Introduction
1 Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2 For a detailed discussion of these issues, see Lilienfeld, S. O, Watts, A. L. Smith, S. F. (2015). Successful psychopathy: A scientific status report. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 298–303. doi: 10.1177/0963721415580297.
3 Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2006). Snakes in suits: When psychopaths go to work. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Chapter 1: The Case of the Pit Bull
1 The authors wish to thank Dr. Michael Walton, a UK-based chartered psychologist, for providing material for this case.
Chapter 2: Who Are These People?
1 Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Guilford Press. See recent empirical accounts by Hare, R. D., Neumann, C. S., & Mokros, A. (2018). The PCL-R assessment of psychopathy: Development, properties, debates, and new directions. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 26–79). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2 This book is about adult psychopaths. We discuss the origins of psychopathic traits in S 2.1: Nature? Nurture? Both! It is important to note that many studies in developmental psychopathology clearly indicate that heredity and environmental factors related to psychopathy find expression very early in life. In a recent large sample, longitudinal study, the authors reported that teacher ratings of the traits and behaviors that define adolescent and adult psychopathy are evident in middle childhood (ages 6–8). Their findings “confirm that interpersonal, affective, and lifestyle/ antisocial traits can be observed in youth as early as six years of age. These findings suggest a somewhat similar structure to psychopathic traits in middle childhood to the construct of psychopathic traits identified in adolescence and adulthood.” The traits were based on the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (see Table 2.1, Note 2 in Chapter 2, and Notes 13 and 14 in the Appendix). Gorin et al., (2019). Psychopathic traits in middle childhood. Journal of psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. Advance online publication. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09733-2.
Also see Salekin, R. T. (2016). Psychopathy in childhood: Toward better informing the DSM-5 and ICD-11 conduct disorder specifiers. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 180–191.
3 American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV). Washington, DC: Author. DSM-5: American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., DSM-5). Arlington, VA: Author. See diagnostic overviews by Johnson, S. A. (2019. Understanding the violent personality. Antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, & sociopathy explored. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, 7, 76–88.
4 “Since the publication of DSM-III, there has been a recurrent criticism of the APA diagnostic manual for failing to be fully commensurate with the conceptualization of psychopathy by Cleckley . . . and/or the PCL-R” (Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A., 2015, p. 52). Psychopathy and the DSM. Journal of Personality, 83, 665–677. “Cleckley and Hare are well-known authors who defined how psychopathy is currently conceptualized; neither was referenced in the DSM-5 rationale” (Blashfield, R. K., & Reynolds, S. M., 2012, p. 826). An invisible college view of the DSM-5 personality disorder classification. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 821–829. Similarly, “DSM-IV criteria for [ASPD] consist almost exclusively of behavioral indicators, neglecting the affective-interpersonal features that appear to reflect much of the notion of a distinct personality type as described by Cleckley [1941/1976]. To address these issues, Hare and colleagues revived the construct of psychopathy, operationally defined by the Psychopathy Checklist, presently available in a revised version” (Minzenberg, M. J., & Siever, L. J., 2006). Neurochemistry and pharmacology of psychopathy and related disorders. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 251–277). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
5 Lykken, D. T. (2018). Psychopathy, sociopathy, and antisocial personality disorder. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 22–32). New York, NY: Guilford Press. His first publication was Lykken, D. T. (1957). A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 6–10.
6 Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Guilford Press. See recent empirical accounts by Hare, R. D., Neumann, C. S., & Mokros, A. (2018). The PCL-R assessment of psychopathy: Development, properties, debates, and new directions. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 26–79). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
7 Douglas, K. S., Vincent, G. M., & Edens, J. F. (2018). Risk for criminal recidivism: The role of psychopathy. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 682–709). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2018). Psychopathy in woman: Assessment, manifestations, and etiology. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 509–528). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
8 Blais, J., Solodukhin, E., & Forth, A. E. (2014). A meta-analysis exploring the relationship between psychopathy and instrumental versus reactive violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 797–821. doi: 10.1177/0093854813519629.
9 Sewall, L. A., & Olver, M. E. (2019). Psychopathy and treatment outcome: Results from a sexual Violence Reduction Program. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10, 59–69. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217–246.
10 De Oliveira-Souza, R., Ignácio, F. A., Moll, J., & Hare, R. D. (2008). Psychopathy in a civil psychiatric outpatient sample. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 427–437.
11 Hare, R. D. (1985). Comparison of the procedures for the assessment of psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 7–16.
12 Westen, D., & Weinberger, J. (2004). When clinical description becomes statistical prediction. American Psychologist, 59, 595–613.
