Index

A

abuse of process, 159–160

ACA. See Affordable Care Act (ACA) acceptance, 59, 61–62, 289

accommodation, reasonable, 44

accountant, 263, 289

action, defined, 289

ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

addendum, defined, 289

ADEA. See Age Discrimination in

Employment Act (ADEA)

advertising

copyright and, 3–4

geographic locations in, 5

Internet, 201–203

locations for, 6–7

media for, 6–7

names in, 5

for newly created positions, 5–6

online, 7

people in, 5

privacy and, 2

regulation of, 1–2

for replacement of existing employees, 6

trademarks in, 3

Affordable Care Act (ACA), 138–139, 257–258, 267

age, 14

age discrimination, 228

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 12, 40, 43, 46, 48, 52, 58, 144, 148, 172, 225, 237, 267

agency, 289

agreement, defined, 289–290

alcohol use, 45

amendment, 290

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 12–13, 27, 40, 43–46, 52, 107, 144, 148–149, 170–173, 206, 228, 268, 290

antidilution, 185, 190–191, 290

apparent authority, 290

applications, employment, 10–17

arbitration, 237, 247

articles of incorporation, 290

articles of organization, 290–291

attestation, 16

at-will employment, 238–240, 272–274

at-will statement, 17

authority apparent, 290

defined, 290

availability, 16

B

background checks, 28–31

bankruptcy, defined, 291

blacklisting, 160

board of directors, 291

bona fide occupational qualification, 53

bonds, 301

Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, 145–146

boycotts, 71, 102

business necessity, 52

business plan, 291

buy-sell agreement, 291–292

bylaws, 292

C

captive audience speeches, 79

certified public accountant (CPA), 292

charges, filing of, with EEOC, 47–52

child labor, 136–137

citizenship, 14, 119–120

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 226. See also Title VII of Civil Rights Act

Civil Rights Act of 1991 (CRA), 13, 45–46, 58

Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA), 39, 47

Clayton Act, 71

closely held business, 110, 292

COBRA. See Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA)

agreements, 83–104

appropriate bargaining units in, 86–87

employee representation and, 86–89

employee rights and, 88

employer restraint and coercion in, 99–100

exclusions from bargaining units in, 87–88

and refusal to bargain in good faith, 97–98

representative selection, 88

strikes and, 89–93

unfair labor practices and, 93–98

unionization and, 70–74, 77–78

union-security agreements and, 88–89

common law, 153–160, 292

common stock, 293

communication devices, 213–214

conduct, 112

confidentiality, 27–28, 171, 195

confirming memorandum, 66–67, 293

consideration, 59, 61–62, 298–293

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), 258, 268

Constitution, 151–152, 209

constructive discharge, 240–241

Consumer Credit Protection Act (CCPA), 141–142, 268

consumer information protection, 198

contract

additional terms in, 68

basics, 59–60

defined, 293

employee handbook as not, 108–109

employment, 160–161

essentials, 64–65

express, 60

implied, 60–61, 274, 295

no-cost, 65–66

online, 68–69

principles, 61–62

professional drafting of, 65–66

proving agreement, 62–63

types of, 60

written, necessity of, 63–64

copyright, 3–4, 181–182, 293

corporate shield, 294

corporate trustee, 294

corporate veil, 294

corporation S, 300

covenant of good faith exception, 274

covered employees, 131–132

COVID-19 pandemic, 13, 163–175, 215–219

CPA. See certified public accountant (CPA)

credit reports, 28–31

criminal convictions, 15–16

CSRA. See Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA)

culture, 108

D

damages

defined, 294

liable for, 4

defamation of character, 154–157

defenses, employer, 52–53

defined benefit plan, 251, 301

defined contribution plan, 252–254, 294

disabilities discrimination, 148–149, 228

disability status, 15. See also Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

discharge, 234–244, 294

discipline, 112, 117, 162, 234–244

discrimination, 12–13, 39–46, 95–97, 100–101, 143–145, 148–149, 217, 225–226, 228

