Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Academy of Veterinary Homeopathy,
47Acupuncture,
44,
49,
53,
56,
57,
104; licensed,
50,
92,
146; patient’s trust in,
79; referrals for,
55; sham,
146; studies of,
23,
83,
91,
104,
146,
161; women practice,
51Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,
21–22,
106,
112Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine,
55,
90
American Association of Naturopathic Physicians,
47American College of Homeopathy,
208 n20American Foundation for Homeopathy,
125American Holistic Medical Association,
47American Holistic Nurses’ Association,
47American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association,
47American Institute of Homeopathy,
10American Journal of Medicine,
48
American Society for Psychical Research,
11American Veterinary Chiropractic Association,
47Anaya-Reyes, Federico,
132Archives of Internal Medicine,
48
Atkinson, William W.,
xvii
Beecher, Henry,
65; on power of placebo,
xix–xx,
xxii,
xxviii,
15,
64,
66–67,
82,
83,
84,
122Bias: in clinical trials,
7,
24,
25,
121–122; blinding to reduce,
158; placebo to reduce,
14,
80; publication,
140,
141; randomization to reduce,
13,
14; trial’s size and,
142Bioelectromagnetism,
50,
91Blinding: in clinical trials,
xx,
xxi,
5,
8,
11–12,
13,
14,
24–25,
65,
86; to eliminate bias,
158; ethics of use of,
24–25Botanical Dietary Supplements for Women’s Health,
161Botanical Estrogens: Mechanisms, Dose, and Target Tissues,
161Botanicals and Metabolic Syndrome,
161Bouillaud, Jean Baptiste,
9Brown-Séquard, Charles E.,
12
CAM as Countermeasures Against Infectious and Inflammatory Disease,
161Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences,
37Center for Arthritis and Traditional Chinese Medicine,
163Center for Botanical Interaction Studies,
162Center for CAM Research on Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases,
162Center for Herbal Research on Colorectal Cancer,
162Center for Mechanisms Underlying Millimeter Wave Therapy,
163Center of Excellence for the Neuroimaging of Acupuncture Effects on Human Brain Activity,
161Center of Excellence for Research on CAM Antioxidant Therapies,
161Center for Phytomedicine Research,
162Centers for Disease Control,
27,
106Chinese medicine,
49,
163Chiropractic,
xv,
44,
45,
49,
53,
56,
57; acceptance of,
55,
79,
189 n59; healer-patient relationship in,
79; licensed,
50,
92; placebo effect in,
79; studies of,
96,
162,
163; in U.K.,
122–123Cochrane, Archie L.,
18–22Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field,
22–24Code of Federal Regulations Title 45,
25
Complementary/Alternative Medicine: Expectancy and Outcome,
163Complementary and alternative medicine,
46–60; for cancer,
90,
91,
104–105; centers for study of,
92,
161–163; for chronic conditions,
52; coopted by EBM,
119,
154; defined,
51,
94,
113; Eastern philosophies in,
45,
49; EBM’s relationship with,
49,
52–53,
54,
55–58,
91,
100,
101,
110,
119,
154; ethnicity as factor in using,
45,
49,
54; evaluated/ studies of,
xxiii,
xxvii,
xxix,
22–24,
49,
50,
57,
58–59,
60,
90–92,
93–107,
110,
111–113,
115–117,
121,
122,
146–147,
154,
155–156,
157,
161–163; healers of,
See Healer-patient relationship; herbal medicines in,
10,
50,
53,
54,
55,
56,
57,
92,
109,
169 n5; as holistic,
51–52,
95,
109,
146,
155; homeopathy as,
see Homeopathy; as individualized medicine,
xxi,
34,
62,
145–146,
147,
152,
155,
156,
158–159; as integrative medicine,
55–58,
91,
117; journals of,
47–48,
90; lay,
xxi,
47; licensed/regulated,
49,
50,
58–59,
110,
122; managed care accepts,
57–58,
100; in medical school curricula,
54–57,
59–60,
100,
112,