13 Lilienfeld, S. O., Watts, A. L., Patrick, C. J., & Hare, R. D. (2018). Hervey Cleckley (1903–1984): Contributions to the study of psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 9, 520–520. doi:10.1037/per0000306.
14 Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. This book is available as a free download from the Internet, courtesy of Cleckley’s second wife, Emily Cleckley.
15 Lilienfeld, S. O., Watts, A. L., Patrick, C. J., & Hare, R. D. (2018). Hervey Cleckley (1903–1984): Contributions to the study of psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 9, 520–520. doi:10.1037/per0000306.
16 Initially, these ratings were rather crude (Low, Medium, and High psychopathy). Later, Hare and his students rated offenders on a 7-point scale, with 6–7 indicative of psychopathy. Although agreement among the raters was very good, other researchers and journal editors were never certain about what the ratings meant, with respect to the traditional concept of psychopathy. As a result, Hare commented in Without Conscience that he and his team “spent more than ten years improving and refining our procedures for ferreting the psychopaths out of the general prison population.”
17 Hare, R. D. (1980). A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111–119.
18 Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems. Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
19 Gacono, C. B. (Ed.). (2016). The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner’s guide (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
20 Hare, R. D., Black, P., & Walsh, Z. (2013). The PCL-R: Forensic applications and limitations. In R. P. Archer & E. M. A. Wheeler (Eds.), Forensic uses of clinical assessment instruments (2nd ed., pp. 230–265). New York, NY: Routledge.
21 Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (1995). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems. Hare and his team developed the PCL: SV for use in the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study, which evaluated 133 potential predictors of inpatient violence. The PCL: SV was the strongest of these predictors (Steadman, H. J., Silver, E., Monahan, J., Appelbaum, P. S., Clark Robbins, P., Mulvey, E. P., Grisso, T., Roth, L. H., & Banks, S., 2000). A classification tree approach to the development of actuarial violence risk assessment tools. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 83–100.
22 Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2008). Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 893–899.
23 Kelsey, K. R., Rogers, R., & Robinson, E. V. (2015). Self-report measures of psychopathy: What is their role in forensic assessments? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 380–391. doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9475-5.
24 Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
25 Rosner, B. (1990). Swindle. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin.
26 Civil Action No. 08-495-KSF.
27 Personal communication from B. Rosner to R. Hare, December 12, 2018.
Supplemental S 2.1: Nature? Nurture? Both!
28 Waldman, I. D., Rhee, S. H., LoParo, D., & Park, Y. (2018). Genetic and environmental influences on psychopathy and antisocial behavior. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy, (2nd ed., pp. 335–353). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
29 Powledge, T. (2011). How nature shapes nurture. Bioscience, 61, 588–592. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.8.4.
30 Verona, E., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2005). Psychopathy and suicidality in female offenders: Mediating influences of personality and abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1065–1073. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1065
31 Blonigen, D. M., Sullivan, E. A., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2012). Facets of psychopathy in relation to potentially traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder among female prisoners: The mediating role of borderline personality disorder traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 406–414. doi:10.1037/a0026184.
32 Graham, N., Kimonis, E. R., Wasserman, A. L., & Kline, S. M. (2012). Associations among childhood abuse and psychopathy facets in male sexual offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 66–75. doi:10.1037/a0025605.
33 Dargis, M., Newman, J., & Koenigs, M. (2016). Clarifying the link between childhood abuse history and psychopathic traits in adult criminal offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 221–228. doi:10.1037/per0000147.
34 A detailed review of the role of family and other early forces in the development of psychopathy is available in Farrington, D. P., & Bergstrøm, H. (2018). Family background and psychopathy. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 354–379). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
35 Glenn, A. L., Kurzban, R., & Raine, A. (2011). Evolutionary theory and psychopathy. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 371–380. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.009.
36 Meloy, J. R., Book, A., Hosker-Field, A., Methot-Jones, T., & Roters, J. (2018). Social, sexual, and violent predation: Are psychopathic traits evolutionarily adaptive? Violence and Gender, 5, 153–165. doi:10.1089/vio.2018.0012.
37 Mealey, L. (1995). The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 523–540. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00039595. In Without Conscience, Hare described Diane Downs as a chilling example of maternal psychopathy. (For detailed accounts, see Ann Rule’s 1987 book Small Sacrifices. New York: New American Library. Also revealing is the 1989 book by Diane Downs, Best Kept Secrets. Springfield, OR: Danmark Publishing.) Downs often would leave her young children alone when there was no babysitter available. Neighbors described the children, ranging in age from fifteen months to six years, as hungry, emotionally starved, and generally neglected. Downs professed to love her children, but her callous indifference to their physical and emotional welfare argues otherwise. She shot her children in 1983 (killing one) because the man with whom she was having an extramarital affair did not want children. Sentenced to life plus fifty years, she has a parole hearing in 2020.
