1 W. B. Lord, Crab, Shrimp, and Lobster Lore (London, 1867), p. 96.
2 James M. Acheson, Capturing the Commons: Devising Institutions to Manage the Maine Lobster Industry (Hanover, NH, 2003), p. 206.
3 John Steinbeck, Travels with Charley: In Search of America (New York, 1963), pp. 48–9.
4 L. B. Holthuis, FAO Species Catalogue: Volume 13, Marine Lobsters of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries Known to Date (Rome, 1991), p. 8; FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics, 2006 (Rome, 2008), p. 52; ‘Commercial Fishery Landings: Seafisheries’, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, available at www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca, accessed 24 August 2010; Elizabeth S. Pritchard, ed., National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology, Fisheries of the United States 2008 (Silver Spring, MD, 2009), p. 3.
5 Thuy Pham and Alistair Peat, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, ‘Australian Fisheries Statistics 2008’ (Canberra, 2009), p. 65; Kasia Mazur et al., Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, ‘Australian Fisheries – The Global Context’, Issues Insights 10.3 (Canberra, 2010), p. 11.
6 National Marine Fisheries statisics 2003 in Alice Cascorbi, ‘Seafood Watch Seafood Report: Spiny Lobsters Vol. II’, Monterey Bay Aquarium Update (10 February 2004), p. 7.
7 Aristotle, ‘History of Animals’, trans. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton, NJ, 1985), vol. I, bk. IV, p. 833.
8 A.S.D. Farmer, ‘Synopsis of Biological Data on the Norway Lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)’, FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 112 (Rome, 1975), p. 3.
9 L. B. Holthuis, Marine Lobsters of the World (2006) (an update of his 1991 FAO report, launched by the World Biodiversity Database) available at nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php, accessed 24 August 2010.
10 ‘Lobster’, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1989).
11 J. Stanley Cobb and Bruce F. Phillips, The Biology and Management of Lobsters (London, 1980), vol. I, pp. xi; B. F. Phillips, J. S. Cobb and B. W. George, ‘General Biology’, ibid., p. 12.
12 Phillips, Cobb and George, ‘General Biology’, p. 7.
13 Holthuis, FAO Species Catalogue, vol. 13, p. 167.
1 Ralph Waldo Emerson, ‘The Uses of Natural History’, in Reading the Roots: American Nature Writing before ‘Walden’, ed. Michael P. Branch (Athens, GA, 2004), p. 278.
2 This interview and dissection with Dr Jonathan Geller was conducted on 16 July 2009 at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University.
3 S. L. Waddy, D. E. Aiken and D.P.V. de Kleijn, ‘Control of Growth and Reproduction’ in Biology of the Lobster ‘Homarus americanus’, ed. Jan Robert Factor (London, 1995), p. 258.
4 Michael J. Childress and Steven H. Jury, ‘Behaviour’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), pp. 81–3.
5 William Herrnkind, ‘Queuing Behavior of Spiny Lobsters’, Science, CLXIV/3886 (20 June 1969), p. 1425; and ‘Strange March of the Spiny Lobster’, National Geographic, CXLVII/6 (June 1975), pp. 819, 829.
6 K. L. Lavalli and J. R. Factor, ‘The Feeding Appendages’, in Biology of the Lobster ‘Homarus americanus’, ed. Jan Robert Factor (London, 1995), pp. 383, 389.
7 J. Atema and R. Voigt, ‘Behavior and Sensory Biology’, in Biology of the Lobster ‘Homarus americanus’, ed. Jan Robert Factor (London, 1995), p. 341.
8 Trevor Corson, The Secret Life of Lobsters: How Fishermen and Scientists Are Unraveling the Mysteries of Our Favorite Crustacean (New York, 2005), p. 189.
9 B. F. Phillips, J. S. Cobb and R. W. George, ‘General Biology’, in The Biology and Management of Lobsters, ed. J. Stanley Cobb and Bruce F. Phillips (London, 1980), vol. I, pp. 26–7; Childress and Jury, ‘Behaviour’, p. 83.
10 Waddy, Aiken and de Kleijn, ‘Control of Growth and Reproduction’, p. 258.
11 Larry C. Boles and Kenneth J. Lohmann, ‘True Navigation and Magnetic Maps in Spiny Lobsters’, Nature, CDXXI (2 January 2003), pp. 60–63.
12 Childress and Jury, ‘Behaviour’, p. 82.
13 Phillips, Cobb and George, ‘General Biology’, pp. 22–4.
14 Waldo L. Schmitt, Crustaceans (Ann Arbor, MI, 1965), p. 154.
15 William Eddis, Letters from America, Historical and Descriptive (London, 1792), pp. 426–7; see also Erich Pontoppidan, Natural History of Norway, Part II (London, 1755), p. 173.