117; mind-body constructs in,
35,
49,
50,
53,
54,
114,
128; as palliative,
52; placebo effect in,
xxiii,
60,
80,
105,
154,
155,
156,
157; popularity of,
xxi–xxii,
xxiii,
48–54,
100,
117,
122–123,
153,
154; as psychotherapy,
153,
156; public policy on,
xxii–xxiii,
107–115; reliability of,
98,
99; as response to postmodern medicine,
33–34,
44–46,
50,
59–60; safety of,
99–100,
108,
111–112,
117; as social movement,
60; as spiritual/subjective/ intuitive,
xvi–xvii,
xxi,
45,
50,
62,
94–95,
102–103,
113,
152,
155,
156,
159; strengths of,
153,
156; third-party payment for,
44,
49,
102,
154; in U.K.,
122–123; as vitalistic,
45,
62,
102–103; women as healers in,
50–51; women use,
53,
54Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States,
115–117
Developmental Center for Clinical and Translational Science,
162Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act,
58,
149Disease,
4; causation,
xviii,
151–152,
153; as cultural,
63; as disturbance of energy,
135,
136; indefinite,
16,
65,
73,
75,
82,
84,
196 n31; self-limiting,
82
eCAM (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine),
47
Energy,
115; disease disturbs,
135,
136; homeopathy on,
129,
130–137; medicine,
45,
53,
62,
89,
104,
129,
135,
136; Mesmer on,
xvii,
8–9,
131Energy Medicine Institute,
136Ethics: of blinding,
24–25; clinical equipoise in,
26–28,
68; of deception,
69–70,
78; in HIV studies,
27; in human-subject research,
24–28,
43; and informed consent,
24,
25–26,
73; of placebo use,
xxvi,
25,
26–27,
28,
63,
67–69,
78Evidence-based medicine (EBM),
xx–xxi,
xxii,
xxv,
1–30,
117; and CAM,
xv–xvi,
49,
52–53,
54–56,
91,
100,
101,
110,
119,
145–152,
154; coopts CAM,
119,
154; on disease causation,
4,
153; as empirical,
3–4; historiography of,
xxiv; and holism,
116; journals of 22 (see also
British Medical Journal; Journal of the American Medical Association; New England Journal of Medicine); numerical analysis in,
9–10; postmodernism affects,
30,
32–33; as rationalistic,
3–4; RCT as basis of (
See Randomized clinical trials); as reductionist,
xix,
4,
61–62; as science-based,
4–5,
33,
45; separates mind from body,
xxviii–xxix,
61–62; statistical comparative approach in,
5–8
Fibiger, Johannes,
12,
13Fontanarosa, Phil B.,
viiFunctional Bowel Disorders in Chinese Medicine,
163
Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia,
2,
125Healer-patient relationship,
xvi,
48,
52,
59; authority/prestige of healer in,
xvi,
2–3,
75; communication in,
42–44,
75; empathy in,
xxvii,
34,
80,
127; healer as drug in,
xxii,
75–76,
137–138; in homeopathy,
127–128; mind/body dualism in,
xxviii–xxix; personality in,
38,
75; in postmodern medicine,
74–77; placebo’s effect in,
74–77,
144; placebo’s role in,
xxii,
xxvii,
65,
72,
78,
80–81,
82,
84,
85,
137,
138,
146; subconscious aspects of,
36–37; suggestion/persuasion in,
xxvii,
35,
82,
83–84; technology changes,
33; transference in,
78; trust as factor in,
xxvii,
27,
76–79,
85; of women,
50–51,
189–190 n68.
See also PatientHealing: by celebrities,
39–40,
126; context determines,
51,
157; faith-based,
xxiii,
57,
62,
131,
137,
139,
150,
152,
156 (
see also
Spirituality); as harmony with nature,
xvi–xvii,
xviii; lay,
xxi,
47; levels of,
64–65; New Age,
40–42; self,
81; via energy,
45,
53,
62,
89,
104,
129,
135,
136Health Research and Services Administration,
106Herbal medicines, as CAM,
10,
50,
53,
54,
55,
56,
57,
92,
109,
169 n5Holistic medicine,
xviii,
39–42,
110,
115,
136; CAM as,
51–52,
95,
109,
146,
155; EBM affected by,
116; homeopathy as,
109,
127,
128,
152; mind-body connection as basis of,
109–110; Native American medicine as,
109; patient’s trust in,