discrimination policies, 113

disparate impact, 144

dispute resolution, 245–249

domain names, 198–199

drug testing, 10–12, 18–24, 113–114

drug use, 45

duties, in job description, 37

duty to bargain, 175–178

E

education, 16

EEO-1 Report, 206, 268

EEOC, 13

EEO statement, 17

Electronic Signature in Global and National Commerce Act (E-Sign), 68–69, 294–295

email, 204

emergency policies, 114

emotional distress, intentional infliction of, 159

employee handbook conduct in, 112

culture and, 108

defined, 106

discipline in, 112

drug testing in, 113–114

in family businesses, 110

items excluded from, 116–117

items included in, 111–116

for lawsuit protection, 107

mission statement in, 112

as not employment contract, 108–109

payroll in, 114

policies in, 112

preliminary considerations for drafting, 106–109

preparation of effective, 110–111

purpose of, 111

reasons for, 109

separation policy in, 114–115

at start-ups, 109–110

tasks after drafting, 117–118

timekeeping in, 114

vacation policies in, 114

values and, 108

vision statement in, 112

Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA), 31–35, 269

Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 269

employee status, 222–230

employee stock option plan (ESOP), 254, 295

employer defenses, 52–53

employer-furnished facilities, 133–134

employment agencies, 7–9

environmentalism, 212

EPA. See Equal Pay Act (EPA)

EPPA. See Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA)

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 13, 15, 25, 28–31, 47–52, 144, 169–175, 225

Equal Pay Act (EPA), 12, 43, 46, 48, 58, 144, 146, 206, 226, 269

Erdman Act, 72

ERISA. See Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)

ESOP. See employee stock option plan (ESOP)

exempt employees, 134–135

experience, 37

express contract, 60

F

facilities, employer-furnished, 133–134

Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 28–31, 269

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 55, 130–138, 140, 169, 206, 226, 237, 269

false imprisonment, 158–159

Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA), 163, 177–178

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 25, 27, 42, 150–151, 169, 229, 259, 269

family business, 110

farm jobs, 137

FCRA. See Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)

featherbedding, 103

federal contractors, 139–140

federal employment law, 267–271

federal hiring, discrimination in, 39–40

Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, 91

Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, 25

federal sector, 233

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 1–2, 28–31, 295

Federal Unemployment Compensation Act (FUCA), 244

FFCRA. See Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA)

Fifth Amendment, 152

firefighters, 136

FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

FMLA. See Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

forms, employment, 123

Fourteenth Amendment, 152

Fourth Amendment, 152

franchising, 295

fraudulent misrepresentation, 159

free speech, 209

fringe benefits, 250–259

FTC. See Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

FUCA. See Federal Unemployment Compensation Act (FUCA)

G

garnishment, wage, 141–142

gender, 14

genetic information, 25–27

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 13, 24–28, 40, 46, 58, 269

gig economy, 54–56

GINA. See Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)

good faith, 86, 97–98

“green card,” 119–120

grievance procedures, 237

H

handbook. See employee handbook

harassment, 42, 113, 121–122, 146–148, 226–227

hazards, workplace, 224–225

headhunters, 7–9

health-care plans, 257–258

health-care reimbursement arrangement (HRA), 258

health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 257

health policies, 114

health savings account (HSA), 258

hospitals, 136

hot cargo agreement, 103

HRA. See health-care reimbursement arrangement (HRA)

HSA. See health savings account (HSA)

I

ideal candidate, 37

Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), 42, 206, 270

implied contract, 60–61, 274, 295

independent contractors defined, 220, 295–296

gig economy and, 54–56

liability and, 221

nondelegable duties and, 221

individual retirement account (IRA), 254, 296

insurance

key-person, 202, 296

liability, 202

unemployment, 223

intellectual property, 38–39, 296

Internet

advertising, 201–203

business property protection and, 197

consumer information protection and, 198

domain names and, 198–199

liability insurance and, 202

linking and, 201

server protection, 203–204

trademarks and, 200

websites and, 199–201

interviews, 10–17

IRA. See individual retirement account (IRA)

IRCA. See Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)