16 For example, T. M. Prudden, About Lobsters (Freeport, ME, 1982), p. 19.
17 Childress and Jury, ‘Behaviour’, p. 78.
18 J. S. Cobb and K. M. Castro, ‘Homarus Species’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), p. 310.
19 Diane Cowan, ‘A Lobster of a Different Color’, Commercial Fisheries News (January 2000), p. 14A.
20 Phillips, Cobb and George, ‘General Biology’, pp. 20–21.
21 W. B. Lord, Crab, Shrimp, and Lobster Lore (London, 1867), p. 105.
22 C. K. Govind, ‘Muscles and their Innervation’, in Biology of the Lobster ‘Homarus americanus’, ed. Jan Robert Factor (London, 1995), p. 298.
23 Phillips, Cobb and George, ‘General Biology’, p. 20.
24 Atema and Voigt, ‘Behavior and Sensory Biology’, p. 316.
25 Francis Hobart Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster (Washington, DC, 1911), p. 253.
26 Stanley Cobb, personal communication, 14 November 2009, Kingston, Rhode Island.
27 G. O. Sars, ‘Reports Made to the Department of the Interior of Investigations of the Salt-water Fisheries of Norway during the Years 1874–77’, trans. Herman Jacobson, United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries: Report of the Commissioner for 1877, pt. V (Washington, DC, 1879), p. 677.
28 Waddy, Aiken and de Kleijn, ‘Control of Growth and Reproduction’, pp. 220–21.
29 Cobb, personal communication, 14 November 2009.
30 R. C. O’Farrell, Lobsters, Crabs and Crawfish (London, 1966), p. 20.
31 C. F. Chubb and E. H. Barker, The Western Rock Lobster Fishery 1995/6 to 1996/7, Fisheries Research Report no. 135 (North Beach, WA, 2002), pp. 11–12.
32 Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster, p. 188.
33 T. H. Huxley, The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology (London, 1977 [1880]), p. 13; Axel Boeck, ‘The Norwegian Lobster-Fishery and Its History’, United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner for 1873–4 and 1874–5, pt. III ed. Spencer F. Baird (Washington, DC, 1876), p. 223.
34 Jean de La Fontaine, The Fables of La Fontaine, trans. Elizur White (London, 1888), p. 319.
35 Jasper White, Lobster at Home (New York, 1998), p. 17.
36 Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster, p. 249.
37 Barbara Beltz, ‘Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology’, in Biology of the Lobster ‘Homarus americanus’, ed. Jan Robert Factor (London, 1995), p. 268.
38 Corson, The Secret Life of Lobsters, p. 196.
39 White, Lobster at Home, p. 20.
40 Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster, pp. 289–97; D. E. Aiken and S. L. Waddy, ‘Reproductive Biology’, in The Biology and Management of Lobsters, ed. J. Stanley Cobb and Bruce F. Phillips (London, 1980), vol. I, pp. 259–60.
41 Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster, p. 319.
42 Ibid., p. 298.
43 Phillips, Cobb and George, ‘General Biology’, p. 55.
44 B. F. Phillips, P. A. Brown, D. W. Rimmer and D. D. Reid, ‘Distribution and Dispersal of the Phyllosoma Larvae of the Western Rock Lobster, Panulirus cygnus, in the South-eastern Indian Ocean’, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, XXX/6 (1979), p. 781.
45 B. F. Phillips, J. D. Booth, J. S. Cobb, A. G. Jeffs and P. McWilliam, ‘Larval and Postlarval Ecology’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), p. 234.
46 Phillips, Cobb and George, ‘General Biology’, pp. 5–6.
1 Axel Boeck, ‘The Norwegian Lobster-Fishery and Its History,’ United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner for 1873–4 and 1874–4, pt. III, ed. Spencer F. Baird (Washington, DC, 1876), pp. 223–4.
2 George Bruce, Wrecks and Reminiscences of St Andrews Bay (Dundee, 1884), pp. 13–20.
3 Neil Cameron, ‘St Rule’s Church, St Andrews, and Early Stone-Built Churches in Scotland’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, CXXIV (1994), p. 367.
4 Bruce, Wrecks and Reminiscences of St Andrews Bay, p. 30.
5 James R. Coull, ‘Shellfishing’, in Scottish Life and Society: Boats, Fishing and the Sea, ed. James R. Coull, Alexander Fenton and Kenneth Veitch (Edinburgh, 2008), vol. IV, p. 375.
6 Ibid.
7 Bruce J. Bourque, Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine (London, 2001), p. 85.
8 Antonieta Jerardino and René Navarro, ‘Cape Rock Lobster (Jasus lalandii) Remains from South African West Coast Shell Middens: Preservational Factors and Possible Bias’, Journal of Archaeological Science, XXIX (2002), pp. 993–4; Robert J. Losey, Sylvia Behrens Yamada and Leah Largaespada, ‘Late-Holocene Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister) Harvest at an Oregon Coast Estuary’, Journal of Archaeological Science, XXXI (2004), pp. 1603, 1605.
9 John R. Grindley, ‘The Cape Rock Lobster Jasus lalandii from the Bonteberg Excavation’, South African Archaeological Bulletin, XXII/87 (November 1967), p. 94; B. F. Leach, ‘Fish and Crayfish from the Washpool Midden Site, New Zealand: Their Use in Determining Season of Occupation and Prehistoric Fishing Methods’, Journal of Archaeological Science, VI/2 (1979), pp. 111, 120–21.