38 Book, A. S., & Quinsey, V. L. (2004). Psychopaths: Cheaters or warrior hawks? Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 33–45. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00049-7.
39 PBS: https://ihavenotv.com/mischief-spy-in-the-wild.
40 Krupp, D. B., Sewall, L. A., Lalumière, M. L., Sheriff, C., & Harris, G. T. (2013). Psychopathy, adaptation, and disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, article 139. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00139.
41 Hare, R. D. (2013). Foreword. In K. Kiehl & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.), Handbook on Psychopathy and Law (pp vii–ix). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Supplemental S 2.2: Psychopathy and Lethal Violence
42 Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., & Pardini, D. A. (2015). Antisociality and the construct of psychopathy: Data from across the globe. Journal of Personality, 83, 678–692.
43 DeLisi, M. (2009). Psychopathy is the unified theory of crime. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 256–273. doi:10.1177/1541204009333834.
44 Fox, B., & DeLisi, M. (2019). Psychopathic killers: A meta-analytic review of the psychopathy-homicide nexus. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 44, 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.11.005.
45 O’Connell, D., & Marcus, D. K. (2019). A meta-analysis of the association between psychopathy and sadism in forensic samples. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 109–115. Also see Darjee, R. (2019). Sexual sadism and psychopathy in sexual homicide offenders: An exploration of their associates in a clinical sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0306624X19836872.
46 Fox, B., & DeLisi, M. (2019). Psychopathic killers: A meta-analytic review of the psychopathy-homicide nexus. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 44, 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.11.005.
47 O’Connell, D., & Marcus, D. K. (2019). A meta-analysis of the association between psychopathy and sadism in forensic samples. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 109–115. Also see Darjee, R. (2019). Sexual sadism and psychopathy in sexual homicide offenders: An exploration of their associates in a clinical sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0306624X19836872.
48 Lalumière, M. L., Mishra, S., & Harris, G. T. (2008). In cold blood: The evolution of psychopathy. In J. Duntley & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Evolutionary forensic psychology (pp. 176–197). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49 Woodworth, M., & Porter, S. (2002). In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 436–445. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.3.436.
Supplemental S 2.3: The Dark Triad
50 Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6.
51 Jones, D. N., & Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the dark triad. European Journal of Personality, 27, 521–531. doi:10.1002/per.1893. Also, see Jones, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (2016). The mismeasure of psychopathy: A commentary on Boddy’s PMMRV. Journal of Business Ethics, 138, 579–588. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2584-6.
52 Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2018) The dark core of personality. Psychological Review, 125, 656–688. doi.org/10.1037/rev0000111. Also see Jonason, P. K., Webster, G. D., Schmitt, D. P., Li, N. P., & Crysel, L. (2012). The antihero in popular culture: Life history theory and the dark triad personality traits. Review of General Psychology, 16, 192–199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027914.
Supplemental S 2.4: Gender, Ethnicity, Culture
53 Murphy, J. (1976). Psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective. Science, 191, 1019–1028. She noted, “Similar kinds of disturbed behavior appear to be labeled abnormal in diverse cultures” (p. 1019). She described an Eskimo (now Inuit) term, “kunlangeta, which means ‘his mind knows what to do but he does not do it.’ This is an abstract term for the breaking of many rules when awareness of the rules is not in question. It might be applied to a man who, for example, repeatedly lies and cheats and steals things and does not go hunting and, when the other men are out of the village, takes sexual advantage of many women—someone who does not pay attention to reprimands and who is always being brought to the elders for punishment” (p. 1026).
54 Fanti, K. A., Lordos, A., Sullivan, E. A., & Kosson, D. S. Cultural and ethnic variations in psychopathy. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 529–569). New York, NY: Guilford Press. This is a very detailed and current review of the literature on racial, cultural, and ethnic differences in psychopathy and its measurement.
55 Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2018). Psychopathy in women. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 509–528). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
56 Thomson, D., Bozgunov, K., Psederska, E., & Vassileva, J. (2019). Sex differences on the four-facet model of psychopathy predict physical, verbal, and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior. DOI: 10.1002/ab.21816.
57 Book, A. S., Forth, A. E., & Clark, H. J. (2013). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Youth Version. In R. P. Archer & E. M. A. Wheeler (Eds.), Forensic uses of clinical assessment instruments (2nd ed., pp. 266–290). New York, NY: Routledge.
