General Ray Odierno: Remarks at the New America Foundation Future of War Conference, Washington, DC, Feb. 25, 2015.
Paul D. Fritts: “Adaptive Disclosure: Critique of a Descriptive Intervention Modified for the Normative Problem of Moral Injury in Combat Veterans” (paper presented at Yale Divinity School, New Haven, CT, Sept. 12, 2013).
In her study of Afghanistan and Iraq veterans: Shira Maguen, “Killing and Latent Classes of PTSD Symptoms in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans,” Journal of Affective Disorders (2012): 344–48.
the VA has hired IBM: http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/45701.wss.
Major Paul D. Fritts wrote: “Adaptive Disclosure.”
as psychologist Aaron Antonovsky has written: Quoted by Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, Shattered Assumptions, 18.
As Eric T. Dean Jr. writes: Shook Over Hell.
diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI): Traumatic brain injury is damage to the brain caused in wartime mainly by exposure to a concussive blast. The symptoms experienced by some forty-five thousand U.S. troops diagnosed with combat-related TBI range from temporary and mild to severe and disabling. For more information see the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, http://dvbic.dcoe.mil/about/tbi-military.
Rebecca Johnson… has pointed out: “Moral Formation of the Strategic Corporal,” in New Wars and New Soldiers: Military Ethics in the Contemporary World, Tripodi and Wolfendale, eds.
Henry James: “The Moral Equivalent of War” (lecture, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1906), http://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/moral.html.
Clint Van Winkle: Personal interview. Van Winkle is the author of Soft Spots.
chaplain Paul D. Fritts explains: Paul D. Fritts, research paper, Yale Divinity School, April 29, 2013, accessed at http://www.cgscfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Fritts-AdaptiveDisclosure.pdf.
detailed by the Pentagon’s inspector general: Report of Investigation: General William E. Ward, U.S. Army Commander, U.S. AFRICOM (Washington, DC: Inspector General, United States Department of Defense, June 26, 2012), accessed at http://www.dodig.mil/fo/foia/pdfs/wardroi_redacted.pdf.
was sentenced to seventy-five months in prison: FBI press release, http://www.fbi.gov/sandiego/press-releases/2010/sd041410.htm.
a study by the U.S. Army War College: Leonard Wong and Stephen J. Gerras, Lying to Ourselves: Dishonesty in the Army Profession (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, February 2015), http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1250.
wrote in Military Review: “The Myths We Soldiers Tell Ourselves,” Military Review (Sept.–Oct. 2013), http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20131031_art010.pdf.
A report prepared for VA clinicians in 2004: Iraq War Clinician Guide (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2004), 22, 23, http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/manuals/manual-pdf/iwcg/iraq_clinician_guide_v2.pdf.
the army’s Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) reported: Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Mental Health Advisory Team Report (Dec. 16, 2003), http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heart/readings/mhat.pdf.
A study by the Institute of Medicine: Returning Home from Iraq and Afghanistan: Assessment of Readjustment Needs of Veterans, Service Members and Their Families (Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, March 2013).
An alarmed army report: Army 2020: Generating Health and Discipline in the Force, United States Army (2012).
she wrote in 2013: Shira Maguen and Kristine Burkman, “Combat-Related Killing: Expanding Evidence-Based Treatments for PTSD” (San Francisco: VA Medical Center and University of California). Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, Oct. 2013. 476–79.
a Defense Department task force: An Achievable Vision: Report of the Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health, U.S. Department of Defense (June 2007).
Michael Walzer: “The Triumph of Just War Theory (and the Dangers of Success),” Social Research 69, no. 4, International Justice, War Crimes and Terrorism: The U.S. Record (Winter 2002).
As Princeton’s Michael Walzer wrote: “Triumph of Just War Theory.”
George Loeffler: “Moral Injury: An Emerging Concept in Combat Trauma,” Residents’ Journal (April 2013).
As Freud once wrote: “Thoughts for the Times on War and Death” (1915).
his doctors noted with some puzzlement: Dean, Shook Over Hell.
“an invention of the Jews”: Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy (New York: Henry Holt, 2007).
“get a medical board”: A military medical board is a team of physicians who determine whether a service member can fulfill the requirements of his or her job. A negative decision can result in a job change or even lead to dismissal.
Dan Levin: From the Battlefield: Dispatches of a World War II Marine (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995).
What she found was stunning: Ilona Pivar, “Unresolved Grief in Combat Veterans with PTSD,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 18, no. 6 (2004).
Timothy Kudo: “I Killed People in Afghanistan. Was I Right or Wrong?,” Washington Post, Jan. 25, 2013.
Samurai warriors used Zen meditation: Winston L. King, Zen and the Way of the Sword: Arming the Samurai Psyche (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Athanasius wrote: Letter to Amun, retrieved at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2806048.htm.
“anyone who knows he killed a man”: Bernard Verkamp, The Moral Treatment of Returning Warriors in Early Medieval and Modern Times.
He found deep trauma: Brett Litz, “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Adaptive Disclosure for Moral Injury” (grant proposal, project narrative, 2012).
In 2010 she published the results: Shira Maguen, “The Impact of Reported Direct and Indirect Killing on Mental Health Symptoms in Iraq War Veterans,” Journal of Traumatic Stress (Feb. 2010): 86–90.
Thoughts of a Soldier-Ethicist: http://soldier-ethicist.blogspot.com.
“feeling the pucker factor”: A common military term meaning “scared,” referring to tightening the sphincter muscles in fear.
her blog, Semper Sarah: http://www.sempersarah.com/1962#sthash.oAWPfXAc.dpuf.
Rebecca Johnson: “Moral Formation of the Strategic Corporal.”
Law of War Manual: http://www.dod.mil/dodgc/images/law_war_manual15.pdf.
As the 2005 standing ROE put it: Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3121.01B, Standing Rules of Engagement/Standing Rules for the Use of Force for U.S. Forces (June 13, 2005), accessed at https://navytribe.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/cjcsi-3121-01b-enclosure-l.pdf.
explained to army investigators: Interrogation tape obtained by CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/11/17/army.tapes.canal.killings.
he felt no remorse: Dan Lamothe, “Inside the Stunning Fall and War-Crimes Investigation of an Army Green Beret War Hero,” Washington Post, May 19, 2015, accessed at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/05/19/inside-the-stunning-fall-and-war-crimes-investigation-of-an-army-green-beret-war-hero.
hunted down and killed: Sean Naylor, Army Times, Sept. 12, 2010, http://archive.armytimes.com/article/20100913/NEWS/9130311/JSOC-task-force-battles-Haqqani-militants.
a paper by Shira Maguen: “Combat-Related Killing: Expanding Evidence-Based Treatments for PTSD,” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice (November 2013).
Lieutenant Colonel Bill Russell Edmonds: God Is Not Here.
in a 2009 article: Brett T. Litz et al., “Moral Injury and Moral Repair in War Veterans: A Preliminary Model and Intervention Strategy,” Clinical Psychology Review 29 (2009).
Karen Wall: Communication with author.