10 Nicolas Baudin, The Journal of Post Captain Nicolas Baudin, trans. Christine Cornell (Adelaide, 1974), p. 350.
11 Willy Ley, Dawn of Zoology (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1968), p. 10.
12 Elizabeth P. Benson, Birds and Beasts of Ancient Latin America (Gainesville, FL, 1997), p. 120; Robert Blakey, Old Faces in New Masks (London, 1859), pp. 370–71; Waldo L. Schmitt, Crustaceans (Ann Arbor, MI, 1965), p. 15.
13 Blakey, Old Faces in New Masks, p. 362.
14 Pliny the Elder, The Natural History of Pliny, trans. John Bostock and H. T. Riley (London, 1890), vol. II, n. 61, p. 423.
15 Blakey, Old Faces in New Masks, pp. 361–2.
16 Pliny the Elder, The Natural History of Pliny, p. 360.
17 Ley, Dawn of Zoology, p. 116; Olaus Magnus, Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Descriptions of the Northern Peoples, 1555) (London, 1998), vol. III, bk. 21, ch. 34, p. 1118.
18 Erich Pontoppidan, Natural History of Norway, Part II (London, 1755), p. 172.
19 John Josselyn, John Josselyn, Colonial Traveler: A Critical Edition of ‘Two Voyages to New-England’’, ed. Paul J. Lindholdt (London, 1988), p. 79; William Wood, New England’s Prospect, ed. Alden T. Vaughan (Amherst, MA, 1993), p. 56.
20 Reverend Francis Higginson, New-Englands Plantation with The Sea Journal and Other Writings (Salem, MA, 1908), pp. 88, 97.
21 Francis Hobart Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster (Washington, DC, 1911), p. 195.
22 ‘King of All the Lobsters’, The New York Times (20 March 1897), available at www.nytimes.com, accessed 24 August 2010.
23 Norris McWhirter et al., eds, Guinness Book of World Records 1985 (New York, 1984), p. 68.
24 John Major, A History of Greater Britain as well England as Scotland, trans. and ed. Archibald Constable (Edinburgh, 1892), pp. 33–4.
25 Anthony Parckhurst, ‘A letter written to M. Richard Hakluyt of the middle Temple, conteining [sic] a report of the true state and commodities of Newfoundland’, in The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, ed. Richard Hakluyt (Glasgow, 1904), vol. XIII, p. 12.
26 ‘The Voyage of M. Charles Leigh’, in The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, ed. Richard Hakluyt (Glasgow, 1904), vol. XIII, p. 174.
27 Henry O. Thayer, The Sagadahoc Colony, comprising The Relation of a Voyage into New England (Portland, ME, 1892), p. 45.
28 James Rosier, Rosier’s Relation of Waymouth’s Voyage to the Coast of Maine, 1605, ed. Henry S. Burrage (Portland, ME, 1887), p. 104.
29 John Smith, A Description of New England; or, Observations and Discoveries in the North of America in the Year of our Lord 1614 (Boston, 1865), p. 48.
30 Thomas Morton, New English Canaan, ed. Jack Dempsey (Scituate, MA, 2000), p. 87.
31 Marc Lescarbot, The History of New France, trans. and ed. W. L. Grant (Toronto, 1914), vol. III, p. 238.
32 Rosier, Rosier’s Relation of Waymouth’s Voyage, p. 124.
33 Morton, New English Canaan, p. 87.
34 Wood, New England’s Prospect, p. 114.
35 Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World... Begun in 1708, and Finish’d in 1711 (London, 1712), pp. 124–5.
36 John Howell, The Life and Adventures of Andrew Selkirk (Edinburgh, 1829), PP. 72, 131–2.
37 George Anson, A Voyage Round the World in the Years 1740, 41, 42, 43, 44 (London, 1853), p. 39.
38 Frederick Walpole, Four Years in the Pacific in Her Majesty’s Ship ‘Collingwood’ from 1844 to 1848, 2nd edn (London, 1850), vol. I, pp. 374–6. See also T. H. Tizard et al., Narrative of the Cruise of HMS Challenger, pt 2 of Report on the Scientific Results, 1873–76 (London, 1965), vol. I, p. 830.
39 Joseph Banks, The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771, ed. J. C. Beaglehole (London, 1963), vol. II, p. 7.
40 Thor Heyerdahl, Aku-Aku (New York, 1958), p. 278.
41 Boeck, ‘The Norwegian Lobster-Fishery and Its History’, p. 233.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid., p. 237; see also Pontoppidan, Natural History of Norway, pp. 173–4.
44 Boeck, ‘The Norwegian Lobster-Fishery and Its History’, pp. 243–56.
45 M. Schele de Vere, Wonders of the Deep (New York, 1869), p. 196.
46 Coull, ‘Shellfishing’, p. 379.
47 Ibid., pp. 379–80.
48 Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster, p. 174.