58 Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2018). Psychopathy in women. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 509–528). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
59 Bolt, D. M., Hare, R. D., Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2004). A multigroup item response theory analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Psychological Assessment, 16, 155–168.
60 Fanti, K. A., Lordos, A., Sullivan, E. A., & Kosson, D. S. Cultural and ethnic variations in psychopathy. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 529–569). New York, NY: Guilford Press. This is a very detailed and current review of the literature on racial, cultural, and ethnic differences in psychopathy and its measurement.
61 Olver, M. E., Neumann, C. S., Sewall, L. A., Lewis, K., Hare, R. D., & Wong, S. C. P., (2018). A Comprehensive Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a Canadian Multisite Sample of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Offenders. Psychological Assessment, 30, 779–792. doi: 10.1037/pas0000533. Kosson, D., Neumann, C. S., Forth, A. E., Hare, R. D., Salekin, R. T., & Sevecke, K. (2013). Factor structure of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV) in adolescent females. Psychological Assessment, 25, 71–83. Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2012). Generalizing the nomological network of psychopathy across populations differing on race and conviction status. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 263–269.
62 Bolt, D. M., Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2007). Score metric equivalence of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) across criminal offenders in North America and the United Kingdom: A critique of Cooke, Michie, Hart, and Clark (2005) and new analyses. Assessment, 14, 44–56.
63 Neumann, C. S., Schmitt, D. S., Carter, R., Embley, I., & Hare, R. D. (2012). Psychopathic traits in females and males across the globe. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30, 557–574. doi:10.1002/bsl.2038. Participants rated each item (e.g., I like to con others; Rules are meant to be broken) on a 5-point scale from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly). A mean item score of 3.5 defined high psychopathy. The eleven regions are: North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/South East Asia, and East Asia. The study was part of the International Sexuality Description Project-2, a collaborative research effort involving the administration of anonymous surveys to men and women throughout the world. For details, see Schmitt, D. P. (2010). Romantic attachment from Argentina to Zimbabwe: Patterns of adaptive variation across contexts, cultures, and local ecologies. In Ng, K. & P. Erdman (Eds.), Cross-cultural attachment across the life-span (pp. 211–226). New York: Routledge.
64 Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2016). Manual for the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale—Fourth Edition (SRP-4). Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems. The SRP-E was labeled the experimental version of the SRP, but is the same as the SRP-III.
Chapter 3: What You See May Not Be What You See
1 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Arlington, VA.
2 Babiak, P. (2008, February). “Psychopath” or “narcissist”: The coach’s dilemma. Worldwide Association of Business Coaches eZine. http://www.wabccoaches.com/blog/psychopath-or-narcissist-the-coaches-dilemma-by-paul-babiak-phd/.
Supplemental S 3.2: Red-Collar Criminals
3 Perri, F. S. (2016). Red collar crime. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8, 61–84. doi: 10.5539/ijps.v8n1p61.
4 Perri, F. S., & Lichtenwald, T. G. (2008). The arrogant chameleons: Exposing fraud detection homicide. Forensic Examiner, 17, 26–34. Also see the extensive and detailed account of white-collar crime by Perri. F. S. (2019). White-collar crime, organizational misconduct, and fraud examination: An accounting, behavioral, and criminological approach. Rockford, IL.
Chapter 5: Enter the Psychopath, Stage Left
1 Psychopaths are skilled at faking mental illness when it is in their interests to do so. In many cases, it is difficult for clinicians to determine if such a patient is “mad” or “bad,” often with dire consequences. Several decades ago, staff at a major American Forensic Psychiatric Hospital granted a patient special ward privileges, allowing him to move freely throughout the hospital. He killed a staff member, and the ensuing investigation determined that he had a very high score on the PCL-R. The hospital adopted a policy in which patients with a high PCL-R score and a history of violence required special permission from the director in order to receive ward privileges.
Supplemental S 5.2: The Dark Triad and Face-to-Face Negotiations
2 Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., & Partyka, J. (2012). The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 449–453. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.008.
3 Crossley, L., Woodworth, M., Black, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2016). The dark side of negotiation: Examining the outcomes of face-to-face and computer-mediated negotiations among dark personalities. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.052.
4 Jones, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (2016). The mismeasure of psychopathy: A commentary on Boddy’s PMMRV. Journal of Business Ethics, 138, 579–588. doi:10.1007/s1055.
5 Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2016). Manual for the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale—Fourth Edition (SRP-4). Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
Chapter 7: Darkness and Chaos
Supplemental S 7.1: Opportunity Knocks
1 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-the-Chaos-is-a-ladder-quote-from-Game-of-Thrones.