J

job descriptions, 35–39

job history, 16

job title, 36

Jury Systems Improvements Act, 270

just cause, 234–236

K

key-person insurance, 296

L

Landrum-Griffin Act, 70, 74

law

federal employment, 267–271

lawsuits

discrimination, 51

employee handbook as protection against, 107

lawyer, 260–263

letters patent, 313

liability

COVID-19 and, 215–216

employees and, 222–223

independent contractors and, 221

insurance, 202

product, 299

tax, 56

tort, 153–160

liable for damages, 4

license, 296

limited liability company (LLC), 296–297

limited liability partnership (LLP), 297

limited partner, 297

limited partnership, 297

liquidation, 297

litigation, 247–249, 297

LLC. See limited liability company (LLC)

LLP. See limited liability partnership (LLP)

local enforcement, 49

M

Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 297

malicious prosecution, 159

marijuana, 23–24

mediation, 72, 91–92, 106–107, 245–246

mediation and arbitration clause, 275–288

medical marijuana, 23–24

merger and acquisition, 297–298

minimum wage, 134–135, 139–150

minutes, 298

mission statement, 112

money-purchase plans, 254

multilevel marketing (MLM), 298

N

National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 73–74, 78–79, 83–85, 104, 175, 233, 237

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 73, 77–78, 85, 91, 249

National War Labor Board, 72

Ninth Amendment, 152

NLRA. See National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)

NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 73

non-compete agreements, 38

laws by state, 264–266

nondelegable duties, 221

nonprofit organizations, 207–208

Norman-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 24–25

Norris-LaGuardia Act, 72

notices, for polygraph testing, 33–34

O

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), 25, 149–150, 163–169, 206, 224, 237, 249, 270

offer, 59, 61–62, 298

offer of employment, 123

office, virtual, 211–219

Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 39–40

Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, 225

onboarding

announcement, 125

citizenship and, 119–120

defined, 119

first day/week agendas in, 126–127

importance of, 120–121

items in, before first day, 122–127

kit, 126

orientation in, 127–129

paperwork before, 122–123

sexual harassment materials in, 121–122

technological equipment in, 125–126

on-the-job rights and responsibilities abuse of process and, 159–160

blacklisting and, 160

Constitution and, 151–152

COVID-19 pandemic and, 163–175

defamation of character and, 154–157

disabilities discrimination and, 148–149

discrimination and, 143–145

duty to bargain and, 175–178

emotional distress and, infliction of, 159

employment contracts and, 160–161

Equal Pay Act and, 146

false imprisonment and, 158–159

malicious prosecution and, 159

physical safety and, 149–150

privacy and, 154, 157–158

progressive discipline and, 162

reference checks and, 155–157

sexual harassment and, 146–148

Title VII and, 145–146

tort liability and, 153–160

wrongful termination and, 161–162

zero-tolerance policies and, 149

operating agreement, 298

OPM. See Office of Personnel Management (OPM)

orientation, 127–129. See also onboarding

OSH. See Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act)

overtime, 135–136

ownership of work

copyright and, 181–182

intangible items and, 180–196

patents and, 180–181

tangible items and, 179–180

trademarks and, 182–192

trade secrets and, 192–196

P

partnership agreement, 299

patent, 180–181, 193, 299

payroll, in handbook, 114

PDA. See Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA)

pension plan, 253–254, 299

personal protective equipment (PPE), 128, 168–169

personal representative, 313

per stirpes, 299

physical safety, 149–150

police, 136

policies, in handbook, 112

polygraph testing, 31–35

Portal-to-Portal Act, 140–141

posters, 32–33

PPE. See personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPO. See preferred provider organization (PPO)

preferred provider organization (PPO), 257

pregnancy based discrimination, 42

Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), 172–173, 270

principal, defined, 299

prior employers, 38–39

privacy, 2, 154, 157–158, 217

private-sector employment

defined, 234

discharge in, 234–244

discipline in, 234–244

in large business, 205–209

legal aspects of, 206

nonprofit, 207–208

public vs., 205–210

in small business, 208–209

privilege, 293

probationary periods, 53–54, 231–232

productivity, 211–212

product liability, 299

professional designations, 16

profit-sharing plans, 252, 299

progressive discipline, 162

property

intellectual, 38–39, 296

unionization and, 74–75

proving agreements, 62–63

publicity, 2

public policy exception, 274

public-sector employment. See also entries at federal

constitutional rights and, 209

defined, 233

free speech and, 209

private vs., 205–210

Q

quasi-judicial, 84

questions, allowed and not allowed, 10–12

quid pro quo, 147, 226

R

RBD. See required beginning date (RBD)