49 Ian Murray, personal communication, 23 October 2009.
1 Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod (London, 1987), p. 304.
2 Andres von Brandt, Fish Catching Methods of the World, 3rd edn (Farnham, Surrey, 1984), pp. 17, 151–2, 170–88, 328, 369.
3 Euell Gibbons, Stalking the Blue-Eyed Scallop (New York, 1972), pp. 300–2.
4 A. Castillo and H. A. Lessios, ‘Lobster Fishery by the Kuna Indians in the San Blas Region of Panama (Kuna Yala)’, Crustaceana, LXXIV/5 (May 2001), pp. 460–61, 472.
5 A. Hearn, V. Toral-Granda, C. Martinez and G. Reck, ‘Biology and Fishery of the Galápagos Slipper Lobster’, in The Biology and Fisheries of the Slipper Lobster, ed. Kari L. Lavalli and Ehud Spanier (London, 2007), pp. 288–9, 302.
6 Bruce F. Phillips and Roy Melville-Smith, ‘Panulirus Species’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), p. 366; L. B. Holthuis, FAO Species Catalogue: Volume 13, Marine Lobsters of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries Known to Date (Rome, 1991), p. 149.
7 James R. Coull, ‘Shellfishing’, in Scottish Life and Society: Boats, Fishing and the Sea, ed. James R. Coull, Alexander Fenton and Kenneth Veitch (Edinburgh, 2008), vol. IV, p. 379; Richard Rathbun, ‘The Lobster Fishery’, in The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, section 5, ed. George Brown Goode et al. (Washington, DC, 1887), vol. II, p. 665.
8 Axel Boeck, ‘The Norwegian Lobster-Fishery and Its History’, in United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner for 1873–4 and 1874–5, pt III (Washington, DC, 1876), pp. 228-9.
9 Alan Spence, Crab and Lobster Fishing (Farnham, Surrey, 1989), p. 73.
10 John Whittaker, personal communication, 12 October 2009, Noank, Connecticut.
11 Fred Calabretta, ‘Oral History Interview: Vivian Volovar’ (Mystic Seaport Museum, Connecticut, 27 October 1993), typed transcript.
12 Personal communication from aboard SSV Corwith Cramer by VHF radio, 3 September 2008.
13 Johan C. Groeneveld, Raquel Goñi and Daniel Latrouite, ‘Palinurus Species’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), p. 397.
14 Phillips and Melville-Smith, ‘Panulirus Species’, p. 372; Edakkepravan V. Radhakrishnan, Mary K. Manisseri and Vinay D. Deshmukh, ‘Biology and Fishery of the Slipper Lobster, Thenus orientalis, in India’, in The Biology and Fisheries of the Slipper Lobster, ed. Kari L. Lavalli and Ehud Spanier (London, 2007), pp. 309–10, 320–21.
15 Hearn, Toral-Granda, Martinez and Reck, ‘Biology and Fishery of the Galápagos Slipper Lobster’, p. 287.
16 Groeneveld, Goñi and Latrouite, ‘Palinurus Species’, p. 400.
17 Analia Murias, ‘Satellites Fixed on Lobster Fishing’, Fish Information and Services (29 April 2010), available at http://fis.com, accessed 24 August 2010.
18 Staff and wire reports, ‘Regulators Weigh Five-Year Ban in Southern NE: Fishermen are Opposed Despite Dwindling Stocks’, The Day (New London, CT, 11 June 2010), p. A1.
19 John D. Booth, ‘Jasus Species’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), pp. 349–50; Phillips and Melville-Smith, ‘Panulirus Species’, p. 359; J. Stanley Cobb and Kathleen M. Castro, ‘Homarus species’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), p. 327; Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, ‘Press Release: American Lobster Stock Assessment Yields Mixed Results’ (7 May 2009), pp. 1–2.
20 Nadia Dewhurst, ‘Assessing the Status of All the World’s Lobster Species’, Lobster Newsletter, XXIII/1 (April 2010), pp. 5–6.
21 Ibid., p. 6.
22 Gardner Pinfold Consulting Economists Ltd for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ‘Benchmarking Study on Canadian Lobster’ (March 2006), p. i.
23 The Lobster Institute, ‘Estimated Economic Impact of the Lobster Industry’ (Orono, ME, 2004), brochure.
24 John N. Cobb, ‘The Lobster Fishery in Maine’, Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission (Washington, DC, 1900), p. 243.
25 Kenneth R. Martin and Nathan R. Lipfert, Lobstering and the Maine Coast (Bath, ME, 1985), p. 33.
26 Ibid., pp. 33–5.
27 Ibid.
28 Moses Henry Perley, Reports on the Sea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick, 2nd edn (Fredericton, NB, 1852), p. 20.