2 Michael Deacon, April 7, 2019.
Chapter 8: I’m Not a Psychopath, I Just Talk and Act Like One
1 Halpin, A. W., & Winer, B. J. (1957). A factorial study of the leader behavior descriptions. In R. M. Stogdill & A. E. Coons (Eds.), Leader behavior: Its description and measurement. Columbus, OH: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.
2 Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 174–193. doi:10.1002/bsl.925. Download the article from www.hare.org.
3 Mokros, A., Hare, R. D., Neumann, C. S., Santtila, P., Habermeyer, E., & Nitschke, J. (2015). Variants of psychopathy in adult male offenders: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 372–386. doi:10.1037/abn0000042.
Chapter 9: A Unique Empirical Study of Corporate Psychopathy
1 Parts of this chapter are adapted from Babiak, Neumann, & Hare (2010), Mokros and colleagues (2015), and from recent analyses by Craig Neumann.
2 Lowman, R. L. (1989). Pre-employment screening for psychopathology: A guide to professional practice. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Series. Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.
3 Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217–246. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452.
4 Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (2nd ed.) Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
5 Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 174–193. doi:10.1002/bsl.925. Download the article from www.hare.org.
6 Neumann, C. C., & Hare, R. D. (2008). Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 893–899. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.5.893. The sample was part of the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study to identify predictors of inpatient violence. See Chapter 2, Note 20.
7 Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., & Hare, R. D. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.002.
8 Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 174–193. doi:10.1002/bsl.925. Download the article from www.hare.org.
9 Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 174–193. doi:10.1002/bsl.925. Download the article from www.hare.org.
Supplemental S 9.1: Economic and Corporate Fraud
10 PriceWaterhouseCoopers. (2018). Pulling fraud out of the shadows: Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey, 2018. www.pwc.com/fraudsurvey.
Supplemental S 9.2: The Mismeasure of Corporate Psychopathy
11 Boddy, C. R. (2014). Corporate psychopaths, conflict, employee affective well-being and counterproductive work behaviour. Journal of Business Ethics, 121, 107–121. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1688-0.
12 Boddy, C. R., Ladyshewsky, R. K., & Galvin, P. (2010). Leaders without ethics in global business: Corporate psychopaths. Journal of Public Affairs, 10, 121–138. doi:10.1002/pa.352.
13 Boddy, C. R., Ladyshewsky, R. K., & Galvin, P. (2010). Leaders without ethics in global business: Corporate psychopaths. Journal of Public Affairs, 10, 121–138. doi:10.1002/pa.352.
14 Deutschman, A. (2005). Is your boss a psychopath? Fast Company Magazine, July, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/96/openboss-quiz.html.
15 Jones, D. N., & Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the Dark Triad. European Journal of Personality, 27, 521–531. doi:10.1002/per.1893.
16 Jones, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (2016). The mismeasure of psychopathy: A commentary on Boddy’s PMMRV. Journal of Business Ethics, 138, 579–588. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2584-6.
17 Jones, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (2016). The mismeasure of psychopathy: A commentary on Boddy’s PMMRV. Journal of Business Ethics, 138, 579–588. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2584-6.
Supplemental S. 9.3: The Wall Street “Ten Percenters”
18 Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 174–193. doi:10.1002/bsl.925. Download the article from www.hare.org.
19 Personal communication from J. Grohol to R. D. Hare, May 3, 2012.
20 http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/03/06/untrue-1-out-of-every-10-wall-street-employees-is-a-psychopath/.
Chapter 10: The B-Scan
1 https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/magazine/psychopathic-ceos.html.
2 Kelsey, K. R., Rogers, R., & Robinson, E. V. (2015). Self-report measures of psychopathy: What is their role in forensic assessments? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 380–391. doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9475-5.
3 Sellbom, M., Lilienfeld, S. O., Fowler, K. A., & McCrary, K. L. (2018). The self-report assessment of psychopathy: Challenges, pitfalls, and promises. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 211–258). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
4 Babiak, P. (1995). When psychopaths go to work: A case study of an industrial psychopath. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 44, 171–188. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1995.tb01073.x.
5 Mathieu, C., Hare, R. D., Jones, D. N., Babiak, P., & Neumann, C. S. (2013). Factor structure of the B-Scan 360: A measure of corporate psychopathy. Psychological Assessment, 25, 288–293. doi:10.1037/a0029262.
6 Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2016). Self-Report Psychopathy Scale 4th Edition (SRP-4). Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
7 Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2016b). Validating the B-Scan Self: A self-report measure of psychopathy in the workplace. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 24, 272–284. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12146.
