Notes

Chapter 1

1.  Gardner, C. D., et al. “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 297, no. 9 (March 7, 2007): 969–77.

2.  Heilbronn, L. K., et al. “Alternate-Day Fasting in Nonobese Subjects: Effects on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Energy Metabolism.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, no. 1 (January 2005): 69–73.

3.  Varady, K. A., et al. “Short-Term Modified Alternate-Day Fasting: A Novel Dietary Strategy for Weight Loss and Cardioprotection in Obese Adults.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (2009): 1138–43.

4.  Ibid.

5.  Klempel, M. C., et al. “Dietary and Physical Activity Adaptations to Alternate Day Modified Fasting: Implications for Optimal Weight Loss.” Nutrition Journal 9 (2010): 35.

6.  Bhutani, S., et al. “Improvements in Coronary Heart Disease Risk Indicators by Alternate-Day Fasting Involve Adipose Tissue Modulations.” Obesity 18, no. 11 (November 2010): 2152–59.

7.  Klempel, M. C., et al. “Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) with a High-Fat Diet Produces Similar Weight Loss and Cardio-Protection as ADF with a Low-Fat Diet.” Metabolism 62, no. 1 (January 2013): 137–43.

8.  Bhutani, S., et al. “Alternate Day Fasting and Endurance Exercise Combine to Reduce Body Weight and Favorably Alter Plasma Lipids on Obese Humans.” Obesity (February 14, 2013).

9.  Kramer, F. M., et al. “Long-Term Follow-Up of Behavioral Treatment for Obesity: Patterns of Weight Regain among Men and Women.” International Journal of Obesity 13, no. 2 (1989): 123–36.

Chapter 2

1.  VanWormer, J. J., et al. “Self-Weighing Promotes Weight Loss for Obese Adults.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36, no. 1 (January 2009): 70–73.

2.  VanWormer, J. J., et al. “Self-Weighing Frequency Is Associated with Weight Gain Prevention over 2 Years among Working Adults.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 2012): 351–58.

3.  Steinberg, D. M., et al. “The Efficacy of a Daily Self-Weighing Weight Loss Intervention Using Smart Scales and Email.” Obesity (March 20, 2013).

4.  Butryn, M. L., et al. “Consistent Self-Monitoring of Weight: A Key Component of Successful Weight Loss Maintenance.” Obesity 15, no. 12 (December 2007): 3091–96.

5.  Linde, J. A., et al. “Self-Weighing in Weight Gain Prevention and Weight Loss Trials.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 30, no. 3 (December 2005): 210–16.

6.  Douglas, S. M., et al. “Low, Moderate, or High Protein Yogurt Snacks on Appetite Control and Subsequent Eating in Healthy Women.” Appetite 60, no. 1 (January 2013): 117–22.

7.  Leidy, H. J., et al. “The Influence of Higher Protein Intake and Greater Eating Frequency on Appetite Control in Overweight and Obese Men.” Obesity 18, no. 9 (September 2010): 1725–32.

8.  Mozaffarian, D., et al. “Plasma Phospholipid Long-Chain ω-3 Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Older Adults: A Cohort Study.” Annals of Internal Medicine 158, no. 7 (April 2013): 515–25.

9.  Estruch, R., et al. “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet.” New England Journal of Medicine 368, no. 14 (April 2013): 1279–90.

10. Siri-Tarino, P. W., et al. “Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Evaluating the Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 3 (March 2010): 535–46.

11. Kong, A., et al. “Associations between Snacking and Weight Loss and Nutrient Intake among Postmenopausal Overweight to Obese Women in a Dietary Weight-Loss Intervention.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111, no. 12 (December 2011): 1898–903.

12. Hibi, M., et al. “Nighttime Snacking Reduces Whole Body Fat Oxidation and Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy Young Women.” American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 304, no. 2 (January 2013): R94–R101.

13. Stroebele, N., et al. “Do Calorie-Controlled Portion Sizes of Snacks Reduce Energy Intake?” Appetite 52, no. 3 (June 2009): 793–96.

14. Zizza, C. A., and B. Xu. “Snacking Is Associated with Overall Diet Quality among Adults.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 112, no. 2 (February 2012): 291–96.

15. Zizza, C. A., et al. “Contribution of Snacking to Older Adults’ Vitamin, Carotenoid, and Mineral Intakes.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110, no. 5 (May 2010): 768–72.

16. Bachman, J. L., et al. “Eating Frequency Is Higher in Weight Loss Maintainers and Normal-Weight Individuals Than in Overweight Individuals.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111, no. 11 (November 2011): 1730–34.