29 John J. Rowan, The Emigrant and Sportsman in Canada (Montreal, 1881), p. 138.
30 Farley Mowat, Sea of Slaughter (London, 1986), p. 200.
31 Rowan, The Emigrant and Sportsman in Canada, p. 137.
32 Mowat, Sea of Slaughter, p. 201.
33 W. H. Bishop, The Lobster at Home in Maine Waters (unspecified, 1881), p. 9.
34 Frank Nicosia and Kari Lavalli, ‘Homarid Lobster Hatcheries: Their History and Role in Research, Management, and Aquaculture’, Marine Fisheries Review, LXI/2 (1999), p. 6.
35 Rathbun, ‘The Lobster Fishery’, pp. 659, 696–7; W. F. Witcher, Commissioner of Fisheries, Department of Marine and Fisheries, Annual Report for 1873, in Joseph Gough, Managing Canada’s Fisheries: From Early Days to the Year 2000 (Georgetown, ON, 2006), pp. 123–4.
36 Alfred Goldsborough Mayer, Sea-shore Life: The Invertebrates of the New York Coast (New York, 1905), p. 84.
37 Holman F. Day, ‘Good-by Lobster’, Up in Maine: Stories of Yankee Life Told in Verse (Boston, 1904), pp. 110–11.
38 Francis Hobart Herrick, Address of Francis H. Herrick, Ph.D., Sc.D.: The Failure of the Lobster Fisheries and How to Save Them from Commercial Extinction (Augusta, ME, 1915), p. 14 (as in Martin and Lipfert, Lobstering and the Maine Coast, p. 55).
39 Philip Conkling and Anne Hayden, Lobsters Great and Small: How Scientists and Fishermen are Changing our Understanding of a Maine Icon (Rockland, ME, 2002), p. 8.
40 Anne Hayden, personal communication, 5 August 2009.
41 Anne Hayden, personal communication, 19 August 2009, Brunswick, Maine; Conkling and Hayden, Lobsters Great and Small, pp. 8–11.
42 Luis Marden, ‘The American Lobster, Delectable Cannibal’, National Geographic, CXLIII/4 (April 1973), p. 463.
43 Scott Allen, ‘Biologists say Lobster Level in a Pinch’, Boston Globe (24 July 1998), p. A1.
44 Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation, ‘Seafood Watch: Northeast Sustainable Seafood Guide’ (Monterey, CA, July 2010), available at www.montereybayaquarium.org, accessed 24 August 2010.
45 Alexandre Dumas, Dictionary of Cuisine, trans. and ed. Louis Colman (London, 1990), pp. 162–3.
46 Anonymous fishmonger, personal communication, 28 February 2010, Seattle, Washington.
1 Alexandre Dumas, Dictionary of Cuisine, trans. and ed. Louis Colman (London, 1990), p. 160.
2 Philip Conkling and Anne Hayden, Lobsters Great and Small: How Scientists and Fishermen are Changing our Understanding of a Maine Icon (Rockland, ME, 2002), pp. 3–5.
3 Kelly Woods, Director and Chair of the Advertising/Public Relations Committee, Maine Lobster Festival, personal communication, 26 January 2010.
4 International Federation of Competitive Eating/Major League Eating, ‘Records’ (January 2011), available at www.ifoce.com, accessed 3 January 2011.
5 Katie Zezima, ‘Lobsters Race, Slowly, In Bar Harbor’, The New York Times (5 July 2009), p. A16.
6 William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Charles Deane (Boston, 1856), p. 146.
7 William Wood, New England’s Prospect, ed. Alden T. Vaughan (Amherst, MA, 1993), p. 56.
8 Sandy Oliver, ‘The Truth about Spices, Lobsters, and Flaming Ladies’, The Debunk-House, Food History News (May 2008), available at www.foodhistorynews.com, accessed 24 August 2010.
9 Sandy Oliver, personal communication, 9 November 2009.
10 Sandra L. Oliver, Saltwater Foodways (Mystic, CT, 1995), p. 382.
11 Richard Rathbun, ‘The Lobster Fishery’, in The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, section 5, ed. George Brown Goode et al. (Washington, DC, 1887), vol. II, p. 659.
12 ‘The Rich Red Lobster: How He is Caught and Brought to Market’, New York Times (9 April 1882), p. 4.
13 George H. Lewis, ‘The Maine Lobster as Regional Icon: Competing Images over Time and Social Class’, in The Taste of American Place: A Reader on Regional and Ethnic Foods, ed. Barbara G. Shortridge and James R. Shortridge (Oxford, 1998), p. 71.
14 Robert Blakey, Old Faces in New Masks (London, 1859), p. 360.
15 Maguelonne Touissaint-Samat, A History of Food, trans. Anthea Bell (Oxford, 1994), p. 387; W. B. Lord, Crab, Shrimp & Lobster Lore (London, 1867), p. 103.
16 John Edwards, The Roman Cookery of Apicius (Washington, DC, 1984), p. 240.
17 Brian Fagan, Fish on Friday: Feasting, Fasting, and the Discovery of the New World (New York, 2006), p. 36; Terence Scully, The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1995), p. 33.
