A-1. See esp. Henry Mowvley, “John 114–18 in the Light of Exodus 337–3435,” ExpTim 95 (1984): 135–37.
A-2. There are two major possibilities for the dating of Jesus’ ministry, A.D. 26–30 or 29–33, with the latter set of dates to be preferred. See H. W. Hoehner, Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1977); idem., “Chronology,” DJG, 118–22. A less detailed but congruent chronology is found in J. Finegan, Handbook of Biblical Chronology (rev. ed.; Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1998), 352.
A-3. For the dating of the four Passovers between A.D. 29 and 33 mentioned above, see Humphreys and Waddington, “Jewish Calendar,” 368, likewise settles on Friday, April 3, A.D. 33, as the most likely date of Jesus’ crucifixion, with reference to Hoener, Chronological Aspects, 44, 114, and P. Maier, “The Dates of the Nativity and the Chronology of Jesus’ Life,” in J. Vardaman and E. M. Yamauchi, eds., Chronos, Kairos, Christos; FS Finegan (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1989), 125 and Table 1.
A-4. For a defense of the temple cleansing as a sign in John’s Gospel, see Köstenberger, “The Seventh Johannine Sign: A Study in John’s Christology,” BBR 5 (1995): 87–103.
A-5. Cf. S. Safrai, “Home and Family,” in The Jewish People in the First Century, vol. 2, eds. S. Safrai and M. Stern (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987), 728–92; J. D. M. Derrett, Law in the New Testament (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1970), 227–38; E. Ferguson, Backgrounds of Early Christianity, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), 68–69; D. J. Williams, “Bride, Bridegroom,” DJG, 86–88.
A-6. On Jesus’ “natural family,” see esp. R. Bauckham, Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1990), 5–44.
A-7. Epiphanius suggests Jesus’ brothers were sons of Joseph by a previous marriage; Jerome conjectures they were cousins; but the most likely explanation (already suggested by Helvidius) is that they were the sons of Joseph and Mary, younger half-brothers of Jesus.
A-8. See D. F. Watson, “Wine,” DJG, 870–73.
A-9. See Gen. 27:28, 37; Deut. 7:13; Judg. 9:13; Ps. 104:15; Prov. 3:10; Song 7:9; Isa. 55:1; 65:8; Joel 3:18; Zech. 9:17; cf. Matt. 26:27–29 par.
A-10. See Deut. 32:32–33; Ps. 60:3; 75:8; Prov. 4:17; 23:29–35; Isa. 5:22; 51:17; Jer. 25:15; Hos. 7:5; Rev. 14:10.
A-11. For a general survey, see M. O. Wise, “Feasts,” DJG, 234–41.
A-12. On the New Testament characterization of the Jerusalem temple, see esp. P. W. L. Walker, Jesus and the Holy City (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996). A general survey is found in M. O. Wise, “Temple,” DJG, 811–17.
A-13. Cf. M. Goodman, “A Note on Josephus, the Pharisees and Ancestral Tradition,” JJS 50 (1999): 17–20.
A-14. See S. Westerholm, “Pharisees,” DJG, 609–14.
A-15. The considerable literature on Samaritans includes: A. D. Crown, ed., The Samaritans (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1989); J. Jeremias, “The Samaritans,” in Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus (London: SCM, 1969), 352–58; J. A. Montgomery, The Samaritans (New York: Ktav, 1907; repr. 1968); H. G. M. Williamson, “Samaritans,” DJG, 724–28. See also H. K. Bond, Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation (SNTSMS 100; Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998), 71–73, 89–93 (esp. 71, n. 69).
A-16. The saying is attributed to the later R. Yannai (c. A.D. 240); the insult “Samaritan” is listed together with “people of the land” (Jews ignorant of the law), “a boor,” and “a magician.”
A-17. This listing does not imply endorsement as the likely site of Jesus’ tomb. The Garden tomb rather provides a setting not dissimilar to the kind of tomb Jesus would have been laid in.
A-19. Cf. E. Stern, ed., The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, 1:291–96, esp. 292–95, with extensive bibliography; J. C. H. Laughlin, “Capernaum: From Jesus’ Time and After,” BAR 19 (September/October 1993): 55–61, 90, with other helpful bibliographic references.
A-20. For a complete list of high priests from 200 B.C. to A.D. 70, see Jeremias, Jerusalem, 377–78. For a list of high priests from 37 B.C. to A.D. 68, see E. M. Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics in Roman Palestine,” JTS 13 (1962): 31–32.
A-21. Cf. Hengel, “Johannesevangelium als Quelle,” 327.
A-22. On these excavations, see esp. W. Horbury, “The ‘Caiaphas’ Ossuaries and Joseph Caiaphas,” PEQ 126 (1994): 33–48; E. Stern, ed., The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, 2:756. On John’s portrayal of Caiaphas and Annas his father-in-law, see now esp. Hengel, “Johannesevangelium als Quelle,” 322–34.
A-23. The following is adapted from F. J. Moloney, The Gospel of John (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical, 1998), 377–78 (for further bibliography, see 389–91). See also E. Bammel, “The Farewell Discourse of the Evangelist John and Its Jewish Heritage,” TynBul 44 (1993): 103–16; W. S. Kurz, “Luke 22:14–38 and Greco-Roman and Biblical Farewell Addresses,” JBL 104 (1985): 251–68; idem, Farewell Addresses in the New Testament (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical, 1990); A. Lacomara, “Deuteronomy and the Farewell Discourse (Jn 13:31–16:33),” CBQ 36 (1974): 65–84; R. W. Paschal Jr., “Farewell Discourse,” DJG, 229–33, esp. 232.
A-24. E.g., Gen. 49; Josh. 23–24; 1 Sam. 12; 1 Kings 2:1–12; 1 Chron. 28–29.
A-25. E.g., T. 12 Patr.; As. Mos.; cf. Jub. 22:10–30; 1 Macc. 2:49–70; Josephus, Ant. 12.6.3 §§279–84. For Greco-Roman farewell passages, see Malina and Rohrbaugh, Social Science Commentary, 221–22.
A-26. m. Hor. 3:4; cf. m. Meg. 1:9; m. Mak. 2:6; t. Yoma 1:4.
A-27. b. Pesaḥ. 57a; t. Menaḥ. 13:18 “the powerful men of the priesthood.”
A-28. See H. W. Hoehner, “Pontius Pilate,” DJG, 615–17.
A-29. Cf. J. Vardaman, “A New Inscription which Mentions Pilate as ‘Prefect,’ ” JBL 81 (1962): 70–71.
A-30. E.g. Josephus, J.W. 2.9.2 §§169–74; Ant. 18.3.1 §§55–62; Luke 13:1 (?).
A-31. Cf. E. M. Smallwood, “The Date of the Dismissal of Pontius Pilate from Judaea,” JJS 5 (1954): 12–21.
A-32. Cf. Suetonius, Tiberius 58; Tacitus, Ann. 3.38.
A-33. Cf. E. Bammel, “Philos tou Kaisaros,” TLZ 77 (1952): 205–10, who consequently insists on a post-A.D. 31 crucifixion date for Jesus.
A-34. See comments on 19:8 above; on Sejanus’s anti-Semitism, see Philo, Embassy 159–61.
A-35. 1 Macc. 2:18; 3:38; 10:65; 11:27; 3 Macc. 6:23; Josephus, Ant. 12.7.3 §298.