT, 24 Oct. 1928. See also Downie Stewart Papers, MS 985, 237 Hocken Library.

64. Herald, 18 April 1935.

65. LT, 31 Oct. 1928.

66. LT, 7 Nov. 1928.

67. LT, 9 Nov. 1928. There is a full account of the evening in ST, 9 Nov. 1928.

68. AS, 15 Nov. 1928.

69. Fergusson Diary, 16, 17, 23 Nov. 1928. See also Fergusson to L. C. M. S. Amery, 30 Nov. 1928, G.48, National Archives.

70. Herald, 23 Nov. 1928.

71. Herald, 23 Nov. 1928.

72. Herald, 24 Nov. 1928.

73. Fergusson Diary, 8 Dec. 1928.

74. Herald, 3 Dec. 1928.

75. NZPD, v.220, 6 Dec. 1928, pp.23–35.

76. Fergusson Diary 7, 8, 10 Dec. 1928.

77. W. B. Taverner (Dunedin South), J. B. Donald (Auckland East), J. G. Cobbe (Oroua), and A. J. Stallworthy (Eden) were all new to Parliament. The full Ministry was: Ward, Prime Minister, Finance, Stamp Duties, External Affairs; Forbes, Lands, Agriculture; Wilford, Justice, Defence; Ngata, Native Affairs, Cook Islands; Atmore, Education; Veitch, Labour, Mines; Ransom, Public Works; Taverner, Railways, Customs, Forests; Donald, Postmaster-General; P. A. de la Perrelle, Internal Affairs; Cobbe, Marine, Industries and Commerce, Immigration; Stallworthy, Health; Sidey, Attorney-General. A reallocation of portfolios was made on 10 Dec. 1929 when Wilford resigned, but no new minister was added in his place.

78. Fergusson to L. C. M. S. Amery, 17 Dec. 1928, Dominion Office Files, 35/49 f.213, PRO.

Chapter 17

1. Quoted by Bruce Brown, The Rise of New Zealand Labour, Wellington, 1962, p.103.

2. M. Smart to Bishop Cleary, clip from AS, no date, 1928, File 96–2/11, ACDA.

3. Fergusson to Dominions Office, 17 Nov. 1928, G.48, National Archives.

4. ST, 11 Dec. 1928.

5. Herald, 12 Dec. 1928.

6. Herald, 17 Dec. 1928.

7. Fergusson Diary, 17 Dec. 1928.

8. See R. E. Hayes to Downie Stewart, 20 Oct. 1928, Stewart Papers, MS 985 and 237. Ward did eventually reveal the reason why he was not borrowing, and some controversy developed between him and Downie Stewart. See EP, 26 Oct. 1929.

9. Herald, 21 Dec. 1928. See also comments in EP,9, 11 and 12 Jan. 1929.

10. Interview with Mrs Maisie Green, 17 April 1983.

11. SDN, 21 March 1929.

12. ‘News and Views’ Film Clips, National Film Archives, Wellington.

13. Fergusson Diary, 17 June 1929.

14. Fergusson Diary, 29 July 1929.

15. Margery Perham, Pacific Prelude: A Journey to Samoa and Australasia, London, 1988, pp.156–7.

16. R. G. Habershon, ‘A Study in Politics, 1928–31,’ MA thesis, Univ. of Auckland, 1958, pp.27–30.

17. EP, 3 Oct. 1929.

18. Ward to R. A. Anderson, 16 Sept. 1929, PM 6/3, National Archives.

19. New Zealand Tablet, 9 Oct. 1929. See also Burdon, pp.123–6.

20. ODT, 2 Oct. 1929, Herald, 2 Oct. 1929.

21. Herald, 18 April 1935.

22. Vincent Ward to R. A. Anderson, 5 Oct. 1929, PM 6/3.

23. Discussion with Anthony Wood of Silverstream, son of Eileen Wood, 18 March 1983. Will number 47106, Wellington District. The Inspectors’ Reports of the Bank of New South Wales show that Ward’s share of J. G. Ward & Co. in Invercargill was reduced in the mid 1920s, presumably to produce the capital for these Wellington purchases. WPA.

24. Fergusson Diary, 29 Oct. 1929.

25. EP, 29 Oct. 1929

26. Fergusson Diary, 31 Oct., 1 Nov., 23 Nov. 1929.

27. Vincent Ward to R. A. Anderson, 26 Nov. 1929, PM 6/3.

28. Fergusson Diary, 23 Dec. 1929. The ‘weight’ that the Governor-General observed was almost certainly the result of fluid retention.

29. Fergusson Diary, 18 Feb. 1929.

30. Manchester Evening News, 16 May 1930; AS, 8 July 1930.

31. Ward to Parr, 22 Nov. 1929, PM 9/85.

32. Parr to Ward, 22 Nov. 1929, PM 9/85.

33. Fergusson Diary, 29, 30, 31 Dec. 1929.

34. Fergusson Diary, 6 Jan. 1930.

35. Habershon, pp.30–48.

36. Herald, 16 May 1930. The Auckland Star had heard rumours of Ward’s resignation and carried them in its afternoon edition of 15 May 1930.

37. Herald, 16 May 1930; South London Press, 15 May 1930.

38. Edinburgh News, 21 May 1930.

39. AS, 8 July 1930.

40. Ward’s death certificate said he died of ‘diabetes, senile decay and thrombosis’. Certificate No. 11911, Wellington.

41. Otago Witness, 15 July 1930, p.26; ST, 9 July 1930. See scrapbook, New Zealand Biographies, 1978, v.4, Turnbull Library.

42. AS, 8 July 1930.

43. ST, 9 July 1930.

44. Otago Witness, 15 July 1930; Dominion, 9 July 1930.

45. Dominion, 9 July 1930. The editorial and the chronology of Ward’s life are more accurate, despite a few minor details, than many others published in daily newspapers after his death.

46. The Nation, 8 June 1930.

47. New Zealand Tablet, 16 July 1930.

48. Herald, 10 July 1930; New Zealand Tablet, 16 July 1930; Dominion, 10 July 1930.

49. Discussion with Mr Pennial, a long-time resident of Slaney Street, Bluff, on 10 Jan. 1983.

50. Ibid.

51. SDN, 14 July 1930.

52. For political events as they affected the United Party after Ward’s death, see Bassett, Three Party Politics, p.53ff.

53. Herald, 27 Aug. 1930.

54. Will and Testament of Sir Joseph Ward, Supreme Court of Wellington, 1930, Number 47106.

55. Details of dealings between the trustees and the Bank of New South Wales are to be found in the Managers’ Diaries, 1930–35, Christchurch, WPA.

56. See Petition of Eileen Wood and Memorandum of the Commissioner of Stamp Duties to the Clerk of the Public Petitions Committee, 19 Feb. 1935. LEI 1934/12 and LEI 1935/11, Petition 322/1934, National Archives.

57. NZPD, 1935, v.241, pp.229–30. Also Weekly News, 6 March 1935, p.18.