8 LeBreton, J. M., Shiverdecker, L. K., & Grimaldi, E. M. (2018). The dark triad and workplace behavior. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 387–414. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451.
9 Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., & Hare, R. D. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.002.
10 Lynam, D. R., Gaughan, E. T., Miller, J. D., Mullins-Sweatt, S., & Widiger, T. A. (2010). Assessing basic traits associated with psychopathy: Development and validation of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Psychological Assessment, 23, 108–124. doi:10.1037/a0021146.
11 Neumann, C. C., & Hare, R. D. (2008). Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 893–899. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.5.893.
12 Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2018). Psychopathy in women. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 509–528). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
13 Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2016b). Validating the B-Scan Self: A self-report measure of psychopathy in the workplace. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 24, 272–284. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12146.
14 Mathieu, C., Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2019). Use of the B-Scan in a large sample of public employees. Manuscript in preparation.
15 Raver, J. L., & Nishii, L. H. (2010). Once, twice, or three times as harmful? Ethnic harassment, gender harassment, and generalized workplace harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 236. doi:10.1037/a0018377.
16 Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452–471. doi:10.5465/AMR.1999.2202131.
17 Skarlicki, D. P., Folger, R., & Tesluk, P. (1999). Personality as a moderator in the relationship between fairness and retaliation. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 100–108. doi:10.2307/25687.
18 Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 547–559. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.4.547.
19 Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & Shin, K. H. (2005). Personality correlates of workplace anti-social behavior. Applied Psychology, 54, 81–98. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00197.x.
20 Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupré, K. E., Inness, M., Leblanc, M. M., & Sivanathan, N. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 228–238. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.228.
21 Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L., & Faragher, B. (2001). The experience of bullying in Great Britain: The impact of organizational status. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 443–465. doi:10.1080/13594320143000780.
22 Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2016c). Workplace harassment: The influence of corporate psychopathy and the HEXACO model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 298. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.225.
23 Mathieu, C., Fabi, B., Lacoursière, R., & Raymond, L. (2015). The role of supervisory behavior, job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee turnover. Journal of Management & Organization, 22, 1–17. doi:10.1017/jmo.2015.25.
24 Mathieu, C., Neumann, C., Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2015). Corporate psychopathy and the full-range leadership model. Assessment, 22, 267–278. doi:10.1177/1073191114545490.
25 Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire: Manual and sampler set. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden Incorporated.
26 Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Ilies, R. (2004). The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 36–51. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.36.
27 Sosik, J. J., & Godshalk, V. M. (2000). Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress: A conceptual model and preliminary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 365–390. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200006)21:4:AID-JOB14:3.0.CO;2-H.
28 Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 827–832. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.827.
29 Lim, B.-C., & Ployhart, R. E. (2004). Transformational leadership: Relations to the five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 610–621. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.610.
30 Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & McKee, M. C. (2007). Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: The mediating role of meaningful work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 193–203. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.193.
31 Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2015). Tell me who you are, I’ll tell you how you lead: Beyond the Full-Range Leadership Model, the role of corporate psychopathy on employee attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 8–12. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.016.
32 Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178–190. doi:10.2307/1556375.
33 Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59, 101–123. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00725.x.
34 Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2016a). Corporate psychopathy and abusive supervision: Their influence on employees’ job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 102–106. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.016.
35 The authors wish to thank Dr. Cynthia Mathieu, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, for her collaboration, extensive contributions to this chapter, and her research, contained herein.
Chapter 11: Enemy at the Gates
1 Book, A., Methot, T., Gauthier, N., Hosker-Field, A., Forth, A., Quinsey, V., & Molnar, D. (2015). The Mask of Sanity revisited: Psychopathic traits and affective mimicry. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1, 91–102. doi:10.1007/s40806-015-0012-x.
2 The Brock News, Thursday, December 2, 2018.
Supplemental S 11.1: Does Practice Make Perfect?
3 Cleckley, H. (1976). The Mask of Sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO.
Supplemental S 11.2: Politics and Poker: A License to Lie
4 Gillstrom, B. J., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Language-related hand gestures in psychopaths. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 21–27. doi:10.1521/pedi.1988.2.1.21.
5 ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., Korva, N., Fowler, K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). An examination of the communication styles associated with psychopathy and their influence on observer impressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41, 269–287. doi:10.1007/s10919-017-0252-5.
6 Gunnery, S. D., & Ruben, M. A. (2016). Perceptions of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 30, 501–515. doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1018817.
7 ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., Korva, N., Fowler, K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (2017). An examination of the communication styles associated with psychopathy and their influence on observer impressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41, 269–287. doi:10.1007/s10919-017-0252-5.