18 Terence Scully, ed., The Viandier of Taillevent: An Edition of All Extant Manuscripts (Ottawa, 1988), p. 243.
19 Scully, The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages, p. 90.
20 C. Anne Wilson, Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century (Chicago, 2003), pp. 47, 49.
21 Robert May, The Accomplisht Cook, or the Art and Mystery of Cookery, 4th edn (London, 1678), p. 403.
22 Alexander Pope, ‘A Farewell to London in the Year 1715’, The Major Works, ed. Pat Rogers (Oxford, 2006), p. 119.
23 Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (Alexandria, VA, 1805), ed. Karen Hess (Bedford, MA, 1997), p. 13.
24 E. Smith, The Compleat Housewife: or, Accomplish’d Gentlewoman’s Companion, facs. of 15th edn (1753) and 18th edn (1773) (London, 1968), p. 55.
25 Ibid., p. 54.
26 Charles Dickens, The Personal History of David Copperfield, ed. Trevor Blount (London, 1986), pp. 80, 156, 545, 920.
27 ‘Cookery: Dishes for a Supper-Party’, Household Words, II/36, ed. Charles Dickens (31 December 1881), p. 195.
28 ‘Cookery: Dishes of Fish’, Household Words, II/48, ed. Charles Dickens (25 March 1882), p. 438.
29 Susan M. Rossi-Wilcox, Dinner for Dickens: The Culinary History of Mrs Charles Dickens’s Menu Books Including a Transcript of What Shall We Have for Dinner by ‘Lady Maria Clutterbuck’ (Blackawton, Totnes, 2005), p. 60.
30 Eliza Acton, Modern Cookery For Private Families, Reduced to a System of Easy Practice, new and enlarged edn (London, 1868); Mrs D. A. Lincoln, Mrs Lincoln’s Boston Cooking School Cook Book [Mrs Lincoln’s Boston Cook Book] [1884 text] (Mineola, NY, 1996).
31 Glen A. Jones, ‘“Quite the Choicest Protein Dish”: The Costs of Consuming Seafood in American Restaurants, 1850–2006’, in Oceans Past: Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Populations, ed. David J. Starkey, Paul Holm and Michaela Barnard (London, 2008), p. 52, fig. 4.3.
32 Ibid., p. 73.
33 Kevin Jordan, writer and director, Brooklyn Lobster, Meadowbrook Pictures (2005).
34 Blakey, Old Faces in New Masks, p. 361.
35 Tobias Venner, Via Recta ad Vitam Longam, or A Plaine Philosophical Discourse of the Nature, faculties, and effects of all such things... (London, 1620), p. 82.
36 Ken Albala, Eating Right in the Renaissance (London, 2002), p. 150.
37 John Smith, ‘A Rhapsody upon a Lobster, POEM Burlesque’, Poems upon Several Occasions (1713), p. 184, available at lion.chadwyck.com, accessed 24 August 2010.
38 John Gay, ‘To a Young Lady, with some lampreys’, The Poetical Works of John Gay, ed. Dr. Johnson (Boston, 1854), vol. II, p. 118.
39 Jasper White, Lobster at Home (New York, 1998), p. 27.
40 James Soderholm, Fantasy, Forgery, and the Byron Legend (Lexington, KY, 1996), p. 104. Byron’s emphasis.
41 Lewis A. Erenberg, Steppin’ Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture 1890–1930 (London, 1984), p. 40.
42 G. Legman, ‘Documentation for “Wolf” and “Lobster”‘, American Speech, XXIV/2 (April 1949), p. 155.
43 Andrew Fisher, personal communication, 30 October 2009, Santa Cruz, California.
44 Ron Howard, director, written by Lowell Ganz, Babaloo Mandel and Bruce Jay Friedman, Splash, Touchstone Pictures (1984).
45 Shirley Jump, The Angel Craved Lobster (New York, 2005), p. 353.
46 Poppy Cannon and Patricia Brooks, The Presidents’ Cookbook: Practical Recipes from George Washington to the Present (New York, 1968), p. 415. See also the opening scene of the slapstick film The Naked Gun 2½ (1991).
47 White, Lobster at Home, p. 2; Helen Siegel and Karen Gillingham, The Totally Lobster Cookbook (Berkeley, CA, 1997), p. 39.
48 Platina, On Right Pleasure and Good Health, trans. and ed. Mary Ella Milham (Tempe, AZ, 1998), p. 431.
49 Edouard de Pomiane, Cooking with Pomiane, trans. and ed. Peggie Benton (New York, 2001), p. 78.
50 David Foster Wallace, ‘Consider the Lobster’, Gourmet (August 2004), p. 64.
51 Woody Allen, director, co-written with Marshall Brickman, Annie Hall, United Artists (1977).
52 Kim Severson, ‘Film Food, Ready for Its “Bon Appetit”‘, New York Times (29 July 2009), p. D1.
53 For example: Walter Beverley Crane, Letter to the Editor: ‘A Plea for the Lobster’, New York Times, 18 June 1907; Edith Carrington, ‘Crabs and Lobsters’, The Animals’ Friend, II (London, 1895–6), pp. 209–11.
54 Elizabeth Murray, ‘Observations on Methods of Killing Lobsters’, Annual Report, Marine Biological Station Port Erin, 1961, no. 74 (Liverpool, 1962), p. 33.