79; as spiritual,
46–47; White House Commission on,
108–109Holmes, Oliver Wendell,
132Homeopathy,
xv,
55,
92; as alternative, not complementary,
126; as CAM,
xxiii,
44,
45,
50,
53,
56,
104,
122–152; classical,
129,
131–132,
148–149; complex,
148–149; dilutions in,
11,
125,
129–132,
134,
135,
136,
141–142,
150; diseases/conditions treated by,
10,
126,
129,
134,
138,
140,
142,
143–144; dynamization in,
xxiii,
130–131,
133,
136–137,
152; v. EBM,
124,
145–152; effectiveness of,
127,
129,
137–138,
142; as faith-based healing,
xxiii,
62,
131,
137,
150,
152; healer-patient relationship in,
127–128; as holistic,
109,
127,
128,
152; as immunotherapy,
126,
141–142; as individualized medicine,
123–124,
128–129,
145–146,
147,
148,
152; lay v. academic,
125–127; licensing of,
50,
126; on matter and energy,
129,
130–137; medical schools of,
2,
125; mind-body construct in,
128; numbers of adherents of,
89,
125,
168 n2; patient’s role in,
128; pharmaceuticals of,
139–145; placebo effect explains,
xxiii,
11,
127,
138–139,
140,
141–142,
143–144; in postmodern medicine,
126–127,
150–151; principles of,
10,
11,
124,
125,
129,
131,
133,
150; as psychotherapy,
xxiii,
152; quantum physics explains,
xxiii,
132–133,
135–136; on RCT,
126,
145,
147,
148; resonance,
135–136,
208–209 n25; split in,
124–125; studies on validity of,
10,
11,
91,
138,
139–145,
146,
147,
148,
150; Swedenborg influenced,
131–132; in U.K.,
123; as vitalistic,
127,
132; women in,
51Hrøbjartsson, Asbjørn,
64,
142Human genome project,
147
Individualization, in therapy,
xxi,
34,
62,
145–146,
147,
152,
155,
156,
158–159International Center for Indigenous Phytotherapy Studies,
162International Foundation for Homeopathy,
47International Hahnemannian Association,
125International Veterinary Acupuncture Society,
47
Josiah Macy Foundation,
37Journal of the American Medical Association,
22,
48,
100,
101
Kaptchuk, Ted,
xxvii–xxviii,
xxviii–xxix,
39,
65,
81–82,
86,
142; on sham acupuncture,
146; on RCT,
157Kefauver-Harris Amendment,
17,
58Kottow, Michael H.,
34,
62
Levin, Jeffrey S.,
96,
100Licensing,
49,
58,
110; for acupuncture,
50,
92,
146; for chiropractic,
50,
92; for homeopathy,
50,
126Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre,
xxi,
9–10,
Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center for Stress Management,
40M. D. Anderson Cancer Clinic,
105Mechanisms and Effects of Chiropractic Manipulation,
163Mechanisms of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine,
163Metabolic and Immunologic Effects of Meditation,
163Mind-body connection,
xv–xvi,
xvii,
xxii,
91,
165 n2; in CAM,
35,
49,
50,
53,
54,
128; endorphins’ role in,
73; EBM separates,
xxviii–xxix,
61–62; in holistic medicine,
109–110; in healer-patient relationship,
xxviii–xxix; placebo’s effect and,
70–71,
72,
78,
114Mitchell, William Jr.,
92Morrissey, Mary M.,
xviii
National Center for Health Statistics,
53National Center for Homeopathy,
47National Halothane Study,
6National Institute for Clinical Excellence,
21National Library of Medicine,
21Native American medicine,
49,
109Naturopathic Medical Research Alliance,
92Naturopathy,
44,
57,
62; assessed/evaluated,
92,
97,
115; licensed,
50; patient’s trust in,
79; placebo’s role in,
84–85New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital,
2,
125Nietzsche, Friedrich,
32,
158Nurse-patient relationship,
76
O’Connor, Bonnie Blair,
50Oregon Health Sciences University,
92
Paris Clinical School,
9–10Patient: autonomy/role of,
xvi,
31,
32,
39,
41,
46,
75,
81–82,
90,
108–109,
115,
128,
136; expectations of,
62–63,
72–73,
78,
128; rights of,
24–28,
73,
109.