Chapter 12: Personal Self-Defense
Supplemental S 12.1: Psychopathic Interviews
1 Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2 Le, M., Woodworth, M., Gillman, L., Hutton, E., & Hare, R. D. (2017). The linguistic output of psychopathic offenders during a PCL-R interview. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44, 551–565. doi:10.1177/0093854816683423.
3 Louth, S. M., Williamson, S., Alpert, M., Pouget, E. R., & Hare, R. D. (1998). Acoustic distinctions in the speech of male psychopaths. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 27, 375–384. doi:10.1023/A:1023207821867.
4 Williamson, S. (1991). Cohesion and coherence in the speech of psychopaths. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
5 Hancock, J., Woodworth, M., & Porter, S. (2011). Hungry like the wolf: An analysis of the language of human predators. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 18, 102–114. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02025.x.
Supplemental S 12.2: Dark Personalities in the Workplace
6 We thank Dr. Cynthia Mathieu for her extensive contributions to this Supplemental.
7 Mathieu, C., & St-Jean, É. (2013). Entrepreneurial personality: The role of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 527–531. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.026.
8 Akhtar, R., Ahmetoglu, G., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2013). Greed is good? Assessing the relationship between entrepreneurship and subclinical psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 420–425. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.013.
9 Hmieleski, K. M., & Lerner, D. A. (2013). The Dark Triad: Narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism as predictors of entrepreneurial entry (summary). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 33, Article 6. Retrieved from https://digitalknowledge.babson.edu/fer/vol33/iss4/6.
10 Hill, R. W., & Yousey, G. P. (1998). Adaptive and maladaptive narcissism among university faculty, clergy, politicians, and librarians. Current Psychology, 17, 163–169. doi:10.1007/s12144-998-1003-x.
11 Fehr, B., Samsom, D., & Paulhus, D. L. (1992). The construct of Machiavellianism: Twenty years later. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (vol. 9, pp. 77–116). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12 Hornett, A., & Fredericks, S. (2005). An empirical and theoretical exploration of disconnections between leadership and ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 59, 233–246. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25123556.
13 Blair, C. A., Hoffman, B. J., & Helland, K. R. (2008). Narcissism in organizations: A multisource appraisal reflects different perspectives. Human Performance, 21, 254–276. doi:10.1080/08959280802137705.
14 Grijalva, E., Harms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Narcissism and leadership: A meta-analytic review of linear and nonlinear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68, 1–47. doi:10.1111/peps.12072.
15 Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2016a). Corporate psychopathy and abusive supervision: Their influence on employees’ job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 102–106. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.016.
16 Wisse, B., & Sleebos, E. (2016). When the dark ones gain power: Perceived position power strengthens the effect of supervisor Machiavellianism on abusive supervision in work teams. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 122–126. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.019.
17 LeBreton, J. M., Shiverdecker, L. K., & Grimaldi, E. M. (2018). The dark triad and workplace behavior. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 387–414. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451.
18 O’Boyle, E. H., Jr., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of the Dark Triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 557–579.
19 James, S., Kavanagh, P. S., Jonason, P. K., Chonody, J. M., & Scrutton, H. E. (2014). The Dark Triad, schadenfreude, and sensational interests: Dark personalities, dark emotions, and dark behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 211–216. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.020.
20 Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24, 2201–2209. doi:10.1177/0956797613490749.
21 Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2018) The dark core of personality. Psychological Review, 125, 656–688. doi.org/10.1037/rev0000111.
Appendix: Is There a Psychopathic Brain?
1 Hare, R. D. (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (Pocket Books). Paperback published in 1993 and reissued in 1999 by Guilford Press.
2 Williamson, S. E., Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1991). Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths. Psychophysiology, 28, 260–273. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb02192.x.
3 Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., & Liddle, P. F. (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 677–684. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01222-7.
4 Poeppl, T. B., Donges, M., Mokros, M., Rupprecht, Fox, P. T., Laird, A. R., Bzdok, D., Langguth, B., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2018). A view behind the mask of sanity: Meta-analysis of aberrant brain activity in psychopaths. Molecular Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0122-5.
5 Kiehl, K. A., Bates, A. T., Laurens, K. R., Hare, R. D., & Liddle, P. F. (2006). Brain potentials implicate temporal lobe abnormalities in criminal psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 443–453. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.443.
6 Williamson, S. E., Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1991). Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths. Psychophysiology, 28, 260–273. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb02192.x.
7 Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., & Liddle, P. F. (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 677–684. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01222-7.