55 Ibid., pp. 41–2.
56 Wallace, ‘Consider the Lobster’, p. 64.
1 Rachel Carson ‘Undersea’, Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson, ed. Linda Lear (Boston, 1998), p. 7.
2 My retelling of ‘Pu-nia’ here is adapted from Padraic Colum’s version, recorded from his travels in Hawaii and published in Tales and Legends of Hawaii: At the Gateways of the Day (New Haven, CT, 1924), vol. I, pp. 1–6. I have directly incorporated some of Colum’s dialogue for Pu-nia.
3 Ibid., p. 6.
4 Lee Wardlaw, Punia and the King of Sharks, illus. Felipe Dàvalos (New York, 1997), p. 2.
5 Henry A. Wise (‘Harry Gringo’), Tales for the Marines (Boston, 1857), pp. 23–4.
6 Robert Blakey, Old Faces in New Masks (London, 1859), p. 372.
7 Charles Kingsley, The Water-Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby, new edn (London, 1889), pp. 142–4.
8 Ibid., pp. 176–81.
9 Anne Sexton, ‘Lobster’, 45 Mercy Street (Boston, 1976), p. 34.
10 George Mackay Brown, For the Islands I Sing: An Autobiography (London, 1997), p. 27.
11 George Mackay Brown, ‘Lobster’ [1986], in The Oxford Book of Creatures, ed. Fleur Adcock and Jacqueline Simms (Oxford, 1995), p. 113.
12 ‘Lobster’, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1989).
13 Walt Whitman, ‘A Song of Joys’, Leaves of Grass and Other Writings, ed. Michael Moon (London, 2002), p. 151.
14 Leo Walmsley, Phantom Lobster (London, 1948), p. 46.
15 Leo Walmsley, Three Fevers (London, 1947), pp. 29, 69, 90.
16 Ibid., p. 92.
17 Louise Dickinson Rich, The Peninsula (New York, 1958), pp. 54–5.
18 Ibid., pp. 96, 98.
19 Ibid., p. 87.
20 George H. Lewis, ‘The Maine Lobster as Regional Icon: Competing Images over Time and Social Class’, in The Taste of American Place: A Reader on Regional and Ethnic Foods, ed. Barbara G. Shortridge and James R. Shortridge (Oxford, 1998), p. 74.
21 E. B. White (co-writer, narrator) and Arthur Zegart (co-writer, director), A Maine Lobsterman, or A Day in the Life of a Fisherman, ‘Omnibus’/CBS (New York, 1954).
22 Ibid.
23 Arthur Train, ‘The Viking’s Daughter’, When Tutt Meets Tutt (New York, 1927), p. 112.
24 Rich, The Peninsula, p. 268.
25 Linda Greenlaw, The Lobster Chronicles: Life on a Very Small Island (New York, 2002), p. 116.
26 Ibid., p. 145.
27 Ibid., p. 5.
28 Tim Winton, Dirt Music (London, 2001), p. 304.
29 Elizabeth Gilbert, Stern Men (Boston, 2000), pp. 144–5.
30 Ibid., p. 236.
31 Ibid., p. 5.
32 Jack London, ‘The Water Baby’, The Complete Short Stories of Jack London, ed. E. Labor, R. C. Leitz, III and I. M. Shepard (Stanford, CA, 1993), vol. III, p. 2490.
33 Ibid., p. 2492.
34 Ibid., p. 2493.
35 Earle Labor, ‘Jack London’s Pacific World’, in Critical Essays on Jack London, ed. Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin (Boston, 1983), pp. 217–19.
36 James I. McClintock, White Logic: Jack London’s Short Stories [Jack London’s Strong Truths] (Grand Rapids, MI, 1975), p. 163.
37 Calvin Tomkins, ‘The Turnaround Artist’, New Yorker, 23 April 2007, p. 60.
38 Laurent Le Bon, ‘Interview with Jeff Koons’, Jeff Koons Versailles (Paris, 2008), p. 111.
39 Guillaume Lecasble, Lobster, trans. Polly McLean (Sawtry, Cambs, 2005), p. 26.
40 For example: Hannah Flagg Gould, ‘The Envious Lobster’, Poems (Boston, 1841), vol. III, pp. 100–101; John Godfrey Saxe, ‘The Force of Example: A Fable’, The Poetical Works of John Godfrey Saxe (Boston, 1889), p. 216.
41 Lewis Carroll, The Annotated Alice: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking Glass, ed. Martin Gardner (New York, 1960), p. 139.
42 Ibid.
43 Théophile Gautier, My Fantoms, trans. Richard Holmes (London, 1976), pp. 149–50.
44 Scott Horton, ‘Nerval: A Man and His Lobster’, Harper’s (12 October 2008).
45 William Golding, Pincher Martin (also The Two Deaths of Christopher Martin) (New York, 1956), p. 116.
46 Samuel Beckett, ‘Dante and the Lobster’, Samuel Beckett: The Grove Centenary Edition: Poems, Short Fiction, Criticism, ed. Paul Auster (New York, 2006), vol. IV, p. 87.