17. Van Walleghen, E. L., et al. “Pre-Meal Water Consumption Reduces Meal Energy Intake in Older but Not Younger Subjects.” Obesity 15, no. 1 (January 2007): 93–99.

18. Davy, B. M., et al. “Water Consumption Reduces Energy Intake at a Breakfast Meal in Obese Older Adults.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108, no. 7 (July 2008): 1236–39.

19. Boschmann, M., et al. “Water Drinking Induces Thermogenesis through Osmosensitive Mechanisms.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92, no. 8 (August 2007): 3334–37.

20. Akers, J. D., et al. “Daily Self-Monitoring of Body Weight, Step Count, Fruit/Vegetable Intake, and Water Consumption: A Feasible and Effective Long-Term Weight Loss Maintenance Approach.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 112, no. 5 (May 2012): 685–692.

21. Rudenga, K. J., et al. “Amygdala Response to Sucrose Consumption Is Inversely Related to Artificial Sweetener Use.” Appetite 58, no. 2 (April 2012): 504–7.

22. Fowler, S. P., et al. “Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially Sweetened Beverage Use and Long-Term Weight Gain.” Obesity 16, no. 8 (August 2008): 1894–900.

23. Bernstein, A. M., et al. “Soda Consumption and the Risk of Stroke in Men and Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 5 (May 2012): 1190–99.

24. Schernhammer, E. S., et al. “Consumption of Artificial Sweetener- and Sugar-Containing Soda and Risk of Lymphoma and Leukemia in Men and Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96, no. 6 (December 2012): 1419–28.

25. Nettleton, J. A., et al. “Diet Soda Intake and Risk of Incident Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).” Diabetes Care 32, no. 4 (April 2009): 688–94.

26. Karalius, V. P., et al. “Dietary Sugar and Artificial Sweetener Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review.” Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 20, no. 2 (March 2013): 157–64.

27. Pepino, M. Y., et al. “Sucralose Affects Glycemic and Hormonal Responses to an Oral Glucose Load.” Diabetes Care (April 30, 2013).

28. Gavrieli, A., et al. “Effect of Different Amounts of Coffee on Dietary Intake and Appetite of Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Individuals.” Obesity (November 29, 2012).

29. Lopez-Garcia, E., et al. “Changes in Caffeine Intake and Long-Term Weight Change in Men and Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 3 (March 2006): 674–80.

30. Carter, B. E., et al. “Beverages Containing Soluble Fiber, Caffeine, and Green Tea Catechins Suppress Hunger and Lead to Less Energy Consumption at the Next Meal.” Appetite 59, no. 3 (December 2012): 755–61.

31. Hursel, R., et al. “The Effects of Green Tea on Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance: A Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Obesity 33, no. 9 (September 2009): 956–61.

32. Freedman, N. D., et al. “Association of Coffee Drinking with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality.” New England Journal of Medicine 366, no. 20 (May 2012): 1891–904.

33. Hetherington, M. M., et al. “Effects of Chewing Gum on Short-Term Appetite Regulation in Moderately Restrained Eaters.” Appetite 57, no. 2 (October 2011): 475–82.

34. Smith, A. P., et al. “Effects of Chewing Gum on the Stress and Work of University Students.” Appetite 58, no. 3 (June 2012): 1037–40.

35. Zibell, S., et al. “Impact of Gum Chewing on Stress Levels: Online Self-Perception Research Study.” Current Medical Research and Opinion 25, no. 6 (June 2009): 1491–500.

36. Scholey, A., et al. “Chewing Gum Alleviates Negative Mood and Reduces Cortisol during Acute Laboratory Psychological Stress.” Physiology & Behavior 97, no. 3–4 (June 2009): 304–12.

Chapter 4

1.  Unlu, N. Z., et al. “Carotenoid Absorption from Salad and Salsa by Humans Is Enhanced by the Addition of Avocado or Avocado Oil.” Journal of Nutrition 135, no. 3 (March 2005): 431–36.

2.  Johnston, C. S., et al. “Vinegar: Medicinal Uses and Antiglycemic Effect.” Mescape General Medicine 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2006): 61.

3.  Tedong, L., et al. “Hydro-Ethanolic Extract of Cashew Tree (Anacardium Occidentale) Nut and Its Principal Compound, Anacardic Acid, Stimulate Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Muscle Cells.” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 54, no. 12 (December 2010): 1753–62.