reasonable accommodation, 44

recordkeeping, 138, 242–243

references, 16, 155–157

regulation

of advertising, 1–2

of wages and hours, 130–142

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 13, 46, 58

remedial education, 136

remedies, for discrimination, 51–52

reorganization, 300

reporting structure, 37

residential care facilities, 136

retention rates, 212

retirement plans, 250–257

“right to control” test, 55–56

RMD. See required minimum distribution (RMD)

S

Safety Data Sheets (SDS), 224

safety policies, 114, 149–150, 163–169, 218–219

salary history, 14–15

salary range, 36

salary savings/reduction plans, 252–253

schedule, 37

S-corporation, 300

screening

COVID-19, 216–217

drug, 10–12, 18–24, 113–114

SDS. See Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

seniority systems, 53

separation policy, 114–115

SEPP. See simplified employee pension plan (SEPP)

server protection, 203–204

settlement conference, 246

sexual harassment, 42, 113, 121–122, 146–148, 226

Sherman Act, 71

signature, electronic, 68–69, 303

simplified employee pension plan (SEPP), 253–254, 300

skills, 37

small business, 208–209

Social Security, 223, 256–257

Social Security number, 16

sole proprietorship, 300

speech, free, 209

start-ups, 109–110

state enforcement, 49

Statute of Frauds, 63–64, 66, 300

stock

common, 293

defined, 300

stock certificate, 301

stock option, 301

strikes, 89–93, 102

subminimum wage, 134

substance abuse, 113–114

T

Taft-Hartley Act, 70, 74

tax

defined, 301

liability, 56

withholding, 223

telecommuting, 211–219

temp agencies, 56–57

termination, wrongful, 161–162

testing

COVID-19, 216–217

drug, 10–12, 18–24, 113–114

third-party contractual relations, interference with, 159

timekeeping, 114

time off, 114, 258–259

tipped employees, 133

Title VII of Civil Rights Act, 12, 40–42, 48, 52, 144–146, 172–173, 206, 237–238, 270

TLRA. See Trademark Law Revision Act (TLRA)

tort liability, 153–160

trade dress, 301

trademark, 3, 182–192, 200, 301

Trademark Law Revision Act (TLRA), 185

trade secrets, 192–196

U

undue hardship, 45

unemployment compensation, 244

unemployment insurance, 223

unfair labor practices, 90–91, 93–104

Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 66–67, 301

Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA), 271

unionization

captive audience speeches and, 79

property and, 74–75

solicitation and, 75–79

union pins/buttons, 77

unions

discrimination and, 95–96

domination and, 94–95

featherbedding and, 103

historical background of, 70–74

membership fees, 102–103

retirement plans and, 256

unfair labor practices and, 90–91, 98–104

union-security agreements, 88–89

USERRA. See Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)

V

vacation, 114

values, 108

vesting, 255–256, 302

virtual office, 211–219

vision statement, 112

voluntary quit, 240–241

W

wages and hours regulation

Affordable Care Act in, 138–139

child labor in, 136–137

COVID-19 testing and, 217

employer-furnished facilities in, 133–134

exempt employees in, 134–135

Fair Labor Standards Act and, 130–138

farm jobs in, 137

federal contractors and, 139–140

garnishment in, 141–142

hospitals in, 136

overtime in, 135–136

Portal-to-Portal Act and, 140–141

recordkeeping in, 138

residential care facilities in, 136

subminimum wage in, 134

tipped employees in, 133

Wagner Act, 70, 73

WARN. See Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act

website, 7, 199–201

whistleblowers, 206

winding up, 302

withholding taxes, 223

Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act, 206, 241–242, 271

workers’ compensation, 223

work-from-home, 211–219

work location, 37

work ownership. See ownership of work

workplace hazards, 224–225

wrongful termination, 161–162

Y

youth minimum wage, 134

Z

zero-tolerance policies, 149, 229