47 Ibid., p. 88.
48 Jean-Louis Chevalier, interview with ‘A. S. Byatt – b. 1936’, Journal of the Short Story in English [Online], 41 (Autumn 2003), p. 7, available at jsse.revues.org/index323.html, accessed 24 August 2010.
49 A. S. Byatt, ‘The Chinese Lobster’, The Matisse Stories (London, 1993), p. 134.
50 Ibid.
1 George H. Lewis, ‘The Maine Lobster as Regional Icon: Competing Images over Time and Social Class’, The Taste of American Place: A Reader on Regional and Ethnic Foods, ed. Barbara G. Shortridge and James R. Shortridge (Oxford, 1998), p. 80.
2 Puerto Nuevo Lobster, ‘Home’ (2010), available at www.puerto-nuevolobster.com, accessed 24 August 2010; Andrea Sachs, ‘Mexico’s Little Lobster Town’, Washington Post (9 June 2002).
3 Tom Powers, personal communication, 11 March 2009.
4 Bennet M. Allen, ‘Notes on the Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) of the California Coast’, University of California Publications in Zoology, XVI/12 (17 March 1916), p. 139.
5 Kevin Lewand, personal communication, 30 July 2009, Monterey, California.
6 Jules Verne, The Complete Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea [1871 edn], ed. and trans. Emanuel J. Mickel (Bloomington, IN, 1991), p. 370.
7 Francis Hobart Herrick, Natural History of the American Lobster (Washington, DC, 1911), p. 194.
8 J. S. Cobb and K. M. Castro, ‘Homarus Species’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), pp. 314–15.
9 Nelson M. Ehrhardt, ‘Estimating Growth of the Florida Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus, From Molt Frequency and Size Increment Data from Tag and Recapture Experiments’, Fisheries Research, XCIII/3 (September 2008), pp. 332–7; Kristine C. Barsky, ‘California Spiny Lobster’, in California’s Living Marine Resources: A Status Report (2001), p. 100.
10 Thaumastochelopsis brucei and wardi; Shane T. Ahyong, Ka-Hou Chu and Tin-Yam Chan, ‘Description of a New Species of Thaumastochelopsis from the Coral Sea’, Bulletin of Marine Science, LXXX/1 (2007), p. 201.
11 Tin-Yam Chan, ‘Annotatated Checklist of the World’s Marine Lobsters’, The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, supplement no. 23 (31 October 2010), pp. 153–4.
12 Bruce F. Phillips and Roy Melville-Smith, ‘Panulirus Species’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), p. 376; M. Vijaykumaran, ‘Conference Synthesis: Recent Advances in Lobster Biology, Aquaculture and Management (RALBAM 2010, Chennai, India, January 2010’, Lobster Newsletter, XXIII/1 (April 2010), p. 4; Frank Nicosia and Kari Lavalli, ‘Homarid Lobster Hatcheries: Their History and Role in Research, Management, and Aquaculture’, Marine Fisheries Review, LXI/2 (1999), pp. 1–57.
13 Bruce F. Phillips, ‘Conclusions’, in Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries, ed. Bruce F. Phillips (Oxford, 2006), p. 498.
14 Blue Zoo Aquatics, ‘Lobster’, available at www.bluezooaquatics.com, accessed 24 August 2010; Ret Talbot, personal communication, 11 November 2009, Laguna Beach, CA; Stanley Cobb, personal communication, 14 November 2009, Kingston, RI.
15 Henry Liascos, personal communication, 11 October and 27 December 2009.
16 Elizabeth S. Pritchard, ed., Fisheries of the United States 2008 (Silver Spring, MD, 2009), p. 59.
17 ‘Eastern Canada Offshore Lobster Fishery gains MSC Certification’, Marine Stewardship Council (2 June 2010), available at www.msc.org, accessed 3 January 2011.
18 ‘Track a Fishery: Normandy and Jersey Lobster’, Marine Stewardship Council (19 August 2010), available at www.msc.org, accessed 3 January 2011.
19 Callum Roberts, The Unnatural History of the Sea (London, 2007), p. 319.
20 Ibid., pp. 330–31.
21 Ian Murray, personal communication, 23 October 2009.
22 S. H. Jury, H. Howell, D. F. O’Grady and W. H. Watson, III, ‘Lobster Trap Video: In Situ Video Surveillance of the Behaviour of Homarus americanus in and around Traps’, Marine and Freshwater Research, LII (2001), pp. 1125–32. Similar studies are being conducted in other countries such as Australia.
23 Lisa Mossey, Ocean Choice International, personal communication, 16 August 2010.
24 Shucks Maine Lobster, ‘Products’ (2009), available at www.shucksmaine.com, accessed 24 August 2010.
25 Crustastun, ‘Products: The Crustastun: World’s First Humane Electronic Crustacean Stunner’ (2009), available at www.crustastun.com, accessed 24 August 2010.
26 Mitchell Rosen, personal communication, 27 August 2009, New York.