4.  Kamil, A., et al. “Health Benefits of Almonds beyond Cholesterol Reduction.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (February 17, 2012).

5.  Russo, M., et al. “The Flavonoid Quercetin in Disease Prevention and Therapy.” Biochemical Pharmacology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 6–15.

6.  Mellen, P. B., et al. “Whole Grain Intake and Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 18, no. 4 (May 2008): 283–90.

7.  Reis, C. E., et al. “Ground Roasted Peanuts Leads to a Lower Post-Prandial Glycemic Response Than Raw Peanuts.” Nutrition Hospital 26, no. 4 (July–August 2011): 745–51.

8.  Oude Griep, L. M., et al. “Colors of Fruit and Vegetables and 10-Year Incidence of Stroke.” Stroke 42, no. 11 (November 2011): 3190–95.

9.  Shardell, M. D., et al. “Low-Serum Carotenoid Concentrations and Carotenoid Interactions Predict Mortality in US Adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” Nutrition Research 31, no. 3 (March 2011): 178–89.

10. Butt, M. S., et al. “Black Pepper and Health Claims: A Comprehensive Treatise.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 53, no. 9 (2013): 875–86.

11. Russell, F. D., et al. “Distinguishing Health Benefits of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids.” Marine Drugs 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2012): 2535–59.

12. Ludy, M. J., et al. “The Effects of Capsaicin and Capsiate on Energy Balance: Critical Review and Meta-Analyses of Studies in Humans.” Chemical Senses 37, no. 2 (February 2012): 103–21.

13. Ratliff, J., et al. “Consuming Eggs for Breakfast Influences Plasma Glucose and Ghrelin, while Reducing Energy Intake during the Next 24 Hours in Adult Men.” Nutrition Research 30, no. 2 (February 2010): 96–103.

14. Xu, Y., et al. “Effect of Dietary Supplementation with White Button Mushrooms on Host Resistance to Influenza Infection and Immune Function in Mice.” British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 6 (March 28, 2013): 1052–61.

15. Diliberti, N., et al. “Increased Portion Size Leads to Increased Energy Intake in a Restaurant Meal.” Obesity 12, no. 3 (March 2004): 562–68.

16. Hettiaratchi, U. P., et al. “Chemical Compositions and Glycemic Responses to Banana Varieties.” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 62, no. 4 (June 2011): 307–9.

17. Katz, D. L., et al. “Cocoa and Chocolate in Human Health and Disease.” Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 15, no. 10 (November 2011): 2779–811.

18. Patel, B. P., et al. “An After-School Snack of Raisins Lowers Cumulative Food Intake in Young Children.” Journal of Food Science 78, no. S1 (June 2013): A5–A10.

19. Akilen, R., et al. “Cinnamon in Glycaemic Control: Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.” Clinical Nutrition 31, no. 5 (October 2012): 609–15.

20. Cesar, T. B., et al. “Orange Juice Decreases Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects and Improves Lipid Transfer to High-Density Lipoprotein in Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Subjects.” Nutrition Research 30, no. 10 (October 2010): 689–94.

21. Kurowska, E. M., et al. “HDL-Cholesterol-Raising Effect of Orange Juice in Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, no. 5 (November 2000): 1095–100.

22. Zhang, Y., et al. “Cherry Consumption and Decreased Risk of Recurrent Gout Attacks.” Arthritis and Rheumatism 64, no. 12 (December 2012): 4004–11.

23. Kelley, D. S., et al. “Sweet Bing Cherries Lower Circulating Concentrations of Markers for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases in Healthy Humans.” Journal of Nutrition 143, no. 3 (March 2013): 340–44.

24. Howatson, G., et al. “Effect of Tart Cherry Juice (Prunus Cerasus) on Melatonin Levels and Enhanced Sleep Quality.” European Journal of Nutrition 51, no. 8 (December 2012): 909–16.

25. Moazzami, A. A., et al. “Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Shifts Following an Intervention with Rye Bread in Postmenopausal Women—A Randomized Control Trial.” Nutrition Journal 11 (October 2012): 88.

26. Basu, A., et al. “Strawberries Decrease Atherosclerotic Markers in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome.” Nutrition Research 30, no. 7 (July 2010): 462–69.

27. Nguyen, V., et al. “Popcorn Is More Satiating Than Potato Chips in Normal-Weight Adults.” Nutrition Journal 11 (September 14, 2012): 71.