See also Healer-patient relationshipPatients Against Cancer,
90Peale, Norman Vincent,
xviiPlacebo: as active therapy,
xxii,
65,
66,
67–68,
71,
73 (
see also Placebo effect); Biblical mention of,
64; in clinical practice,
xix,
xxii,
xxvii,
16,
63,
65,
66,
67–70,
71,
72,
74–77,
78,
80–81,
82,
84,
85,
86,
105,
138,
141–142,
146; in clinical trials,
xx,
xxi,
xxii,
xxvi,
xxvii,
8,
13,
14,
18,
25,
26–27,
28,
29,
65,
66,
68,
73,
80,
157; defined,
71; in equipoise,
68; ethics of using,
xxvi,
25,
26–27,
28,
63,
67–70,
78; healer as,
78,
137; as inert,
65,
66,
67,
71,
73; naturopathy on,
84–85; in non-Western therapies,
86–87; physiology affected by,
73,
84; power of,
see Placebo effect; in psychosomatic medicine,
38; response to,
see Placebo effect; sag,
85; as self-healing,
81; as sham treatment,
64; surgery as,
15Placebo effect,
xxviii,
64,
122,
149; CAM as,
xxiii,
60,
80,
105,
154,
155,
156,
157; in chiropractic,
79; as contextual healing,
157; EBM devalues,
80; evaluation of,
16,
63,
65–66,
67,
70,
79–80,
81,
83,
85–86,
114,
116,
122,
141–142; in healer-patient relationship,
74–79,
114; in heart surgery,
15; homeopathy explained by,
xxiii,
127,
138–139,
140,
141–142,
143–144; ignored,
80; in indefinite diseases,
16,
65,
73,
75,
82,
84,
196 n31; inherent in patient,
81–82; in nurse-patient relationship,
76; occurs at mind-body boundary,
70–71,
72,
78,
114; patient’s expectations and,
62–63,
72–73,
75; of prescription drugs,
xix,
xx,
77; in psychosomatic medicine,
39; in psychotherapy,
41–42; true v. perceived,
82–83; variability of,
xxii,
82,
83Positive thinking, medicalized,
xviii,
42Postmodern medicine,
xxi–xxii,
31–60; advantages of,
33; challenges EBM,
30,
32–33; culture-bound,
32; healer-patient relationship in,
74–77; homeopathy in,
126–127,
150–151; patient autonomy in,
31,
32,
39; on RCT,
59,
121–122; as subjective,
32; as spiritual,
42–44; on truth,
32–33.
See also Complementary and alternative medicine;
PsychotherapyProtective Roles of Grape-Derived Polyphenols in Alzheimer’s Disease,
162Psychosomatic medicine,
xxi,
35–42; placebo’s role in,
38,
39
Quantitative Methods Working Group,
95–102,
115
Randomized clinical trials (RCT),
15–22; alternatives to,
xxiii,
21,
96,
115,
116,
121,
146–147,
155–156; bias in,
7,
13,
14,
24,
25,
28,
80,
121–122,
140,
141,
142,
158; blinded,
xx,
xxi,
5,
11–12,
13,
14,
24–25,
86,
158; for CAM,
xxix,
23,
49,
90–92,
95,
96,
101,
104–106,
122,
138,
139–145,
154,
155; commercialized,
16–18; controls in,
xx,
xxi,
xxii,
13,
14,
65,
66,
73,
80; criticisms/weaknesses of,
xxv,
17,
29–30,
65–66,
85–86,
121–122,
147; ethics in,
xxvi,
24–28,
43,
73; factors affecting,
80,
82,
156–157; as gold standard,
xx,
xxi,
xxv,
96–97,
114,
139; to integrate objectivity and subjectivity,
157–158; meta-analyses of,
24,
142,
143 (
see also Cochrane Collaboration); perception in,
121–122; placebo effect recognized in,
16,
82,
83,
85–86,
116; placebo’s role in,
xx,
xxii,
xxvi,
xxvii,
8,
13,
14,
18,
25,
26–27,
28,
29,
65,
66,
68,
73,
80,
157; postmodern medicine on,
59,
121–122; replicability as basis of,
xxiii,
139,
154,
158; safety judged in,
156Reichenbach, Dr. Karl von,
132Russell Sage Foundation,
37
Serpelloni, Giovanni,
138Society for Psychical Research,
11Spirituality,
4; and CAM therapies,
xvi–xvii,
xxi,
45,
50,
53,
62,
94–95,
102–103,
113,
152,
155,
156,
159; in holistic medicine,
46–47; and postmodern medicine,
42–44Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine Journal,
90
Trametes Versicolor-Induced Immunopotentiation,
162
UCLA Center for Excellence in Pancreatic Diseases,
162University of Maryland Center for Integrative Medicine,
22University of Minnesota Medical School,
92University of Washington School of Medicine,
92US Department of Defense,
107US Department of Education,
59US Department of Health and Human Services,
110–111US Department of Veterans Affairs,
106–107US Food and Drug Administration,
106; on supplements,
102,
111,
149
Vis medicatrix naturae,
80,
83
Wake Forest and Harvard Center for Botanical Lipids,
162White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy,
107–115; CAM defined by,
51,
113; on CAM in medical school curricula,
112; on holistic medicine,
108–109; recommendations of,
110–111; on research standards,
112; on safety,
111–112Wilkinson, Dr. James J.G.,
131Wisconsin Center for the Neuroscience and Psychophysiology of Meditation,
163World Medical Association’s Committee on Medical Ethics,
26