8 Haycock, D. A. (2015). Murderous minds: Exploring the criminal psychopathic brain: Neurological imaging and the manifestation of evil. New York, NY: Pegasus Books.
9 Kiehl, K. A. (2015). The psychopath whisperer: The science of those without conscience. New York, NY: Random House. This is a personal account of the experiences of one of Hare’s students, who was instrumental in the initiation of MRI and fMRI research with psychopaths. http://kentkiehl.com/home/.
10 Raine, A., & Glenn, A. L. (2014). Psychopathy: An introduction to biological findings and their implications. New York, NY: NYU Press.
11 Kiehl, K. A., & Buckholtz, J. W. (2010). Inside the mind of a psychopath. Scientific American Mind, September. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/inside-the-mind-of-a-psychopath/.
12 Kiehl, K. A., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook on psychopathy and law. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
13 Patrick, C. J. (Ed.). (2018). Handbook of psychopathy (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
14 Thijssen, S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2017). Functional connectivity in incarcerated male adolescents with psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 265, 35–44. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.005.
15 Espinoza, F. A., Vergara, V. M., Reyes, D., Anderson, N. E., Harenski, C. L., Decety, J., Calhoun, V. D. (2018). Aberrant functional network connectivity in psychopathy from a large (N = 985) forensic sample. Human Brain Mapping, 39, 2634-2634. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24028.
16 Forth, A. E., Kosson, D., & Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
17 Book, A. S., Forth, A. E., & Clark, H. J. (2013). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. In R. P. Archer & E. M. Archer (Eds.).Forensic uses of clinical assessment instruments (2nd ed., pp. 266–290). New York, NY: Routledge.
18 Poeppl, T. B., Donges, M., Mokros, M., Rupprecht, Fox, P. T., Laird, A. R., Bzdok, D., Langguth, B., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2018). A view behind the mask of sanity: Meta-analysis of aberrant brain activity in psychopaths. Molecular Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0122-5.
19 Wolf, R. C., Pujara, M. S., Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., Decety, J., Kosson, D. S., & Koenigs, M. (2015). Interpersonal traits of psychopathy linked to reduced integrity of the uncinate fasciculus. Human Brain Mapping, 36, 4202-9. doi:10.1002/hbm.22911.
20 Kiehl, K. A. (2006). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Research, 142, 107–128. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.09.013.
21 Poeppl, T. B., Donges, M., Mokros, M., Rupprecht, Fox, P. T., Laird, A. R., Bzdok, D., Langguth, B., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2018). A view behind the mask of sanity: Meta-analysis of aberrant brain activity in psychopaths. Molecular Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0122-5.
22 Thijssen, S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2017). Functional connectivity in incarcerated male adolescents with psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 265, 35–44. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.005.
23 Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Neumann, C. S., Cope, L. M., & Kiehl, K. A. (2016). Latent-variable modeling of brain gray-matter volume and psychopathy in incarcerated offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 811–817. doi:10.1037/abn0000175.
24 Waller, R., Gard, A. M., Shaw, D. S., Forbes, E. E., Neumann, C. S., & Hyde, L. W. (2018). Weakened functional connectivity between the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is longitudinally related to psychopathic traits in low-income males during early adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/2167702618810231.
25 Espinoza, F. A., Vergara, V. M., Reyes, D., Anderson, N. E., Harenski, C. L., Decety, J., Calhoun, V. D. (2018). Aberrant functional network connectivity in psychopathy from a large (N = 985) forensic sample. Human Brain Mapping, 39, 2634-2634. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24028.
26 Hamilton, R. K. B. & Newman, J. P. (2018). The response modulation hypothesis. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 80–93). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
27 Haederle, M. (2010, Feb. 23). A mind of crime: How brain-scanning technology is redefining criminal culpability. Pacific Standard. Retrieved from https://psmag.com/social-justice/a-mind-of-crime-8440.
28 Saks, M. J., Schweitzer, N. J., Aharoni, E., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). The impact of neuroimages in the sentencing phase of capital trials. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 11, 105–131. doi:10.111..1/jels.12036.
29 Hare, R. D. (2013). Forward. In K. Kiehl & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.), Handbook on Psychopathy and Law (pp vii–ix). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
30 Harenski, C., Kiehl, K., & Hare, R. D. (2011). Neuroimaging, genetics, and psychopathy: Implications for the legal system. In L. Malatesti & J. McMillan (Eds.), Interfacing law, psychiatry and philosophy (pp.125–154). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
31 Malatesti, L., & McMillan, J. (Eds.), Responsibility and psychopathy: Interfacing law, psychiatry and philosophy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199551637.do.