Chapter 6

1.  Bhutani, S., et al. “Alternate Day Fasting and Endurance Exercise Combine to Reduce Body Weight and Favorably Alter Plasma Lipids on Obese Humans.” Obesity (February 14, 2013).

2.  Bassett, D. R., Jr., et al. “Pedometer-Measured Physical Activity and Health Behaviors in U.S. Adults.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42, no. 10 (October 2010): 1819–25.

3.  Hultquist, C. N., et al. “Comparison of Walking Recommendations in Previously Inactive Women.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37, no. 4 (April 2005): 676–83.

4.  Tudor-Locke, C., et al. “The Relationship between Pedometer-Determined Ambulatory Activity and Body Composition Variables.” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 25, no. 11 (November 2001): 1571–78.

5.  Bravata, D. M., “Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Health: A Systematic Review.” Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 19 (November 21, 2007): 2296–304.

6.  Croteau, K. A. “Strategies Used to Increase Lifestyle Physical Activity in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.” Journal of Allied Health 33, no. 4 (Winter 2004): 278–81.

7.  Steeves, J. A., et al. “Can Sedentary Behavior Be Made More Active? A Randomized Pilot Study of TV Commercial Stepping Versus Walking.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 9 (August 6, 2012): 95.

Chapter 7

1.  “ObesityWeek 2013,” a presentation at the yearly scientific conference of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, which publishes the journal Obesity, of first-year results from a three-year study sponsored by the National Institutes of Health.

2.  Mekary, R. A., et al. “Physical Activity in Relation to Long-Term Weight Maintenance After Intentional Weight Loss in Premenopausal Women. Obesity 18, no. 1 (January 2010): 167–74.

3.  Robinson, E., et al. “Eating Attentively: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Food Intake Memory and Awareness on Eating.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, no. 4 (April 2013): 728–42.

4.  Beshara, M., et al. “Does Mindfulness Matter? Everyday Mindfulness, Mindful Eating and Self-Reported Serving Size of Energy Dense Foods among a Sample of South Australian Adults.” Appetite 67 (August 2013): 25–29.

5.  Alberts, H. J., et al. “Dealing with Problematic Eating Behaviour: The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Eating Behaviour, Food Cravings, Dichotomous Thinking and Body Image Concern.” Appetite 58, no. 3 (June 2012): 847–51.

6.  Paolini, B., et al. “Coping with Brief Periods of Food Restriction: Mindfulness Matters.” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 4 (2012): 13.

7.  Daubenmier, J., et al. “Mindfulness Intervention for Stress Eating to Reduce Cortisol and Abdominal Fat among Overweight and Obese Women: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study.” Journal of Obesity (2011): Article ID 651936.

8.  Duffey, K. J., et al. “Energy Density, Portion Size, and Eating Occasions: Contributions to Increased Energy Intake in the United States, 1977–2006.” PLoS Medicine 8, no. 6 (June 2011): e1001050.

9.  Wansink, B., et al. “Portion Size Me: Downsizing Our Consumption Norms.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107, no. 7 (July 2007): 1103–6.

10. Kesman, R. L., et al. “Portion Control for the Treatment of Obesity in the Primary Care Setting.” BMC Research Notes 4 (September 9, 2011): 346.

11. Pedersen, S. D., et al. “Portion Control Plate for Weight Loss in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Controlled Clinical Trial.” Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 12 (June 2007): 1277–83.

12. Rolls, B. J., et al. “Portion Size Can Be Used Strategically to Increase Vegetable Consumption in Adults.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 4 (April 2010): 913–22.

13. Van Kleef, E., et al. “Serving Bowl Selection Biases the Amount of Food Served.” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 44, no. 1 (January–February 2012): 66–70.

14. Stroebele, N., et al. “Do Calorie-Controlled Portion Sizes of Snacks Reduce Energy Intake?” Appetite 52, no. 3 (June 2009): 793–96.

15. Rolls, B. J., et al. “Salad and Satiety: Energy Density and Portion Size of a First-Course Salad Affect Energy Intake at Lunch.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104, no. 10 (October 2004): 1570–76.

16. Condrasky, M., et al. “Chefs’ Opinions of Restaurant Portion Sizes.” Obesity 15, no. 8 (August 2007): 2086–94.

17. Rolls, B. J., et al. “Portion Size Can Be Used Strategically to Increase Vegetable Consumption in Adults.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 4 (April 2010): 913–22.

18. Hogenkamp, P. S., et al. “Acute Sleep Deprivation Increases Portion Size and Affects Food Choice in Young Men.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, no. 9 (September 2013): 1668–74.